Simulations of future climate using general circulation models (GCMs) suggest that rising concentrations of greenhouse gases may have significant consequences for the global climate. Of less certainty is the extent to which regional scale (i.e., sub-GCM grid) environmental processes will be affected. In this chapter, a range of downscaling techniques are critiqued. Then a relatively simple (yet robust) statistical downscaling technique and its use in the modelling of future runoff scenarios for three river basins in the Sierra Nevada, California, is described. This region was selected because GCM experiments driven by combined greenhouse-gas and sulphate-aerosol forcings consistently show major changes in the hydro-climate of the southwest United States by the end of the 21st century. The regression-based downscaling method was used to simulate daily rainfall and temperature series for streamflow modelling in three Californian river basins under current-and future-climate conditions. The downscaling involved just three predictor variables (specific humidity, zonal velocity component of airflow, and 500 hPa geopotential heights) supplied by the U.K. Meteorological Office couple ocean-atmosphere model (HadCM2) for the grid point nearest the target basins. When evaluated using independent data, the model showed reasonable skill at reproducing observed area-average precipitation, temperature, and concomitant streamflow variations. Overall, the downscaled data resulted in slight underestimates of mean annual streamflow due to underestimates of precipitation in spring and positive temperature biases in winter. Differences in the skill of simulated streamflows amongst the three basins were attributed to the smoothing effects of snowpack on streamflow responses to climate forcing. The Merced and American River basins drain the western, windward slope of the Sierra Nevada and are snowmelt dominated, whereas the Carson River drains the eastern, leeward slope and is a mix of rainfall runoff and snowmelt runoff. Simulated streamflow in the American River responds rapidly and sensitively to daily-scale temperature and precipitation fluctuations and errors; in the Merced and Carson Rivers, the response to the same short-term influences is much less. Consequently, the skill of simulated flows was significantly lower in the American River model than in the Carson and Merced. The physiography of the three basins also accounts for differences in their sensitivities to future climate change. Increases in winter precipitation exceeding +100% coupled with mean temperature rises greater than +2°C result in increased winter streamflows in all three basins. In the Merced and Carson basins, these streamflow increases reflect large changes in winter snowpack, whereas the streamflow changes in the lower elevation American basin are driven primarily by rainfall runoff. Furthermore, reductions in winter snowpack in the American River basin, owing to less precipitation falling as snow and earlier melting of snow at middle elevations, lead to less spring and summer streamflow. Taken collectively, the downscaling results suggest significant changes to both the timing and magnitude of streamflows in the Sierra Nevada by the end of the 21st Century. In the higher elevation basins, the HadCM2 scenario implies more annual streamflow and more streamflow during the spring and summer months that are critical for water-resources management in California. Depending on the relative significance of rainfall runoff and snowmelt, each basin responds in its own way to regional climate forcing. Generally, then, climate scenarios need to be specified — by whatever means — with sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to capture subtle orographic influences if projections of climate-change responses are to be useful and reproducible.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Linking climate change to land surface change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/0-306-48086-7_6","isbn":"978-0-306-48086-7","usgsCitation":"Wilby, R.L., and Dettinger, M., 2000, Streamflow changes in the Sierra Nevada, California, simulated using a statistically downscaled general circulation model scenario of climate change, chap. of Linking climate change to land surface change, v. 6, p. 99-121, https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48086-7_6.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"121","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282435,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48086-7_6"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.886496,37.494762 ], [ -119.886496,38.185228 ], [ -119.195416,38.185228 ], [ -119.195416,37.494762 ], [ -119.886496,37.494762 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7493e4b0b290851099eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilby, Robert L.","contributorId":101561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilby","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":31743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70073376,"text":"70073376 - 2000 - Superposed fold-thrust events at the Nevada Test Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T11:35:38","indexId":"70073376","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T14:22:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1724,"text":"GSA Field Guides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Superposed fold-thrust events at the Nevada Test Site","docAbstract":"The Nevada Test Site (NTS), in southern Nye County, Nevada, straddles significant pre-Tertiary structural and stratigraphic boundaries. Detailed stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Upper Paleozoic section delineates the regional trust sheets and constrains their burial histories. The Paleozoic rocks record three phases of contractional deformation, overprinted by strike-slip faulting. These occurred in the folloing order: (1) foreland-vergant folding and imbricate thrusting in the footwall of the Belted Range thrust; (2) hinterland-vergent folding and thrusting; and (3) north-vergant folding that we interpret as footwall deformation below a third major thrust system. Sinistral slip, typically accompanied by minor east-west shortening, has occurred along a series of north-northeast--north-northwest--striking faults around Yucca Flat. This strike-slip faulting postdates both foreland-vergent and hinterland-vergent deformation, and predates the Cretaceous Climax stock; its age relative to the north-vergent folding and thrusting is unknown. Our new understanding of the geometry of these structures provides new insights into the correlation and interpretation of regional structural features. Field trip stops will examine: (1) the stratigraphic differences that allow us to distinguish the regional thrust sheets and constrain their burial histories; and (2) the field relationships that document the kinematics and relative ages of the penetrative deformational events.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-0002-7.337","usgsCitation":"Cashman, P.H., Cole, J., and Trexler, J.H., 2000, Superposed fold-thrust events at the Nevada Test Site: GSA Field Guides, v. 2, p. 337-354, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0002-7.337.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"354","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281200,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.5,36.0 ], [ -117.5,38.0 ], [ -115.0,38.0 ], [ -115.0,36.0 ], [ -117.5,36.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7563e4b0b2908510a344","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cashman, Patricia H.","contributorId":84058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashman","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, J. C.","contributorId":21539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trexler, James H. Jr.","contributorId":37399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trexler","given":"James","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70073837,"text":"70073837 - 2000 - Paleozoic subduction complex and Paleozoic-Mesozoic island-arc volcano-plutonic assemblages in the northern Sierra terrane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-22T14:07:27","indexId":"70073837","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T13:52:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1724,"text":"GSA Field Guides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic subduction complex and Paleozoic-Mesozoic island-arc volcano-plutonic assemblages in the northern Sierra terrane","docAbstract":"This field trip provides an overview of the stratigraphic and structural evolution of the northern Sierra terrane, which forms a significant part of the wall rocks on the western side of the later Mesozoic Sierra Nevada batholith in California. The terrane consists of a pre-Late Devonian subduction complex (Shoo Fly Complex) overlain by submarine arc-related deposits that record the evolution of three separate island-arc systems in the Late Sevonian-Early Mississippian, Permian, and Late Triassic-Jurassic. The two Paleozoic are packages and the underlying Shoo Fly Complex have an important bearing on plate-tectonic processes affecting the convergent margin outboard of the Paleozoic Cordilleran miogeocline, although their original paleogeographic relations to North America are controversial. The third arc package represents an overlap assemblage that ties the terrane to North America by the Late Triassic and helps constrain the nature and timing of Mesozoic orogenesis. Several of the field-trip stops examine the record of pre-Late Devonian subduction contained in the Shoo Fly Complex, as well as the paleovolcanology of the overlying Devonian to Jurassic arc rocks. Excellent glaciated exposures provide the opportunity to study a cross section through a tilted Devonian volcano-plutonic association. Additional stops focus on plutonic rocks emplaced during the Middle Jurassic arc magmatism in the terrane, and during the main pulse of Cretaceous magmatism in the Sierra Nevada batholith to the east.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Field Guides","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-0002-7.255","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.E., Girty, G.H., Harwood, D.S., and Schweickert, R.A., 2000, Paleozoic subduction complex and Paleozoic-Mesozoic island-arc volcano-plutonic assemblages in the northern Sierra terrane: GSA Field Guides, v. 2, p. 255-277, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0002-7.255.