Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world, being routinely applied to control weeds in both agricultural and urban settings. Microbial degradation of glyphosate produces aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA). The high polarity and water-solubility of glyphosate and AMPA has, until recently, made their analysis in water samples problematic. Thus, compared to other herbicides (e.g. atrazine) there are relatively few studies on the environmental occurrence of glyphosate and AMPA. In 2002, treated effluent samples were collected from 10 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to study the occurrence of glyphosate and AMPA. Stream samples were collected upstream and downstream of the 10 WWTPs. Two reference streams were also sampled. The results document the apparent contribution of WWTP effluent to stream concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA, with roughly a two-fold increase in their frequencies of detection between stream samples collected upstream and those collected downstream of the WWTPs. Thus, urban use of glyphosate contributes to glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in streams in the United States. Overall, AMPA was detected much more frequently (67.5%) compared to glyphosate (17.5%).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.028","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Thurman, E., Lee, E., Meyer, M.T., Furlong, E., and Glassmeyer, S., 2006, Urban contributions of glyphosate and its degradate AMPA to streams in the United States: Science of the Total Environment, v. 354, no. 2-3, p. 191-197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.028.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"197","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238880,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.98046874999999,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -124.1015625,\n 46.255846818480336\n ],\n [\n -124.45312499999999,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -124.62890625,\n 40.245991504199026\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 38.548165423046584\n ],\n [\n -121.728515625,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 36.4566360115962\n ],\n [\n -120.498046875,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -117.7734375,\n 33.87041555094183\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 32.47269502206151\n ],\n [\n -115.13671875,\n 32.694865977875075\n ],\n [\n -110.56640625,\n 31.27855085894653\n ],\n [\n -108.19335937499999,\n 31.42866311735861\n ],\n [\n -108.10546875,\n 31.87755764334002\n ],\n [\n -106.69921875,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -105.205078125,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -104.765625,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -103.271484375,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n -102.74414062499999,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -101.337890625,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -100.283203125,\n 28.38173504322308\n ],\n [\n -99.052734375,\n 26.745610382199022\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -97.470703125,\n 27.449790329784214\n ],\n [\n -96.416015625,\n 28.69058765425071\n ],\n [\n -94.482421875,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -89.20898437499999,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 30.524413269923986\n ],\n [\n -85.869140625,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -85.078125,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -84.287109375,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 27.916766641249065\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 26.352497858154\n ],\n [\n -80.947265625,\n 25.16517336866393\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 25.562265014427492\n ],\n [\n -79.98046875,\n 27.21555620902969\n ],\n [\n -80.85937499999999,\n 28.844673680771795\n ],\n [\n -81.650390625,\n 30.826780904779774\n ],\n [\n -80.85937499999999,\n 32.175612478499325\n ],\n [\n -78.75,\n 33.284619968887704\n ],\n [\n -77.607421875,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -76.025390625,\n 36.31512514748051\n ],\n [\n -75.849609375,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -74.619140625,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -74.00390625,\n 39.774769485295465\n ],\n [\n -73.916015625,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -70.13671875,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -70.927734375,\n 42.48830197960227\n ],\n [\n -70.224609375,\n 43.58039085560786\n ],\n [\n -66.97265625,\n 44.77793589631623\n ],\n [\n -67.763671875,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -67.939453125,\n 47.100044694025215\n ],\n [\n -68.5546875,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -69.60937499999999,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -70.224609375,\n 46.37725420510028\n ],\n [\n -71.19140625,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -74.619140625,\n 44.84029065139799\n ],\n [\n -77.16796875,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -78.92578124999999,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -78.837890625,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -81.123046875,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -82.79296874999999,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -83.232421875,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -82.6171875,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -82.96875,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -83.84765625,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -83.3203125,\n 44.59046718130883\n ],\n [\n -83.49609375,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -85.166015625,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -86.220703125,\n 44.276671273775186\n ],\n [\n -86.30859375,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -87.36328125,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 43.58039085560786\n ],\n [\n -86.923828125,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -86.30859375,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -83.84765625,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -85.078125,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -86.572265625,\n 46.619261036171515\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 46.619261036171515\n ],\n [\n -88.505859375,\n 46.86019101567027\n ],\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 47.45780853075031\n ],\n [\n -90.3515625,\n 46.55886030311719\n ],\n [\n -90.52734374999999,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -92.021484375,\n 46.55886030311719\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 47.45780853075031\n ],\n [\n -89.6484375,\n 47.931066347509784\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 48.10743118848039\n ],\n [\n -91.93359375,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -93.251953125,\n 48.574789910928864\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -95.361328125,\n 49.15296965617039\n ],\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -122.958984375,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -124.98046874999999,\n 48.22467264956519\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"354","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe0be4b08c986b3293b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, E.A.","contributorId":48608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Glassmeyer, S.T.","contributorId":100190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmeyer","given":"S.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030410,"text":"70030410 - 2006 - Landslides triggered by the 2004 Niigata Ken Chuetsu, Japan, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030410","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landslides triggered by the 2004 Niigata Ken Chuetsu, Japan, earthquake","docAbstract":"The Niigata Ken Chuetsu earthquake triggered a vast number of lanslides in the epicentral region. Landslide concentrations were among the highest ever measured after an earthquake, and most of the triggered landslides were relatively shallow failures parallel to the steep slope faces. The dense concentration of landslides can be attributed to steep local topography in relatively weak geologic units, adverse hydrologic conditions caused by significant antecedent rainfall, and very strong shaking. Many of the landslides could be discerned from high-resolution satellite imagery acquired immediately after the earthquake. ?? 