The Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake occurred at 9:46 GMT on 16 October 1999. The event caused minimal damage because it was located in a remote, sparsely populated part of the Mojave Desert, approximately 47 miles east-southeast of Barstow, with epicentral coordinates 34.59°N 116.27°W and a hypocentral depth of 5 ± 3 km. Twelve foreshocks, M 1.9-3.8, preceded the mainshock during the previous twelve hours. All of these events were located close to the hypocenter of the mainshock.
The Hector Mine earthquake occurred within the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ). By virtue of its remote location, the societal impact of the Hector Mine earthquake was, fortunately, minimal in spite of the event's appreciable size. The ECSZ is characterized by high seismicity, a high tectonic strain rate, and a broad, distributed zone of north-northwest-trending faults (ECSZ; Figure 1; Dokka and Travis, 1990; Sauber et al., 1986; Sauber et al., 1994; Sieh et al., 1993). Data regarding the slip rates of faults within the ECSZ suggest that on the order of 15% of the Pacific-North American plate motion occurs along this zone (Sauber et al., 1986; Wesnousky, 1986). Most of the faults in the ECSZ have low slip rates and long repeat times for major earthquakes, on the order of several thousands to tens of thousands of years. The occurrence of the Hector Mine earthquake within seven years and only about 30 km east of the 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers earthquake suggests that the closely spaced surface faults in the ECSZ are mechanically related.
The Hector Mine event involved rupture on two previously mapped fault zones—the Bullion Fault and an unnamed, more northerly-trending fault that is informally referred to in this paper as the Lavic Lake Fault (Dibblee, 1966, 1967a,b). Traces of the Bullion Fault exhibit evidence of Holocene displacement and were zoned as active in 1988 under California's Mquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (Hart and Bryant, 1997). The pattern of rupture along more than one named fault was also observed from the 1992 Landers earthquake (Hauksson et al., 1993; Sieh et al., 1994).
Much of the fault zone that produced the Hector Mine earthquake had been buried by relatively young stream deposits, and the fault scarps in bedrock have a subdued morphology. It appears that these faults have not experienced significant offset for perhaps 10,000 years or more (Hart, 1987). Planned future investigations will refine the age of the last event on these faults. The portion of the Lavic Lake Fault that ruptured between the northern end of the Bullion Mountains and Lavic Lake had not previously been mapped. However, our field investigations have identified ancient, subdued fault scarps along portions of the 1999 rupture zone in this area. It thus appears that the entire segment of the Lavic Lake Fault that was involved in the 1999 event had ruptured in the past. As is typical for most faults within the Eastern California Shear Zone, the rate of movement along the Lavic Lake Fault may be quite slow (<1 mm/yr) and should produce earthquakes only infrequently. This event is a reminder that faults that have ruptured in late Quaternary time, but that lack evidence of Holocene displacement, can still produce earthquakes in this low-slip-rate tectonic setting.
Additionally, the Hector Mine earthquake is noteworthy for a couple of other reasons. First, it clearly produced triggered seismicity over much of southern California, from the rupture zone toward the south-southwest in particular. Second, as we will discuss, the event may provide new data and insight into recently developed paradigms concerning earthquake interactions and the role of static stress changes.
Questions such as these will, of course, be the subject of extensive detailed analyses in years to come. Fortunately, the Hector Mine sequence will provide one of the best data sets obtained to date for a significant earthquake in the United States. Because it occurred when major upgrades to both the regional seismic network (TriNet) and the regional geodetic network (SCIGN) were well underway, the Earth science community will have abundant high-quality data with which to explore the important and interesting questions that have been raised. In this paper, we present and discuss the basic data and preliminary results from the Hector Mine earthquake.
We asked whether 3–5 kg N y−1 atmospheric N deposition was sufficient to have influenced natural, otherwise undisturbed, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the Colorado Front Range by comparing ecosystem processes and properties east and west of the Continental Divide. The eastern side receives elevated N deposition from urban, agricultural, and industrial sources, compared with 1–2 kg N y−1 on the western side. Foliage of east side old-growth Englemann spruce forests have significantly lower C:N and lignin:N ratios and greater N:Mg and N:P ratios. Soil % N is higher, and C:N ratios lower in the east side stands, and potential net N mineralization rates are greater. Lake NO3 concentrations are significantly higher in eastern lakes than western lakes. Two east side lakes studied paleolimnologically revealed rapid changes in diatom community composition and increased biovolumes and cell concentrations. The diatom flora is now representative of increased disturbance or eutrophication. Sediment nitrogen isotopic ratios have become progressively lighter over the past 50 years, coincident with the change in algal flora, possibly from an influx of isotopically light N volatilized from agricultural fields and feedlots. Seventy-five percent of the increased east side soil N pool can be accounted for by increased N deposition commensurate with human settlement. Nitrogen emissions from fixed, mobile, and agricultural sources have increased dramatically since approximately 1950 to the east of the Colorado Front Range, as they have in many parts of the world. Our findings indicate even slight increases in atmospheric deposition lead to measurable changes in ecosystem properties.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100210000032","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Rueth, H., Wolfe, A., Nydick, K., Allstott, E., Minear, J., and Moraska, B., 2000, Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range: Ecosystems, v. 3, no. 4, p. 352-368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100210000032.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"368","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Front Range","volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6259b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rueth, H.M.","contributorId":103611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rueth","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfe, A.M.","contributorId":106452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nydick, K. R.","contributorId":9991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nydick","given":"K. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Allstott, E.J.","contributorId":25102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allstott","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Minear, J.T.","contributorId":38519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minear","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moraska, B.","contributorId":84713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moraska","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70023188,"text":"70023188 - 2000 - Bottom currents and sediment transport in Long Island Sound: A modeling study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T11:02:06","indexId":"70023188","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bottom currents and sediment transport in Long Island Sound: A modeling study","docAbstract":"A high resolution (300-400 m grid spacing), process oriented modeling study was undertaken to elucidate the physical processes affecting the characteristics and distribution of sea-floor sedimentary environments in Long Island Sound. Simulations using idealized forcing and high-resolution bathymetry were performed using a three-dimensional circulation model ECOM (Blumberg and Mellor, 1987) and a stationary shallow water wave model HISWA (Holthuijsen et al., 1989). The relative contributions of tide-, density-, wind- and wave-driven bottom currents are assessed and related to observed characteristics of the sea-floor environments, and simple bedload sediment transport simulations are performed. The fine grid spacing allows features with scales of several kilometers to be resolved. The simulations clearly show physical processes that affect the observed sea-floor characteristics at both regional and local scales. Simulations of near-bottom tidal currents reveal a strong gradient in the funnel-shaped eastern part of the Sound, which parallels an observed gradient in sedimentary environments from erosion or nondeposition, through bedload transport and sediment sorting, to fine-grained deposition. A simulation of estuarine flow driven by the along-axis gradient in salinity shows generally westward bottom currents of 2-4 cm/s that are locally enhanced to 6-8 cm/s along the axial depression of the Sound. Bottom wind-driven currents flow downwind along the shallow margins of the basin, but flow against the wind in the deeper regions. These bottom flows (in opposition to the wind) are strongest in the axial depression and add to the estuarine flow when winds are from the west. The combination of enhanced bottom currents due to both estuarine circulation and the prevailing westerly winds provide an explanation for the relatively coarse sediments found along parts of the axial depression. Climatological simulations of wave-driven bottom currents show that frequent high-energy events occur along the shallow margins of the Sound, explaining the occurrence of relatively coarse sediments in these regions. Bedload sediment transport calculations show that the estuarine circulation coupled with the oscillatory tidal currents result in a net westward transport of sand in much of the eastern Sound. Local departures from this regional westward trend occur around topographic and shoreline irregularities, and there is strong predicted convergence of bedload transport over most of the large, linear sand ridges in the eastern Sound, providing a mechanism which prevents their decay. The strong correlation between the near-bottom current intensity based on the model results and the sediment response, as indicated by the distribution of sedimentary environments, provides a framework for predicting the long-term effects of anthropogenic activities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., List, J.H., and Farris, A., 2000, Bottom currents and sediment transport in Long Island Sound: A modeling study: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 551-566.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"551","endPage":"566","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345057,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4300070"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":" Long Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.5,\n 40.51797520038851\n ],\n [\n -71.5,\n 40.51797520038851\n ],\n [\n -71.5,\n 41.226183305514596\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 41.226183305514596\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 40.51797520038851\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f227e4b0c8380cd4b036","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farris, A.S.","contributorId":98477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015021,"text":"1015021 - 2000 - Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-β applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-17T16:23:42.363209","indexId":"1015021","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1542,"text":"Environmental Health Perspectives","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-β applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries","docAbstract":"Fish morbidity and mortality events in Chesapeake Bay tributaries have aroused concern over the health of this important aquatic ecosystem. We applied a recently described method for quantifying mRNA of an immunosuppressive cytokine, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), by reverse transcription quantitative-competitive polymerase chain reaction to a field study of fish health in the Chesapeake Basin, and compared the results to those of a traditional cellular immunoassay macrophage bactericidal activity. We selected the white perch (Morone americana) as the sentinel fish species because of its abundance at all of the collection sites. White perch were sampled from Chesapeake Bay tributaries in June, August, and October 1998. Splenic mononuclear cell TGF-β mRNA levels increased and anterior kidney macrophage bactericidal activity decreased, particularly in eastern shore tributaries, from June to August and October. The results of the two assays correlated inversely (Kendall's τ b = -0.600; p = 0.0102). The results indicated both temporal and spatial modulation of white perch immune systems in the Chesapeake Basin, and demonstrated the utility of quantitative PCR for TGF-β as a molecular biomarker for field assessment of teleost fish immune status.