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"277","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281389,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281388,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0002-7.255"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Terrane","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.25,39.25 ], [ -121.25,40.25 ], [ -120.25,40.25 ], [ -120.25,39.25 ], [ -121.25,39.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6a92e4b0b29085103548","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Richard E.","contributorId":72559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Girty, Gary H.","contributorId":99731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Girty","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harwood, David S.","contributorId":48153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwood","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schweickert, Richard A.","contributorId":60107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweickert","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70073524,"text":"70073524 - 2000 - An elevational gradient in snowpack chemical loading at Glacier National Park, Montana: implications for ecosystem processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T09:37:33","indexId":"70073524","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T13:42:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"An elevational gradient in snowpack chemical loading at Glacier National Park, Montana: implications for ecosystem processes","docAbstract":"The accumulation and melting of mountain snowpacks are major drivers of ecosystem processes in the Rocky Mountains. These include the influence of snow water equivalent (SWE) timing and amount of release on soil moisture for annual tree growth, and alpine stream discharge and temperature that control aquatic biota life histories. Snowfall also brings with it atmospheric deposition. Snowpacks will hold as much as 8 months of atmospheric deposition for release into mountain ecosystems during the spring melt. These pulses of chemicals influence soil microbiota and biogeochemical processes affecting mountain vegetation growth. Increased atmospheric nitrogen inputs recently have been documented in remote parts of Colorado's mountain systems but no baseline data exist for the Northern Rockies. We examined patterns of SWE and snow chemistry in an elevational gradient stretching from west to east over the continental divide in Glacier National Park in March 1999 and 2000. Sites ranged from 1080m to 2192m at Swiftcurrent Pass. At each site, two vertically-integrated columns of snow were sampled from snowpits up to 600cm deep and analyzed for major cations and anions. Minor differences in snow chemistry, on a volumetric basis, existed over the elvational gradient. Snowpack chemical loading estimates were calculated for NH4, SO4 and NO3 and closely followed elevational increases in SWE. NO3 (in microequivalents/square meter) ranged from 1,000 ueq/m2 at low elevation sites to 8,000+ ueq/m2 for high elevation sites. Western slopes received greater amounts of SWE and chemical loads for all tested compounds.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2000 International Snow Science Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"A merging of theory & practice: ISSW 2000","conferenceLocation":"Big Sky, MT","language":"English","publisher":"International Snow Science Workshop","publisherLocation":"Bozeman, MT","usgsCitation":"Fagre, D., Tonnessen, K., Morris, K., Ingersoll, G., McKeon, L., and Holzer, K., 2000, An elevational gradient in snowpack chemical loading at Glacier National Park, Montana: implications for ecosystem processes, in Proceedings of the 2000 International Snow Science Workshop, Big Sky, MT, p. 462-467.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"462","endPage":"467","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281249,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.4755,48.2337 ], [ -114.4755,49.001 ], [ -113.242,49.001 ], [ -113.242,48.2337 ], [ -114.4755,48.2337 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4c74e4b0b290850f0ff1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fagre, Daniel","contributorId":68649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tonnessen, Kathy","contributorId":62135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tonnessen","given":"Kathy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, Kristi","contributorId":45197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"Kristi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingersoll, George","contributorId":25863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKeon, Lisa","contributorId":43668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeon","given":"Lisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holzer, Karen","contributorId":89055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"Karen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70073836,"text":"ofr2000411 - 2000 - Data for Quaternary faults in western Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-22T13:47:54","indexId":"ofr2000411","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T13:40:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-411","title":"Data for Quaternary faults in western Montana","docAbstract":"The \"World Map of Major Active Faults\" Task Group is compiling published fault data, developing a digital\ndatabase of the fault data, and preparing a series of maps for the United States and other countries in the western\nHemisphere. The data is intended to portray the locations, ages, and activity rates of major earthquake-related\nfeatures such as faults, folds, and liquefaction features that have geologic evidence of Quaternary (1.6 Ma)\ndeformation. The Western Hemisphere effort is sponsored by International Lithosphere Program (ILP) Task Group\nII-2; the data compilation, database, and map for the United States is funded largely by the National Earthquake\nHazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) through the U.S. Geological Survey. The ILP effort in the Western\nHemisphere is coordinated by Michael N. Machette, the digital database is designed and managed Kathleen M.\nHaller, and map data are digitized and manipulated by Richard L. Dart. In addition to meeting the goals of the Task\nGroup II-2, this effort represents a key contribution to the new Global Seismic Hazards Assessment Program (ILP\nTask Group II-0) for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.\nThis compilation, which documents the published data on Quaternary surface faulting in western Montana, is one of\nmany similar state or regional compilations that are planned for the project. Compilations for Arizona (Pearthree,\n1998 #2945), Colorado (Widmann and others, 1998 #3441), New Mexico (Machette and others, 1998), and West\nTexas (Collins and others, 1996 #993) are currently available and the compilation for features east of the Rocky\nMountain front will be available in early 2000 (Crone and Wheeler, in press). All are primarily a catalog of data that\nincludes a variety of geographic, geologic, and paleoseismologic parameters for known or assumed Quaternary\nfaults. These data compilations, the digital database, and the companion maps summarize the published information\non known tectonic features and present the information in an internally consistent format. The compilations will be\navailable in digital database format on the WorldWide Web in the near future, which will greatly improve their\nutility. Release of data for individual states and regions within the United States in this text-based format was\nnecessary because of the time required to develop the national database.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr2000411","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) project on UNITED STATES MAP OF QUATERNARY FAULTS AND FOLDS. In cooperation with the International Lithosphere Program’s Task Group II-2, World Map of Major Active Faults Michael N. Machette, Co-chairman.","usgsCitation":"Haller, K., Dart, R.L., Machette, M., and Stickney, M., 2000, Data for Quaternary faults in western Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-411, v, 229 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2000411.","productDescription":"v, 229 p.","numberOfPages":"241","costCenters":[{"id":414,"text":"National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.05,44.3582 ], [ -116.05,49.0014 ], [ -108.9944,49.0014 ], [ -108.9944,44.3582 ], [ -116.05,44.3582 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd53b5e4b0b290850f550b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haller, Kathleen M. haller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haller","given":"Kathleen M.","email":"haller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dart, Richard L. dart@usgs.gov","contributorId":1209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dart","given":"Richard","email":"dart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":489111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Machette, Michael N.","contributorId":28963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"Michael N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stickney, Michael C.","contributorId":27786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickney","given":"Michael C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70073651,"text":"70073651 - 2000 - Applications of imaging spectroscopy data: A case study at Summitville, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-03T16:15:42","indexId":"70073651","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T13:24:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Applications of imaging spectroscopy data: A case study at Summitville, Colorado","docAbstract":"From 1985 through 1992, the Summitville open-pit mine produced gold from lowgrade ore using cyanide heap-leach techniques, a method to extract gold whereby the ore pile is sprayed with water containing cyanide, which dissolves the minute gold grains. Environmental problems due to mining activity at Summitville include significant increases in acidic and metal-rich drainage from the site, leakage of cyanide-bearing solutions from the heap-leach pad into an underdrain system, and several surface leaks of cyanide-bearing solutions into the Wightman Fork of the Alamosa River. In general, drainage from the Summitville mine moves downslope into the Wightman Fork, a small tributary of the Alamosa River, which in turn flows east into the Terrace Reservoir before entering the agricultural lands of the San Luis Valley. The increase in the trace-metal burden of the Alamosa River watershed due to the mining activities at Summitville is of concern to farmers and fisherman, as well as Federal and State of Colorado agencies having responsibility for land stewardship.
