{"pageNumber":"2691","pageRowStart":"67250","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184615,"records":[{"id":53953,"text":"ofr20041086 - 2004 - Catalog of significant historical earthquakes in the Central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:44","indexId":"ofr20041086","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1086","title":"Catalog of significant historical earthquakes in the Central United States","docAbstract":"We use Modified Mercalli intensity assignments to estimate source locations and moment magnitude M for eighteen 19th-century and twenty early- 20th-century earthquakes in the central United States (CUS) for which estimates of M are otherwise not available. We use these estimates, and locations and M estimated elsewhere, to compile a catelog of significant historical earthquakes in the CUS. The 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes apparently dominated CUS seismicity in the first two decades of the 19th century. M5-6 earthquakes occurred in the New Madrid Seismic Zone in 1843 and 1878, but none have occurred since 1878. There has been persistent seismic activity in the Illinois Basin in southern Illinois and Indiana, with M > 5.0 earthquakes in 1895, 1909, 1917, 1968, and 1987. Four other M > 5.0 CUS historical earthquakes have occurred: in Kansas in 1867, in Nebraska in 1877, in Oklahoma in 1882, and in Kentucky in 1980.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041086","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., and Hopper, M.G., 2004, Catalog of significant historical earthquakes in the Central United States (Version 1.2): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1086, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041086.","productDescription":"142 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4866,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1086/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopper, M. G.","contributorId":39389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54140,"text":"ofr20041193 - 2004 - Preliminary geologic map of the Big Bear City 7.5' Quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:05","indexId":"ofr20041193","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1193","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Big Bear City 7.5' Quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"This data set maps and describes the geology of the Big Bear City 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California. Created using Environmental Systems Research Institute's ARC/INFO software, the data base consists of the following items: (1) a rock-unit coverage and attribute tables (polygon and arc) containing geologic contacts, units and rock-unit labels as annotation which are also included in a separate annotation coverage, bbc_anno (2) a point coverage containing structural point data and (3) a coverage containing fold axes. In addition, the data set includes the following graphic and text products: (1) A PostScript graphic plot-file containing the geologic map, topography, cultural data, a Correlation of Map Units (CMU) diagram, a Description of Map Units (DMU), an index map, a regional geologic and structure map, and an explanation for point and line symbols; (2) PDF files of the Readme (including the metadata file as an appendix), and a screen graphic of the plot produced by the PostScript plot file. \r\nThe geologic map describes a geologically complex area on the north side of the San Bernardino Mountains. Bedrock units in the Big Bear City quadrangle are dominated by (1) large Cretaceous granitic bodies ranging in composition from monzogranite to gabbro, (2) metamorphosed sedimentary rocks ranging in age from late Paleozoic to late Proterozoic, and (3) Middle Proterozoic gneiss. These rocks are complexly deformed by normal, reverse, and thrust faults, and in places are tightly folded. \r\n\r\nThe geologic map database contains original U.S. Geological Survey data generated by detailed field observation and by interpretation of aerial photographs. The map data was compiled on base-stable cronoflex copies of the Big Bear City 7.5' topographic map, transferred to a scribe-guide and subsequently digitized. Lines, points, and polygons were edited at the USGS using standard ARC/INFO commands. Digitizing and editing artifacts significant enough to display at a scale of 1:24,000 were corrected. Within the database, geologic contacts are represented as lines (arcs), geologic units as polygons, and site-specific data as points. Polygon, arc, and point attribute tables (.pat, .aat, and .pat, respectively) uniquely identify each geologic datum.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041193","usgsCitation":"Miller, F.K., and Cossette, P.M., 2004, Preliminary geologic map of the Big Bear City 7.5' Quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1193, 1 over-size sheet, 35 by 50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041193.","productDescription":"1 over-size sheet, 35 by 50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110517,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68868.