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Institutes of Health","doi":"10.1289/ehp.00108447","usgsCitation":"Harms, C.A., Ottinger, C.A., Blazer, V., Densmore, C.L., Pieper, L.H., and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S., 2000, Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-β applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries: Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 108, no. 5, p. 447-452, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108447.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"452","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488331,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108447","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Back River, Chesapeake Bay, Choptank River, Pocomoke River, Wicomico River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.277587890625,\n 36.55377524336089\n ],\n [\n -74.849853515625,\n 36.55377524336089\n ],\n [\n -74.849853515625,\n 40.59727063442024\n ],\n [\n -78.277587890625,\n 40.59727063442024\n ],\n [\n -78.277587890625,\n 36.55377524336089\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a87e4b07f02db64e806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harms, Craig A.","contributorId":59759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harms","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ottinger, Christopher A. 0000-0003-2551-1985 cottinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-1985","contributorId":2559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"Christopher","email":"cottinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blazer, Vicki S. 0000-0001-6647-9614 vblazer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":149414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"Vicki S.","email":"vblazer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Densmore, Christine L.","contributorId":18316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pieper, Laurence H.","contributorId":44876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pieper","given":"Laurence","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne","contributorId":18319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy-Stoskopf","given":"Suzanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022233,"text":"70022233 - 2000 - Unusual July 10, 1996, rock fall at Happy Isles, Yosemite National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T14:15:09.008525","indexId":"70022233","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unusual July 10, 1996, rock fall at Happy Isles, Yosemite National Park, California","docAbstract":"Effects of the July 10, 1996, rock fall at Happy Isles in Yosemite National Park, California, were unusual compared to most rock falls. Two main rock masses fell about 14 s apart from a 665-m-high cliff southeast of Glacier Point onto a talus slope above Happy Isles in the eastern part of Yosemite Valley. The two impacts were recorded by seismographs as much as 200 km away. Although the impact area of the rock falls was not particularly large, the falls generated an airblast and an abrasive dense sandy cloud that devastated a larger area downslope of the impact sites toward the Happy Isles Nature Center. Immediately downslope of the impacts, the airblast had velocities exceeding 110 m/s and toppled or snapped about 1000 trees. Even at distances of 0.5 km from impact, wind velocities snapped or toppled large trees, causing one fatality and several serious injuries beyond the Happy Isles Nature Center. A dense sandy cloud trailed the airblast and abraded fallen trunks and trees left standing. The Happy Isles rock fall is one of the few known worldwide to have generated an airblast and abrasive dense sandy cloud. The relatively high velocity of the rock fall at impact, estimated to be 110-120 m/s, influenced the severity and areal extent of the airblast at Happy Isles. Specific geologic and topographic conditions, typical of steep glaciated valleys and mountainous terrain, contributed to the rock-fall release and determined its travel path, resulting in a high velocity at impact that generated the devastating airblast and sandy cloud. The unusual effects of this rock fall emphasize the importance of considering collateral geologic hazards, such as airblasts from rock falls, in hazard assessment and planning development of mountainous areas.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<75:UJRFAH>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Wieczorek, G.F., Snyder, J., Waitt, R., Morrissey, M., Uhrhammer, R.A., Harp, E.L., Norris, R., Bursik, M., and Finewood, L., 2000, Unusual July 10, 1996, rock fall at Happy Isles, Yosemite National Park, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 1, p. 75-85, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<75:UJRFAH>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"85","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230291,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Happy Isles, Merced River, Yosemite National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.5698308944702,\n 37.72575282021744\n ],\n [\n -119.55661296844481,\n 37.72575282021744\n ],\n [\n -119.55661296844481,\n 37.73216792641496\n ],\n [\n -119.5698308944702,\n 37.73216792641496\n ],\n [\n -119.5698308944702,\n 37.72575282021744\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbcf8e4b08c986b328e79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, J.B.","contributorId":62229,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snyder","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waitt, R. B.","contributorId":78766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waitt","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morrissey, M.M.","contributorId":41477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrissey","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Uhrhammer, R. A.","contributorId":94158,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Uhrhammer","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harp, E. L.","contributorId":59026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Norris, R.D.","contributorId":45735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bursik, M.I.","contributorId":84218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bursik","given":"M.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Finewood, L.G.","contributorId":22631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finewood","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70022232,"text":"70022232 - 2000 - Characterizing Manatee habitat use and seagrass grazing in Florida and Puerto Rico: Implications for conservation and management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T15:36:02.215583","indexId":"70022232","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2984,"text":"Pacific Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing Manatee habitat use and seagrass grazing in Florida and Puerto Rico: Implications for conservation and management","docAbstract":"The Indian River Lagoon on the Atlantic coast of Florida, USA, and the east coast of Puerto Rico provide contrasting environments in which the endangered West Indian Manatee Trichechus manatus experiences different thermal regimes and seagrass communities. We compare Manatee feeding behaviour in these two regions, examine the ecological effects of Manatee grazing on a seagrass community in the Indian River Lagoon, describe the utility of aerial surveys, radio tracking, and seagrass mapping to study Manatee feeding patterns, and develop hypotheses on sirenian feeding strategies in temperate and tropical seagrass communities. In both the Indian River Lagoon and Puerto Rico, Manatees were typically observed grazing in water depths = 2.0 m and more frequently on the most abundant seagrasses present in the community: Halodule wrightii in the Indian River Lagoon and Thalassia testudinum in eastern Puerto Rico. Where both H. wrightii and Syringodium filiforme were consumed in the Indian River Lagoon, Manatees tended to remove more S. filiforme than H. wrightii rhizome + root biomass. Even though 80 to 95% of the short-shoot biomass and 50 to 67% of the rhizome + root biomass were removed, grazed patches of H. wrightii and S. filiforme recovered significantly between February and August. H. wrightii may be both more resistant and resilient than S. filiforme to the impacts of Manatee grazing. Despite the significantly greater abundance of T. testudinum in Puerto Rico, Manatees exhibited selective feeding by returning to specific sites with abundant H. wrightii. They also appeared to feed selectively on T. testudinum shoots associated with clumps of the calcareous alga Halimeda opuntia. We hypothesize that Florida Manatees are less specialized seagrass grazers than Manatees in tropical regions like Puerto Rico. Continued research on Manatee grazing ecology in temperate to tropical seagrass communities will enable better protection and management of these vital and unique marine resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/PC000289","issn":"10382097","usgsCitation":"Lefebvre, L., Reid, J., Kenworthy, W., and Powell, J.A., 2000, Characterizing Manatee habitat use and seagrass grazing in Florida and Puerto Rico: Implications for conservation and management: Pacific Conservation Biology, v. 5, no. 4, p. 289-298, https://doi.org/10.1071/PC000289.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"298","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230862,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Indian River Lagoon, Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.24685502704206,\n 27.659995443096804\n ],\n [\n -80.28320524463025,\n 25.358280112331073\n ],\n [\n -67.4486017620163,\n 17.582914321540265\n ],\n [\n -67.28439393987686,\n 17.93611074683737\n ],\n [\n -71.81768691494513,\n 24.630470200343936\n ],\n [\n -80.24685502704206,\n 27.659995443096804\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4ede4b0c8380cd4bfe4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lefebvre, L.W.","contributorId":78268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lefebvre","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, J.P. 0000-0002-8497-1132","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-1132","contributorId":59372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kenworthy, W.J.","contributorId":79656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenworthy","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Powell, J. A.","contributorId":69916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022231,"text":"70022231 - 2000 - Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T13:57:35.832482","indexId":"70022231","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912","docAbstract":"In June 1912, the world's largest twentieth century eruption broke out through flat-lying sedimentary rocks of Jurassic age near the base of Trident volcano on the Alaska Peninsula. The 60 h ash-flow and Plinian eruptive sequence excavated and subsequently backfilled with ejecta a flaring funnel-shaped vent since called Novarupta. The vent is adjacent to a cluster of late Quaternary stratocones and domes that have released about 140 km3 of magma in the past 150 k.y. Although the 1912 vent is closest to the Trident group and is also close to Mageik and Griggs volcanoes, it was the summit of Mount Katmai, 10 km east of Novarupta, that collapsed during the eruption to form a 5.5 km3 caldera. Many earthquakes, including 14 in the range M 6−7, took place during and after the eruption, releasing 250 times more seismic energy than the 1991 caldera-forming eruption of the Philippine volcano, Pinatubo. The contrast in seismic behavior may reflect the absence of older caldera faults at Mount Katmai, lack of upward (subsidence opposing) magma flow owing to lateral magma withdrawal in 1912, and the horizontally stratified structure of the thick shale-rich Mesozoic basement. The Katmai caldera compensates for only 40% of the 13 km3 of 1912 magma erupted, which included 7–8 km3 of slightly zoned high-silica rhyolite and 4.5 km3 of crystal-rich dacite that grades continuously into 1 km3 of crystal-rich andesite. We have now mapped, sampled, and studied the products of all 20 components of the Katmai volcanic cluster. Pyroxene dacite and silicic andesite predominate at all of them, and olivine andesite is also common at Griggs, Katmai, and Trident volcanoes, but basalt and rhyodacite have erupted only at Mount Katmai. Rhyolite erupted only in 1912 and is otherwise absent among Quaternary products of the cluster. Pleistocene products of Mageik and Trident and all products of Griggs are compositionally distinguishable from those of 1912 at Novarupta. Holocene products of Mount Martin and Trident are closer in composition to the andesite-dacite array of 1912, but they reveal consistent differences. The affinity of the 1912 suite is closest with the array of products erupted by the Southwest Katmai cone, the edifice that had produced the only pre-1912 rhyodacite as well as the largest prehistoric Plinian eruption in the cluster. It is doubtful that any 1912 magma had been stored beneath Novarupta or Trident, and there is no evidence that more than one magma chamber erupted in 1912. Despite a compositional gap separating the aphyric rhyolite from the very crystal-rich andesite-dacite continuum, isotopic and chemical affinities linking all the 1912 ejecta and the continuity of all those ejecta in magmatic temperature and oxygen fugacity suggest that the rhyolite originated principally by incremental upward expulsion of interstitial melt from subjacent andesite-dacite mush. A large reservoir of such hot crystal mush is required both as the residue of rhyolitic melt separation and as a proximate heat source to thermally sustain the nearly aphyric condition of the overlying rhyolite. A model is presented for a unitary zoned chamber beneath Mount Katmai.