The environment of the Summitville area is a result of 1) its geologic evolution, that culminated in the formation of precious-metal mineral deposits; and 2) previous metal mining activity. Mining accentuates, accelerates, and pertubates natural geochemical processes. The development of underground workings, open pits, mill tailings, and spoil heaps and the extractive processing of ore enhances the likelihood of releasing chemicals and elements to the surrounding areas and at increased rates relative to unmined areas. Both mined and unmined mineralized areas can produce acid drainage from the formation and movement of highly acidic water rich in heavy metals. This acidic water forms principally through the chemical reaction of oxygenated surface water and shallow subsurface water with rocks that contain sulfide minerals, producing sulphuric acid. Heavy metals can be leached by the acid solution that comes in contact with mineralized rocks, a process that may be enhanced by bacterial action. The resulting fluids may be highly toxic and, when mixed with groundwater, surface water, and soil, may have harmful effects on humans, animals, and plants. Thus, understanding the geologic and hydrologic history of this area is a critical piece of the environmental puzzle in the Summitville area.
The Summitville mine operators had ceased active mining and begun environmental remediation, including treatment of the heap-leach pile and installation of a water-treatment facility, when it declared bankruptcy in December 1992 and abandoned the mine site. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) immediately took over the Summitville site under EPA Superfund Emergency Response authority.
Summitville has focused public attention on the environmental effects of modern mineral-resource development. Soon after the mine was abandoned, Federal, State, and local agencies, along with Alamosa River water users and private companies, began extensive studies at the mine site and surrounding areas. These studies included analysis of water, soil, livestock and vegetation. The role of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was to provide geologic, hydrologic and agricultural information about the mine and surrounding area and to describe and evaluate the environmental condition of the Summitville mine and the downstream effects of the mine on the San Luis Valley (King 1995).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote sensing for site characterization","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-56978-4_6","usgsCitation":"King, T., Clark, R.N., and Swayze, G.A., 2000, Applications of imaging spectroscopy data: A case study at Summitville, Colorado, chap. of Remote sensing for site characterization, p. 164-185, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56978-4_6.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281289,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Summitville","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4da5e4b0b290850f19f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swayze, Gregg A. 0000-0002-1814-7823 gswayze@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7823","contributorId":518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"Gregg","email":"gswayze@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70095227,"text":"70095227 - 2000 - Guidebook to the Gaudalupian symposium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-28T11:48:25","indexId":"70095227","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T11:31:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3397,"text":"Smithsonian Contributions to Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Guidebook to the Gaudalupian symposium","docAbstract":"Compared to the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas and New Mexico the depositional environments of the Permian strata of the Glass Mountains (and adjacent Del Norte Mountains) are less well known. In general, the Guadalupian facies in the the Glass and Del Norte mountains changes from predominantly carbonate facies in the northeast to thicker clastic facies in the southwest. Philip B. Kind (1931) originally considered this trend to reflect an uplifted clastic source to the southwest, with carbonate facies developing away from the source area. Ross (1986) interpreted the eastern portion of the Road Canyon and Word formations to consist the shelf, shelf-edge bioherm, and reef facies, and the southwest area to consist of deeper water siliceous shale, clastic limestone, and basinal sandstone facies. Probably the best known controversy in the Glass Mountains involves the depositional environment of the Skinner Ranch Formation (Leonardian according to Ross, 1986; Wolfcampian according to Cooper and Grant, 1972) at its type section on Leonard Mountain. Cooper and Grant (1964) identified in situ patch reefs at the base of the section, which were subsequently interpreted as displaced limestone blocks deposited in a slope environment (Rogers, 1972; Cys and Mazzullo, 1978; Ross, 1986). Later Flores, McMillan, and Watters (1977) interpreted the same units as subtidal and intertidal deposits. The Skinner Ranch Formation illustrates the complexities involved in interpreting the paleogeography of the Glass Mountains. If the Sinner Ranch contains displaced blocks, some eroded from older units, it explains the occurrence of Wolfcampian fossils in the Skinner Ranch (Ross, 1986).The slop facies interpretation also is used to place the shelf edge at that time between Skinner Ranch outcrops at Leonard Mountain and the lagoonal, backreef deposits of the Hess Formation to the east, although most of the actual shelf edge is not preserved (Ross, 1987:30). Similar conflicting interpretations exist in younger rocks in the western facies of the Leonardian Guadalupian to the southwest in the Del Norte Mountains. Ross (1986, 1987) considered the western facies of the Road Canyon and Word formations to be basinal shales and turbidites. Wardlaw et al. (1990) and Rohr et al. (1987) have interpreted this area to be shallow intertidal to lagoonal environments adjacent to an uplifted area to the south. The type section of the Road Canyon Formation is also a subject of disagreement and will be discusses in more detail later.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Smithsonian Contributions to Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press","usgsCitation":"Rohr, D., Wardlaw, B.R., Rudine, S., Haneef, M., Hall, A., and Grant, R., 2000, Guidebook to the Gaudalupian symposium: Smithsonian Contributions to Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 5-36.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282951,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Del Norte Mountains;Glass Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.45,30.1 ], [ -103.45,30.5 ], [ -103.0,30.5 ], [ -103.0,30.1 ], [ -103.45,30.1 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"32","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6008e4b0b290850fcaa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rohr, D.M.","contributorId":6276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohr","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wardlaw, B. R.","contributorId":9269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlaw","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rudine, S.F.","contributorId":108392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudine","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haneef, Mohammad","contributorId":103178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haneef","given":"Mohammad","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hall, A.J.","contributorId":81627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Grant, R.E.","contributorId":86484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70073336,"text":"70073336 - 2000 - Hydrologic budget of the late Oligocene Lake Creede and the evolution of the upper Rio Grande drainage system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-02T06:27:33","indexId":"70073336","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T10:41:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic budget of the late Oligocene Lake Creede and the evolution of the upper Rio Grande drainage system","docAbstract":"The filling history, hydrologic budget, and geomorphic development