{"pageNumber":"269","pageRowStart":"6700","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10462,"records":[{"id":1001067,"text":"1001067 - 2004 - Discrimination among spawning aggregations of lake herring from Lake Superior using whole-body morphometric characters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-18T15:41:29","indexId":"1001067","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discrimination among spawning aggregations of lake herring from Lake Superior using whole-body morphometric characters","docAbstract":"<p><span>The lake herring (</span><i>Coregonus artedi</i><span>) was one of the most commercially and ecologically valuable Lake Superior fishes, but declined in the second half of the 20th century as the result of overharvest of putatively discrete stocks. No tools were previously available that described lake herring stock structure and accurately classified lake herring to their spawning stocks. The accuracy of discriminating among spawning aggregations was evaluated using whole-body morphometrics based on a truss network. Lake herring were collected from 11 spawning aggregations in Lake Superior and two inland Wisconsin lakes to evaluate morphometrics as a stock discrimination tool. Discriminant function analysis correctly classified 53% of all fish from all spawning aggregations, and fish from all but one aggregation were classified at greater rates than were possible by chance. Discriminant analysis also correctly classified 66% of fish to nearest neighbor groups, which were groups that accounted for the possibility of mixing among the aggregations. Stepwise discriminant analysis showed that posterior body length and depth measurements were among the best discriminators of spawning aggregations. These findings support other evidence that discrete stocks of lake herring exist in Lake Superior, and fishery managers should consider all but one of the spawning aggregations as discrete stocks. Abundance, annual harvest, total annual mortality rate, and exploitation data should be collected from each stock, and surplus production of each stock should be estimated. Prudent management of stock surplus production and exploitation rates will aid in restoration of stocks and will prevent a repeat of the stock collapses that occurred in the middle of the 20th century, when the species was nearly extirpated from the lake.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(04)70399-8","usgsCitation":"Hoff, M.H., 2004, Discrimination among spawning aggregations of lake herring from Lake Superior using whole-body morphometric characters: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 30, no. Supplement 1, p. 385-394, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(04)70399-8.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"394","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"Supplement 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64abaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoff, Michael H.","contributorId":23878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1003726,"text":"1003726 - 2004 - Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-15T16:33:43.363512","indexId":"1003726","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Oriental white-backed vulture (OWBV;&nbsp;</span><i>Gyps bengalensis</i><span>) was once one of the most common raptors in the Indian subcontinent<sup>1</sup></span><sup></sup><span>. A population decline of &gt;95%, starting in the 1990s, was first noted at Keoladeo National Park, India<sup>2</sup></span><sup></sup><span>. Since then, catastrophic declines, also involving&nbsp;</span><i>Gyps indicus</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Gyps tenuirostris</i><span>, have continued to be reported across the subcontinent<sup>3</sup></span><sup></sup><span>. Consequently these vultures are now listed as critically endangered by BirdLife International<sup>4</sup></span><sup></sup><span>. In 2000, the Peregrine Fund initiated its Asian Vulture Crisis Project with the Ornithological Society of Pakistan, establishing study sites at 16 OWBV colonies in the Kasur, Khanewal and Muzaffargarh–Layyah Districts of Pakistan to measure mortality at over 2,400 active nest sites<sup>5</sup></span><sup></sup><span>. Between 2000 and 2003, high annual adult and subadult mortality (5–86%) and resulting population declines (34–95%) (ref. 5</span><span>&nbsp;and M.G., manuscript in preparation) were associated with renal failure and visceral gout. Here, we provide results that directly correlate residues of the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac with renal failure. Diclofenac residues and renal disease were reproduced experimentally in OWBVs by direct oral exposure and through feeding vultures diclofenac-treated livestock. We propose that residues of veterinary diclofenac are responsible for the OWBV decline.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/nature02317","usgsCitation":"Oaks, J., Gilbert, M., Virani, M., Watson, R., Meteyer, C., Rideout, B., Shivaprasad, H.L., Ahmed, S., Chaudhry, M., Arshad, M., Mahmood, S., Ali, A., and Khan, A., 2004, Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan: Nature, v. 427, no. 6975, p. 630-633, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02317.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"630","endPage":"633","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India, Pakistan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":\"15\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"India\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[77.83745,35.49401],[78.91227,34.32194],[78.81109,33.5062],[79.20889,32.99439],[79.17613,32.48378],[78.45845,32.61816],[78.73889,31.51591],[79.72137,30.88271],[81.11126,30.18348],[80.47672,29.72987],[80.08842,28.79447],[81.0572,28.4161],[81.99999,27.92548],[83.30425,27.36451],[84.67502,27.2349],[85.25178,26.7262],[86.02439,26.63098],[87.22747,26.3979],[88.06024,26.41462],[88.1748,26.81041],[88.04313,27.44582],[88.12044,27.87654],[88.73033,28.08686],[88.81425,27.29932],[88.83564,27.09897],[89.74453,26.7194],[90.37327,26.87572],[91.21751,26.80865],[92.03348,26.83831],[92.10371,27.45261],[91.69666,27.77174],[92.50312,27.89688],[93.41335,28.64063],[94.56599,29.27744],[95.4048,29.03172],[96.11768,29.4528],[96.58659,28.83098],[96.24883,28.41103],[97.32711,28.26158],[97.40256,27.88254],[97.05199,27.69906],[97.134,27.08377],[96.41937,27.26459],[95.12477,26.57357],[95.15515,26.00131],[94.60325,25.1625],[94.55266,24.67524],[94.10674,23.85074],[93.32519,24.07856],[93.28633,23.04366],[93.06029,22.70311],[93.16613,22.27846],[92.67272,22.04124],[92.14603,23.6275],[91.86993,23.62435],[91.70648,22.98526],[91.15896,23.50353],[91.46773,24.07264],[91.91509,24.13041],[92.3762,24.97669],[91.7996,25.14743],[90.87221,25.1326],[89.92069,25.26975],[89.83248,25.96508],[89.35509,26.01441],[88.56305,26.44653],[88.20979,25.76807],[88.93155,25.23869],[88.30637,24.86608],[88.08442,24.50166],[88.69994,24.23371],[88.52977,23.63114],[88.87631,22.87915],[89.03196,22.05571],[88.88877,21.69059],[88.2085,21.70317],[86.9757,21.49556],[87.03317,20.74331],[86.49935,20.15164],[85.06027,19.47858],[83.94101,18.30201],[83.18922,17.67122],[82.19279,17.01664],[82.19124,16.55666],[81.69272,16.31022],[80.792,15.95197],[80.3249,15.89918],[80.02507,15.13641],[80.23327,13.83577],[80.28629,13.00626],[79.86255,12.05622],[79.858,10.35728],[79.34051,10.30885],[78.88535,9.54614],[79.18972,9.21654],[78.27794,8.93305],[77.94117,8.25296],[77.5399,7.96553],[76.59298,8.89928],[76.13006,10.29963],[75.74647,11.30825],[75.3961,11.78125],[74.86482,12.74194],[74.61672,13.99258],[74.44386,14.61722],[73.5342,15.99065],[73.11991,17.92857],[72.82091,19.20823],[72.82448,20.4195],[72.63053,21.35601],[71.17527,20.75744],[70.47046,20.87733],[69.16413,22.0893],[69.64493,22.45077],[69.3496,22.84318],[68.17665,23.69197],[68.8426,24.35913],[71.04324,24.35652],[70.8447,25.2151],[70.28287,25.72223],[70.16893,26.49187],[69.51439,26.94097],[70.6165,27.9892],[71.77767,27.91318],[72.82375,28.96159],[73.45064,29.97641],[74.42138,30.97981],[74.40593,31.69264],[75.25864,32.27111],[74.45156,32.7649],[74.10429,33.44147],[73.74995,34.3177],[74.2402,34.74889],[75.75706,34.50492],[76.87172,34.65354],[77.83745,35.49401],[77.83745,35.49401]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":\"138\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Pakistan\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[75.15803,37.13303],[75.8969,36.66681],[76.19285,35.8984],[77.83745,35.49401],[76.87172,34.65354],[75.75706,34.50492],[74.2402,34.74889],[73.74995,34.3177],[74.10429,33.44147],[74.45156,32.7649],[75.25864,32.27111],[74.40593,31.69264],[74.42138,30.97981],[73.45064,29.97641],[72.82375,28.96159],[71.77767,27.91318],[70.6165,27.9892],[69.51439,26.94097],[70.16893,26.49187],[70.28287,25.72223],[70.8447,25.2151],[71.04324,24.35652],[68.8426,24.35913],[68.17665,23.69197],[67.44367,23.94484],[67.14544,24.66361],[66.37283,25.42514],[64.53041,25.23704],[62.9057,25.21841],[61.49736,25.07824],[61.87419,26.23997],[63.31663,26.75653],[63.2339,27.21705],[62.75543,27.37892],[62.72783,28.25964],[61.77187,28.69933],[61.36931,29.30328],[60.87425,29.82924],[62.54986,29.31857],[63.55026,29.46833],[64.148,29.34082],[64.35042,29.56003],[65.04686,29.47218],[66.34647,29.88794],[66.38146,30.7389],[66.93889,31.30491],[67.68339,31.30315],[67.79269,31.58293],[68.55693,31.71331],[68.92668,31.62019],[69.31776,31.90141],[69.26252,32.50194],[69.68715,33.1055],[70.32359,33.35853],[69.93054,34.02012],[70.8818,33.98886],[71.15677,34.34891],[71.11502,34.73313],[71.61308,35.1532],[71.49877,35.65056],[71.26235,36.07439],[71.84629,36.50994],[72.92002,36.72001],[74.06755,36.83618],[74.57589,37.02084],[75.15803,37.13303],[75.15803,37.13303]]]}}]}","volume":"427","issue":"6975","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-01-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65da3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oaks, J.L.","contributorId":72768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oaks","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilbert, M.","contributorId":57810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Virani, M.Z.","contributorId":43318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virani","given":"M.Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watson, R.T.","contributorId":44893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meteyer, C.U. 0000-0002-4007-3410","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-3410","contributorId":74327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meteyer","given":"C.U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rideout, B.A.","contributorId":26664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rideout","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shivaprasad, H. L.","contributorId":101616,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shivaprasad","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ahmed, S.","contributorId":35705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahmed","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Chaudhry, M.J.I.","contributorId":59000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaudhry","given":"M.J.