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1594:KVCATG>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, W., and Fierstein, J., 2000, Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 10, p. 1594-1620, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1594:KVCATG>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"1594","endPage":"1620","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Katmai volcanic cluster","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.0146484375,\n 54.380557368630654\n ],\n [\n -162.97119140625,\n 54.265224078605684\n ],\n [\n -159.58740234375,\n 54.635697306063854\n ],\n [\n -159.08203125,\n 54.6992335284814\n ],\n [\n -158.84033203125,\n 55.640398956687356\n ],\n [\n -158.203125,\n 56.04749958329888\n ],\n [\n -156.99462890624997,\n 56.49889156789072\n ],\n [\n -156.55517578125,\n 56.8249328650072\n ],\n [\n -155.93994140625,\n 57.350237477396824\n ],\n [\n -152.86376953125,\n 58.57398108438837\n ],\n [\n -151.94091796875,\n 58.722598828043374\n ],\n [\n -152.11669921875,\n 59.153403092050375\n ],\n [\n -152.02880859375,\n 59.77852198502987\n ],\n [\n -151.3916015625,\n 60.511343283202464\n ],\n [\n -151.5234375,\n 60.76989094827323\n ],\n [\n -150.97412109375,\n 61.18562468142281\n ],\n [\n -154.70947265625,\n 61.30190220337445\n ],\n [\n -154.75341796875,\n 60.27251459483244\n ],\n [\n -154.84130859375,\n 59.366793908532124\n ],\n [\n -155.91796874999997,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -156.24755859375,\n 58.33256713195789\n ],\n [\n -157.91748046875,\n 57.53941679447497\n ],\n [\n -158.73046875,\n 57.16007826737998\n ],\n [\n -159.14794921875,\n 56.8729956637964\n ],\n [\n -160.46630859375,\n 56.353077613860826\n ],\n [\n -160.64208984375,\n 56.108810038002154\n ],\n [\n -161.52099609375,\n 56.03522578369872\n ],\n [\n -162.24609375,\n 55.801280971180454\n ],\n [\n -162.70751953125,\n 55.441479359140686\n ],\n [\n -163.63037109375,\n 55.141209644495056\n ],\n [\n -164.64111328125,\n 54.95238569063361\n ],\n [\n -165.03662109375,\n 54.67383096593114\n ],\n [\n -165.0146484375,\n 54.380557368630654\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a406ae4b0c8380cd64d3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fierstein, J.","contributorId":67666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierstein","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022145,"text":"70022145 - 2000 - Potential seismic hazards and tectonics of the upper Cook Inlet basin, Alaska, based on analysis of Pliocene and younger deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-08T17:00:17.093999","indexId":"70022145","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential seismic hazards and tectonics of the upper Cook Inlet basin, Alaska, based on analysis of Pliocene and younger deformation","docAbstract":"The Cook Inlet basin is a northeast-trending forearc basin above the Aleutian subduction zone in southern Alaska. Folds in Cook Inlet are complex, discontinuous structures with variable shape and vergence that probably developed by right-transpressional deformation on oblique-slip faults extending downward into Mesozoic basement beneath the Tertiary basin. The most recent episode of deformation may have began as early as late Miocene time, but most of the deformation occurred after deposition of much of the Pliocene Sterling Formation. Deformation continued into Quaternary time, and many structures are probably still active. One structure, the Castle Mountain fault, has Holocene fault scarps, an adjacent anticline with flower structure, and historical seismicity. If other structures in Cook Inlet are active, blind faults coring fault-propagation folds may generate Mw 6–7+ earthquakes. Dextral transpression of Cook Inlet appears to have been driven by coupling between the North American and Pacific plates along the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone, and by lateral escape of the forearc to the southwest, due to collision and indentation of the Yakutat terrane 300 km to the east of the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1414:PSHATO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Haeussler, P.J., Bruhn, R.L., and Pratt, T.L., 2000, Potential seismic hazards and tectonics of the upper Cook Inlet basin, Alaska, based on analysis of Pliocene and younger deformation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 9, p. 1414-1429, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1414:PSHATO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1414","endPage":"1429","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.5,\n 60\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 60\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -152.5,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -152.5,\n 60\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f5de4b0c8380cd7aab1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruhn, Ronald L.","contributorId":179363,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bruhn","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13028,"text":"Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pratt, Thomas L. 0000-0003-3131-3141 tpratt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-3141","contributorId":3279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thomas","email":"tpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023105,"text":"70023105 - 2000 - Figurines, flint clay sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian acquisition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T17:50:07.927071","indexId":"70023105","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":700,"text":"American Antiquity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Figurines, flint clay sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian acquisition","docAbstract":"At the pinnacle of Eastern Woodlands’ prehistoric cultural development, Cahokia has been interpreted as a political and economic power participating in prestige-goods exchanges and trade networks stretching from the Great Plains to the South Atlantic. Among the more spectacular of the Cahokian elite artifacts were stone pipes and figurines made from a distinctive red stone previously identified as Arkansas bauxite. In this research, we used a combination of X-ray diffraction, sequential acid dissolution, and inductively coupled plasma analyses to establish the source of the raw material used in the manufacture of the red figurines and pipes that epitomize the Cahokian-style. Our research demonstrates that these objects were made of locally available flint clays. This finding, in conjunction with other evidence, indicate Cahokian exploitation of many mineral and stone resources focuses on the northern Ozark Highlands to the exclusion of other areas. These findings indicate that we must reassess the direction, extent, and role of Cahokian external contacts and trade in elite goods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.2307/2694809","issn":"00027316","usgsCitation":"Emerson, T., and Hughes, R., 2000, Figurines, flint clay sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian acquisition: American Antiquity, v. 65, no. 1, p. 79-101, https://doi.org/10.2307/2694809.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Cahokia, Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.07973670959473,\n 38.64503125499879\n ],\n [\n -90.05450248718262,\n 38.647913759372194\n ],\n [\n -90.04729270935059,\n 38.64777969197263\n ],\n [\n -90.04703521728516,\n 38.66560845398337\n ],\n [\n -90.05484580993652,\n 38.66580950493899\n ],\n [\n -90.06617546081543,\n 38.662726661586646\n ],\n [\n -90.08025169372559,\n 38.662592621908466\n ],\n [\n -90.07973670959473,\n 38.64503125499879\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1005e4b0c8380cd53ad2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emerson, T.E.","contributorId":30785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hughes, R.E.","contributorId":84497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022108,"text":"70022108 - 2000 - Coordinated strike-slip and normal faulting in the Southern Ozark dome of Northern Arkansas: Deformation in a late Paleozoic foreland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-21T16:38:06.303947","indexId":"70022108","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coordinated strike-slip and normal faulting in the Southern Ozark dome of Northern Arkansas: Deformation in a late Paleozoic foreland","docAbstract":"Structures that formed on the southern flank of the Ozark dome, in the foreland of the late Paleozoic Ouachita orogeny, have received little modern study. New mapping of the western Buffalo River region of northern Arkansas identifies diversely oriented faults and monoclinal folds that displace the generally flat lying Mississippian Boone Formation over a 180 m elevation range. Kinematic measurements and spatial relations reveal the presence of both east-striking normal faults and broader northeast-striking dextral strike-slip fault zones that acted in a coordinated fashion to accommodate constrictional strain, in which north-south extension was balanced by vertical and east-directed shortening. North-south extension in the Buffalo River region probably reflects Pennsylvanian-Early Permian deformation within the flexural forebulge of the developing Ouachita orogeny, which closed progressively westward along the southern margin of the craton.