of ancient Lake Creede and its tributary basin are evaluated to determine the factors that controlled its character. The lake filled the Creede caldera that formed in the late Oligocene as a consequence of the eruption of the Snowshoe Mountain Tuff. The caldera's sedimentary fill accumlated to a depth of about 1.26 km and had a volume of about 89 km3. The highest lake level was ~3300 m (10,800 ft) present altitude before it drained eastward across a broad volcanic plateau as the ancestral Rio Grande. A tributary canyon several hundred meters deep was cut into hard rhyolite in the north wall of the caldera before the lake was more than half full; its presence demonstrates that ancient Lake Creede filled slowly and thus occupied a long-lived, closed basin. The slow filling rate is incompatible with the present water flux through the Creede caldera basin, because such a flow would fill the basin geologically instantaneously. This mismatch, together with the recognition that the Oligocene climate was similar to that of today, forces the reexamination of the hydrologic and geomorphic history of the caldera. That appraisal shows that the caldera cannot have resurged rapidly immediately after caldera collapse, and that ancient watershed must have been lass than half as large as the present upper Rio Grande basin. The ancient lake had a more or less constant surface area of about 200 km2 that approximated a steady-state condition between inflow and evaporation. Although the lake level fluctuated with climatic variations, its surface elevation steadily climbed as sediment accumulated, accelerating as resurgance and dome growth usurped spacewithin the basin. It could have had one playa stage early in its development and another after the basin had nearly filled with sediment, but there is no direct evidence for either. At least the lower half of the sedimentary column (the part sampled by the scientific drilling) formed in an euxinic environment. This argues against a persistent early playa, although evaporative accumulation of brine was inevitable. When the rate of resurgance was rapid relative to sedimentary infilling, the lake would have been deep (i.e., bordered by bedrock rather than sedimentary fans). The geomorphic evolution of the Creede caldera and its watershed tracks a two-phase topographic history, the first the Oligocene through Miocene, and the second for Pliocene to the recent. In Oligocene time, the San Juan volcanic field was a hydrologically immature, gently undulating, and outward sloping, constructional volcanic plateau straddling the ancient Continental Divide. West of the Creede caldera, a dendritic drainage discharged northeastward into ancestral Cebolla Creek (a tributary of the ancestral Gunnison River) through an early stage of the Clear Creek graben in the vicinity of Spring Creek Pass. Miocene basalt choked, but did not reconstruct, the drainage. By the end of Miocene time a mature topography of moderate relief developed, exposing some of the higher ores in the Creede district to weathering. In the late Miocene-early Pliocene time the San Juan Mountains were uplifted and titled eastward; the ancestral Rio Grande was revitalized and cut deeply into the older terrain, excavating much of the accessible sediment from the moat of the Creede caldera and exposing successively lowe levels in the Creede district to oxidation. Simultaneously, the southeast end of the Clear Creek graben was reactivated and breached the southwest wall of the Creede caldera. The rejuvenated Rio Grande captured the formerly northeast-directed headwaters of ancestral Cebolla Creek, shifting more than 1000 km2 from the Pacific-directed drainage to the Atlantic. The water budget for ancient Lake Creede was strictly limited by the early stages of the fist geomorphic cycle; the modern water budget is the product of the second cycle.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.105","issn":" 00721077","usgsCitation":"Barton, P., Steven, T., and Hayba, D.O., 2000, Hydrologic budget of the late Oligocene Lake Creede and the evolution of the upper Rio Grande drainage system: GSA Special Papers, v. 346, p. 105-126, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.105.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281158,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.105"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Lake Creede","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.5,37.5 ], [ -107.5,38.0 ], [ -106.5,38.0 ], [ -106.5,37.5 ], [ -107.5,37.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"346","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6167e4b0b290850fd81d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Paul B.","contributorId":97128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Paul B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steven, Thomas A.","contributorId":57529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"Thomas A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayba, Daniel O. 0000-0003-4092-1894 dhayba@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-1894","contributorId":396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayba","given":"Daniel","email":"dhayba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":488599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209576,"text":"70209576 - 2000 - SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for Big Creek gneiss, Wyoming and Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado: Implications for timing of Paleoproterozoic accretion of the northern Colorado province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-14T15:14:09.938037","indexId":"70209576","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T10:08:15","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3310,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for Big Creek gneiss, Wyoming and Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado: Implications for timing of Paleoproterozoic accretion of the northern Colorado province","docAbstract":"Sensitive, high-resolution, ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon ages from a sample of the high-grade, hornblende-feldspathic Big Creek gneiss of the southeastern Sierra Madre, along with samples of a quartz monzonitic phase of the Boulder Creek batholith, help define timing of three major Paleoproterozoic thermo-tectonic events within the northern Colorado province at approximately 1810, 1710, and 1610 Ma. Previous ages determined for these key rock units were problematic; they hindered regional tectonic interpretations of the Paleoproterozoic crustal accretion history of the Colorado province that extends from the Cheyenne belt of southern Wyoming to north-central New Mexico. The Colorado province has been popularly modelled as a series of accreted oceanic volcano-plutonic arc systems and associated sediments, although alternative interpretations suggest that the series represents continental-margin arc rocks.
The Big Creek gneiss has been interpreted as a high-grade basement equivalent of the oldest arc volcanic rocks exposed within the Green Mountain arc terrane, but it also has been suspected of being either an older block of pre-arc basement or perhaps an allochthonous piece of crust from slightly older orogens to the east and north. Previous ID-TIMS work on mg-size zircon fractions yielded U-Pb concordia upper-intercept ages of 1618 ± 22 and 1684 ± 5 Ma as well as negative lower-intercept ages, indicating complex U-Pb isotopic systematics involving at least two ages of zircon growth overprinted by at least one episode of Pb-loss. Zircons from this gneiss were analyzed using the SHRIMP, and a total of 32 spot analyses on both centers and rims produced a range of different 207Pb/206Pb ages between ∼1840 and ∼1560 Ma. The weighted mean of the oldest 207Pb/206Pb ages is 1812 ± 12 Ma and is interpreted to estimate the age of the protolith that appears to be slightly older than lower-grade metabasalts and associated plutons at ∼1790–1775 Ma. This protolith age of 1812 Ma further implies that significantly older crust (> 1820 Ma; e.g., Penokean orogeny) is not found in the Green Mountain magmatic arc. The youngest 207Pb/206Pb ages of ∼1610 Ma are interpreted to represent a time of new zircon growth during highly localized high-grade metamorphism—an event that also produced local granitic magmatism at ∼1625 Ma.