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Arshad, M.","contributorId":56614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arshad","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mahmood, S.","contributorId":100344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahmood","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Ali, A.","contributorId":56191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ali","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Khan, A.A.","contributorId":48526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khan","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":1008513,"text":"1008513 - 2004 - The effectiveness of a barrier wall and underpasses in reducing wildlife mortality on a heavily traveled highway in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-14T12:46:32","indexId":"1008513","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effectiveness of a barrier wall and underpasses in reducing wildlife mortality on a heavily traveled highway in Florida","docAbstract":"<p><span>Because of high numbers of animals killed on Paynes Prairie State Preserve, Alachua County, Florida, the Florida Department of Transportation constructed a barrier wall-culvert system to reduce wildlife mortality yet allow for passage of some animals across the highway. During a one year study following construction, we counted only 158 animals, excluding hylid treefrogs, killed in the same area where 2411 road kills were recorded in the 12 months prior to the construction of the barrier wall-culvert system. Within the survey area lying directly in Paynes Prairie basin, mortality was reduced 65% if hylid treefrogs are included, and 93.5% with hylid treefrogs excluded. Sixty-four percent of the wildlife kills observed along the barrier wall-culvert system occurred at a maintenance road access point and along 300 m of type-A fence bordering private property. The 24 h kill rate during the post-construction survey was 4.9 compared with 13.5 during the pre-construction survey. We counted 1891 dead vertebrates within the entire area surveyed, including the ecotone between the surrounding uplands and prairie basin which did not include the barrier wall and culverts. Approximately 73% of the nonhylid road kills occurred in the 400 m section of road beyond the extent of the barrier wall-culvert system. We detected 51 vertebrate species, including 9 fish, using the 8 culverts after the construction of the barrier wall-culvert system, compared with 28 vertebrate species in the 4 existing culverts prior to construction. Capture success in culverts increased 10-fold from the pre-construction survey to the post-construction survey. Barrier wall trespass was facilitated by overhanging vegetation, maintenance road access, and by the use of the type-A fence. Additional problems resulted from siltation, water holes, and human access. These problems could be corrected using design modifications and by routine, periodic maintenance.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.011","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C., Barichivich, W., and Smith, L.L., 2004, The effectiveness of a barrier wall and underpasses in reducing wildlife mortality on a heavily traveled highway in Florida: Biological Conservation, v. 118, p. 619-631, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.011.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"619","endPage":"631","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":132079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6675ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barichivich, W.J. 0000-0003-1103-6861","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1103-6861","contributorId":91435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barichivich","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, L. L.","contributorId":6791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015205,"text":"1015205 - 2004 - Use of Instream Flow Incremental Methodology: introduction to the special issue","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-28T10:17:41","indexId":"1015205","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1921,"text":"Hydroécologie Appliquée","onlineIssn":"1958-556X","printIssn":"1147-9213","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of Instream Flow Incremental Methodology: introduction to the special issue","docAbstract":"<p>In 1991, Harvey Doerksen was able to write a memoir discussing 20 years of instream flow work (Doerksen 1991). He recalled coming into the field in about 1973, but points out that there were many dedicated professionals working on the front line of what has become known as the environmental flow issue since at least the 1940’s. One of the earliest controversies in this new field was about what to call it. Some of the can- didate titles included “Stream Re- source Maintenance Flow,” “Base Flow,” and “Minimum Flow.” Although some of these terms were already in wide use by the early 1970’s, the term “instream flow” was not even listed in the 1973, 1974, or 1975 editions of the Water Resources Research Catalog of keywords (Doerksen 1991: 100). When most of the authors represented in this special issue began their professional careers, the field of instream flow was still seeking a core identity and a set of organizing principles.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecosciences","doi":"10.1051/hydro:2004001","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B.L., Sabaton, C., and Souchon, Y., 2004, Use of Instream Flow Incremental Methodology: introduction to the special issue: Hydroécologie Appliquée, v. 14, no. 1, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1051/hydro:2004001.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478294,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.hydroecologie.org/10.1051/hydro:2004001/pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605195","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Berton Lee","contributorId":96784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sabaton, C.","contributorId":21507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabaton","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Souchon, Y.","contributorId":102437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souchon","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015236,"text":"1015236 - 2004 - Rabies in a captive colony of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T19:40:11.811371","indexId":"1015236","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Rabies in a captive colony of big brown bats (<i>Eptesicus fuscus</i>)","title":"Rabies in a captive colony of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus)","docAbstract":"<p>Our research has focused on the ecology of commensal populations of big brown bats (<i>Eptesicus fuscus</i>) in Fort Collins, Colorado (USA), in relation to rabies virus (RV) transmission. We captured 35 big brown bats (<i>Eptesicus fuscus</i>) in late summer 2001 and held them captive for 4.8 mo. The bats were initially placed in an indoor cage for 1 mo then segregated into groups of two to six per cage. Two of the bats succumbed to rabies virus (RV) within the first month of capture. Despite group housing, all of the remaining bats were healthy over the course of the investigation; none developed rabies, although one of the rabid bats was observed to bite her cage mates. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Taqman<sup>®</sup> real-time PCR analysis of the RNA derived from the brain tissue, salivary glands, and oral swab samples confirmed RV infection in the dead bats. Rabies virus was also isolated from the brain tissue upon passage in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the RV nucleoprotein (N) gene showed 100% identity with the N gene sequence of a 1985 <i>E. fuscus</i> isolate from El Paso County, Colorado. Bat sera obtained six times throughout the study were assayed for RV neutralizing antibodies using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. The RV neutralizing activity in the serum was associated with the IgG component, which was purified by binding to protein G Sepharose. Five bats were RV seropositive prior to their capture and maintained titers throughout captivity. Two adult bats seroconverted during captivity. Two volant juvenile bats had detectable RV antibody titers at the first serum collection but were negative thereafter. Four seronegative bats responded to a RV vaccine administration with high titers of RV antibodies. A serologic survey of big brown bats in the roost from which one of the captive rabid bats had originated showed a significant rise in seroprevalence during 2002.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-40.3.403","usgsCitation":"Shankar, V., Bowen, R.A., Davis, A.D., Rupprecht, C.E., and O'Shea, T., 2004, Rabies in a captive colony of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus): Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 40, no. 3, p. 403-413, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.3.403.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"403","endPage":"413","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.3.403","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649e77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shankar, V.","contributorId":52126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shankar","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowen, R. A.","contributorId":80623,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, A. D.","contributorId":32121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rupprecht, C. E.","contributorId":101602,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rupprecht","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1016283,"text":"1016283 - 2004 - Winter distribution and abundance of Snowy Plovers in eastern North America and the West Indies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:38","indexId":"1016283","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3704,"text":"Wader Study Group Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winter distribution and abundance of Snowy Plovers in eastern North America and the West Indies","docAbstract":"Serum protein changes were studied in immune and nonimmune pigeons infected with three different strains of Trichomonas gallinae.  Strain I (nonvirulent) produced no change in the relative concentration of serum components.  Strains II (oral canker) and III (Jones' Barn) produced decreases in albumin and alpha globulins, and increases in beta and gamma globulins between the 7th and 20th days post infection.  