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<511:CSANFI>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Hudson, M., 2000, Coordinated strike-slip and normal faulting in the Southern Ozark dome of Northern Arkansas: Deformation in a late Paleozoic foreland: Geology, v. 28, no. 6, p. 511-514, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<511:CSANFI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"511","endPage":"514","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Ozark dome, Ozark Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.63623046875,\n 36.518465989675875\n ],\n [\n -94.449462890625,\n 35.45172093634465\n ],\n [\n -92.16430664062499,\n 35.44277092585766\n ],\n [\n -92.120361328125,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -94.63623046875,\n 36.518465989675875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbece4b0c8380cd4e037","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, M.R.","contributorId":68317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022081,"text":"70022081 - 2000 - Facies patterns and conodont biogeography in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands: Evidence against juxtaposition of these areas during early Paleozoic time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T16:52:27.381337","indexId":"70022081","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3097,"text":"Polarforschung","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Facies patterns and conodont biogeography in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands: Evidence against juxtaposition of these areas during early Paleozoic time","docAbstract":"Differences in lithofacies and biofacies suggest that lower Paleozoic rocks now exposed in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands did not form as part of a single depositional system. Lithologic contrasts are noted in shallow- and deep-water strata and are especially marked in Ordovician and Silurian rocks. A widespread intraplatform basin of Early and Middle Ordovician age in northern Alaska has no counterpart in the Canadian Arctic, and the regional drowning and backstepping of the Silurian shelf margin in Canada has no known parallel in northern Alaska. Lower Paleozoic basinal facies in northern Alaska are chiefly siliciclastic, whereas resedimented carbonates are volumetrically important in Canada. Micro- and macrofossil assemblages from northern Alaska contain elements typical of both Siberian and Laurentian biotic provinces; coeval Canadian Arctic assemblages contain Laurentian forms but lack Siberian species. Siberian affinities in northern Alaskan biotas persist from at least Middle Cambrian through Mississippian time and appear to decrease in intensity from present-day west to east. Our lithologic and biogeographic data are most compatible with the hypothesis that northern Alaska-Chukotka formed a discrete tectonic block situated between Siberia and Laurentia in early Paleozoic time. If Arctic Alaska was juxtaposed with the Canadian Arctic prior to opening of the Canada basin, biotic constraints suggest that such juxtaposition took place no earlier than late Paleozoic time.","language":"English","publisher":"Copernicus Publishing","doi":"10.2312/polarforschung.68.257","issn":"00322490","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., Harris, A., Bradley, D.C., and De Freitas, T.A., 2000, Facies patterns and conodont biogeography in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands: Evidence against juxtaposition of these areas during early Paleozoic time: Polarforschung, v. 68, no. 1-3, p. 257-266, https://doi.org/10.2312/polarforschung.68.257.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"266","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -164.53125,\n 68.39918004344189\n ],\n [\n -156.796875,\n 69.65708627301174\n ],\n [\n -133.2421875,\n 66.93006025862448\n ],\n [\n -93.8671875,\n 66.37275500247455\n ],\n [\n -78.3984375,\n 59.88893689676585\n ],\n [\n -62.9296875,\n 61.938950426660604\n ],\n [\n -59.4140625,\n 67.06743335108298\n ],\n [\n -75.9375,\n 74.49641311694307\n ],\n [\n -74.1796875,\n 78.63000556774836\n ],\n [\n -60.46875,\n 82.40242347938855\n ],\n [\n -65.0390625,\n 83.27770503961696\n ],\n [\n -77.34374999999999,\n 83.52016238353205\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 82.1183836069127\n ],\n [\n -107.22656249999999,\n 79.74993207509453\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 79.10508621944108\n ],\n [\n -126.21093749999999,\n 76.9999351181161\n ],\n [\n -131.1328125,\n 71.85622888185527\n ],\n [\n -137.109375,\n 70.49557354093136\n ],\n [\n -157.1484375,\n 72.39570570653261\n ],\n [\n -166.640625,\n 70.8446726342528\n ],\n [\n -164.53125,\n 68.39918004344189\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e8de4b0c8380cd534ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, A. G.","contributorId":39791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, D. C.","contributorId":17634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"De Freitas, T. A.","contributorId":40077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Freitas","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023107,"text":"70023107 - 2000 - Late-glacial environmental changes south of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine in the Eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70023107","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late-glacial environmental changes south of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine in the Eastern United States","docAbstract":"Palynological analyses of two sediment cores, one 2.4 m long from northern Delaware, dated about 16,300 to 14,700 14C yr B.P., and one 1.8 m long from New Jersey just south of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine and dated about 13,600 to 12,500 14C yr B.P., give the first detailed evidence of vegetation in this area during these periods. The overall assemblages are similar to each other, with Picea and Pinus dominating the arboreal pollen and Poaceae and Cyperaceae the herbaceous flora. Nonarboreal pollen contributes about 30-50% of the total, indicating a very open vegetation or a mix of forest patches and open areas. Especially in Delaware, there is a diversity of other herbaceous pollen, including members of the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Ranunculaceae. The assemblages do not resemble current North American tundra or boreal forest assemblages; rather, they resemble assemblages characteristic of tundra on recently exposed land surfaces north of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine. The persistence of the assemblages for 1500-2000 years in late-glacial time suggests stable and cold climate during this time of glacier retreat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2103","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Russell, E., and Stanford, S., 2000, Late-glacial environmental changes south of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine in the Eastern United States: Quaternary Research, v. 53, no. 1, p. 105-113, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2103.","startPage":"105","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208176,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2103"},{"id":233696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4568e4b0c8380cd672be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, E.W.B.","contributorId":26849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"E.W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanford, S.D.","contributorId":79932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanford","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000917,"text":"1000917 - 2000 - First record of Daphnia lumholtzi Sars in the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T13:08:12","indexId":"1000917","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First record of Daphnia lumholtzi Sars in the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Adults of the cladoceran Daphnia lumholtzi, native to Australia, Africa, and parts of Asia, were first collected in August 1999 in Lake Erie. Individuals were collected near East Harbor State Park, Lakeside, Ohio from vertical plankton net tows. The average number of D. lumholtzi that were found (0.03/L) indicate that D. lumholtzi is beginning to establish itself in Lake Erie. The morphology of this Daphnia differs greatly from native species because of its elongated head and tail spine. This sighting is important because it acknowledges yet another exotic invader into the Great Lakes basin and it also shows that this, normally, warm water species continues to expand its range northward.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(00)70698-8","usgsCitation":"Muzinic, C.J., 2000, First record of Daphnia lumholtzi Sars in the Great Lakes: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 26, no. 3, p. 352-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(00)70698-8.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"354","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muzinic, Christopher J.","contributorId":80628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muzinic","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022432,"text":"70022432 - 2000 - Sedimentary record of the 1872 earthquake and \"Tsunami\" at Owens Lake, southeast California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-09T16:53:47.042919","indexId":"70022432","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary record of the 1872 earthquake and \"Tsunami\" at Owens Lake, southeast California","docAbstract":"In 1872, a magnitude 7.5-7.7 earthquake vertically offset the Owens Valley fault by more than a meter. An eyewitness reported a large wave on the surface of Owens Lake, presumably initiated by the earthquake. Physical evidence of this event is found in cores and trenches from Owens Lake, including soft-sediment deformation and fault offsets. A graded pebbly sand truncates these features, possibly over most of the lake floor, reflecting the \"tsunami\" wave. Confirmation of the timing of the event is provided by abnormally high lead concentrations in the sediment immediately above and below these proposed earthquake deposits derived from lead-smelting plants that operated near the eastern lake margin from 1869-1876. The bottom velocity in the deepest part of the lake needed to transport the coarsest grain sizes in the graded pebbly sand provides an estimate of the minimum initial 'tsunami' wave height at 37 cm. This is less than the wave height calculated from long-wave numerical models (about 55 cm) using average fault displacement during the earthquake. Two other graded sand deposits associated with soft-sediment deformation in the Owens Lake record are less than 3000 years old, and are interpreted as evidence of older earthquake and tsunami events. Offsets of the Owens Valley fault elsewhere in the valley indicate that at least two additional large earthquakes occurred during the Holocene, which is consistent with our observations in this lacustrine record.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00075-0","usgsCitation":"Smoot, J.P., Litwin, R.J., Bischoff, J.L., and Lund, S.J., 2000, Sedimentary record of the 1872 earthquake and \"Tsunami\" at Owens Lake, southeast California: Sedimentary Geology, v. 135, no. 1-4, p. 241-254, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00075-0.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"254","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.00563477117456,\n 36.30357508327529\n ],\n [\n -117.92653700983921,\n 36.33829694859662\n ],\n [\n -117.86216779716645,\n 36.41998605745252\n ],\n [\n -117.85889478635244,\n 36.461675876228796\n ],\n [\n -117.88398786925893,\n 36.495011601608056\n ],\n [\n -117.94235656210648,\n 36.529209668731994\n ],\n [\n -118.00672577477923,\n 36.51474309985295\n ],\n [\n -118.04763840995274,\n 36.489749019442016\n ],\n [\n -118.0432743955343,\n 36.43754239526844\n ],\n [\n -118.0350918684995,\n 36.38793550772513\n ],\n [\n -118.02363633065093,\n 36.34356980259048\n ],\n [\n -118.0209088216395,\n 36.30577312819372\n ],\n [\n -118.00563477117456,\n 36.30357508327529\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"135","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a36e4b08c986b3170b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smoot, J. P.","contributorId":65878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Litwin, R. J.","contributorId":92284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litwin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lund, S. J.","contributorId":82185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022116,"text":"70022116 - 2000 - Late Albian Kiowa-Skull Creek marine transgression, lower Dakota Formation, eastern margin of Western Interior Seaway, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T20:00:30.130018","indexId":"70022116","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Albian Kiowa-Skull Creek marine transgression, lower Dakota Formation, eastern margin of Western Interior Seaway, U.S.A","docAbstract":"An integrated geochemical-sedimentological project is studying the paleoclimatic and paleogeographic characteristics of the mid-Cretaceous greenhouse world of western North America. A critical part of this project, required to establish a temporal framework, is a stratigraphic study of depositional relationships between the Albian-Cenomanian Dakota and the Upper Albian Kiowa formations of the eastern margin of the Western Interior Seaway (WIS). Palynostratigraphic and sedimentologic analyses provide criteria for the Dakota Formation to be divided into three sedimentary sequences bounded by unconformities (D0, D1, and D2) that are recognized from western Iowa to westernmost Kansas. The lowest of these sequences, defined by unconformities D0 and D1, is entirely Upper Albian, and includes the largely nonmarine basal Dakota (lower part of the Nishnabotna Member) strata in western Iowa and eastern Nebraska and the marine Kiowa Formation to the southwest in Kansas. The gravel-rich fluvial deposits of the basal part of the Nishnabotna Member of the Dakota Formation correlate with transgressive marine shales of the Kiowa Formation. This is a critical relationship to establish because of the need to correlate between marine and nonmarine strata that contain both geochronologic and paleoclimatic proxy data.