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"68868"},{"id":181354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5587,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1193/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bc42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Fred K.","contributorId":89503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cossette, Pamela M. 0000-0002-9608-6595","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9608-6595","contributorId":35005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cossette","given":"Pamela","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54127,"text":"ofr20041081 - 2004 - Predicted seafloor facies of Central Santa Monica Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:38","indexId":"ofr20041081","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1081","title":"Predicted seafloor facies of Central Santa Monica Bay, California","docAbstract":"Summary -- Mapping surficial seafloor facies (sand, silt, muddy sand, rock, etc.) should be the first step in marine geological studies and is crucial when modeling sediment processes, pollution transport, deciphering tectonics, and defining benthic habitats. This report outlines an empirical technique that predicts the distribution of seafloor facies for a large area offshore Los Angeles, CA using high-resolution bathymetry and co-registered, calibrated backscatter from multibeam echosounders (MBES) correlated to ground-truth sediment samples. The technique uses a series of procedures that involve supervised classification and a hierarchical decision tree classification that are now available in advanced image-analysis software packages. Derivative variance images of both bathymetry and acoustic backscatter are calculated from the MBES data and then used in a hierarchical decision-tree framework to classify the MBES data into areas of rock, gravelly muddy sand, muddy sand, and mud. A quantitative accuracy assessment on the classification results is performed using ground-truth sediment samples. The predicted facies map is also ground-truthed using seafloor photographs and high-resolution sub-bottom seismic-reflection profiles.\r\n\r\nThis Open-File Report contains the predicted seafloor facies map as a georeferenced TIFF image along with the multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter data used in the study as well as an explanation of the empirical classification process.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041081","usgsCitation":"Dartnell, P., and Gardner, J.V., 2004, Predicted seafloor facies of Central Santa Monica Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1081, dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041081.","productDescription":"dataset","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5574,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1081/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e8cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X pdartnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":2688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","email":"pdartnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":93035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54129,"text":"ofr20041100 - 2004 - Abstracts of the annual meeting of planetary geologic mappers; Providence, Rhode Island; June 19-22, 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T19:17:26","indexId":"ofr20041100","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1100","title":"Abstracts of the annual meeting of planetary geologic mappers; Providence, Rhode Island; June 19-22, 2003","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041100","usgsCitation":"Tanaka, K.L., and Saunders, R.S., 2004, Abstracts of the annual meeting of planetary geologic mappers; Providence, Rhode Island; June 19-22, 2003 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1100, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041100.","productDescription":"66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5576,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1100/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a388e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gregg, Tracy","contributorId":98408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"Tracy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745709,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Tanaka, Kenneth L. ktanaka@usgs.gov","contributorId":610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktanaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saunders, R. Stephen","contributorId":70842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saunders","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54128,"text":"ofr20041094 - 2004 - Map showing fossil localities of the Rattlesnake Creek, western and eastern Hayfork, and North Fork Terranes of the Klamath Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-01T21:43:46.824904","indexId":"ofr20041094","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1094","title":"Map showing fossil localities of the Rattlesnake Creek, western and eastern Hayfork, and North Fork Terranes of the Klamath Mountains","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041094","usgsCitation":"Irwin, W., and Blome, C.D., 2004, Map showing fossil localities of the Rattlesnake Creek, western and eastern Hayfork, and North Fork Terranes of the Klamath Mountains (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1094, Report: 50 p.; Map: 22.00 × 32.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041094.","productDescription":"Report: 50 p.; Map: 22.00 × 32.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110516,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68867.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"68867"},{"id":5575,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1094/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124,\n              40.1667\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8333,\n              40.1667\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8333,\n              43\n            ],\n            [\n              -124,\n              43\n            ],\n            [\n              -124,\n              40.1667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae1db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irwin, William P.","contributorId":12889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"William P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blome, Charles D. 0000-0002-3449-9378 cblome@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-9378","contributorId":1246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blome","given":"Charles","email":"cblome@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53425,"text":"ofr20041051 - 2004 - Simulated Water-Management Alternatives Using the Modular Modeling