2006, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1193/1.2173021","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, D., Jibson, R., Rathje, E., and Kelson, K., 2006, Landslides triggered by the 2004 Niigata Ken Chuetsu, Japan, earthquake: Earthquake Spectra, v. 22, no. SUPPL. 1, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2173021.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211780,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2173021"},{"id":239134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"SUPPL. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4468e4b0c8380cd66a9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, D.S.","contributorId":103080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jibson, R.","contributorId":75331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jibson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rathje, E.M.","contributorId":19777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathje","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kelson, K.","contributorId":73816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelson","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030381,"text":"70030381 - 2006 - Evaluation of gridded snow water equivalent and satellite snow cover products for mountain basins in a hydrologic model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030381","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluation of gridded snow water equivalent and satellite snow cover products for mountain basins in a hydrologic model","docAbstract":"The USGS precipitation-runoff modelling system (PRMS) hydrologic model was used to evaluate experimental, gridded, 1 km2 snow-covered area (SCA) and snow water equivalent (SWE) products for two headwater basins within the Rio Grande (i.e. upper Rio Grande River basin) and Salt River (i.e. Black River basin) drainages in the southwestern USA. The SCA product was the fraction of each 1 km2 pixel covered by snow and was derived from NOAA advanced very high-resolution radiometer imagery. The SWE product was developed by multiplying the SCA product by SWE estimates interpolated from National Resources Conservation Service snow telemetry point measurements for a 6 year period (1995-2000). Measured SCA and SWE estimates were consistently lower than values estimated from temperature and precipitation within PRMS. The greatest differences occurred in the relatively complex terrain of the Rio Grande basin, as opposed to the relatively homogeneous terrain of the Black River basin, where differences were small. Differences between modelled and measured snow were different for the accumulation period versus the ablation period and had an elevational trend. Assimilating the measured snowfields into a version of PRMS calibrated to achieve water balance without assimilation led to reduced performance in estimating streamflow for the Rio Grande and increased performance in estimating streamflow for the Black River basin. Correcting the measured SCA and SWE for canopy effects improved simulations by adding snow mostly in the mid-to-high elevations, where satellite estimates of SCA are lower than model estimates. Copyright ?? 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.6130","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Dressler, K., Leavesley, G., Bales, R., and Fassnacht, S., 2006, Evaluation of gridded snow water equivalent and satellite snow cover products for mountain basins in a hydrologic model, in Hydrological Processes, v. 20, no. 4, p. 673-688, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6130.","startPage":"673","endPage":"688","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211860,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6130"},{"id":239232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-02-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c7ee4b0c8380cd52b8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dressler, K.A.","contributorId":9455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dressler","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bales, R.C.","contributorId":10379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fassnacht, S.R.","contributorId":58842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fassnacht","given":"S.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031178,"text":"70031178 - 2006 - Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr tracers of weathering reactions and hydrologic pathways in a tropical granitoid system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:18","indexId":"70031178","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr tracers of weathering reactions and hydrologic pathways in a tropical granitoid system","docAbstract":"Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr data from primary and secondary minerals, soil waters, and stream waters in a tropical granitoid catchment quantitatively reflect mineral alteration reactions that occur at different levels within the bedrock-saprolite-soil zone. Near the bedrock-saprolite interface, plagioclase to kaolinite reaction yields low Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr. Higher in the regolith column, biotite weathering and kaolinite dissolution drive Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr to high values. Data from streams at base flow sample the bedrock-saprolite interface zone, while at high discharge solutes are derived from upper saprolite-soil zone. Coupled Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr can be effective tools for quantifying the importance of specific weathering reactions, and for geochemical hydrograph separation. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.08.054","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Derry, L., Pett-Ridge, J.C., Kurtz, A., and Troester, J., 2006, Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr tracers of weathering reactions and hydrologic pathways in a tropical granitoid system: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 88, no. 1-3 SPEC. ISS., p. 271-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.08.054.","startPage":"271","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211463,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.08.054"},{"id":238756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"1-3 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14f0e4b0c8380cd54c27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Derry, L.A.","contributorId":47162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derry","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pett-Ridge, J. C.","contributorId":18574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pett-Ridge","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kurtz, A.C.","contributorId":89341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurtz","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Troester, J.W.","contributorId":90750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troester","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028600,"text":"70028600 - 2006 - From agricultural geology to hydropedology: Forging links within the twenty-first-century geoscience community","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T11:41:41","indexId":"70028600","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"From agricultural geology to hydropedology: Forging links within the twenty-first-century geoscience community","docAbstract":"Despite historical linkages, the fields of geology and soil science have developed along largely divergent paths in the United States during much of the mid- to late-twentieth century. The shift in recent decades within both disciplines, towards greater emphasis on environmental-quality issues and a systems approach, has created new opportunities for collaboration and cross-training. Because of the importance of the soil as a dynamic interface between the hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere, introductory and advanced soil-science classes are now taught in a number of Earth and environmental science departments. The National Research Council's recent report, Basic Research Opportunities in Earth Science, highlights the soil zone as part of the land surface to groundwater 'critical zone' requiring additional investigation. To better prepare geology undergraduates to deal with complex environmental problems, their training should include a fundamental understanding of the nature and properties of soils. Those undergraduate geology students with an interest in this area should be encouraged to view soil science as a viable Earth-science specialty area for graduate study. ?? The Geological Society of London 2006.