Birds infected with strain II began to return to normal by the 20th day, while all those infected with strain III were dead between 10 and 14 days post infection.   Two serum protein patterns resulted from infection of immune birds with the Jones' Barn strain.  One showed no change in relative protein concentrations and no tissue invasion by the parasite while the other was similar to that seen in nonimmune birds infected with a strain producing oral canker.  These also showed evidence of tissue invasion by the parasite.  It was concluded that tissue invasion was necessary to evoke a quantitative change in serum protein concentrations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wader Study Group Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Elliott-Smith, E., Haig, S.M., Ferland, C.L., and Gorman, L., 2004, Winter distribution and abundance of Snowy Plovers in eastern North America and the West Indies: Wader Study Group Bulletin, v. 104, p. 28-33.","productDescription":"p. 28-33","startPage":"28","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14895,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waderstudygroup.org/pubs/wsgbull/content.php","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1489.000000000000000"}],"volume":"104","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e1e8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott-Smith, Elise eelliott-smith@usgs.gov","contributorId":3645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott-Smith","given":"Elise","email":"eelliott-smith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferland, C. L.","contributorId":102842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferland","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gorman, Leah","contributorId":108068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorman","given":"Leah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1016301,"text":"1016301 - 2004 - Subspecific relationships and genetic structure in the spotted owl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-10T11:39:20.172916","indexId":"1016301","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1324,"text":"Conservation Genetics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subspecific relationships and genetic structure in the spotted owl","docAbstract":"<p><span>Hierarchical genetic structure was examined in the three geographically-defined subspecies of spotted owl&nbsp;</span><i>(Strix occidentalis)</i><span>&nbsp;to define relationships among subspecies and quantify variation within and among regional and local populations. Sequences (522 bp) from domains I and II of the mitochondrial control region were analyzed for 213 individuals from 30 local breeding areas. Results confirmed significant differences between northern spotted owls and the other traditional geographically defined subspecies but did not provide support for subspecific level differences between California and Mexican spotted owls. Divergence times among subspecies estimated with a 936 bp portion of the cytochrome&nbsp;</span><i>b</i><span>&nbsp;gene dated Northern and California/Mexican spotted owl divergence time to 115,000–125,000 years ago, whereas California/Mexican spotted owl divergence was estimated at 15,000 years ago. Nested clade analyses indicated an association between California spotted owl and Mexican spotted owl haplotypes, implying historical contact between the two groups. Results also identified a number of individuals geographically classified as northern spotted owls (</span><i>S. o. caurina</i><span>) that contained haplotypes identified as California spotted owls (</span><i>S. o. caurina</i><span>). Among all northern spotted owls sampled (n=131), 12.9% contained California spotted owl haplotypes. In the Klamath region, which is the contact zone between the two subspecies, 20.3% (n=59) of owls were classified as California spotted owls. The Klamath region is a zone of hybridization and speciation for many other taxa as well. Analyses of population structure indicated gene flow among regions within geographically defined subspecies although there was significant differentiation among northern and southern regions of Mexican spotted owls. Among all areas examined, genetic diversity was not significantly reduced except in California spotted owls where the southern region consists of one haplotype. Our results indicate a stable contact zone between northern and California spotted owls, maintaining distinct subspecific haplotypes within their traditional ranges. This supports recovery efforts based on the traditional subspecies designation for the northern spotted owl. Further, although little variation was found between California and Mexican spotted owls, we suggest they should be managed separately because of current isolation between groups.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10592-004-1864-y","usgsCitation":"Haig, S.M., Forsman, E., and Mullins, T., 2004, Subspecific relationships and genetic structure in the spotted owl: Conservation Genetics, v. 5, no. 5, p. 683-705, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-004-1864-y.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"705","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133482,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forsman, E.D.","contributorId":88324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forsman","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mullins, Thomas D.","contributorId":12819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Thomas D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026154,"text":"70026154 - 2004 - Comparison of electrofishing and trammel netting variability for sampling native fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-08T14:33:59.155072","indexId":"70026154","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of electrofishing and trammel netting variability for sampling native fishes","docAbstract":"<p><span>The variability in size structure and relative abundance (CPUE; number of fish ≥200 mm total length, </span><i>L</i><sub>T</sub><span>, collected per hour of electrofishing or trammel netting) of three native Colorado River fishes, the endangered humpback chub&nbsp;</span><i>Gila cypha</i><span>, flannelmouth sucker&nbsp;</span><i>Catostomus latipinnus</i><span>&nbsp;and bluehead sucker&nbsp;</span><i>Catostomus discobolus</i><span>, collected from electrofishing and trammel nets was assessed to determine which gear was most appropriate to detect trends in relative abundance of adult fishes. Coefficient of variation (CV) of CPUE ranged from 210 to 566 for electrofishing and 128 to 575 for trammel netting, depending on season, diel period and species. Mean CV was lowest for trammel nets for humpback chub (</span><i>P </i><span>= 0·004) and tended to be lower for flannelmouth sucker (</span><i>P </i><span>= 0·12), regardless of season or diel period. Only one bluehead sucker &gt;200 mm was collected with electrofishing. Electrofishing and trammel netting CPUE were not related for humpback chub (</span><i>r </i><span>= −0·32, </span><i>P </i><span>= 0·43) or flannelmouth sucker (</span><i>r </i><span>= −0·27, </span><i>P </i><span>= 0·46) in samples from the same date, location and hour set. Electrofishing collected a higher proportion of smaller (&lt;200 mm </span><i>L</i><sub>T</sub><span>) humpback chub (</span><i>P </i><span>&lt; 0·001), flannelmouth suckers (</span><i>P </i><span>&lt; 0·001) and bluehead suckers (</span><i>P </i><span>&lt; 0·001) than trammel netting, suggesting that conclusions derived from one gear may not be the same as from the other gear. This is probably because these gears fished different habitats, which are occupied by different fish life stages. To detect a 25% change in CPUE at a power of 0·9, at least 473 trammel net sets or 1918 electrofishing samples would be needed in this 8 km reach. This unattainable amount of samples for both trammel netting and electrofishing indicates that detecting annual changes in CPUE may not be practical and analysis of long‐term data or stock assessment models using mark‐recapture methods may be needed to assess trends in abundance of Colorado River native fishes, and probably other rare fishes as well.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00575.x","usgsCitation":"Paukert, C., 2004, Comparison of electrofishing and trammel netting variability for sampling native fishes: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 65, no. 6, p. 1643-1652, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00575.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1643","endPage":"1652","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-12-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f85ee4b0c8380cd4d063","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paukert, C.P.","contributorId":10151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026156,"text":"70026156 - 2004 - The new GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2-LM2: Evaluation with prescribed SST simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70026156","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The new GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2-LM2: Evaluation with prescribed SST simulations","docAbstract":"The configuration and performance of a new global atmosphere and land model for climate research developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) are presented. The atmosphere model, known as AM2, includes a new gridpoint dynamical core, a prognostic cloud scheme, and a multispecies aerosol climatology, as well as components from previous models used at GFDL. The land model, known as LM2, includes soil sensible and latent heat storage, groundwater storage, and stomatal resistance. The performance of the coupled model AM2-LM2 is evaluated with a series of prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) simulations. Particular focus is given to the model's climatology and the characteristics of interannual variability related to El Nin??o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). One AM2-LM2 integration was perfor med according to the prescriptions of the second Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP II) and data were submitted to the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI). Particular strengths of AM2-LM2, as judged by comparison to other models participating in AMIP II, include its circulation and distributions of precipitation. Prominent problems of AM2-LM2 include a cold bias to surface and tropospheric temperatures, weak tropical cyclone activity, and weak tropical intraseasonal activity associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation. An ensemble of 10 AM2-LM 2 integrations with observed SSTs for the second half of the twentieth century permits a statistically reliable assessment of the model's response to ENSO. In general, AM2-LM2 produces a realistic simulation of the anomalies in tropical precipitation and extratropical circulation that are associated with ENSO. ?? 