System for the Methow River Basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:58","indexId":"ofr20041051","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1051","title":"Simulated Water-Management Alternatives Using the Modular Modeling System for the Methow River Basin, Washington","docAbstract":"A precipitation-runoff model for the Methow River Basin was used to simulate six alternatives: (1) baseline of current flow, (2) line irrigation canals to limit seepage losses, (3) increase surface-water diversions through unlined canals for aquifer recharge, (4) convert from surface-water to ground-water resources to supply water for irrigation, and (5) reduce tree density in forested headwater catchments, and (6) natural flow. Daily streamflow from October 1, 1959, to September 30, 2001 (water years 1960?2001) was simulated. Lining irrigation canals (alternative 2) increased flows in the Chewuch, Twisp, and the Methow (upstream and at Twisp) Rivers during September because of lower diversion rates, but not in the Methow River near Pateros. Increasing diversions for aquifer recharge (alternative 3) increased streamflow from September into January, but reduced streamflow earlier in the summer. Conversion of surface-water diversions to ground-water wells (alternative 4) resulted in the largest increase in September streamflow of any alternative, but also marginally lower January flows (at most -8 percent in the 90-percent exceedence value). Forest-cover reduction (alternative 5) produced large increases in streamflow during high-flow periods in May and June and earlier onset of high flows and small increases in January streamflows. September streamflows were largely unaffected by alternative 5. Natural streamflow (alternative 6) was higher in September and lower in January than the baseline alternative.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041051","usgsCitation":"Konrad, C.P., 2004, Simulated Water-Management Alternatives Using the Modular Modeling System for the Methow River Basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1051, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041051.","productDescription":"20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5208,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1051/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6021d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konrad, Christopher P. 0000-0002-7354-547X cpkonrad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-547X","contributorId":1716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"Christopher","email":"cpkonrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":54048,"text":"sir20045004 - 2004 - Sharing of Ribotype Patterns of Escherichia Coli Isolates During Baseflow and Stormflow Conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T12:26:55","indexId":"sir20045004","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5004","title":"Sharing of Ribotype Patterns of Escherichia Coli Isolates During Baseflow and Stormflow Conditions","docAbstract":"Factors affecting bacterial source tracking are important to understand because they affect the amount of sampling needed to describe fecal sources in a watershed adequately. The study area was a 76-kilometer reach of the Chattahoochee River and its tributaries in Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia. Escherichia coli was isolated from water samples collected during baseflow and stormflow conditions from four mainstem and eight tributary sites; 262 isolates were ribotyped and assessed for their similarity. The vast majority of the E. coli ribotype patterns were unshared, whether the comparisons were between baseflow and stormflow conditions at one location, or between one location and another. The data suggest that either baseflow and stormflow conditions affected sharing of ribotype patterns, or that the sample size was too small to characterize the sharing adequately. Regardless, the results suggest that a large sampling of E. coli isolates is needed during various flow conditions from watersheds with complex land-use patterns for adequate bacterial source tracking.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045004","usgsCitation":"Hartel, P.G., Frick, E.A., Funk, A.L., Hill, J.L., Summer, J.D., and Gregory, M.B., 2004, Sharing of Ribotype Patterns of Escherichia Coli Isolates During Baseflow and Stormflow Conditions: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5004, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045004.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5490,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5004/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Atlanta","otherGeospatial":"Chattahoochee River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.71307373046874,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.71307373046874,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7103271484375,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7103271484375,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.71307373046874,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n        \"stroke-width\": 2,\n        \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n        \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n        \"fill-opacity\": 0.5\n      },\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.6883544921875,\n              34.21520907870628\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.57986450195312,\n              34.309412579370544\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.59771728515625,\n              34.40577662146836\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.65951538085938,\n              34.46467409091155\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.74603271484375,\n              34.50655662164561\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.92044067382812,\n              34.496370914707285\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.39285278320312,\n              