The Boulder Creek batholith had been dated previously using the ID-TIMS, U-Pb zircon technique that yielded ages at ∼1670 and ∼1714 Ma, a 45-m.y. discrepancy that left the true age of the batholith in doubt. Zircons from two samples, previously dated using the ID-TIMS method, were analyzed using SHRIMP, and yielded concordia upper-intercept ages of 1713 ± 10 and 1721 ± 15 Ma. These results, combined with two earlier U-Pb zircon determinations, help to establish the age of the Boulder Creek batholith at 1714.4 ± 4.6 Ma (weighted mean), an age more compatible with those for the other large, tonalitic to quartz monzonitic, syntectonic plutons within the northern Colorado province. The new Boulder Creek age helps to establish a discrete period of plutonism (∼1735–1705 Ma) that is syn- to post-tectonic with respect to major regional structures of deformation and metamorphism in the northern Colorado province. Assuming the multiple oceanic arc accretion model, the new age for the mid-crustal emplacement of this batholith into a deforming composite back-arc basin may date the closure of that basin during crustal shortening.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Wyoming","doi":"10.2113/35.1.31","usgsCitation":"Premo, W.R., and Fanning, C., 2000, SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for Big Creek gneiss, Wyoming and Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado: Implications for timing of Paleoproterozoic accretion of the northern Colorado province: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 35, no. 1, p. 31-50, https://doi.org/10.2113/35.1.31.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"50","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373959,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.4520263671875,\n 40.204050425113294\n ],\n [\n -104.4140625,\n 40.204050425113294\n ],\n [\n -104.4140625,\n 42.15933157601718\n ],\n [\n -106.4520263671875,\n 42.15933157601718\n ],\n [\n -106.4520263671875,\n 40.204050425113294\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Premo, Wayne R. 0000-0001-9904-4801 wpremo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":1697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"Wayne","email":"wpremo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":786999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fanning, C. Mark","contributorId":46814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fanning","given":"C. Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006783,"text":"70006783 - 2000 - Relationship of Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) to the ecology of small streams in Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-02T09:24:56","indexId":"70006783","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T09:20:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NE-267","title":"Relationship of Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) to the ecology of small streams in Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","docAbstract":"Hemlock ravines in Delaware Water Gap National\nRecreation Area (DEWA) are highly valued because of their\ndistinctive aesthetic, recreational and ecological qualities.\nWe conducted a comparative study designed to determine\nthe potential long-term consequences to aquatic\ncommunities of the suspected transition from\nhemlock-dominated forests to mixed hardwood forests as a\nresult of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae)\ninduced mortality. A landscape analysis of DEWA using\nGeographic Information Systems (GIs) was used to select\n14 hemlock and hardwood site-pairs that were similar in\ntopography (i.e., slope, terrain shape, aspect, light levels)\nand stream size (first or second order) but differed in forest\ncomposition. This paired watershed approach provided a\npowerful means to discern the influence of hemlock forests\non stream communities. This study was designed to provide\nan aquatic perspective on potential losses of biological\ndiversity should hemlock forests die.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: Symposium on sustainable management of hemlock ecosystems in Eastern North America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","usgsCitation":"Lemarie, D.P., Young, J.A., Snyder, C.D., Ross, R.M., Smith, D., and Bennett, R., 2000, Relationship of Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) to the ecology of small streams in Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area: General Technical Report NE-267, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"182","endPage":"182","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287940,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287939,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/14747"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey;Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.168339,40.940896 ], [ -75.168339,41.342998 ], [ -74.745521,41.342998 ], [ -74.745521,40.940896 ], [ -75.168339,40.940896 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7809e4b0abf75cf2c870","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemarie, David P.","contributorId":30914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemarie","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, John A. 0000-0002-4500-3673 jyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-3673","contributorId":3777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"John","email":"jyoung@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snyder, Craig D. 0000-0002-3448-597X csnyder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3448-597X","contributorId":2568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Craig","email":"csnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ross, Robert M.","contributorId":62562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, David 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":1989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":355208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bennett, Randy M.","contributorId":7157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Randy M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":2000754,"text":"2000754 - 2000 - Bird community composition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T17:47:15","indexId":"2000754","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"GTR-SRS 38","title":"Bird community composition","docAbstract":"Neotropical migrants are birds that breed in North America and winter primarily in Central and South America. Long-term population studies of birds in the Eastern United States indicated declines of some forest-dwelling birds, many of which winter in the Neotropics (Peterjohn and others 1995). These declines were attributed to loss of wintering and breeding habitat due to deforestation and fragmentation, respectively. Many species of Nearctic migrants--birds that breed in the northern regions of North America and winter in the Southern United States--are also experiencing population declines. Because large areas of undistrubed, older, bottomland hardwood forests oftern contain large numbers of habitat specialists, including forest-interior neotropical migrants and wintering Nearctic migrants, these forests may be critical in maintaining avian diversity.\r\nThis study had two primary objectivs: (1) to create a baseline data set that can be used as a standard against which other bottomland hardwood forests can be compared, and (2) to establish long-term monitoring stations during both breeding and wintering seasons to discern population trends of avian species using bottomland hardwood forests.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Coosawhatchie Bottomland Ecosystem Study: a report on the development of a reference wetland","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station","publisherLocation":"Asheville, NC","collaboration":"SD11 .S7 no.38","usgsCitation":"Antrobus, T.J., Guilfoyle, M., Barrow, W., Hamel, P., and Wakeley, J., 2000, Bird community composition, chap. of The Coosawhatchie Bottomland Ecosystem Study: a report on the development of a reference wetland, p. 32-33.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15374,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/2208","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"6873.000000000000000"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db616271","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Antrobus, T. J.","contributorId":63117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antrobus","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guilfoyle, M.P.","contributorId":59145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guilfoyle","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barrow, W.C. Jr. 0000-0003-4671-2823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4671-2823","contributorId":11183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrow","given":"W.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamel, P.B.","contributorId":88444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamel","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wakeley, J.S.","contributorId":103996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wakeley","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1015021,"text":"1015021 - 2000 - Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-β applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-17T16:23:42.363209","indexId":"1015021","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1542,"text":"Environmental Health Perspectives","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-β applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries","docAbstract":"Fish morbidity and mortality events in Chesapeake Bay tributaries have aroused concern over the health of this important aquatic ecosystem. We applied a recently described method for quantifying mRNA of an immunosuppressive cytokine, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), by reverse transcription quantitative-competitive polymerase chain reaction to a field study of fish health in the Chesapeake Basin, and compared the results to those of a traditional cellular immunoassay macrophage bactericidal activity. We selected the white perch (Morone americana) as the sentinel fish species because of its abundance at all of the collection sites. White perch were sampled from Chesapeake Bay tributaries in June, August, and October 1998. Splenic mononuclear cell TGF-β mRNA levels increased and anterior kidney macrophage bactericidal activity decreased, particularly in eastern shore tributaries, from June to August and October. The results of the two assays correlated inversely (Kendall's τ b = -0.600; p = 0.0102). The results indicated both temporal and spatial modulation of white perch immune systems in the Chesapeake Basin, and demonstrated the utility of quantitative PCR for TGF-β as a molecular biomarker for field assessment of teleost fish immune status.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Institutes of Health","doi":"10.1289/ehp.00108447","usgsCitation":"Harms, C.A., Ottinger, C.A., Blazer, V., Densmore, C.L., Pieper, L.H., and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S., 2000, Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-β applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries: Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 108, no. 5, p. 447-452, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108447.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"452","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488331,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108447","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Back River, Chesapeake Bay, Choptank River, Pocomoke River, Wicomico River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.277587890625,\n 36.55377524336089\n ],\n [\n -74.849853515625,\n 36.55377524336089\n ],\n [\n -74.849853515625,\n 40.59727063442024\n ],\n [\n -78.277587890625,\n 40.59727063442024\n ],\n [\n -78.277587890625,\n 36.55377524336089\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a87e4b07f02db64e806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harms, Craig A.","contributorId":59759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harms","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ottinger, Christopher A. 0000-0003-2551-1985 cottinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-1985","contributorId":2559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"Christopher","email":"cottinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blazer, Vicki S. 0000-0001-6647-9614 vblazer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":149414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"Vicki S.","email":"vblazer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Densmore, Christine L.","contributorId":18316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pieper, Laurence H.","contributorId":44876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pieper","given":"Laurence","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne","contributorId":18319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy-Stoskopf","given":"Suzanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1016093,"text":"1016093 - 2000 - Migration strategies and wintering areas of North American ospreys as revealed by satellite telemetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T17:10:27.303453","indexId":"1016093","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2739,"text":"Microwave Telemetry Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migration strategies and wintering areas of North American ospreys as revealed by satellite telemetry","docAbstract":"Since 1995 we have trapped and tagged 110 Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) from 12 study sites in 8 states (Fig. 1). This total includes 71 females, 32 males and 7 juveniles. Our study areas encompass the major Osprey population concentrations found in the United States including the Western States, the Great Lakes region and the Eastern Seaboard.