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","issn":"03058719","isbn":"1862392072; 9781862392076","usgsCitation":"Landa, E.R., 2006, From agricultural geology to hydropedology: Forging links within the twenty-first-century geoscience community: Geological Society Special Publication, no. 266, p. 133-140.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"266","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13f4e4b0c8380cd54845","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Frossard E.Blum W.E.H.Warkentin B.P.","contributorId":128298,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Frossard E.Blum W.E.H.Warkentin B.P.","id":536641,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Landa, E. R.","contributorId":100002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70028563,"text":"70028563 - 2006 - Relations between climatic variability and hydrologic time series from four alluvial basins across the southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T10:56:19","indexId":"70028563","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations between climatic variability and hydrologic time series from four alluvial basins across the southwestern United States","docAbstract":"Hydrologic time series of groundwater levels, streamflow, precipitation, and tree-ring indices from four alluvial basins in the southwestern United States were spectrally analyzed, and then frequency components were reconstructed to isolate variability due to climatic variations on four time scales. Reconstructed components (RCs), from each time series, were compared to climatic indices like the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), North American Monsoon (NAM), and El Nin??o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), to reveal that as much as 80% of RC variation can be correlated with climate variations on corresponding time scales. In most cases, the hydrologic RCs lag behind the climate indices by 1-36 months. In all four basins, PDO-like components were the largest contributors to cyclic hydrologic variability. Generally, California time series have more variation associated with PDO and ENSO than the Arizona series, and Arizona basins have more variation associated with NAM. ENSO cycles were present in all four basins but were the largest relative contributors in southeastern Arizona. Groundwater levels show a wide range of climate responses that can be correlated from well to well in the various basins, with climate responses found in unconfined and confined aquifers from pumping centers to mountain fronts. ?? Springer-Verlag 2006.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-006-0067-7","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., Dettinger, M.D., and Newhouse, M., 2006, Relations between climatic variability and hydrologic time series from four alluvial basins across the southwestern United States: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 14, no. 7, p. 1122-1146, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0067-7.","startPage":"1122","endPage":"1146","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209759,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0067-7"}],"volume":"14","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a6f0e4b0e8fec6cdc2fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":418614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newhouse, M.W.","contributorId":65892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newhouse","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79555,"text":"sir20065224 - 2006 - The Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI): 5-year report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T11:39:48","indexId":"sir20065224","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5224","title":"The Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI): 5-year report","docAbstract":"The Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI) is an innovative, multidisciplinary program that began in 2000 in response to a congressional directive for the Department of the Interior to address the issue of amphibian declines in the United States. ARMI’s formulation was cross-disciplinary, integrating U.S. Geological Survey scientists from Biology, Water, and Geography to develop a course of action (Corn and others, 2005a). The result has been an effective program with diverse, yet complementary, expertise.
\nARMI’s approach to research and monitoring is multiscale. Detailed investigations focus on a few species at selected local sites throughout the country; monitoring addresses a larger number of species over broader areas (typically, National Parks and National Wildlife Refuges); and inventories to document species occurrence are conducted more extensively across the landscape. Where monitoring is conducted, the emphasis is on an ability to draw statistically defensible conclusions about the status of amphibians. To achieve this objective, ARMI has instituted a monitoring response variable that has nationwide applicability. At research sites, ARMI focuses on studying species/environment interactions, determining causes of observed declines, and developing new techniques to sample populations and analyze data. Results from activities at all scales are provided to scientists, land managers, and policymakers, as appropriate.
\nThe ARMI program and the scientists involved contribute significantly to understanding amphibian declines at local, regional, national, and international levels. Within National Parks and National Wildlife Refuges, findings help land managers make decisions applicable to amphibian conservation. For example, the National Park Service (NPS) selected amphibians as a vital sign for several of their monitoring networks, and ARMI scientists provide information and assistance in developing monitoring methods for this NPS effort. At the national level, ARMI has had major exposure at a variety of meetings, including a dedicated symposium at the 2004 joint meetings of the Herpetologists’ League, the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, and the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Several principal investigators have brought international exposure to ARMI through venues such as the World Congress of Herpetology in South Africa in 2005 (invited presentation by Dr. Gary Fellers), the Global Amphibian Summit, sponsored by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Wildlife Conservation International, in Washington, D.C., 2005 (invited participation by Dr. P.S. Corn), and a special issue of the international herpetological journal Alytes focused on ARMI in 2004 (edited by Dr. C.K. Dodd, Jr.).
\nARMI research and monitoring efforts have addressed at least 7 of the 21 Threatened and Endangered Species listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (California red-legged frog [Rana draytonii], Chiricahua leopard frog [R. chiricahuensis], arroyo toad [Bufo californicus], dusky gopher frog [Rana sevosa], mountain yellow-legged frog [R. muscosa], flatwoods salamander [Ambystoma cingulatum], and the golden coqui [Eleutherodactylus jasperi]), and 9 additional species of concern recognized by the IUCN. ARMI investigations have addressed time-sensitive research, such as emerging infectious diseases and effects on amphibians related to natural disasters like wildfire, hurricanes, and debris flows, and the effects of more constant, environmental change, like urban expansion, road development, and the use of pesticides.