34.21293781333383\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.67437744140625,\n              33.935384693959776\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.64279174804688,\n              33.79056118537378\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.561767578125,\n              33.678639851675555\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.39559936523438,\n              33.67406853374198\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.26376342773438,\n              33.762023698086736\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.00970458984375,\n              33.98664113654014\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.6883544921875,\n              34.21520907870628\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f4065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartel, Peter G.","contributorId":8725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartel","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frick, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":98714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frick","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Funk, Adrienne L.","contributorId":86634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Adrienne","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hill, Jennifer L.","contributorId":78604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Summer, Jacob D.","contributorId":49234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Summer","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gregory, M. Brian","contributorId":105772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregory","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":53705,"text":"ofr20041027 - 2004 - Rocky Mountain Snowpack Chemistry at Selected Sites, 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:39","indexId":"ofr20041027","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1027","title":"Rocky Mountain Snowpack Chemistry at Selected Sites, 2002","docAbstract":"During spring 2002, the chemical composition of annual snowpacks in the Rocky Mountain region of the Western United States was analyzed. Snow samples were collected at 75 geographically distributed sites extending from New Mexico to Montana. Near the end of the 2002 snowfall season, the snow-water equivalent (SWE) in annual snowpacks sampled generally was below average in most of the region. Regional patterns in the concentrations of major ions (including ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate), mercury, and stable sulfur isotope ratios are presented.\r\n\r\nThe 2002 snowpack chemistry in the region differed from the previous year. Snowpack ammonium concentrations were higher at 66 percent of sites in Montana compared to concentrations in the 2001 snowpack but were lower at 74 percent of sites in Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. Nitrate was lower at all Montana sites and lower at all but one Wyoming site; nitrate was higher at all but two Colorado sites and higher at all New Mexico sites. Sulfate was lower across the region at 77 percent of sites. The range of mercury concentrations for the region was similar to those of 2001 but showed more variability than ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate concentrations. Concentrations of stable sulfur isotope ratios exhibited a strong regional pattern with values increasing northward from southern Colorado to northern Colorado and Wyoming.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041027","usgsCitation":"Ingersoll, G.P., Mast, M.A., Nanus, L., Manthorne, D.J., Clow, D.W., Handran, H.M., Winterringer, J.A., and Campbell, D.H., 2004, Rocky Mountain Snowpack Chemistry at Selected Sites, 2002 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1027, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041027.","productDescription":"15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5047,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr20041027/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":177642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe359","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, George P. gpingers@usgs.gov","contributorId":1469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"George","email":"gpingers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nanus, Leora","contributorId":27930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nanus","given":"Leora","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manthorne, David J.","contributorId":90380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manthorne","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Handran, Heather M.","contributorId":101316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handran","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Winterringer, Jesse A.","contributorId":29881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winterringer","given":"Jesse","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":248155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":54125,"text":"ofr20041061 - 2004 - Report on the May-June 2002 Englebright Lake deep coring campaign","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T18:14:27.637493","indexId":"ofr20041061","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1061","title":"Report on the May-June 2002 Englebright Lake deep coring campaign","docAbstract":"This report describes the May-June 2002 Englebright Lake coring project. Englebright Lake is a 14- km-long reservoir on the Yuba River of northern California, impounded by Englebright Dam, which was completed in 1940. The sediments were cored to assess the current conditions in the reservoir as part of the California Bay-Delta Authority?s Upper Yuba River Studies Program. Sediment was collected using both hydraulic-piston and rotational coring equipment mounted on a floating drilling platform. Thirty boreholes were attempted at 7 sites spaced along the longitudinal axis of the reservoir. Complete sedimentary sections were recovered from 20 boreholes at 6 sites. In total, 335 m of sediment was cored, with 86% average recovery. The core sections (each up to 1.5 m long) were processed using a standard set of laboratory techniques, including geophysical logging of physical properties, splitting, visual descriptions, digital photography, and initial subsampling. This report presents the results of these analyses in a series of stratigraphic columns. Using the observed stratigraphy as a guide, several series of subsamples were collected for various sedimentologic, geochemical, and geochronological analyses. The results of laboratory analyses of most of these subsamples will be presented in future reports and articles.