2004 American Meteorological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Climate","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08948755","usgsCitation":"Anderson, J.L., Balaji, V., Broccoli, A., Cooke, W., Delworth, T., Dixon, K., Donner, L., Dunne, K., Freidenreich, S., Garner, S., Gudgel, R., Gordon, C., Held, I., Hemler, R., Horowitz, L., Klein, S., Knutson, T., Kushner, P., Langenhost, A., Lau, N., Liang, Z., Malyshev, S., Milly, P., Nath, M., Ploshay, J., Ramaswamy, V., Schwarzkopf, M., Shevliakova, E., Sirutis, J., Soden, B., Stern, W., Thompson, L., Wilson, R., Wittenberg, A., and Wyman, B., 2004, The new GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2-LM2: Evaluation with prescribed SST simulations: Journal of Climate, v. 17, no. 24, p. 4641-4673.","startPage":"4641","endPage":"4673","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae11e4b08c986b323eeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, J. 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,{"id":70026242,"text":"70026242 - 2004 - Potential exposure of larval and juvenile delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T09:15:02","indexId":"70026242","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":718,"text":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential exposure of larval and juvenile delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California","docAbstract":"<p>The San Francisco Estuary is critical habitat for delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, a fish whose abundance has declined greatly since 1983 and is now listed as threatened. In addition, the estuary receives drainage from the Central Valley, an urban and agricultural region with intense and diverse pesticide usage. One possible factor of the delta smelt population decline is pesticide toxicity during vulnerable larval and juvenile stages, but pesticide concentrations are not well characterized in delta smelt spawning and nursery habitat. The objective of this study was to estimate the potential exposure of delta smelt during their early life stages to dissolved pesticides. For 3 years (1998-2000), water samples from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta were collected during April-June in coordination with the California Department of Fish and Game's delta smelt early life stage monitoring program. Samples were analyzed for pesticides using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Water samples contained multiple pesticides, ranging from 2 to 14 pesticides in each sample. In both 1999 and 2000, elevated concentrations of pesticides overlapped in time and space with peak densities of larval and juvenile delta smelt. In contrast, high spring outflows in 1998 transported delta smelt away from the pesticide sampling sites so that exposure could not be estimated. During 2 years, larval and juvenile delta smelt were potentially exposed to a complex mixture of pesticides for a minimum of 2-3 weeks. Although the measured concentrations were well below short-term (96-h) LC50 values for individual pesticides, the combination of multiple pesticides and lengthy exposure duration could potentially have lethal or sublethal effects on delta smelt, especially during early larval development.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08922284","usgsCitation":"Kuivila, K., and Moon, G., 2004, Potential exposure of larval and juvenile delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California: American Fisheries Society Symposium, no. 39, p. 229-241.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"241","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"39","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7efae4b0c8380cd7a85b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuivila, K.M.","contributorId":34529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moon, G.E.","contributorId":43143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moon","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026289,"text":"70026289 - 2004 - 40Ar/39Ar dating of the eruptive history of Mount Erebus, Antarctica: Summit flows, tephra, and caldera collapse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70026289","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"40Ar/39Ar dating of the eruptive history of Mount Erebus, Antarctica: Summit flows, tephra, and caldera collapse","docAbstract":"Eruptive activity has occurred in the summit region of Mount Erebus over the last 95 ky, and has included numerous lava flows and small explosive eruptions, at least one plinian eruption, and at least one and probably two caldera-forming events. Furnace and laser step-heating 40Ar/39Ar ages have been determined for 16 summit lava flows and three englacial tephra layers erupted from Mount Erebus. The summit region is composed of at least one or possibly two superimposed calderas that have been filled by post-caldera lava flows ranging in age from 17 ?? 8 to 1 ?? 5 ka. Dated pre-caldera summit flows display two age populations at 95 ?? 9 to 76 ?? 4 ka and 27 ?? 3 to 21 ??4 ka of samples with tephriphonolite and phonolite compositions, respectively. A caldera-collapse event occurred between 25 and 11 ka. An older caldera-collapse event is likely to have occurred between 80 and 24 ka. Two englacial tephra layers from the flanks of Mount Erebus have been dated at 71 ?? 5 and 15 ?? 4 ka. These layers stratigraphically bracket 14 undated tephra layers, and predate 19 undated tephra layers, indicating that small-scale explosive activity has occurred throughout the late Pleistocene and Holocene eruptive history of Mount Erebus. A distal, englacial plinian-fall tephra sample has an age of 39 ?? 6 ka and may have been associated with the older of the two caldera-collapse events. A shift in magma composition from tephriphonolite to phonolite occurred at around 36 ka. ?? Springer-Verlag 2004.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00445-004-0349-7","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Harpel, C., Kyle, P., Esser, R., McIntosh, W.C., and Caldwell, D., 2004, 40Ar/39Ar dating of the eruptive history of Mount Erebus, Antarctica: Summit flows, tephra, and caldera collapse: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, no. 8, p. 687-702, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0349-7.","startPage":"687","endPage":"702","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208390,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0349-7"}],"volume":"66","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e265e4b0c8380cd45b45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harpel, C.J.","contributorId":14159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harpel","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kyle, P.R.","contributorId":78476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kyle","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esser, R.P.","contributorId":58432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esser","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McIntosh, W. C.","contributorId":68039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntosh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Caldwell, D.A.","contributorId":54380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026322,"text":"70026322 - 2004 - Groundwater mining of bedrock aquifers in the Denver Basin - Past, present, and future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026322","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater mining of bedrock aquifers in the Denver Basin - Past, present, and future","docAbstract":"The Denver Basin bedrock aquifer system is an important source of water for municipal and agricultural uses in the Denver and Colorado Springs metropolitan areas. The Denver area is one of the fastest growing areas in the United States with a population of 1.2 million in 1960 that has increased to over 2.4 million by 2000. This rapid population growth has produced a corresponding increase in demand for potable water. Historically, the Denver area has relied on surface water, however, in the past 10 years new housing and recreation developments have begun to rely on groundwater from the bedrock aquifers as the surface water is fully appropriated and in short supply. The Denver Basin bedrock aquifer system consists of Tertiary and Cretaceous age sedimentary rocks known as the Dawson, Denver, Arapahoe and Laramie-Fox Hills Aquifers. The number of bedrock wells has increased from 12,000 in 1985 to 33,700 in 2001 and the withdrawal of groundwater has caused water level declines of 76 m. Water level declines for the past 10 years have ranged from 3 to 12 m per year. The groundwater supplies were once thought to last 100 years but there is concern that the groundwater supplies may be essentially depleted in 10 to 15 years in areas on the west side of the basin. Extensive development of the aquifer system has occurred in the last 25 years especially near the center of the basin in Douglas and El Paso Counties where rapid urban growth continues and surface water is lacking. Groundwater is being mined from the aquifer system because the discharge by wells exceeds the rate of recharge. Concern is mounting that increased groundwater withdrawal will cause water level declines, increased costs to withdraw groundwater, reduced well yield, and reduced groundwater storage. As the long-term sustainability of the groundwater resource is in doubt, water managers believe that the life of the Denver Basin aquifers can be extended with artificial recharge, water reuse, restrictions on lawn watering, well permit restrictions and conservation measures.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00254-004-1127-8","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., Raynolds, R., and Barkmann, P., 2004, Groundwater mining of bedrock aquifers in the Denver Basin - Past, present, and future: Environmental Geology, v. 47, no. 1, p. 63-68, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1127-8.","startPage":"63","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208391,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1127-8"},{"id":234119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2da9e4b0c8380cd5bf91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.E.","contributorId":34927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raynolds, R.G.","contributorId":39006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raynolds","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barkmann, P.E.","contributorId":14613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barkmann","given":"P.