\nOver the last 5 years, ARMI has partnered with an extensive list of government, academic, and private entities. These partnerships have been fruitful and have assisted ARMI in developing new field protocols and analytic tools, in using and refining emerging technologies to improve accuracy and efficiency of data handling, in conducting amphibian disease, malformation, and environmental effects research, and in implementing a network of monitoring and research sites. Accomplishments from these endeavors include more than 40 publications on amphibian status and trends, nearly 100 publications on amphibian ecology and causes of declines, and over 30 methodological publications. Several databases have emerged as a result of ARMI and its partnerships; one, a digital atlas of ranges for all U.S. amphibian species, was used by the IUCN to display amphibian distribution maps in the Global Amphibian Assessment Project.
\nGiven the scope of ARMI and the panoply of projects, findings have had implications for policy. Investigations that demonstrate amphibian declines or illuminate causes of declines provide valuable information about habitat management, environmental effects, mechanisms for the spread of disease, and human/amphibian interfaces. This information has been made available to land managers, scientists, educators, Congress and other policymakers, and the public. The support afforded ARMI by Congress has been influential in the program’s development and success. The value of ARMI’s efforts will continue to increase as we are able to extend our studies spatially and temporally to answer critical questions with more confidence. We are using ARMI’s resources efficiently and continuing to develop innovative mechanisms for leveraging resources for maximum effectiveness during challenging financial times.
\nThis report is a 5-year retrospective of the structure, methodology, progress, and contributions to the broader scientific community that have resulted from this national USGS program. We evaluate ARMI’s success to date, with regard to the challenges faced by the program and the strengths that have emerged. We chart objectives for the next 5 years that build on current accomplishments, highlight areas meriting further research, and direct efforts to overcome existing weaknesses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065224","usgsCitation":"Muths, E., Gallant, A.L., Campbell Grant, E., Battaglin, W.A., Green, D.E., Staiger, J.S., Walls, S., Gunzburger, M.S., and Kearney, R.F., 2006, The Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI): 5-year report: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5224, viii, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065224.","productDescription":"viii, 77 p.","numberOfPages":"87","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191954,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20065224.PNG"},{"id":320233,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5224/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68344c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muths, Erin 0000-0002-5498-3132","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-3132","contributorId":14012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muths","given":"Erin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gallant, Alisa L. 0000-0002-3029-6637 gallant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":2940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa","email":"gallant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell Grant, Evan H. 0000-0003-4401-6496","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4401-6496","contributorId":23233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell Grant","given":"Evan H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Battaglin, William A. 0000-0001-7287-7096 wbattagl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-7096","contributorId":1527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"William","email":"wbattagl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Green, David E. 0000-0002-7663-1832 degreen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-1832","contributorId":3715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"David","email":"degreen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Staiger, Jennifer S. jstaiger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staiger","given":"Jennifer","email":"jstaiger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Walls, Susan C. 0000-0001-7391-9155","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7391-9155","contributorId":52284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walls","given":"Susan C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gunzburger, Margaret S.","contributorId":43449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunzburger","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kearney, Rick F.","contributorId":72472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kearney","given":"Rick","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":79396,"text":"ofr20061249 - 2006 - Assessment of factors limiting Klamath River fall Chinook salmon production potential using historical flows and temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T14:43:11","indexId":"ofr20061249","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1249","title":"Assessment of factors limiting Klamath River fall Chinook salmon production potential using historical flows and temperatures","docAbstract":"We parameterized and applied a deterministic salmon production model to infer the degree to which river flows and temperatures may limit freshwater production potential of the Klamath River in California. Specific parameter requirements, data sources, and significant assumptions are discussed in detail. Model simulations covered a wide variety of historical hydrologic and meteorologic conditions for 40+ years of environmental data.
\nThe model was calibrated only qualitatively, appearing to perform well in predicted outmigrant timing, but overestimating growth. Egg-to-outmigrant survival was near that reported for other rivers north of the Klamath River.
\nPredicted production potential appeared to be determined by multiple causes involving both regularly occurring habitat-related constraints and irregularly occurring exposure to high water temperatures. Simulated production was greatest in years of intermediate water availability and was constrained in both dry and wet years, but for different reasons. Reducing mortality associated with limitations to juvenile habitat, if possible, would be expected to have the highest payoff in increasing production. Water temperature was important in determining predicted production in some years but overall was not predicted to be as important as physical microhabitat. No single mortality cause acted as a true “bottleneck” on production.
\nModel uncertainty is addressed through a sensitivity analysis. Predicted habitat area may be a large source of model uncertainty and sensitivity, but collectively, model parameters associated with timing of events (for example spawning, fry emergence, and emigration) or related triggers control much of the model sensitivity.