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041061","usgsCitation":"Snyder, N., Alpers, C.N., Flint, L.E., Curtins, J.A., Hampton, M.A., Haskell, B.J., and Nielson, D.L., 2004, Report on the May-June 2002 Englebright Lake deep coring campaign (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1061, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041061.","productDescription":"32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5572,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1061/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":403847,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_65885.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Engelbright Lake, Yuba River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.2832260131836,\n              39.235976117336556\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.201171875,\n              39.235976117336556\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.201171875,\n              39.298705113102244\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.2832260131836,\n              39.298705113102244\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.2832260131836,\n              39.235976117336556\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f2fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Noah P.","contributorId":43848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Noah P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Curtins, Jennifer A.","contributorId":12916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtins","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hampton, Margaret A.","contributorId":13688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Haskell, Brian J.","contributorId":11690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haskell","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nielson, Dennis L.","contributorId":38220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":53459,"text":"wri034145 - 2004 - Pesticides in the Lower Clackamas River Basin, Oregon, 2000-01","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:18:12","indexId":"wri034145","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4145","title":"Pesticides in the Lower Clackamas River Basin, Oregon, 2000-01","docAbstract":"In 2000-01, the U. S. Geological Survey sampled the Clackamas River and its major lower-basin tributaries during storm runoff conditions for 86 dissolved pesticides and selected breakdown products. Twenty-seven compounds, including 18 herbicides, 7 insecticides, and 2 pesticide breakdown products, were detected in 18 stream samples. The most commonly detected pesticides, in decreasing frequency, included atrazine, simazine, diazinon, metolachlor, and diuron, which variously occurred in 46-92% of samples collected from the tributaries. Of these, atrazine, simazine, and metolachlor, plus six other compounds, also were detected in the main-stem Clackamas River.\r\n\r\nPesticides were detected more frequently and at higher concentrations in the four lowermost tributaries (Deep, Richardson, Rock, and Sieben Creeks). In these streams, 12 to 18 pesticides were detected per stream in samples collected during spring and fall. Pesticides always occurred with at least one other pesticide, and about half of the samples, including one sample from the Clackamas River in October 2000, contained six or more pesticides. Nine pesticides, including the insecticide diazinon and the herbicides 2,4-D, atrazine, dichlobenil, diuron, imazaquin, metolachlor, simazine, and trifluralin, were detected in five water samples of Clackamas River water. No pesticides were detected in three samples of treated Clackamas River water used for drinking-water supply. Concentrations of six compounds--carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dieldrin, malathion, and the breakdown product of DDT (p,p'-DDE)--exceeded established or recommended criteria for the protection of aquatic life in some of the tributaries, sometimes for multiple pesticides in one sample. \r\n\r\nIdentifying the sources of pesticides detected in the Clackamas River Basin is difficult because of the diverse land use in the basin and the multiple-use nature of many of the pesticides detected. Of the 25 parent compounds detected, 22 have agricultural uses, 23 have urban uses, 16 are applied to golf courses, 11 are applied along roads and other right-of-ways, and 5 have or had forestry applications. Because only a small fraction of the thousands of pesticide products registered for use in Oregon were tested for in this study, future monitoring could benefit from knowledge of what pesticides are applied so that potential problems can be identified and managed.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034145","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, K., 2004, Pesticides in the Lower Clackamas River Basin, Oregon, 2000-01: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4145, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034145.