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026351,"text":"70026351 - 2004 - Intra-seasonal mapping of CO<sub>2</sub> flux in rangelands of northern Kazakhstan at one-kilometer resolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:44:18","indexId":"70026351","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intra-seasonal mapping of CO<sub>2</sub> flux in rangelands of northern Kazakhstan at one-kilometer resolution","docAbstract":"Algorithms that establish relationships between variables obtained through remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) technologies are needed to allow the scaling up of site-specific CO2 flux measurements to regional levels. We obtained Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) flux tower measurements during the growing seasons of 1998-2000 above a grassland steppe in Kazakhstan. These BREB data were analyzed using ecosystem light-curve equations to quantify 10-day CO2 fluxes associated with gross primary production (GPP) and total respiration (R). Remotely sensed, temporally smoothed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVIsm) and environmental variables were used to develop multiple regression models for the mapping of 10-day CO2 fluxes for the Kazakh steppe. Ten-day GPP was estimated (R 2 = 0.72) by day of year (DOY) and NDVIsm, and 10-day R was estimated (R2 = 0.48) with the estimated GPP and estimated 10-day photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Regression tree analysis estimated 10-day PAR from latitude, NDVIsm, DOY, and precipitation (R2 = 0.81). Fivefold cross-validation indicated that these algorithms were reasonably robust. GPP, R, and resulting net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were mapped for the Kazakh steppe grassland every 10 days and summed to produce regional growing season estimates of GPP, R, and NEE. Estimates of 10-day NEE agreed well with BREB observations in 2000, showing a slight underestimation in the late summer. Growing season (May to October) mean NEE for Kazakh steppe grasslands was 1.27 Mg C/ha in 2000. Winter flux data were collected during the winter of 2001-2002 and are being analyzed to close the annual carbon budget for the Kazakh steppe. ?? 2004 Springer-Verlag New York, LLC.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-9156-8","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Wylie, B., Gilmanov, T., Johnson, D., Saliendra, N.Z., Akshalov, K., Tieszen, L., Reed, B., and Laca, E., 2004, Intra-seasonal mapping of CO<sub>2</sub> flux in rangelands of northern Kazakhstan at one-kilometer resolution: Environmental Management, v. 33, no. S1, p. S482-S491, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-9156-8.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"S482","endPage":"S491","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208333,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-9156-8"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3dbde4b0c8380cd637db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wylie, B.K. 0000-0002-7374-1083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":24877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"B.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilmanov, T.G.","contributorId":44716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmanov","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, D.A.","contributorId":61370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saliendra, Nicanor Z.","contributorId":16623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saliendra","given":"Nicanor","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Akshalov, K.","contributorId":80045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akshalov","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tieszen, L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Reed, B. C. 0000-0002-1132-7178","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":55594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B. C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":409127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Laca, Emilio","contributorId":78512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laca","given":"Emilio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70026391,"text":"70026391 - 2004 - Multi-state analysis of the impacts of avian pox on a population of Serins (Serinus serinus): The importance of estimating recapture rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026391","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":771,"text":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-state analysis of the impacts of avian pox on a population of Serins (Serinus serinus): The importance of estimating recapture rates","docAbstract":"Disease is one of the evolutionary forces shaping populations. Recent studies have shown that epidemics like avian pox, malaria, or mycoplasmosis have affected passerine population dynamics, being responsible for the decline of some populations or disproportionately killing males and larger individuals and thus selecting for specific morphotypes. However, few studies have estimated the effects of an epidemic by following individual birds using the capture-recapture approach. Because avian pox can be diagnosed by direct examination of the birds, we are here able to analyze, using multistate models, the development and consequences of an avian pox epidemic affecting in 1996, a population of Serins (Serinus serinus) in northeastern Spain. The epidemics lasted from June to the end of November of 1996, with a maximum apparent prevalence rate > 30% in October. However, recapture rate of sick birds was very high (0.81, range 0.37-0.93) compared to that of healthy birds (0.21, range 0.020-32), which highly inflated apparent prevalence rate. This was additionally supported by the low predicted transition from the state of being uninfected to the state of being infected (0.03, SE 0.03). Once infected, Serin avian pox was very virulent with (15-day) survival rate of infected birds being of only 0.46 (SE 0.17) compared to that of healthy ones (0.87, SE 0.03). Probability of recovery from disease, provided that the bird survived the first two weeks, however, was very high (0.65, SE 0.25). The use of these estimates together with a simple model, allowed us to predict an asymptotic increase to prevalence of about 4% by the end of the outbreak period, followed by a sharp decline, with the only remaining infestations being infected birds that had not yet recovered. This is in contrast to the apparent prevalence of pox and stresses the need to estimate recapture rates when estimating population dynamics parameters. ?? 2004 Museu de Cie??ncies Naturals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"1578665X","usgsCitation":"Senar, J., and Conroy, M., 2004, Multi-state analysis of the impacts of avian pox on a population of Serins (Serinus serinus): The importance of estimating recapture rates: Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 27, no. 1, p. 133-146.","startPage":"133","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5fcbe4b0c8380cd7113d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senar, J.C.","contributorId":73317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senar","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026428,"text":"70026428 - 2004 - Acoustic-tracking and radio-tracking of horseshoe crabs to assess spawning behavior and subtidal habitat use in delaware bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70026428","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acoustic-tracking and radio-tracking of horseshoe crabs to assess spawning behavior and subtidal habitat use in delaware bay","docAbstract":"This study used telemetry to determine spawning behavior and subtidal habitat use of horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus. We attached combined acoustic and radio transmitters to 12 gravid female horseshoe crabs at Ted Harvey Beach and 12 at North Bowers Beach (both on the western shore of Delaware Bay) over a 5-d period before peak spawning on the new moon. Horseshoe crabs were acoustically tracked and radio-tracked daily for 8 d during both high tides and during the incoming dominant (higher) high tide. All horseshoe crabs were relocated at least once, and 83% of females spawned from two to six times (x?? = 3.35, SE = 0.18). Of these females, 85% spawned on two to five consecutive nights (x?? = 3.31, SE = 0.59). Most (95%) females spawned on the beaches where they were initially tagged. Typically, the shoreline used by an individual for spawning ranged from 70 to 1,160 m (x?? = 351 m, SE = 38 m). Between spawning events, horseshoe crabs remained 50-715 m offshore (x?? = 299 m, SE = 57 m) from their established spawning beaches. Following the new moon, all but one (96%) moved out of range of our survey area, which extended approximately 1 km from the shoreline. Multistate mark-recapture models were used to estimate recapture probabilities and daily probabilities of spawning and departure from the vicinity of the spawning beaches. The probability of recapture by acoustic telemetry was high and estimated to be 0.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.73-0.99). Horseshoe crabs equipped with acoustic and radio transmitters have high rates of recapture, can be tracked continually, and can be relocated in both foreshore and inshore habitats.