The basal gravel facies (up to 40 m thick in western Iowa) aggraded in incised valleys during the Late Albian Kiowa-Skull Creek marine transgression. In southeastern Nebraska, basal gravels intertongue with carbonaceous mudrocks that contain diverse assemblages of Late Albian palynomorphs, including marine dinoflagellates and acritarchs. This palynomorph assemblage is characterized by occurrences of palynomorph taxa not known to range above the Albian Kiowa-Skull Creek depositional cycle elsewhere in the Western Interior, and correlates to the lowest of four generalized palynostratographic units that are comparable to other palynological sequences elsewhere in North America.
Tidal rhythmites in mudrocks at the Ash Grove Cement Quarry in Louisville (Cass County), Nebraska record well-developed diurnal and semimonthly tidal cycles, and moderately well developed semiannual cycles. These tidal rhythmites are interpreted to have accumulated during rising sea level at the head of a paleoestuary that experienced at least occasional mesotidal conditions. This scenario places the gravel-bearing lower part of the Nishnabotna Member of the Dakota Formation in the mouth of an incised valley of an Upper Albian transgressive systems tract deposited along a tidally influenced coast. Furthermore, it provides a depositional setting consistent with the biostratigraphic correlation of the lower part of the Nishnabotna Member of the Dakota Formation to the marine Kiowa Formation of Kansas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.1306/2DC4093E-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D","issn":"15271404","usgsCitation":"Brenner, R.L., Ludvigson, G.A., Witzke, B., Zawistoski, A., Kvale, E., Ravn, R., and Joeckel, R.M., 2000, Late Albian Kiowa-Skull Creek marine transgression, lower Dakota Formation, eastern margin of Western Interior Seaway, U.S.A: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 70, no. 4, p. 868-878, https://doi.org/10.1306/2DC4093E-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"868","endPage":"878","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.41326904296874,\n 42.48222557002593\n ],\n [\n -95.21026611328125,\n 42.48425110546248\n ],\n [\n -95.21575927734375,\n 43.50274467820439\n ],\n [\n -96.60552978515625,\n 43.50075243569041\n ],\n [\n -96.59454345703125,\n 43.48082639482503\n ],\n [\n -96.61651611328125,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -96.60552978515625,\n 43.43497155337347\n ],\n [\n -96.580810546875,\n 43.42898792344155\n ],\n [\n -96.5478515625,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -96.52862548828125,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -96.53411865234375,\n 43.345154990451135\n ],\n [\n -96.53411865234375,\n 43.31118965238512\n ],\n [\n -96.59454345703125,\n 43.313188139196406\n ],\n [\n -96.59454345703125,\n 43.27320591705845\n ],\n [\n -96.5643310546875,\n 43.25520534158046\n ],\n [\n -96.580810546875,\n 43.241201214257885\n ],\n [\n -96.57257080078125,\n 43.22118973298753\n ],\n [\n -96.53961181640625,\n 43.22118973298753\n ],\n [\n -96.51214599609375,\n 43.2151850073567\n ],\n [\n -96.48468017578125,\n 43.22118973298753\n ],\n [\n -96.47369384765625,\n 43.159112387154174\n ],\n [\n -96.45172119140624,\n 43.12905229628564\n ],\n [\n -96.48193359375,\n 43.09897742494981\n ],\n [\n -96.46270751953125,\n 43.08293145035436\n ],\n [\n -96.52862548828125,\n 43.052833917627936\n ],\n [\n -96.50665283203124,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -96.536865234375,\n 42.98656732912335\n ],\n [\n -96.52587890625,\n 42.96446257387128\n ],\n [\n -96.55059814453125,\n 42.93430692117159\n ],\n [\n -96.55059814453125,\n 42.896088552971065\n ],\n [\n -96.56982421875,\n 42.84777884235988\n ],\n [\n -96.61102294921875,\n 42.80144655484334\n ],\n [\n -96.64947509765625,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -96.6412353515625,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -96.6522216796875,\n 42.73087427928485\n ],\n [\n -96.62750244140625,\n 42.696567309696974\n ],\n [\n -96.59454345703125,\n 42.68041629144619\n ],\n [\n -96.53961181640625,\n 42.62991729384455\n ],\n [\n -96.5093994140625,\n 42.5733097370664\n ],\n [\n -96.49566650390625,\n 42.54296310520116\n ],\n [\n -96.50665283203124,\n 42.51867517417283\n ],\n [\n -96.48193359375,\n 42.49032731830467\n ],\n [\n -96.41326904296874,\n 42.48222557002593\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4544e4b0c8380cd67188","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brenner, Richard L.","contributorId":94457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brenner","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13387,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game - Commercial Fisheries, P.O. Box 669, Cordova, AK 99574","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludvigson, Greg A.","contributorId":80803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludvigson","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Witzke, B.J.","contributorId":12976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzke","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zawistoski, A.N.","contributorId":76901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zawistoski","given":"A.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kvale, E.P.","contributorId":76076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvale","given":"E.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ravn, R.L.","contributorId":39155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ravn","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Joeckel, R. M.","contributorId":37103,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Joeckel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70023196,"text":"70023196 - 2000 - A new ichnospecies of Nereites from carboniferous tidal-flat facies of eastern Kansas, USA: Implications for the Nereites-Neonereites debate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-30T16:43:26.557719","indexId":"70023196","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A new ichnospecies of Nereites from carboniferous tidal-flat facies of eastern Kansas, USA: Implications for the Nereites-Neonereites debate","title":"A new ichnospecies of Nereites from carboniferous tidal-flat facies of eastern Kansas, USA: Implications for the Nereites-Neonereites debate","docAbstract":"Predominantly horizontal, gently curved to slightly sinuous traces constituting uniserial rows of imbricated, subspherical sediment pads occur in Pennsylvanian tidal-flat facies of eastern Kansas. These traces exhibit a complex, actively filled internal structure. The presence of a median tunnel enveloped by overlapping pads of reworked sediment indicates that these biogenic structures should be included in the ichnogenus Nereites MacLeay in Murchison, 1839. A new ichnospecies, N. imbricata, is erected. Externally, Nereites imbricata differs from the other Nereites ichnospecies by the large, tightly packed, imbricated pads that commonly result in an annulated appearance on bedding-planes. Internally, obliquely arranged, arcuate laminae envelope the median tunnel and tend to follow the outline of the external semispherical pads. Additionally, the behavioral pattern reflected by N. imbricata is less specialized than that of the other Nereites ichnospecies. Eione monoliformis Tate, 1859 resembles N. imbricata in general appearence, but lack the diagnostic Nereites internal structure, and is invariably preserved as positive epireliefs. Occurrence of Nereites imbricata as both median tunnels surrounded by reworked sediment (Nereites preservation) and uniserial rows of imbricated sediment pads (Neonereites preservation) supports the notion that Neonereites Seilacher, 1960 is a preservational variant of Nereites. The ichnogenus Nereites is an eurybathic form and is a common component of Paleozoic shallow-marine facies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<0149:ANIONF>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Mangano, M., Buatois, L., Maples, C., and West, R., 2000, A new ichnospecies of Nereites from carboniferous tidal-flat facies of eastern Kansas, USA: Implications for the Nereites-Neonereites debate: Journal of Paleontology, v. 74, no. 1, p. 149-157, https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<0149:ANIONF>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"157","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.54736328125,\n 39.99395569397331\n ],\n [\n -98.50341796875,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -94.6142578125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -94.58129882812499,\n 39.18969082109678\n ],\n [\n -94.779052734375,\n 39.2832938689385\n ],\n [\n -95.042724609375,\n 39.554883059924016\n ],\n [\n -94.866943359375,\n 39.757879992021756\n ],\n [\n -94.910888671875,\n 39.90130858574735\n ],\n [\n -95.33935546875,\n 40.019201307686785\n ],\n [\n -98.54736328125,\n 39.99395569397331\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a3e4b0c8380cd467c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangano, M.G.","contributorId":7432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangano","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buatois, L.A.","contributorId":40740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buatois","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maples, C.G.","contributorId":7425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maples","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"West, R.R.","contributorId":37491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022185,"text":"70022185 - 2000 - Paleogene strata of the Eastern Los Angeles basin, California: Paleogeography and constraints on neogene structural evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T13:33:32.014754","indexId":"70022185","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleogene strata of the Eastern Los Angeles basin, California: Paleogeography and constraints on neogene structural evolution","docAbstract":"Post-Paleogene dextral slip of 8–9 km is demonstrated for the southeastern part of the Whittier fault zone in the eastern Los Angeles basin area of southern California. A linear axis of greatest thickness for the combined upper Paleocene and lower to lower-middle Eocene clastic formations intersects the fault zone and is offset by it to give the new measure. Fragmentary evidence hints that the Whittier structural zone may have exerted control on bathymetric-topographic relief and sedimentation even in latest Paleocene (ca. 54 Ma). A clear topographic influence was exerted by 20–17 Ma. Strike-slip and present deformational style is younger than ca. 8 Ma.