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5269,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034145/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aabe4b07f02db669a90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, Kurt D. kdcar@usgs.gov","contributorId":1372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Kurt D.","email":"kdcar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":247656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53818,"text":"fs20043022 - 2004 - Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Bend Arch-Fort Worth Basin Province of north-central Texas and southwestern Oklahoma, 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-01T21:56:36.597942","indexId":"fs20043022","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3022","title":"Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Bend Arch-Fort Worth Basin Province of north-central Texas and southwestern Oklahoma, 2003","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20043022","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Bend Arch-Fort Worth Basin Province of north-central Texas and southwestern Oklahoma, 2003 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3022, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043022.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3022.bmp"},{"id":5230,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3022/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":402902,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_63698.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Fort Worth basin province","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99.16259765625,\n              29.90732937685153\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.85522460937499,\n              30.259067203213018\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.525634765625,\n              31.13760327002129\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.383056640625,\n              31.82156451492074\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.009521484375,\n              33.25706340236547\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.075439453125,\n              33.970697997361626\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.009033203125,\n              34.38877925439021\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.778076171875,\n              34.352506668675936\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.98681640625,\n              34.42503613021332\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.16259765625,\n              29.90732937685153\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672907","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53855,"text":"ofr20041076 - 2004 - River gain and loss studies for the Red River of the North Basin, North Dakota and Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T12:38:05","indexId":"ofr20041076","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1076","title":"River gain and loss studies for the Red River of the North Basin, North Dakota and Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Dakota Water Resources Act passed by the U.S. Congress in 2000 authorized the Secretary of the Interior to conduct a comprehensive study of future water-quantity and -quality needs of the Red River of the North (Red River) Basin in North Dakota and of possible options to meet those water needs.&nbsp; To obtain the river gain and loss information needed to properly account for available streamflow within the basin, available river gain and loss studies for the Sheyenne, Turtle, Forest, and Park Rivers in North Dakota and the Wild Rice, Sand Hill, Clearwater, South Branch Buffalo, and Otter Tail Rivers in Minnesota were reviewed.&nbsp; Ground-water discharges for the Sheyenne River in a reach between Lisbon and Kindred, N. Dak., were about 28.8 cubic feet per second in 1963 and about 45.0 cubic feet per second in 1986.&nbsp; Estimated monthly net evaporation losses for additional flows to the Sheyenne River from the Missouri River ranged from 1.4 cubic feet per second in 1963 to 51.0 cubic feet per second in 1976.&nbsp; Maximum water losses for a reach between Harvey and West Fargo, N. Dak., for 1956-96 ranged from about 161 cubic feet per second for 1976 to about 248 cubic feet per second for 1977.&nbsp; Streamflow gains of 1 to 1.5 cubic feet per second per mile were estimated for the Wild Rice, Sand Hill, and Clearwater Rivers in Minnesota.&nbsp; The average ground-water discharge for a 5.2-mile reach of the Otter Tail River in Minnesota was about 14.1 cubic feet per second in August 1994.&nbsp; The same reach lost about 14.1 cubic feet per second between February 1994 and June 1994 and about 21.2 cubic feet per second between August 1994 and August 1995.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041076","usgsCitation":"Williams-Sether, T., 2004, River gain and loss studies for the Red River of the North Basin, North Dakota and Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1076, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041076.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4689,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1076/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a11e4b07f02db600450","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams-Sether, Tara 0000-0001-6515-9416 tjsether@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6515-9416","contributorId":152247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams-Sether","given":"Tara","email":"tjsether@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70176648,"text":"70176648 - 2004 - Habitat of endangered white abalone, <i>Haliotis sorenseni</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-23T12:39:40","indexId":"70176648","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat of endangered white abalone, <i>Haliotis sorenseni</i>","docAbstract":"<p><span>Surveys with a submersible at offshore islands and banks in southern California found that white abalone were most abundant at depths between 43 and 60 m. This is deeper than estimates taken when white abalone were more abundant. Densities were highest at sites far from fishing ports. Controlling for depth and site found that white abalone were significantly more abundant in areas with </span><i>Laminaria farlowii</i><span> (an alga) but abalone were not associated with areas high in the cover of other algae (</span><i>Pelagophycus porra</i><span> or </span><i>Eisenia arborea</i><span>) or the amount of sand in the habitat (except that abalone always occurred on rock). Within an area with abalone, the particular rock they occurred on was significantly larger than unoccupied neighboring rocks. Occupied rocks were not significantly different in algal cover or in sea urchin density than unoccupied neighboring rocks. The position of abalone on a rock was nearer to the rock–sand interface than would be expected based on a random distribution. More white abalone were feeding when in association with red urchins, perhaps because both grazers capture drift algae to eat. These data may aid future efforts to locate white abalone brood stock and identify locations for outplanting.