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2004)24<1376:AAROHC>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Brousseau, L.J., Sclafani, M., Smith, D., and Carter, D.B., 2004, Acoustic-tracking and radio-tracking of horseshoe crabs to assess spawning behavior and subtidal habitat use in delaware bay: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 4, p. 1376-1384, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2004)24<1376:AAROHC>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1376","endPage":"1384","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208398,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2004)24<1376:AAROHC>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":234126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6a2e4b0c8380cd47550","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brousseau, L. J.","contributorId":24534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brousseau","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sclafani, M.","contributorId":73381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sclafani","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":409489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carter, Daniel B.","contributorId":18880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026457,"text":"70026457 - 2004 - The influence of hook type, angler experience, and fish size on injury rates and the duration of capture in an Alaskan catch-and-release rainbow trout fishery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70026457","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of hook type, angler experience, and fish size on injury rates and the duration of capture in an Alaskan catch-and-release rainbow trout fishery","docAbstract":"Owing to concerns about the high incidence of past hooking injuries in Alagnak River rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, fish were captured with spin- and fly-fishing gear with barbed and barbless circle and \"J\" hooks to determine gear types contributing to injury. Landing and hook removal times were measured for a portion of fish captured, and the anatomical hooking location, hooking scar locations, bleeding intensity, angler experience, and fish size were recorded for all captured fish. Approximately 62% of fish captured experienced at least one new hooking injury, and 29% of fish had at least one past hooking injury. Small fish sustained higher new injury and bleeding rates, but large fish had higher past injury rates. Injury rates were higher for barbed J hooks, barbed J hooks took longer to remove, and fish caught by spin-fishing were injured more frequently than fish caught by fly-fishing. Fewer fly-fishing-caught fish were injured using circle hooks, and circle hooks tended to hook fish in only one location, generally in the jaw. Barbed J hooks were more efficient at landing fish, and J hooks were more efficient at landing fish than circle hooks. Novice anglers injured proportionally more fish than experienced anglers, primarily during hook removal. Landing time was positively correlated with fish size, and experienced anglers took longer to land fish than novices because they captured larger fish. These results suggest that a reduction in hooking injuries may be achieved by using circle hooks as an alternative to J hooks and barbless J hooks to reduce injury and handling time, yet catch efficiency for both methods would be reduced. Although fish captured with barbless J hooks and circle hooks had fewer injuries, it is important to note that each hook type also caused significant injury, and angler education is recommended to promote proper hook removal techniques.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M03-108.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Meka, J.M., 2004, The influence of hook type, angler experience, and fish size on injury rates and the duration of capture in an Alaskan catch-and-release rainbow trout fishery: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 4, p. 1309-1321, https://doi.org/10.1577/M03-108.1.","startPage":"1309","endPage":"1321","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208310,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M03-108.1"},{"id":233976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad27e4b08c986b3239fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meka, Julie M.","contributorId":44713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meka","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026460,"text":"70026460 - 2004 - Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:20:42","indexId":"70026460","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id11\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id12\"><p>In a study conducted by the US Geological Survey and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 24 water samples were collected at selected locations within a drinking-water-treatment (DWT) facility and from the two streams that serve the facility to evaluate the potential for wastewater-related organic contaminants to survive a conventional treatment process and persist in potable-water supplies. Stream-water samples as well as samples of raw, settled, filtered, and finished water were collected during low-flow conditions, when the discharge of effluent from upstream municipal sewage-treatment plants accounted for 37–67% of flow in stream 1 and 10–20% of flow in stream 2. Each sample was analyzed for 106 organic wastewater-related contaminants (OWCs) that represent a diverse group of extensively used chemicals. Forty OWCs were detected in one or more samples of stream water or raw-water supplies in the treatment plant; 34 were detected in more than 10% of these samples. Several of these compounds also were frequently detected in samples of finished water; these compounds include selected prescription and non-prescription drugs and their metabolites, fragrance compounds, flame retardants and plasticizers, cosmetic compounds, and a solvent. The detection of these compounds suggests that they resist removal through conventional water-treatment processes. Other compounds that also were frequently detected in samples of stream water and raw-water supplies were not detected in samples of finished water; these include selected prescription and non-prescription drugs and their metabolites, disinfectants, detergent metabolites, and plant and animal steroids. The non-detection of these compounds indicates that their concentrations are reduced to levels less than analytical detection limits or that they are transformed to degradates through conventional DWT processes. Concentrations of OWCs detected in finished water generally were low and did not exceed Federal drinking-water standards or lifetime health advisories, although such standards or advisories have not been established for most of these compounds. Also, at least 11 and as many as 17 OWCs were detected in samples of finished water. Drinking-water criteria currently are based on the toxicity of individual compounds and not combinations of compounds. Little is known about potential human-health effects associated with chronic exposure to trace levels of multiple OWCs through routes such as drinking water. The occurrence in drinking-water supplies of many of the OWCs analyzed for during this study is unregulated and most of these compounds have not been routinely monitored for in the Nation's source- or potable-water supplies. This study provides the first documentation that many of these compounds can survive conventional water-treatment processes and occur in potable-water supplies. It thereby provides information that can be used in setting research and regulatory priorities and in designing future monitoring programs. The results of this study also indicate that improvements in water-treatment processes may benefit from consideration of the response of OWCs and other trace organic contaminants to specific physical and chemical treatments.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.03.015","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Stackelberg, P., Furlong, E., Meyer, M.T., Zaugg, S., Henderson, A., and Reissman, D., 2004, Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant: Science of the Total Environment, v. 329, no. 1-3, p. 99-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.03.015.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"113","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208352,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.03.015"}],"volume":"329","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a76ece4b0c8380cd7839a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stackelberg, P. E.","contributorId":18390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackelberg","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zaugg, S.D.","contributorId":82811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Henderson, A.K.","contributorId":79674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reissman, D.B.","contributorId":44327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reissman","given":"D.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026461,"text":"70026461 - 2004 - Petroleum reserves and undiscovered resources in the total petroleum systems of Iraq: Reserve growth and production implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-01T16:16:55.013639","indexId":"70026461","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1744,"text":"GeoArabia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petroleum reserves and undiscovered resources in the total petroleum systems of Iraq: Reserve growth and production implications","docAbstract":"<p>Iraq is one of the world's most petroleum-rich countries and, in the future, it could become one of the main producers. Iraq's petroleum resources are estimated to be 184 billion barrels, which include oil and natural gas reserves, and undiscovered resources. With its proved (or remaining) reserves of 113 billion barrels of oil (BBO) as of January 2003, Iraq ranks second to Saudi Arabia with 259 BBO in the Middle East. Iraq's proved reserves of 110 trillion cubic feet of gas (TCFG) rank tenth in the world. In addition to known reserves, the combined undiscovered hydrocarbon potential for the three Total Petroleum Systems (Paleozoic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous/Tertiary) in Iraq is estimated to range from 14 to 84 BBO (45 BBO at the mean), and 37 to 227 TCFG (120 TCFG at the mean). Additionally, of the 526 known prospective structures, some 370 remain undrilled. Petroleum migration models and associated geological and geochemical studies were used to constrain the undiscovered resource estimates of Iraq. Based on a criterion of recoverable reserves of between 1 and 5 BBO for a giant field, and more than 5 BBO for a super-giant, Iraq has 6 super-giant and 11 giant fields, accounting for 88% of its recoverable reserves, which include proved reserves and cumulative production. Of the 28 producing fields, 22 have recovery factors that range from 15 to 42% with an overall average of less than 30%. The recovery factor can be increased with water injection, improved and enhanced oil recovery methods (IOR and EOR) in various reservoirs, thus potentially increasing Iraq's reserves by an additional 50 to 70 BBO. Reserve growth is a significant factor that has been observed, to some extent, in nearly all Iraqi oil fields. Historically, producing fields have shown an average growth of 1.6 fold (or 60%) in their recoverable reserves over a 20-year period (1981-2001). With periodic assessments of reservoirs, application of available technology, and an upgrading of facilities, increases in reserves are expected in the future.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/geoarabia090351","usgsCitation":"Verma, M., Ahlbrandt, T., and Al-Gailani, M., 2004, Petroleum reserves and undiscovered resources in the total petroleum systems of Iraq: Reserve growth and production implications: GeoArabia, v. 9, no. 3, p. 51-74, https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia090351.