We asked whether 3–5 kg N y−1 atmospheric N deposition was sufficient to have influenced natural, otherwise undisturbed, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the Colorado Front Range by comparing ecosystem processes and properties east and west of the Continental Divide. The eastern side receives elevated N deposition from urban, agricultural, and industrial sources, compared with 1–2 kg N y−1 on the western side. Foliage of east side old-growth Englemann spruce forests have significantly lower C:N and lignin:N ratios and greater N:Mg and N:P ratios. Soil % N is higher, and C:N ratios lower in the east side stands, and potential net N mineralization rates are greater. Lake NO3 concentrations are significantly higher in eastern lakes than western lakes. Two east side lakes studied paleolimnologically revealed rapid changes in diatom community composition and increased biovolumes and cell concentrations. The diatom flora is now representative of increased disturbance or eutrophication. Sediment nitrogen isotopic ratios have become progressively lighter over the past 50 years, coincident with the change in algal flora, possibly from an influx of isotopically light N volatilized from agricultural fields and feedlots. Seventy-five percent of the increased east side soil N pool can be accounted for by increased N deposition commensurate with human settlement. Nitrogen emissions from fixed, mobile, and agricultural sources have increased dramatically since approximately 1950 to the east of the Colorado Front Range, as they have in many parts of the world. Our findings indicate even slight increases in atmospheric deposition lead to measurable changes in ecosystem properties.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100210000032","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Rueth, H., Wolfe, A., Nydick, K., Allstott, E., Minear, J., and Moraska, B., 2000, Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range: Ecosystems, v. 3, no. 4, p. 352-368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100210000032.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"368","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Front Range","volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6259b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rueth, H.M.","contributorId":103611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rueth","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfe, A.M.","contributorId":106452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nydick, K. R.","contributorId":9991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nydick","given":"K. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Allstott, E.J.","contributorId":25102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allstott","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Minear, J.T.","contributorId":38519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minear","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moraska, B.","contributorId":84713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moraska","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":7000028,"text":"7000028 - 2000 - The mountain that moved: geologic wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-04T08:49:17","indexId":"7000028","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"subseriesTitle":"Geologic wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, No. 2","title":"The mountain that moved: geologic wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests","docAbstract":"Prehistoric, giant landslides in Montgomery and Craig Counties, Va., in the Blacksburg/Wythe Ranger Districts of the Jefferson National Forest, are the largest known landslides in eastern North America and are among the largest in the world. One of the landslides is more than 3 miles long! The ancient, giant landslides extend for more than 20 miles along the eastern slope of Sinking Creek Mountain. Enormous slabs of rock ranging from about 0.2 to more than 1.5 square miles in size broke loose and slid downslope under the influence of gravity. The movement of some slides may have been slow, but the movement of others was probably sudden and catastrophic.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/7000028","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and U.S. Forest Service, 2000, The mountain that moved: geologic wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests: General Interest Publication, Pamphlet: 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000028.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: 4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":300978,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/mountain/mountain.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":18598,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/mountain/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Craig County, Montgomery County","otherGeospatial":"Blacksburg/Wythe Ranger Districts of the Jefferson National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.30986022949217,\n 38.94125285438687\n ],\n [\n -78.30986022949217,\n 38.966382907015735\n ],\n [\n -78.28707218170166,\n 38.966382907015735\n ],\n [\n -78.28707218170166,\n 38.94125285438687\n ],\n [\n -78.30986022949217,\n 38.94125285438687\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.36975097656249,\n 36.58906837139909\n ],\n [\n -79.6563720703125,\n 36.53612263184686\n ],\n [\n -78.870849609375,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -78.0853271484375,\n 38.10430528370985\n ],\n [\n -77.8326416015625,\n 39.15136267949032\n ],\n [\n -78.299560546875,\n 39.40648882684979\n ],\n [\n -83.36975097656249,\n 36.58906837139909\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649de2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"U.S. Forest Service","contributorId":128067,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Forest Service","id":535080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1002690,"text":"1002690 - 2000 - Growth and invasive potential of Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) within the coastal prairie region: the effects of soil and moisture regime","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T12:32:30","indexId":"1002690","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":724,"text":"American Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and invasive potential of Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) within the coastal prairie region: the effects of soil and moisture regime","docAbstract":"The introduced tree Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) is considered a serious threat to the preservation of the coastal prairie region of Louisiana and Texas, although it is currently uncommon in the western part of the region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of location, soils, and available moisture on the growth and survival of S. sebiferum in coastal prairie. In a field experiment, S. sebiferum mortality was significantly greater at a western site than at central and eastern sites. The greatest mortality and least growth of surviving plants occurred on a soil from the western region, regardless of site. A greenhouse study also found that S. sebiferum growth was lowest on the western soil. Watering frequency significantly affected S. sebiferum growth, except on the western soil. Sapium sebiferum growth responded to both nitrogen and phosphorum additions for all soils. Soil analyses revealed the highest sand, sodium, and phosphorus contents, and much higher electrical conductivity in the western soil. It is concluded that the soil examined from the western region is unfavorable for S. sebiferum growth, though not to the extent to preclude S. sebiferum completely. Evidence suggests that soil salinity may be the primary cause of the poor S. sebiferum growth at the western site.","language":"English","doi":"10.2307/2656646","usgsCitation":"Barrilleaux, T., and Grace, J., 2000, Growth and invasive potential of Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) within the coastal prairie region: the effects of soil and moisture regime: American Journal of Botany, v. 87, no. 8, p. 1099-1106, https://doi.org/10.2307/2656646.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1099","endPage":"1106","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -95.49316406249999,\n 30.6662659463233\n ],\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -98.052978515625,\n 27.586197857692664\n ],\n [\n -97.6025390625,\n 27.15692045688088\n ],\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 27.771051193172273\n ],\n [\n -94.735107421875,\n 29.458731185355344\n ],\n [\n -91.417236328125,\n 29.773913869992242\n ],\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 30.713503990354965\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697cdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrilleaux, T.C.","contributorId":34482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrilleaux","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001870,"text":"1001870 - 2000 - Surface water quality of the major drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T11:35:00","indexId":"1001870","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3534,"text":"Texas Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface water quality of the major drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve","docAbstract":"Surface water quality was monitored at 19 stations (2-4 week intervals) in six drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve of east Texas between 1996 and 1999. The parameters monitored were temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, current speed, light attenuation, chlorophyll a and concentrations of ammonium, ortho-phosphate, nitrate and nitrite. The best water quality (low nutrients and chlorophyll a; no hypoxia) was found in the Big Sandy Creek, Turkey Creek and Village Creek systems. Water quality in the Neches River was also generally good except for instances of moderate algal blooms. The Pine Island Bayou system, however, typically showed poor water quality. Very low current velocities and high concentrations of nutrients promoted massive spring plankton blooms (chlorophyll a in excess of 100 μg L-1) and subsequent hypoxia/anoxia (dissolved oxygen less than 5 mg L-1). In this system, hypoxia occurred as early as April and as late as December.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Rizzo, W., Rafferty, P., and Segura, M., 2000, Surface water quality of the major drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve: Texas Journal of Science, v. 52, no. 4, p. 79-92.