Our Paleogene isopach map extends as far west as long 117°58′W and is a foundation for companion zonal maps of predominant lithology and depositional environments. Integration of new palynological data with published biostratigraphic results and both new and published lithologic and sedimentological interpretations support the zonal maps. Reconstruction of marine-nonmarine facies and fragmented basin margins yields a model for the northeastern corner of a Paleogene coastal basin.
Palinspastic adjustment for the Neogene–Quaternary Whittier fault offset and a reasoned westerly extension of the northern edge of the basin model yield a reconstruction of Paleogene paleogeography-paleoceanography. Our reconstruction is based partly on the absence of both Paleocene and Eocene deposits beneath the unconformable base of the middle Miocene Topanga Group in a region nowhere less than 15 km wide between the Raymond–Sierra Madre–Cucamonga fault zone and the northern edge of the Paleocene basin. Thus, Paleogene strata of the Santa Monica Mountains could not have been offset from the northern extension of the Santa Ana Mountains by sinistral slip on those boundary faults. Structural rearrangements needed to accommodate the clockwise rotation of the western Transverse Ranges from the early Miocene starting position are thereby fixed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1155:PSOTEL>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"McCulloh, T.H., Beyer, L.A., and Enrico, R., 2000, Paleogene strata of the Eastern Los Angeles basin, California: Paleogeography and constraints on neogene structural evolution: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 8, p. 1155-1178, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1155:PSOTEL>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1155","endPage":"1178","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Los Angeles basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.641357421875,\n 33.08693925905123\n ],\n [\n -117.1746826171875,\n 33.08693925905123\n ],\n [\n -117.1746826171875,\n 34.42503613021332\n ],\n [\n -118.641357421875,\n 34.42503613021332\n ],\n [\n -118.641357421875,\n 33.08693925905123\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73eae4b0c8380cd7730d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCulloh, T. H.","contributorId":106494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloh","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beyer, L. A.","contributorId":63403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Enrico, R.J.","contributorId":40372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enrico","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023174,"text":"70023174 - 2000 - Triggered surface slips in the Coachella Valley area associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and Landers, California, Earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T18:30:32.663565","indexId":"70023174","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Triggered surface slips in the Coachella Valley area associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and Landers, California, Earthquakes","docAbstract":"T
he Coachella Valley area was strongly shaken by the 1992 Joshua Tree (23 April) and Landers (28 June) earthquakes, and both events caused triggered slip on active faults within the area. Triggered slip associated with the Joshua Tree earthquake was on a newly recognized fault, the East Wide Canyon fault, near the southwestern edge of the Little San Bernardino Mountains. Slip associated with the Landers earthquake formed along the San Andreas fault in the southeastern Coachella Valley.
Surface fractures formed along the East Wide Canyon fault in association with the Joshua Tree earthquake. The fractures extended discontinuously over a 1.5-km stretch of the fault, near its southern end. Sense of slip was consistently right-oblique, west side down, similar to the long-term style of faulting. Measured offset values were small, with right-lateral and vertical components of slip ranging from 1 to 6 mm and 1 to 4 mm, respectively. This is the first documented historic slip on the East Wide Canyon fault, which was first mapped only months before the Joshua Tree earthquake. Surface slip associated with the Joshua Tree earthquake most likely developed as triggered slip given its 5 km distance from the Joshua Tree epicenter and aftershocks. As revealed in a trench investigation, slip formed in an area with only a thin (<3 m thick) veneer of alluvium in contrast to earlier documented triggered slip events in this region, all in the deep basins of the Salton Trough.
A paleoseismic trench study in an area of 1992 surface slip revealed evidence of two and possibly three surface faulting events on the East Wide Canyon fault during the late Quaternary, probably latest Pleistocene (first event) and mid- to late Holocene (second two events).
About two months after the Joshua Tree earthquake, the Landers earthquake then triggered slip on many faults, including the San Andreas fault in the southeastern Coachella Valley. Surface fractures associated with this event formed discontinuous breaks over a 54-km-long stretch of the fault, from the Indio Hills southeastward to Durmid Hill. Sense of slip was right-lateral; only locally was there a minor (∼1 mm) vertical component of slip. Measured dextral displacement values ranged from 1 to 20 mm, with the largest amounts found in the Mecca Hills where large slip values have been measured following past triggered-slip events.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0119980130","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Rymer, M.J., 2000, Triggered surface slips in the Coachella Valley area associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and Landers, California, Earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 4, p. 832-848, https://doi.org/10.1785/0119980130.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"832","endPage":"848","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coachella Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.0980224609375,\n 33.410809551114305\n ],\n [\n -116.0211181640625,\n 33.394759218577995\n ],\n [\n -116.04034423828125,\n 33.458942753687644\n ],\n [\n -116.05682373046875,\n 33.47727218776036\n ],\n [\n -116.026611328125,\n 33.50475906922609\n ],\n [\n -115.95794677734375,\n 33.51391942394942\n ],\n [\n -115.83160400390626,\n 33.44060944370356\n ],\n [\n -115.87554931640624,\n 33.5459730276919\n ],\n [\n -115.894775390625,\n 33.612331963363935\n ],\n [\n -115.97167968750001,\n 33.69006708322201\n ],\n [\n -116.0980224609375,\n 33.80197351806589\n ],\n [\n -116.21063232421875,\n 33.884097379274905\n ],\n [\n -116.34246826171874,\n 33.93652406150093\n ],\n [\n -116.45507812500001,\n 33.98664113654014\n ],\n [\n -116.58416748046875,\n 34.016241889667015\n ],\n [\n -116.64184570312501,\n 33.957030069982316\n ],\n [\n -116.68579101562499,\n 33.957030069982316\n ],\n [\n -116.69677734375,\n 33.91373381431625\n ],\n [\n -116.60888671874999,\n 33.87269600798948\n ],\n [\n -116.57592773437499,\n 33.8362013852728\n ],\n [\n -116.54022216796875,\n 33.758598560812004\n ],\n [\n -116.51550292968749,\n 33.78371305547283\n ],\n [\n -116.4715576171875,\n 33.770015152780125\n ],\n [\n -116.4111328125,\n 33.71977077483141\n ],\n [\n -116.4111328125,\n 33.678639851675555\n ],\n [\n -116.34796142578125,\n 33.715201644740844\n ],\n [\n -116.32049560546875,\n 33.71291698851023\n ],\n [\n -116.31500244140626,\n 33.660353121928814\n ],\n [\n -116.28753662109375,\n 33.65806700735442\n ],\n [\n -116.290283203125,\n 33.5963189611327\n ],\n [\n -116.2298583984375,\n 33.56199537293026\n ],\n [\n -116.1968994140625,\n 33.48185394054361\n ],\n [\n -116.0980224609375,\n 33.410809551114305\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb852e4b08c986b3277cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rymer, M. J.","contributorId":90694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023152,"text":"70023152 - 2000 - Lava bubble-wall fragments formed by submarine hydrovolcanic explosions on Lō'ihi Seamount and Kīlauea Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T13:51:00.268735","indexId":"70023152","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lava bubble-wall fragments formed by submarine hydrovolcanic explosions on Lō'ihi Seamount and Kīlauea Volcano","docAbstract":"Glassy bubble-wall fragments, morphologically similar to littoral limu o Pele, have been found in volcanic sands erupted on Lō'ihi Seamount and along the submarine east rift zone of Kīlauea Volcano. The limu o Pele fragments are undegassed with respect to H2O and S and formed by mild steam explosions. Angular glass sand fragments apparently form at similar, and greater, depths by cooling-contraction granulation. The limu o Pele fragments from Lō'ihi Seamount are dominantly tholeiitic basalt containing 6.25–7.25% MgO. None of the limu o Pele samples from Lō'ihi Seamount contains less than 5.57% MgO, suggesting that higher viscosity magmas do not form lava bubbles. The dissolved CO2 and H2O contents of 7 of the limu o Pele fragments indicate eruption at 1200±300 m depth (120±30 bar). These pressures exceed that generally thought to limit steam explosions. We conclude that hydrovolcanic eruptions are possible, with appropriate pre-mixing conditions, at pressures as great as 120 bar.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/PL00008910","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., Davis, A.S., Bischoff, J.L., Dixon, J., and Geyer, R., 2000, Lava bubble-wall fragments formed by submarine hydrovolcanic explosions on Lō'ihi Seamount and Kīlauea Volcano: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 61, no. 7, p. 437-449, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00008910.