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"74","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478057,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia090351","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iraq","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              43.41796875,\n              37.3002752813443\n            ],\n            [\n              43.9453125,\n              37.3002752813443\n            ],\n            [\n              44.05517578124999,\n              37.47485808497102\n            ],\n            [\n              44.29687499999999,\n              37.24782120155428\n            ],\n            [\n              44.4287109375,\n              37.16031654673677\n            ],\n            [\n              44.6923828125,\n              37.24782120155428\n            ],\n            [\n              45,\n              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,{"id":70026462,"text":"70026462 - 2004 - A physical model for strain accumulation in the San Francisco Bay region: Stress evolution since 1838","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70026462","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A physical model for strain accumulation in the San Francisco Bay region: Stress evolution since 1838","docAbstract":"Understanding of the behavior of plate boundary zones has progressed to the point where reasonably comprehensive physical models can predict their evolution. The San Andreas fault system in the San Francisco Bay region (SFBR) is dominated by a few major faults whose behavior over about one earthquake cycle is fairly well understood. By combining the past history of large ruptures on SFBR faults with a recently proposed physical model of strain accumulation in the SFBR, we derive the evolution of regional stress from 1838 until the present. This effort depends on (1) an existing compilation of the source properties of historic and contemporary SFBR earthquakes based on documented shaking, geodetic data, and seismic data (Bakun, 1999) and (2) a few key parameters of a simple regional viscoelastic coupling model constrained by recent GPS data (Pollitz and Nyst, 2004). Although uncertainties abound in the location, magnitude, and fault geometries of historic ruptures and the physical model relies on gross simplifications, the resulting stress evolution model is sufficiently detailed to provide a useful window into the past stress history. In the framework of Coulomb failure stress, we find that virtually all M ??? 5.8 earthquakes prior to 1906 and M ??? 5.5 earthquakes after 1906 are consistent with stress triggering from previous earthquakes. These events systematically lie in zones of predicted stress concentration elevated 5-10 bars above the regional average. The SFBR is predicted to have emerged from the 1906 \"shadow\" in about 1980, consistent with the acceleration in regional seismicity at that time. The stress evolution model may be a reliable indicator of the most likely areas to experience M ??? 5.5 shocks in the future.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003003","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., Bakun, W.H., and Nyst, M., 2004, A physical model for strain accumulation in the San Francisco Bay region: Stress evolution since 1838: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 11, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003003.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208372,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003003"},{"id":234088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4d8e4b0c8380cd46987","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, F.","contributorId":66449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nyst, M.","contributorId":66453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyst","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026508,"text":"70026508 - 2004 - Evidence for landscape-level, pollen-mediated gene flow from genetically modified creeping bentgrass with CP4 EPSPS as a marker","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026508","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for landscape-level, pollen-mediated gene flow from genetically modified creeping bentgrass with CP4 EPSPS as a marker","docAbstract":"Sampling methods and results of a gene flow study are described that will be of interest to plant scientists, evolutionary biologists, ecologists, and stakeholders assessing the environmental safety of transgenic crops. This study documents gene flow on a landscape level from creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), one of the first wind-pollinated, perennial, and highly outcrossing transgenic crops being developed for commercial use. Most of the gene flow occurred within 2 km in the direction of prevailing winds. The maximal gene flow distances observed were 21 km and 14 km in sentinel and resident plants, respectively, that were located in primarily nonagronomic habitats. The selectable marker used in these studies was the CP4 EPSPS gene derived from Agrobacterium spp. strain CP4 that encodes 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase and confers resistance to glyphosate herbicide. Evidence for gene flow to 75 of 138 sentinel plants of A. stolonifera and to 29 of 69 resident Agrostis plants was based on seedling progeny survival after spraying with glyphosate in greenhouse assays and positive TraitChek, PCR, and sequencing results. Additional studies are needed to determine whether introgression will occur and whether it will affect the ecological fitness of progeny or the structure of plant communities in which transgenic progeny may become established.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0405154101","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Watrud, L., Lee, E., Fairbrother, A., Burdick, C., Reichman, J., Bollman, M., Storm, M., King, G., and Van De Water, P.K., 2004, Evidence for landscape-level, pollen-mediated gene flow from genetically modified creeping bentgrass with CP4 EPSPS as a marker: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 101, no. 40, p. 14533-14538, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0405154101.","startPage":"14533","endPage":"14538","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478191,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/521937","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208475,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0405154101"},{"id":234236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"40","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d44e4b0c8380cd52ef0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watrud, L.S.","contributorId":10963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watrud","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, E.H.","contributorId":59996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fairbrother, A.","contributorId":25500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairbrother","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burdick, C.","contributorId":88918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burdick","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reichman, J.R.","contributorId":78130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichman","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bollman, M.","contributorId":61219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollman","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Storm, M.","contributorId":31173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storm","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"King, G.","contributorId":74521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Van De Water, Peter K.","contributorId":51484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van De Water","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70026535,"text":"70026535 - 2004 - Permeability-porosity data sets for sandstones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-01T22:56:58.831679","indexId":"70026535","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2610,"text":"Leading Edge (Tulsa, OK)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Permeability-porosity data sets for sandstones","docAbstract":"<p><strong>P</strong><span>ermeability-porosity relations vary from formation to formation, so it is desirable to obtain core and determine permeability (</span><i>k</i><span>) and porosity (φ) on core plugs in the laboratory for the formation of interest. If core data are not available, one might resort to data obtained in formations with similar properties. Analog data are not easy to find, however, and for this reason a catalog of&nbsp;</span><i>k</i><span>&nbsp;versus φ data sets has been compiled and made available on a Web site (see suggested reading). The catalog cites relevant observations such as depositional environment, depth, age of formation, field name, and petrographic description as well as complete references to data sources. Examples from the catalog are shown here to illustrate some aspects of&nbsp;</span><i>k</i><span>&nbsp;versus φ dependencies.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","usgsCitation":"Nelson, P.H., 2004, Permeability-porosity data sets for sandstones: Leading Edge (Tulsa, OK), v. 23, no. 11, p. 1143-1144.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1143","endPage":"1144","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":397939,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/tle/article/23/11/1143/59702/Permeability-porosity-data-sets-for-sandstones"}],"volume":"23","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a76b5e4b0c8380cd7828c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, P. H.","contributorId":42238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026548,"text":"70026548 - 2004 - Chemical constituents in the Peedee and Castle Hayne aquifers: Porters Neck area, New Hanover County, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-30T10:25:30","indexId":"70026548","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3443,"text":"Southeastern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical constituents in the Peedee and Castle Hayne aquifers: Porters Neck area, New Hanover County, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Concerns about overuse and potential contamination of major aquifers in the southeastern part of North Carolina resulted in the initiation of a subsurface water quality study in February 2001. The focus of this study was to examine variations in nutrients (NO3-, TRP, SO42- Cl-, NH4+) and total dissolved Fe in the Cretaceous Peedee and Tertiary Castle Hayne Limestone aquifers of northeastern New Hanover County. Water samples were collected monthly for one year from sixteen wells located in the Porters Neck area (west of the Intracoastal Waterway and south of Futch Creek) and four springs located on the south side of Futch Creek. Variations in selective nutrient concentrations were measured between and within each aquifer. Concentrations of NH4+ and Fe increased in the Peedee sandstone aquifer during the warmer summer and early fall months. In late summer to early fall, Fe, NO 3-, NH4+, and TRP concentrations in the Castle Hayne Limestone aquifer were significantly higher than in the spring and winter months. Chloride and SO 