\n\n
Though model uncertainty remains, one can begin to explore potential alternatives to reduce production limitations. Specific recommendations are made regarding future study and reducing uncertainty.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061249","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J.M., and Henriksen, J.A., 2006, Assessment of factors limiting Klamath River fall Chinook salmon production potential using historical flows and temperatures: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1249, viii, 111 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061249.","productDescription":"viii, 111 p.","numberOfPages":"119","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192187,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20061249.PNG"},{"id":320228,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1249/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.03015136718749,\n 41.253032440653186\n ],\n [\n -123.255615234375,\n 40.371658891506094\n ],\n [\n -122.9644775390625,\n 40.3130432088809\n ],\n [\n -122.728271484375,\n 40.772221877329024\n ],\n [\n -122.3822021484375,\n 41.27367811566259\n ],\n [\n -120.75622558593749,\n 41.85728792769137\n ],\n [\n -121.1572265625,\n 43.40504748787035\n ],\n [\n -121.728515625,\n 43.41701888881103\n ],\n [\n -122.18994140624999,\n 42.91620643817353\n ],\n [\n -124.068603515625,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -124.03015136718749,\n 41.253032440653186\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db67201a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, John M.","contributorId":77598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henriksen, James A.","contributorId":89985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henriksen","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001072,"text":"1001072 - 2006 - Modeling wetland plant community response to assess water-level regulation scenarios in the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T10:45:38","indexId":"1001072","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling wetland plant community response to assess water-level regulation scenarios in the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River basin","docAbstract":"The International Joint Commission has recently completed a five-year study (2000-2005) to review the operation of structures controlling the flows and levels of the Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River system. In addition to addressing the multitude of stakeholder interests, the regulation plan review also considers environmental sustainability and integrity of wetlands and various ecosystem components. The present paper outlines the general approach, scientific methodology and applied management considerations of studies quantifying the relationships between hydrology and wetland plant assemblages (% occurrence, surface area) in Lake Ontario and the Upper and Lower St. Lawrence River. Although similar study designs were used across the study region, different methodologies were required that were specifically adapted to suit the important regional differences between the lake and river systems, range in water-level variations, and confounding factors (geomorphic types, exposure, sediment characteristics, downstream gradient of water quality, origin of water masses in the Lower River). Performance indicators (metrics), such as total area of wetland in meadow marsh vegetation type, that link wetland response to water levels will be used to assess the effects of different regulation plans under current and future (climate change) water-supply scenarios.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10661-005-9086-4","usgsCitation":"Hudon, C., Wilcox, D., and Ingram, J., 2006, Modeling wetland plant community response to assess water-level regulation scenarios in the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River basin: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 113, no. 1-3, p. 303-328, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-9086-4.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"328","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477564,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/2305","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69976f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudon, Christiane","contributorId":80632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudon","given":"Christiane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilcox, Douglas","contributorId":72764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingram, Joel","contributorId":65046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingram","given":"Joel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001073,"text":"1001073 - 2006 - Predicting crappie recruitment in Ohio reservoirs with spawning stock size, larval density, and chlorophyll concentrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:44","indexId":"1001073","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting crappie recruitment in Ohio reservoirs with spawning stock size, larval density, and chlorophyll concentrations","docAbstract":"Stock-recruit models typically use only spawning stock size as a predictor of recruitment to a fishery. In this paper, however, we used spawning stock size as well as larval density and key environmental variables to predict recruitment of white crappies Pomoxis annularis and black crappies P. nigromaculatus, a genus notorious for variable recruitment. We sampled adults and recruits from 11 Ohio reservoirs and larvae from 9 reservoirs during 1998-2001. We sampled chlorophyll as an index of reservoir productivity and obtained daily estimates of water elevation to determine the impact of hydrology on recruitment. Akaike's information criterion (AIC) revealed that Ricker and Beverton-Holt stock-recruit models that included chlorophyll best explained the variation in larval density and age-2 recruits. Specifically, spawning stock catch per effort (CPE) and chlorophyll explained 63-64% of the variation in larval density. In turn, larval density and chlorophyll explained 43-49% of the variation in age-2 recruit CPE. Finally, spawning stock CPE and chlorophyll were the best predictors of recruit CPE (i.e., 74-86%). Although larval density and recruitment increased with chlorophyll, neither was related to seasonal water elevation. Also, the AIC generally did not distinguish between Ricker and Beverton-Holt models. From these relationships, we concluded that crappie recruitment can be limited by spawning stock CPE and larval production when spawning stock sizes are low (i.e., CPE , 5 crappies/net-night). At higher levels of spawning stock sizes, spawning stock CPE and recruitment were less clearly related. To predict recruitment in Ohio reservoirs, managers should assess spawning stock CPE with trap nets and estimate chlorophyll concentrations. To increase crappie recruitment in reservoirs where recruitment is consistently poor, managers should use regulations to increase spawning stock size, which, in turn, should increase larval production and recruits to the fishery.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bunnell, D., Hale, R.S., Vanni, M., and Stein, R., 2006, Predicting crappie recruitment in Ohio reservoirs with spawning stock size, larval density, and chlorophyll concentrations: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 26, no. 1, p. 1-12.","productDescription":"p. 1-12","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cae6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunnell, David B.","contributorId":14360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"David B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hale, R. Scott","contributorId":104868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hale","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vanni, Michael J.","contributorId":49756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vanni","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stein, Roy A.","contributorId":21494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Roy A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":77648,"text":"fs20063088 - 2006 - \"HIP\" new software: The Hydroecological Integrity Assessment Process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-01T16:52:26","indexId":"fs20063088","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3088","title":"\"HIP\" new software: The Hydroecological Integrity Assessment Process","docAbstract":"Managing rivers and streams to maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems is a challenge for resource managers across the country. Demand for competing uses of water resources grows with escalating development, increasing recreational use, and the vagaries of climate and weather. For many species of concern, instream flow and associated water quality are critical for survival. Balancing ecosystem needs with proposed changes in flow regimes requires a process managers can use to determine the ecological and hydrological effects of changes in streamflow.