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"449","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano, Lō'ihi Seamount","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.2749252319336,\n 19.393420210896526\n ],\n [\n -155.2665138244629,\n 19.402163734150218\n ],\n [\n -155.2587890625,\n 19.407021044033193\n ],\n [\n -155.25466918945312,\n 19.409449644577496\n ],\n [\n -155.25054931640625,\n 19.410421074639856\n ],\n [\n -155.24780273437497,\n 19.408963927370102\n ],\n [\n -155.24110794067383,\n 19.409449644577496\n ],\n [\n -155.23921966552734,\n 19.41139249889879\n ],\n [\n -155.23956298828125,\n 19.413497231549684\n ],\n [\n -155.24127960205078,\n 19.41414483611448\n ],\n [\n -155.24351119995117,\n 19.41900178811697\n ],\n [\n -155.24831771850586,\n 19.42321102911835\n ],\n [\n -155.25535583496094,\n 19.428715256672362\n ],\n [\n -155.26016235351562,\n 19.43049599624706\n ],\n [\n -155.2690887451172,\n 19.43049599624706\n ],\n [\n -155.27320861816406,\n 19.43195295046888\n ],\n [\n -155.27990341186523,\n 19.4303341116379\n ],\n [\n -155.28745651245117,\n 19.421915889653373\n ],\n [\n -155.29518127441403,\n 19.41673522857577\n ],\n [\n -155.29552459716797,\n 19.41317342829992\n ],\n [\n -155.29809951782227,\n 19.411716305695418\n ],\n [\n -155.29294967651367,\n 19.39860161472401\n ],\n [\n -155.28470993041992,\n 19.397306279233554\n ],\n [\n -155.2749252319336,\n 19.393420210896526\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.3631591796875,\n 18.872503842809966\n ],\n [\n -155.2045440673828,\n 18.872503842809966\n ],\n [\n -155.2045440673828,\n 19.0082426940534\n ],\n [\n -155.3631591796875,\n 19.0082426940534\n ],\n [\n -155.3631591796875,\n 18.872503842809966\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a458be4b0c8380cd673ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dixon, J.E.","contributorId":53093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Geyer, R.","contributorId":10960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geyer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022903,"text":"70022903 - 2000 - Sequence stratigraphy of the Aux Vases Sandstone: A major oil producer in the Illinois basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T18:04:28.477411","indexId":"70022903","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sequence stratigraphy of the Aux Vases Sandstone: A major oil producer in the Illinois basin","docAbstract":"The Aux Vases Sandstone (Mississippian) has contributed between 10 and 25% of all the oil produced in Illinois. The Aux Vases is not only an important oil reservoir but is also an important source of groundwater, quarrying stone, and fluorspar. Using sequence stratigraphy, a more accurate stratigraphic interpretation of this economically important formation can be discerned and thereby enable more effective exploration for the resources contained therein. Previous studies have assumed that the underlying Spar Mountain, Karnak, and Joppa formations interfingered with the Aux Vases, as did the overlying Renault Limestone. This study demonstrates that these formations instead are separated by sequence boundaries; therefore, they are not genetically related to each other. A result of this sequence stratigraphic approach is the identification of incised valleys, paleotopography, and potential new hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Spar Mountain and Aux Vases. In eastern Illinois, the Aux Vases is bounded by sequence boundaries with 20 ft (6 m) of relief. The Aux Vases oil reservoir facies was deposited as a tidally influenced siliciclastic wedge that prograded over underlying carbonate-rich sediments. The Aux Vases sedimentary succession consists of offshore sediment overlain by intertidal and supratidal sediments. Low-permeability shales and carbonates typically surround the Aux Vases reservoir sandstone and thereby form numerous bypassed compartments from which additional oil can be recovered. The potential for new significant oil fields within the Aux Vases is great, as is the potential for undrained reservoir compartments within existing Aux Vases fields.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/C9EBCE05-1735-11D7-8645000102C1865D","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"Leetaru, H., 2000, Sequence stratigraphy of the Aux Vases Sandstone: A major oil producer in the Illinois basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 84, no. 3, p. 399-422, https://doi.org/10.1306/C9EBCE05-1735-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"422","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.2911376953125,\n 38.453588708941375\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 38.315801006824984\n ],\n [\n -90.3680419921875,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n -90.2471923828125,\n 38.095659755295614\n ],\n [\n -90.0054931640625,\n 37.94852933714952\n ],\n [\n -89.9176025390625,\n 37.94852933714952\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 37.792422407988575\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 37.74465712069939\n ],\n [\n -89.53857421875,\n 37.67947293019486\n ],\n [\n -89.53857421875,\n 37.53586597792038\n ],\n [\n -89.439697265625,\n 37.4356124041315\n ],\n [\n -89.439697265625,\n 37.35705927979369\n ],\n [\n -89.5440673828125,\n 37.28716518793858\n ],\n [\n -89.373779296875,\n 37.03325468997236\n ],\n [\n -89.2913818359375,\n 36.97183825093165\n ],\n [\n -89.20898437499999,\n 37.01132594307015\n ],\n [\n -89.1265869140625,\n 37.10338413422305\n ],\n [\n -89.0167236328125,\n 37.199706196161735\n ],\n [\n -88.9398193359375,\n 37.21720611325497\n ],\n [\n -88.7310791015625,\n 37.13404537126446\n ],\n [\n -88.626708984375,\n 37.112145754751516\n ],\n [\n -88.57177734375,\n 37.06394430056685\n ],\n [\n -88.4674072265625,\n 37.068327517596586\n ],\n [\n -88.4014892578125,\n 37.15156050223665\n ],\n [\n -88.494873046875,\n 37.278423856453706\n ],\n [\n -88.44543457031249,\n 37.400710068740565\n ],\n [\n -88.4014892578125,\n 37.40943717748788\n ],\n [\n -88.363037109375,\n 37.374522644077246\n ],\n [\n -88.319091796875,\n 37.41816326969145\n ],\n [\n -88.165283203125,\n 37.461778479617465\n ],\n [\n -88.04443359375,\n 37.48793540168987\n ],\n [\n -88.1268310546875,\n 37.592471511019085\n ],\n [\n -88.143310546875,\n 37.65773212628272\n ],\n [\n -88.00048828124999,\n 37.783740105227224\n ],\n [\n -88.00048828124999,\n 37.913867495923746\n ],\n [\n -87.90710449218749,\n 38.16911413556086\n ],\n [\n -87.9400634765625,\n 38.225235239076824\n ],\n [\n -87.8192138671875,\n 38.27700093565902\n ],\n [\n -87.6324462890625,\n 38.50089258896462\n ],\n [\n -87.5885009765625,\n 38.62974534092597\n ],\n [\n -87.462158203125,\n 38.698372305893294\n ],\n [\n -87.5830078125,\n 38.86109762182888\n ],\n [\n -87.82470703125,\n 38.826870521380634\n ],\n [\n -87.95654296875,\n 39.44043541908485\n ],\n [\n -88.2696533203125,\n 39.854937988531276\n ],\n [\n -88.9947509765625,\n 39.854937988531276\n ],\n [\n -89.5770263671875,\n 39.74521015328692\n ],\n [\n -89.813232421875,\n 39.42770738465604\n ],\n [\n -89.8516845703125,\n 39.11727568585598\n ],\n [\n -90.1153564453125,\n 38.83542884007305\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 38.71551876930462\n ],\n [\n -90.186767578125,\n 38.62116234642254\n ],\n [\n -90.252685546875,\n 38.565347844885466\n ],\n [\n -90.2911376953125,\n 38.453588708941375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d4de4b08c986b318330","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leetaru, H.E.","contributorId":47123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leetaru","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022253,"text":"70022253 - 2000 - Photographic evaluation of the impacts of bottom fishing on benthic epifauna","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T12:31:56","indexId":"70022253","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1936,"text":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photographic evaluation of the impacts of bottom fishing on benthic epifauna","docAbstract":"The gravel sediment habitat on the northern edge of Georges Bank (East coast of North America) is an important nursery area for juvenile fish, and the site of a productive scallop fishery. During two cruises to this area in 1994 we made photographic transects at sites of varying depths that experience varying degrees of disturbance from otter trawling and scallop dredging. Differences between sites were quantified by analyzing videos and still photographs of the sea bottom. Videos were analyzed for sediment types and organism abundance. In the still photos, the percentages of the bottom covered by bushy, plant-like organisms and colonial worm tubes (Filograna implexa) were determined, as was the presence/absence of encrusting bryozoa. Non-colonial organisms were also identified as specifically as possible and sediment type was quantified. Significant differences between disturbed and undisturbed areas were found for the variables measured in the still photos; colonial epifaunal species were conspicuously less abundant at disturbed sites. Results from the videos and still photos were generally consistent although less detail was visible in the videos. Emergent colonial epifauna provide a complex habitat for shrimp, polychaetes, brittle stars and small fish at undisturbed sites. Bottom fishing removes this epifauna, thereby reducing the complexity and species diversity of the benthic community. (C) 2000 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jmsc.2000.0584","issn":"10543139","usgsCitation":"Collie, J., Escanero, G., and Valentine, P.C., 2000, Photographic evaluation of the impacts of bottom fishing on benthic epifauna: ICES Journal of Marine Science, v. 57, no. 4, p. 987-1001, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0584.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"987","endPage":"1001","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487316,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0584","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Georges Bank","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n 39.40648882684979\n ],\n [\n -66.55517578125,\n 39.40648882684979\n ],\n [\n -66.55517578125,\n 42.34636533160187\n ],\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n 42.34636533160187\n ],\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n 39.40648882684979\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a20e4b0c8380cd78d47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collie, J.S.","contributorId":102217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collie","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Escanero, G.A.","contributorId":76477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escanero","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valentine, P. C.","contributorId":46505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022302,"text":"70022302 - 2000 - Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. II. Convolution method and applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022302","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. II. Convolution method and applications","docAbstract":"In this second of two papers, analytical step-response functions, developed in the companion paper for several cases of transient hydraulic interaction between a fully penetrating stream and a confined, leaky, or water-table aquifer, are used in the convolution