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"92","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698187","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rizzo, W.M.","contributorId":104849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rizzo","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rafferty, P.","contributorId":98672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rafferty","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Segura, M.R.","contributorId":51244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segura","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000917,"text":"1000917 - 2000 - First record of Daphnia lumholtzi Sars in the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T13:08:12","indexId":"1000917","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First record of Daphnia lumholtzi Sars in the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Adults of the cladoceran Daphnia lumholtzi, native to Australia, Africa, and parts of Asia, were first collected in August 1999 in Lake Erie. Individuals were collected near East Harbor State Park, Lakeside, Ohio from vertical plankton net tows. The average number of D. lumholtzi that were found (0.03/L) indicate that D. lumholtzi is beginning to establish itself in Lake Erie. The morphology of this Daphnia differs greatly from native species because of its elongated head and tail spine. This sighting is important because it acknowledges yet another exotic invader into the Great Lakes basin and it also shows that this, normally, warm water species continues to expand its range northward.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(00)70698-8","usgsCitation":"Muzinic, C.J., 2000, First record of Daphnia lumholtzi Sars in the Great Lakes: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 26, no. 3, p. 352-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(00)70698-8.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"354","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muzinic, Christopher J.","contributorId":80628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muzinic","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159908,"text":"70159908 - 2000 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Eastern Meadowlark","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T08:46:26","indexId":"70159908","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Eastern Meadowlark","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 4,000 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species’ breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
\nThis report has been downloaded from the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center WorldWide Web site, www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/grasbird/grasbird.htm. Please direct comments and suggestions to Douglas H. Johnson, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 8711 37th Street SE, Jamestown, North Dakota 58401; telephone: 701- 253-5539; fax: 701-253-5553; e-mail: Douglas_H_Johnson@usgs.gov.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70159908","usgsCitation":"Hull, S.D., 2000, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Eastern Meadowlark (Originally posted 2000; Revised 2002), 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159908.","productDescription":"37 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311862,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159908.PNG"},{"id":312410,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159908/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Originally posted 2000; Revised 2002","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175c7e4b06a3ea36c5690","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hull, Scott D.","contributorId":150199,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hull","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70182055,"text":"70182055 - 2000 - Molecular genetic status of Aleutian Canada Geese from Buldir and the Semidi Islands, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T18:21:33","indexId":"70182055","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular genetic status of Aleutian Canada Geese from Buldir and the Semidi Islands, Alaska","docAbstract":"We conducted genetic analyses of Aleutian Canada Geese (Branta canadensis leucopareia) from Buldir Island in the western Aleutians and the Semidi Islands in the eastern portion of their breeding range. We compared data from seven microsatellite DNA loci and 143 base pairs of the control region of mitochondrial DNA from the two populations of Aleutian Canada Geese and another small-bodied subspecies, the Cackling Canada Goose (B. c. minima) which nests in western Alaska. The widely separated island-nesting Aleutian geese were genetically more closely related to each other than to mainland-nesting small-bodied geese. The populations of Aleutian geese were genetically differentiated from one another in terms of mitochondrial DNA haplotype and microsatellite allele frequencies, suggesting limited contemporary gene flow and/or major shifts in gene frequency through genetic drift. The degree of population genetic differentiation suggests that Aleutian Canada Goose populations could be considered separate management units. There was some evidence of population bottlenecks, although we found no significant genetic evidence of non-random mating or inbreeding.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0172:MGSOAC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pierson, B.J., Pearce, J.M., Talbot, S.L., Shields, G.F., and Scribner, K.T., 2000, Molecular genetic status of Aleutian Canada Geese from Buldir and the Semidi Islands, Alaska: The Condor, v. 102, no. 1, p. 172-180, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0172:MGSOAC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"172","endPage":"180","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335613,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Islands, Buldir Island, Semidi Islands, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -184.23454284667966,\n 52.282862080335846\n ],\n [\n -183.95233154296875,\n 52.282862080335846\n ],\n [\n -183.95233154296875,\n 52.42964095188324\n ],\n [\n -184.23454284667966,\n 52.42964095188324\n ],\n [\n -184.23454284667966,\n 52.282862080335846\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.11273193359375,\n 55.910733545723346\n ],\n [\n -156.4288330078125,\n 55.910733545723346\n ],\n [\n -156.4288330078125,\n 56.32719809668835\n ],\n [\n -157.11273193359375,\n 56.32719809668835\n ],\n [\n -157.11273193359375,\n 55.910733545723346\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.5966796875,\n 58.10110549730587\n ],\n [\n -159.63134765625,\n 58.10110549730587\n ],\n [\n -159.63134765625,\n 61.48075950007598\n ],\n [\n -166.5966796875,\n 61.48075950007598\n ],\n [\n -166.5966796875,\n 58.10110549730587\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a57702e4b057081a24ee62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierson, Barbara J. 0000-0001-8233-874X bpierson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8233-874X","contributorId":194939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"Barbara","email":"bpierson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shields, Gerald F.","contributorId":149916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shields","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022233,"text":"70022233 - 2000 - Unusual July 10, 1996, rock fall at Happy Isles, Yosemite National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T14:15:09.008525","indexId":"70022233","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unusual July 10, 1996, rock fall at Happy Isles, Yosemite National Park, California","docAbstract":"Effects of the July 10, 1996, rock fall at Happy Isles in Yosemite National Park, California, were unusual compared to most rock falls. Two main rock masses fell about 14 s apart from a 665-m-high cliff southeast of Glacier Point onto a talus slope above Happy Isles in the eastern part of Yosemite Valley. The two impacts were recorded by seismographs as much as 200 km away. Although the impact area of the rock falls was not particularly large, the falls generated an airblast and an abrasive dense sandy cloud that devastated a larger area downslope of the impact sites toward the Happy Isles Nature Center. Immediately downslope of the impacts, the airblast had velocities exceeding 110 m/s and toppled or snapped about 1000 trees. Even at distances of 0.5 km from impact, wind velocities snapped or toppled large trees, causing one fatality and several serious injuries beyond the Happy Isles Nature Center. A dense sandy cloud trailed the airblast and abraded fallen trunks and trees left standing. The Happy Isles rock fall is one of the few known worldwide to have generated an airblast and abrasive dense sandy cloud. The relatively high velocity of the rock fall at impact, estimated to be 110-120 m/s, influenced the severity and areal extent of the airblast at Happy Isles. Specific geologic and topographic conditions, typical of steep glaciated valleys and mountainous terrain, contributed to the rock-fall release and determined its travel path, resulting in a high velocity at impact that generated the devastating airblast and sandy cloud. The unusual effects of this rock fall emphasize the importance of considering collateral geologic hazards, such as airblasts from rock falls, in hazard assessment and planning development of mountainous areas.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<75:UJRFAH>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Wieczorek, G.F., Snyder, J., Waitt, R., Morrissey, M., Uhrhammer, R.A., Harp, E.L., Norris, R., Bursik, M., and Finewood, L., 2000, Unusual July 10, 1996, rock fall at Happy Isles, Yosemite National Park, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 1, p. 75-85, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<75:UJRFAH>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"85","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230291,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Happy Isles, Merced River, Yosemite National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.5698308944702,\n 37.72575282021744\n ],\n [\n -119.55661296844481,\n 37.72575282021744\n ],\n [\n -119.55661296844481,\n 37.73216792641496\n ],\n [\n -119.5698308944702,\n 37.73216792641496\n ],\n [\n -119.5698308944702,\n 37.72575282021744\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbcf8e4b08c986b328e79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, J.B.","contributorId":62229,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snyder","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waitt, R. B.","contributorId":78766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waitt","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morrissey, M.M.","contributorId":41477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrissey","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Uhrhammer, R. A.","contributorId":94158,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Uhrhammer","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harp, E. L.","contributorId":59026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Norris, R.D.","contributorId":45735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bursik, M.I.","contributorId":84218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bursik","given":"M.