\nCenter (FORT) have developed the Hydroecological Integrity Assessment Process (HIP) and a suite of software tools for conducting a hydrologic classification of streams, addressing instream flow needs, and assessing past and proposed hydrologic alterations on streamflow and other ecosystem components. The HIP recognizes that streamflow is strongly related to many critical physiochemical components of rivers, such as dissolved oxygen, channel geomorphology, and habitats. Streamflow is considered a “master variable” that limits the distribution, abundance, and diversity of many aquatic plant and animal species.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20063088","usgsCitation":"Henriksen, J., and Wilson, J.T., 2006, \"HIP\" new software: The Hydroecological Integrity Assessment Process: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3088, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063088.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3088.jpg"},{"id":320221,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3088/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4900e4b0b290850eecc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henriksen, Jim","contributorId":23638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henriksen","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Juliette T.","contributorId":86439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Juliette","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028929,"text":"70028929 - 2006 - Alternate corrections for estimating actual wetland evapotranspiration from potential evapotranspiration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T17:38:06","indexId":"70028929","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alternate corrections for estimating actual wetland evapotranspiration from potential evapotranspiration","docAbstract":"Corrections can be used to estimate actual wetland evapotranspiration (AET) from potential evapotranspiration (PET) as a means to define the hydrology of wetland areas. Many alternate parameterizations for correction coefficients for three PET equations are presented, covering a wide range of possible data-availability scenarios. At nine sites in the wetland Everglades of south Florida, USA, the relatively complex PET Penman equation was corrected to daily total AET with smaller standard errors than the PET simple and Priestley-Taylor equations. The simpler equations, however, required less data (and thus less funding for instrumentation), with the possibility of being corrected to AET with slightly larger, comparable, or even smaller standard errors. Air temperature generally corrected PET simple most effectively to wetland AET, while wetland stage and humidity generally corrected PET Priestley-Taylor and Penman most effectively to wetland AET. Stage was identified for PET Priestley-Taylor and Penman as the data type with the most correction ability at sites that are dry part of each year or dry part of some years. Finally, although surface water generally was readily available at each monitoring site, AET was not occurring at potential rates, as conceptually expected under well-watered conditions. Apparently, factors other than water availability, such as atmospheric and stomata resistances to vapor transport, also were limiting the PET rate. ?? 2006, The Society of Wetland Scientists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[528:ACFEAW]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, W., and Sumner, D.M., 2006, Alternate corrections for estimating actual wetland evapotranspiration from potential evapotranspiration: Wetlands, v. 26, no. 2, p. 528-543, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[528:ACFEAW]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"528","endPage":"543","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209855,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[528:ACFEAW]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e97ce4b0c8380cd482f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, W. Barclay bshoemak@usgs.gov","contributorId":1495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"W. Barclay","email":"bshoemak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":420599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sumner, D. M.","contributorId":100827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184339,"text":"70184339 - 2006 - Reply to comment on ‘Characterization of surface and ground water δ18O seasonal variation and its use for estimating groundwater residence times’ by R. E. Criss and W. E. Winston","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T15:25:10","indexId":"70184339","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply to comment on ‘Characterization of surface and ground water δ18O seasonal variation and its use for estimating groundwater residence times’ by R. E. Criss and W. E. Winston","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.6516","usgsCitation":"Reddy, M.M., Schuster, P., Kendall, C., and Reddy, M.B., 2006, Reply to comment on ‘Characterization of surface and ground water δ18O seasonal variation and its use for estimating groundwater residence times’ by R. E. Criss and W. E. Winston: Hydrological Processes, v. 20, no. 16, p. 3573-3578, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6516.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"3573","endPage":"3578","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336964,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-09-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58bfd4ffe4b014cc3a3ba532","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reddy, Michael M. mmreddy@usgs.gov","contributorId":684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"Michael","email":"mmreddy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, Paul","contributorId":80542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reddy, Micaela B.","contributorId":7947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"Micaela","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033636,"text":"70033636 - 2006 - Hydrologic-hydraulic analysis of the Toa Vaca Dam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:30","indexId":"70033636","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrologic-hydraulic analysis of the Toa Vaca Dam","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkTitle":"Association of State Dam Safety Officials - Dam Safety 2006, Proceedings from the 2006 Annual Conference","conferenceTitle":"2006 Annual Conference on Dam Safety","conferenceDate":"10 September 2008 through 14 September 2008","conferenceLocation":"Boston, MA","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Heriberto, T., and MillerArthur, A., 2006, Hydrologic-hydraulic analysis of the Toa Vaca Dam, in Association of State Dam Safety Officials - Dam Safety 2006, Proceedings from the 2006 Annual Conference, Boston, MA, 10 September 2008 through 14 September 2008.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a36a5e4b0c8380cd608a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heriberto, T.