integral to calculate aquifer heads, streambank seepage rates, and bank storage that occur in response to streamstage fluctuations and basinwide recharge or evapotranspiration. Two computer programs developed on the basis of these step-response functions and the convolution integral are applied to the analysis of hydraulic interaction of two alluvial stream-aquifer systems in the northeastern and central United States. These applications demonstrate the utility of the analytical functions and computer programs for estimating aquifer and streambank hydraulic properties, recharge rates, streambank seepage rates, and bank storage. Analysis of the water-table aquifer adjacent to the Blackstone River in Massachusetts suggests that the very shallow depth of water table and associated thin unsaturated zone at the site cause the aquifer to behave like a confined aquifer (negligible specific yield). This finding is consistent with previous studies that have shown that the effective specific yield of an unconfined aquifer approaches zero when the capillary fringe, where sediment pores are saturated by tension, extends to land surface. Under this condition, the aquifer's response is determined by elastic storage only. Estimates of horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, specific storage, and recharge for a water-table aquifer adjacent to the Cedar River in eastern Iowa, determined by the use of analytical methods, are in close agreement with those estimated by use of a more complex, multilayer numerical model of the aquifer. Streambank leakance of the semipervious streambank materials also was estimated for the site. The streambank-leakance parameter may be considered to be a general (or lumped) parameter that accounts not only for the resistance of flow at the river-aquifer boundary, but also for the effects of partial penetration of the river and other near-stream flow phenomena not included in the theoretical development of the step-response functions.Analytical step-response functions, developed for several cases of transient hydraulic interaction between a fully penetrating stream and a confined, leaky, or water-table aquifer, are used in the convolution integral to calculate aquifer heads, streambank seepage rates, and bank storage that occur in response to stream-stage fluctuations and basinwide recharge or evapotranspiration. Two computer programs developed on the basis of these step-response functions and the convolution integral are applied to the analysis of hydraulic interaction of two alluvial stream-aquifer systems. These applications demonstrate the utility of the analytical functions and computer programs for estimating aquifer and streambank seepage rates and bank storage.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00176-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Barlow, P.M., DeSimone, L., and Moench, A., 2000, Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. II. Convolution method and applications: Journal of Hydrology, v. 230, no. 3-4, p. 211-229, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00176-1.","startPage":"211","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206790,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00176-1"},{"id":230789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"230","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed1fe4b0c8380cd49641","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeSimone, L.A.","contributorId":79132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moench, A.F.","contributorId":91495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022840,"text":"70022840 - 2000 - Risk factors associated with capture-related death in eastern wild turkey hens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-19T16:01:46.749771","indexId":"70022840","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Risk factors associated with capture-related death in eastern wild turkey hens","docAbstract":"Capture-related mortality has been a notable risk in the handling of eastern wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris). Our objective was to evaluate how environmental factors influence risk and identify physiological correlates that could be used to identify susceptible birds. During winter (January–March) 1995–97, 130 eastern wild turkey hens were captured in southeastern Oklahoma and radiocollared. Of those, 20 hens died ≤14 days of capture. Serum creatine kinase activity (CK; P < 0.01), body temperature (P < 0.01), processing time (P = 0.02), and ambient temperature (P < 0.01) showed a positive relationship with mortality that occurred within 14 days of capture. Plasma corticosterone concentration (P = 0.08) and relative humidity (P < 0.01) showed a negative relationship with mortalities that occurred within 14 days post-capture. Stepwise logistic regression selected CK activity, relative humidity, and ambient temperature as the best predictors of mortality within 14 days post-capture. Our data suggest that susceptible individuals may be identified from CK activity and that capture-related mortality may be minimized by establishing guidelines of when to curtail capture operations based on various weather conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.308","issn":"00903558","usgsCitation":"Nicholson, D., Lochmiller, R., Stewart, M., Masters, R., and Leslie, D., 2000, Risk factors associated with capture-related death in eastern wild turkey hens: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 36, no. 2, p. 308-315, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.308.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"308","endPage":"315","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.308","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233574,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahhoma","county":"Pushmataha County","otherGeospatial":"Pushmataha Wildlife Management Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.38003921508788,\n 34.587008201641936\n ],\n [\n -95.34579277038574,\n 34.587008201641936\n ],\n [\n -95.34579277038574,\n 34.60467167644892\n ],\n [\n -95.38003921508788,\n 34.60467167644892\n ],\n [\n -95.38003921508788,\n 34.587008201641936\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad95e4b0c8380cd86f1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholson, D.S.","contributorId":48356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lochmiller, R.L.","contributorId":68061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lochmiller","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, M.D.","contributorId":30612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Masters, R.E.","contributorId":49146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masters","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022771,"text":"70022771 - 2000 - A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T16:26:35.337864","indexId":"70022771","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States","docAbstract":"Simulated daily precipitation, temperature, and runoff time series were compared in three mountainous basins in the United States: (1) the Animas River basin in Colorado, (2) the East Fork of the Carson River basin in Nevada and California, and (3) the Cle Elum River basin in Washington State. Two methods of climate scenario generation were compared: delta change and statistical downscaling. The delta change method uses differences between simulated current and future climate conditions from the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research (HadCM2) General Circulation Model (GCM) added to observed time series of climate variables. A statistical downscaling (SDS) model was developed for each basin using station data and output from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis regridded to the scale of HadCM2. The SDS model was then used to simulate local climate variables using HadCM2 output for current and future conditions. Surface climate variables from each scenario were used in a precipitation-runoff model. Results from this study show that, in the basins tested, a precipitation-runoff model can simulate realistic runoff series for current conditions using statistically downscaled NCEP output. But, use of downscaled HadCM2 output for current or future climate assessments are questionable because the GCM does not produce accurate estimates of the surface variables needed for runoff in these regions. Given the uncertainties in the GCMs ability to simulate current conditions based on either the delta change or downscaling approaches, future climate assessments based on either of these approaches must be treated with caution.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04276.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Hay, L., Wilby, R., and Leavesley, G., 2000, A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 387-397, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04276.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"397","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Colorado, Nevada, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Animas River, Carson River, Cle Elum River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.874755859375,\n 37.21064411993447\n ],\n [\n -107.85690307617188,\n 37.200253129999126\n ],\n [\n -107.83355712890625,\n 37.210097261395795\n ],\n [\n -107.85415649414062,\n 37.2456348218214\n ],\n [\n -107.84591674804688,\n 37.290442925478196\n ],\n [\n -107.80677795410156,\n 37.40725549559874\n ],\n [\n -107.84934997558594,\n 37.40998258803303\n ],\n [\n -107.90290832519531,\n 37.27241360211579\n ],\n [\n -107.874755859375,\n 37.21064411993447\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.78619384765624,\n 47.455951443369926\n ],\n [\n -121.05560302734376,\n 47.16170753357782\n ],\n [\n -120.99517822265625,\n 47.2549998709802\n ],\n [\n -121.124267578125,\n 47.3704545156932\n ],\n [\n -121.25885009765625,\n 47.42622912485741\n ],\n [\n -121.74224853515625,\n 47.48565697095909\n ],\n [\n -121.78619384765624,\n 47.455951443369926\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.35797119140625,\n 38.477244528955595\n ],\n [\n -119.62738037109375,\n 38.477244528955595\n ],\n [\n -119.62738037109375,\n 39.35553794109382\n ],\n [\n -120.35797119140625,\n 39.35553794109382\n ],\n [\n -120.35797119140625,\n 38.477244528955595\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e359e4b0c8380cd45faf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilby, R.L.","contributorId":96043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilby","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}