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Finewood, L.G.","contributorId":22631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finewood","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70022253,"text":"70022253 - 2000 - Photographic evaluation of the impacts of bottom fishing on benthic epifauna","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T12:31:56","indexId":"70022253","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1936,"text":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photographic evaluation of the impacts of bottom fishing on benthic epifauna","docAbstract":"The gravel sediment habitat on the northern edge of Georges Bank (East coast of North America) is an important nursery area for juvenile fish, and the site of a productive scallop fishery. During two cruises to this area in 1994 we made photographic transects at sites of varying depths that experience varying degrees of disturbance from otter trawling and scallop dredging. Differences between sites were quantified by analyzing videos and still photographs of the sea bottom. Videos were analyzed for sediment types and organism abundance. In the still photos, the percentages of the bottom covered by bushy, plant-like organisms and colonial worm tubes (Filograna implexa) were determined, as was the presence/absence of encrusting bryozoa. Non-colonial organisms were also identified as specifically as possible and sediment type was quantified. Significant differences between disturbed and undisturbed areas were found for the variables measured in the still photos; colonial epifaunal species were conspicuously less abundant at disturbed sites. Results from the videos and still photos were generally consistent although less detail was visible in the videos. Emergent colonial epifauna provide a complex habitat for shrimp, polychaetes, brittle stars and small fish at undisturbed sites. Bottom fishing removes this epifauna, thereby reducing the complexity and species diversity of the benthic community. (C) 2000 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jmsc.2000.0584","issn":"10543139","usgsCitation":"Collie, J., Escanero, G., and Valentine, P.C., 2000, Photographic evaluation of the impacts of bottom fishing on benthic epifauna: ICES Journal of Marine Science, v. 57, no. 4, p. 987-1001, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0584.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"987","endPage":"1001","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487316,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0584","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Georges Bank","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n 39.40648882684979\n ],\n [\n -66.55517578125,\n 39.40648882684979\n ],\n [\n -66.55517578125,\n 42.34636533160187\n ],\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n 42.34636533160187\n ],\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n 39.40648882684979\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a20e4b0c8380cd78d47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collie, J.S.","contributorId":102217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collie","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Escanero, G.A.","contributorId":76477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escanero","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valentine, P. C.","contributorId":46505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022284,"text":"70022284 - 2000 - Mesoproterozoic graphite deposits, New Jersey Highlands: Geologic and stable isotopic evidence for possible algal origins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-10T14:45:32","indexId":"70022284","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mesoproterozoic graphite deposits, New Jersey Highlands: Geologic and stable isotopic evidence for possible algal origins","docAbstract":"Graphite deposits of Mesoproterozoic age are locally abundant in the eastern New Jersey Highlands, where they are hosted by sulphidic biotite–quartz–feldspar gneiss, metaquartzite, and anatectic pegmatite. Gneiss and metaquartzite represent a shallow marine shelf sequence of locally organic-rich sand and mud. Graphite from massive deposits within metaquartzite yielded δ13C values of –26 ± 2‰ (1σ), and graphite from massive deposits within biotite–quartz–feldspar gneiss yielded δ13C values of –23 ± 4‰. Disseminated graphite from biotite–quartz–feldspar gneiss country rock was –22 ± 3‰, indistinguishable from the massive deposits hosted by the same lithology. Anatectic pegmatite is graphitic only where generated from graphite-bearing host rocks; one sample gave a δ13C value of –15‰. The δ34S values of trace pyrrhotite are uniform within individual deposits, but vary from 0 to 9‰ from one deposit to another. Apart from pegmatitic occurrences, evidence is lacking for long-range mobilization of carbon during Grenvillian orogenesis or post-Grenvillian tectonism. The field, petrographic, and isotope data suggest that massive graphite was formed by granulite-facies metamorphism of Proterozoic accumulations of sedimentary organic matter, possibly algal mats. Preservation of these accumulations in the sedimentary environment requires anoxic basin waters or rapid burial. Anoxia would also favour the accumulation of dissolved ferrous iron in basin waters, which may explain some of the metasediment-hosted massive magnetite deposits in the New Jersey Highlands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e00-050","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Volkert, R., Johnson, C.A., and Tamashausky, A.V., 2000, Mesoproterozoic graphite deposits, New Jersey Highlands: Geologic and stable isotopic evidence for possible algal origins: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 37, no. 12, p. 1665-1675, https://doi.org/10.1139/e00-050.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1665","endPage":"1675","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"New Jersey Highlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.16595458984375,\n 41.10005163093046\n ],\n [\n -74.5037841796875,\n 41.275742324160106\n ],\n [\n -75.17669677734375,\n 40.78262115769851\n ],\n [\n -75.20690917968749,\n 40.622291783092706\n ],\n [\n -75.003662109375,\n 40.38839687388361\n ],\n [\n -74.16595458984375,\n 41.10005163093046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5445e4b0c8380cd6cf28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Volkert, R.A.","contributorId":90799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volkert","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Craig A. 0000-0002-1334-2996 cjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Craig","email":"cjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tamashausky, Albert V.","contributorId":221648,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tamashausky","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022287,"text":"70022287 - 2000 - Correlation of 1- to 10-Hz earthquake resonances with surface measurements of S-wave reflections and refractions in the upper 50 m","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022287","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlation of 1- to 10-Hz earthquake resonances with surface measurements of S-wave reflections and refractions in the upper 50 m","docAbstract":"Resonances observed in earthquake seismograms recorded in Seattle, Washington, the central United States and Sherman Oaks, California, are correlated with each site's respective near-surface seismic velocity profile and reflectivity determined from shallow seismic-reflection/refraction surveys. In all of these cases the resonance accounts for the highest amplitude shaking at the site above 1 Hz. These results show that imaging near-surface reflections from the ground surface can locate impedance structures that are important contributors to earthquake ground shaking. A high-amplitude S-wave reflection, recorded 250-m northeast and 300-m east of the Seattle Kingdome earthquake-recording station, with a two-way travel time of about 0.23 to 0.27 sec (about 18- to 22-m depth) marks the boundary between overlying alluvium (VS < 180 m/sec) and a higher velocity material (VS about 400 m/sec). This reflector probably causes a strong 2-Hz resonance that is observed in the earthquake data for the site near the Kingdome. In the central United States, S-wave reflections from a high-impedance boundary (an S-wave velocity increase from about 200 m/sec to 2000 m/sec) at about 40-m depth corresponds to a strong fundamental resonance at about 1.5 Hz. In Sherman Oaks, strong resonances at about 1.0 and 4 Hz are consistently observed on earthquake seismograms. A strong S-wave reflector at about 40-m depth may cause the 1.0 Hz resonance. The 4.0-Hz resonance is possibly explained by constructive interference between the first overtone of the 1.0-Hz resonance and a 3.25- to 3.9-Hz resonance calculated from an areally consistent impedance boundary at about 10-m depth as determined by S-wave refraction data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000009","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Williams, R.A., Stephenson, W.J., Frankel, A., Cranswick, E., Meremonte, M., and Odum, J.K., 2000, Correlation of 1- to 10-Hz earthquake resonances with surface measurements of S-wave reflections and refractions in the upper 50 m: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 5, p. 1323-1331, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000009.","startPage":"1323","endPage":"1331","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206676,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000009"},{"id":230529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc2ee4b0c8380cd4e172","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frankel, A.D.","contributorId":53828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cranswick, E.","contributorId":85948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranswick","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meremonte, M. E.","contributorId":56661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meremonte","given":"M. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}