-S.","contributorId":7097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heriberto","given":"T.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MillerArthur, A.C.","contributorId":98130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MillerArthur","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028639,"text":"70028639 - 2006 - Factors influencing soil invertebrate communities in riparian grasslands of the central platte river floodplain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-15T10:09:21","indexId":"70028639","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing soil invertebrate communities in riparian grasslands of the central platte river floodplain","docAbstract":"In the Platte River Valley of central Nebraska, USA, riparian grasslands (also known as wet meadows) have been severely impacted by a reduction in river flows, causing lower ground-water levels and altered seasonal hydroperiods. The potential impacts of these hydrologic changes, as well as the environmental factors that influence wet meadow soil invertebrate communities, are not well understood. An understanding of the ecological processes that influence these invertebrate communities is crucial for maintaining and restoring wet meadows along the Platte River. Our objectives were to describe the soil invertebrate community of wet meadows throughout the growing season and to examine the relative roles of abiotic factors in determining patterns in invertebrate community structure. We conducted the study in 12 wet meadows along the Platte River during 1999 and 2000. We identified 73 invertebrate taxa; 39 were considered soil inhabitants. Total biomass was primarily composed of earthworms, Scarabaeidae, Isopoda, and Elateridae, with earthworms and Scarabaeidae accounting for >82%. Differences in river flow and precipitation patterns influenced some soil invertebrates. Earthworms and Scarabaeidae declined dramatically from 1999 (wet year) to 2000 (dry year). The topographic gradient created by the ridge-swale complex affected several soil invertebrate taxa; Scarabaeidae, Diplopoda, and Lepidoptera biomasses were greatest on drier ridges, while Tipulidae and Isopoda biomasscs were greatest in wetter sloughs. Responses of earthworm taxa to the topographic gradient were variable, but generally, greater biomasses occurred on ridges and mid-elevations. Water-table depth and soil moisture were the most important variables influencing wet meadow soil invertebrates. Because these communities are linked to the hydrologic processes of the Platte River, future alterations of wet meadow hydrology could shift the distribution patterns of many of these invertebrates and possibly eliminate more moisture-tolerant taxa. To maintain wet meadows and their biotic communities, flow management should focus on regaining as much as possible of the former hydrograph through properly timed flows that provide an adequate hydrologic regime for wet meadows. In addition, restoration of wet meadows will depend on restoring the natural topography of wet meadows. ?? 2006, The Society of Wetland Scientists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[438:FISICI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Davis, C., Austin, J.E., and Buhl, D., 2006, Factors influencing soil invertebrate communities in riparian grasslands of the central platte river floodplain: Wetlands, v. 26, no. 2, p. 438-454, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[438:FISICI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"438","endPage":"454","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209791,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[438:FISICI]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.2017822265625,\n 41.18278832811288\n ],\n [\n -96.0040283203125,\n 41.18278832811288\n ],\n [\n -96.0040283203125,\n 41.281934557995356\n ],\n [\n -96.2017822265625,\n 41.281934557995356\n ],\n [\n -96.2017822265625,\n 41.18278832811288\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ecae4b0c8380cd5361c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, C.A.","contributorId":68819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Austin, J. E.","contributorId":5999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buhl, D. A. 0000-0002-8563-5990","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8563-5990","contributorId":13571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028636,"text":"70028636 - 2006 - Occurrence and fate of organic contaminants during onsite wastewater treatment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T08:48:33","indexId":"70028636","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and fate of organic contaminants during onsite wastewater treatment","docAbstract":"Onsite wastewater treatment systems serve approximately 25% of the U.S. population. However, little is known regarding the occurrence and fate of organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs), including endocrine disrupting compounds, during onsite treatment. A range of OWCs including surfactant metabolites, steroids, stimulants, metal-chelating agents, disinfectants, antimicrobial agents, and pharmaceutical compounds was quantified in wastewater from 30 onsite treatment systems in Summit and Jefferson Counties, CO. The onsite systems represent a range of residential and nonresidential sources. Eighty eight percent of the 24 target compounds were detected in one or more samples, and several compounds were detected in every wastewater sampled. The wastewater matrices were complex and showed unique differences between source types due to differences in water and consumer product use. Nonresidential sources generally had more OWCs at higher concentrations than residential sources. Additional aerobic biofilter-based treatment beyond the traditional anaerobic tank-based treatment enhanced removal for many OWCs. Removal mechanisms included volatilization, biotransformation, and sorption with efficiencies from <1% to >99% depending on treatment type and physico chemical properties of the compound. Even with high removal rates during confined unit onsite treatment, OWCs are discharged to soil dispersal units at loadings up to 20 mg/m2/d, emphasizing the importance of understanding removal mechanisms and efficiencies in onsite treatment systems that discharge to the soil and water environments.
Polar components in fuels may enable differentiation between fuel types or commercial fuel sources. A range of commercial fuels from numerous sources were analyzed by flow injection analysis/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry without extensive sample preparation, separation, or chromatography. This technique enabled screening for unique polar components at parts per million levels in commercial hydrocarbon products, including a range of products from a variety of commercial sources and locations. Because these polar compounds are unique in different fuels, their presence may provide source information on hydrocarbons released into the environment. This analysis was then applied to mixtures of various products, as might be found in accidental releases into the environment.