42- concentrations for the Castle Hayne Limestone aquifer both increased during the warmer months, probably as a result of saltwater intrusion. Factors considered for nutrient and Fe variance include: temperature variation, anaerobic conditions, subsurface stratigraphy/structure, recharge locations, site location and surface fertilization. The shallower Castle Hayne Limestone aquifer showed seasonal variability in the study area, whereas the Peedee sandstone aquifer showed little to no seasonal variability. Increases in NO3- and TRP lagged slightly behind periods of high fertilization and were more prevalent down-dip of a major golf course. Nutrient content and seasonal variation of Futch Creek springs indicated that they originate from the Castle Hayne Limestone aquifer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00383678","usgsCitation":"Roberts, T., and Harris, W., 2004, Chemical constituents in the Peedee and Castle Hayne aquifers: Porters Neck area, New Hanover County, North Carolina: Southeastern Geology, v. 43, no. 2, p. 81-102.","startPage":"81","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"New Hanover County","otherGeospatial":"Porters Neck area","volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f56de4b0c8380cd4c20b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, T.L.","contributorId":93254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, W.B.","contributorId":6635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026550,"text":"70026550 - 2004 - Sensitivity analysis of seismic hazard for the northwestern portion of the state of Gujarat, India","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026550","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity analysis of seismic hazard for the northwestern portion of the state of Gujarat, India","docAbstract":"We test the sensitivity of seismic hazard to three fault source models for the northwestern portion of Gujarat, India. The models incorporate different characteristic earthquake magnitudes on three faults with individual recurrence intervals of either 800 or 1600 years. These recurrence intervals imply that large earthquakes occur on one of these faults every 266-533 years, similar to the rate of historic large earthquakes in this region during the past two centuries and for earthquakes in intraplate environments like the New Madrid region in the central United States. If one assumes a recurrence interval of 800 years for large earthquakes on each of three local faults, the peak ground accelerations (PGA; horizontal) and 1-Hz spectral acceleration ground motions (5% damping) are greater than 1 g over a broad region for a 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years' hazard level. These probabilistic PGAs at this hazard level are similar to median deterministic ground motions. The PGAs for 10% in 50 years' hazard level are considerably lower, generally ranging between 0.2 g and 0.7 g across northwestern Gujarat. Ground motions calculated from our models that consider fault interevent times of 800 years are considerably higher than other published models even though they imply similar recurrence intervals. These higher ground motions are mainly caused by the application of intraplate attenuation relations, which account for less severe attenuation of seismic waves when compared to the crustal interplate relations used in these previous studies. For sites in Bhuj and Ahmedabad, magnitude (M) 7 3/4 earthquakes contribute most to the PGA and the 0.2- and 1-s spectral acceleration ground motion maps at the two considered hazard levels. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.tecto.2003.06.004","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M., Rastogi, B., Schweig, E., Harmsen, S.C., and Gomberg, J., 2004, Sensitivity analysis of seismic hazard for the northwestern portion of the state of Gujarat, India: Tectonophysics, v. 390, no. 1-4, p. 105-115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2003.06.004.","startPage":"105","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208535,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2003.06.004"},{"id":234344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"390","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d24e4b08c986b31828f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, M.D.","contributorId":51319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petersen","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rastogi, B.K.","contributorId":23145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rastogi","given":"B.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweig, E.S.","contributorId":34538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweig","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harmsen, S. C.","contributorId":59039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gomberg, J.S.","contributorId":102095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026584,"text":"70026584 - 2004 - VOCs in shallow groundwater in new residential/commercial areas of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026584","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"VOCs in shallow groundwater in new residential/commercial areas of the United States","docAbstract":"The quality of shallow groundwater in urban areas was investigated by sampling 518 monitoring wells between 1996 and 2002 as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. Well networks were installed primarily in new residential/commercial areas less than about 30 years old (17 studies) and in small towns (2 studies) by randomly locating as many as 30 monitoring wells in each study area. The median well depth was 10 m. Based on samples with age-date information, almost all groundwater was recharged after 1950. Samples were analyzed for 53 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Concentrations ranged from about 0.001 to 1000 ??g/L (median 0.04), with less than 1% of the samples exceeding a Maximum Contamination Level or Drinking Water Advisory established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Using uncensored concentration data, at least one VOC was detected in 88% of the samples, and at least two VOCs were detected in 69% of the samples. Chloroform, toluene, and perchloroethene were the three most frequently detected VOCs. Dissolved oxygen concentration, estimated recharge index, and land-use were significant variables in logistic regression models that explained the presence of the commonly detected VOCs. Dissolved oxygen concentration was the most important explanatory variable in logistic regression models for 6 of the 14 most frequently detected VOCs. Bromodichloromethane, chloroform, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane had a positive correlation with dissolved oxygen; in contrast, dichloroethane, benzene, and toluene had a negative correlation with dissolved oxygen.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es0349756","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Squillace, P.J., Moran, M., and Price, C.V., 2004, VOCs in shallow groundwater in new residential/commercial areas of the United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 20, p. 5327-5338, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0349756.","startPage":"5327","endPage":"5338","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208537,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0349756"},{"id":234346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0ede4b08c986b32a3bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Squillace, P. J.","contributorId":8878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squillace","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, M.J.","contributorId":7862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Price, C. V.","contributorId":19190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026609,"text":"70026609 - 2004 - Ground water chlorinated ethenes in tree trunks: Case studies, influence of recharge, and potential degradation mechanism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-26T16:58:20.710865","indexId":"70026609","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1864,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground water chlorinated ethenes in tree trunks: Case studies, influence of recharge, and potential degradation mechanism","docAbstract":"<p>Trichloroethene (TCE) was detected in cores of trees growing above TCE-contaminated ground at three sites: the Carswell Golf Course in Texas, Air Force Plant PJKS in Colorado, and Naval Weapons Station Charleston in South Carolina. This was true even when the depth to water was 7.9 m or when the contaminated aquifer was confined beneath <span>∼3</span> m of clay. Additional ground water contaminants detected in the tree cores were <i>cis</i>-1,2-dichloroethene at two sites and tetrachloroethene at one site. Thus, tree coring can be a rapid and effective means of locating shallow subsurface chlorinated ethenes and possibly identifying zones of active TCE dechlorination. Tree cores collected over time were useful in identifying the onset of ground water contamination. Several factors affecting chlorinated ethene concentrations in tree cores were identified in this investigation. The factors include ground water chlorinated ethene concentrations and depth to ground water contamination. In addition, differing TCE concentrations around the trunk of some trees appear to be related to the roots deriving water from differing areas. Opportunistic uptake of infiltrating rainfall can dilute prerain TCE concentrations in the trunk. TCE concentrations in core headspace may differ among some tree species. In some trees, infestation of bacteria in decaying heartwood may provide a TCE dechlorination mechanism within the trunk.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.2004.tb01299.x","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D., Clinton, B., Vose, J., Casey, C., Harvey, G.J., and Bradley, P., 2004, Ground water chlorinated ethenes in tree trunks: Case studies, influence of recharge, and potential degradation mechanism: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 24, no. 3, p. 124-138, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2004.tb01299.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"124","endPage":"138","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2aaae4b0c8380cd5b377","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clinton, B.D.","contributorId":10204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clinton","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vose, J.M.","contributorId":22539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vose","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casey, C.C.","contributorId":10206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harvey, G. J.","contributorId":72984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
]}