In this study, the presence, composition, and concentrations of organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) were determined in solid materials produced during wastewater treatment. This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of these solids, collectively referred to as biosolids, as a source of OWCs to soil and water in contact with soil. Nine different biosolid products, produced by municipal wastewater treatment plants in seven different states, were analyzed for 87 different OWCs. Fifty-five of the OWCs were detected in at least one biosolid product. The 87 different OWCs represent a diverse cross section of emerging organic contaminants that enter wastewater treatment plants and may be discharged without being completely metabolized or degraded. A minimum of 30 and a maximum of 45 OWCs were detected in any one biosolid. The biosolids used in this study are produced by several production methods, and the plants they originate from have differing population demographics, yet the percent composition of total OWC content, and of the most common OWCs, typically did not vary greatly between the biosolids tested. The summed OWC content ranged from 64 to 1811 mg/kg dry weight. Six biosolids were collected twice, 3−18 months apart, and the total OWC content of each biosolid varied by less than a factor of 2. These results indicate that the biosolids investigated in this study have OWC compositions and concentrations that are more similar than different and that biosolids are highly enriched in OWCs (as mass-normalized concentrations) when compared to effluents or effluent-impacted water. These results demonstrate the need to better describe the composition and fate of OWCs in biosolids since about 50% of biosolids are land applied and thus become a potentially ubiquitous nonpoint source of OWCs into the environment.
The fate of arsenic in groundwater depends largely on its interaction with mineral surfaces. We investigated the kinetics of As(III) oxidation by aquifer materials collected from the USGS research site at Cape Cod, MA, USA, by conducting laboratory experiments. Five different solid samples with similar specific surface areas (0.6–0.9 m2 g−1) and reductively extractable iron contents (18–26 μmol m−2), but with varying total manganese contents (0.5–3.5 μmol m−2) were used. Both dissolved and adsorbed As(III) and As(V) concentrations were measured with time up to 250 h. The As(III) removal rate from solution increased with increasing solid manganese content, suggesting that manganese oxide is responsible for the oxidation of As(III). Under all conditions, dissolved As(V) concentrations were very low. A quantitative model was developed to simulate the extent and kinetics of arsenic transformation by aquifer materials. The model included: (1) reversible rate-limited adsorption of As(III) onto both oxidative and non-oxidative (adsorptive) sites, (2) irreversible rate-limited oxidation of As(III), and (3) equilibrium adsorption of As(V) onto adsorptive sites. Rate constants for these processes, as well as the total oxidative site densities were used as the fitting parameters. The total adsorptive site densities were estimated based on the measured specific surface area of each material. The best fit was provided by considering one fast and one slow site for each adsorptive and oxidative site. The fitting parameters were obtained using the kinetic data for the most reactive aquifer material at different initial As(III) concentrations. Using the same parameters to simulate As(III) and As(V) surface reactions, the model predictions were compared to observations for aquifer materials with different manganese contents. The model simulated the experimental data very well for all materials at all initial As(III) concentrations. The As(V) production rate was related to the concentrations of the free oxidative surface sites and dissolved As(III), as
Rates of benthic denitrification were measured using two techniques, membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), applied to sediment cores from two NO3−‐rich streams draining agricultural land in the upper Mississippi River Basin. Denitrification was estimated simultaneously from measurements of N2:Ar (MIMS) and 15N[N2] (IRMS) after the addition of low‐level 15NO3− tracer (15N:N = 0.03–0.08) in stream water overlying intact sediment cores. Denitrification rates ranged from about 0 to 4400 μmol N·m−2·h−1 in Sugar Creek and from 0 to 1300 μmol N·m−2·h−1 in Iroquois River, the latter of which possesses greater streamflow discharge and a more homogeneous streambed and water column. Within the uncertainties of the two techniques, there is good agreement between the MIMS and IRMS results, which indicates that the production of N2 by the coupled process of nitrification/denitrification was relatively unimportant and surface‐water NO3− was the dominant source of NO3− for benthic denitrification in these streams. Variation in stream NO3− concentration (from about 20 μmol/L during low discharge to 1000 μmol/L during high discharge) was a significant control of benthic denitrification rates, judging from the more abundant MIMS data. The interpretation that NO3− concentration directly affects denitrification rate was corroborated by increased rates of denitrification in cores amended with NO3−. Denitrification in Sugar Creek removed ≤11% per day of the in‐stream NO3− in late spring and removed roughly 15–20% in late summer. The fraction of NO3− removed in Iroquois River was less than that of Sugar Creek. Although benthic denitrification rates were relatively high during periods of high stream flow, when NO3concentrations were also high, the increase in benthic denitrification could not compensate for the much larger increase in stream NO3− fluxes during high flow. Consequently, fractional NO3− losses were relatively low during high flow.
Samples from several wastewater treatment facilities in Wisconsin were screened for the presence of 21 antibiotic compounds. These facilities spanned a range of community size served (average daily flow from 0.0212 to 23.6 million gallons/day), secondary treatment processes, geographic locations across the state, and they discharged the treated effluents to both surface and ground waters (for ground water after a soil passage). A total of six antibiotic compounds were detected (1–5 compounds per site), including two sulfonamides (sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole), one tetracycline (tetracycline), fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin), macrolide (erythromycin-H2O) and trimethoprim. The frequency of detection of antibiotics was in the following order: tetracycline and trimethoprim (80%) > sulfamethoxazole (70%) > erythromycin-H2O (45%) > ciprofloxacin (40%) > sulfamethazine (10%). However, the soluble concentrations were in the parts-per-billion (ppb) range (≤ 1.3 μg/L), and importantly were unaffected by the size of the wastewater treatment facility. The concentrations detected were within an order of magnitude of those reported for similar systems in Europe and Canada: they were within a factor of two in comparison to those reported for Canada but generally lower relative to those measured in wastewater systems in Europe. Only sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline were detected in groundwater monitoring wells adjacent to the treatment systems. Future intensive wastewater monitoring programs in Wisconsin may be limited to the six antibiotic compounds detected in this study.