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00189-7","usgsCitation":"Lafferty, K.D., Behrens, M., Davis, G., Haaker, P., Kushner, D., Richards, D.V., Taniguchi, I.K., and Tegner, M.J., 2004, Habitat of endangered white abalone, <i>Haliotis sorenseni</i>: Biological Conservation, v. 116, no. 2, p. 191-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00189-7.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"194","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328911,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe932ee4b0824b2d14c98a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Behrens, M.D.","contributorId":66890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrens","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, G.E.","contributorId":10361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haaker, P.L.","contributorId":33266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haaker","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kushner, D.J.","contributorId":101612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kushner","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Richards, D. V.","contributorId":174865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richards","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Taniguchi, I. K.","contributorId":174866,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taniguchi","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tegner, M. J.","contributorId":102029,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tegner","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70176650,"text":"70176650 - 2004 - The elusive baseline of marine disease: Are diseases in ocean ecosystems increasing?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-23T12:49:17","indexId":"70176650","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2979,"text":"PLoS Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The elusive baseline of marine disease: Are diseases in ocean ecosystems increasing?","docAbstract":"<p><span>Disease outbreaks alter the structure and function of marine ecosystems, directly affecting vertebrates (mammals, turtles, fish), invertebrates (corals, crustaceans, echinoderms), and plants (seagrasses). Previous studies suggest a recent increase in marine disease. However, lack of baseline data in most communities prevents a direct test of this hypothesis. We developed a proxy to evaluate a prediction of the increasing disease hypothesis: the proportion of scientific publications reporting disease increased in recent decades. This represents, to our knowledge, the first quantitative use of normalized trends in the literature to investigate an ecological hypothesis. We searched a literature database for reports of parasites and disease (hereafter “disease”) in nine marine taxonomic groups from 1970 to 2001. Reports, normalized for research effort, increased in turtles, corals, mammals, urchins, and molluscs. No significant trends were detected for seagrasses, decapods, or sharks/rays (though disease occurred in these groups). Counter to the prediction, disease reports decreased in fishes. Formulating effective resource management policy requires understanding the basis and timing of marine disease events. Why disease outbreaks increased in some groups but not in others should be a priority for future investigation. The increase in several groups lends urgency to understanding disease dynamics, particularly since few viable options currently exist to mitigate disease in the oceans.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"PLOS","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.0020120","usgsCitation":"Ward, J.R., and Lafferty, K.D., 2004, The elusive baseline of marine disease: Are diseases in ocean ecosystems increasing?: PLoS Biology, v. 2, no. 4, p. 0542-057, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020120.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"0542","endPage":"057","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020120","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":328913,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe932ee4b0824b2d14c988","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, Jessica R.","contributorId":174867,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ward","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53798,"text":"fs20043017 - 2004 - High-Resolution Imaging within the Urban Environment -- \"What's beneath our streets\"!","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:45","indexId":"fs20043017","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3017","title":"High-Resolution Imaging within the Urban Environment -- \"What's beneath our streets\"!","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043017","usgsCitation":"Odum, J., Williams, R., Stephenson, W.J., and Worley, D.M., 2004, High-Resolution Imaging within the Urban Environment -- \"What's beneath our streets\"! (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3017, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043017.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3017.bmp"},{"id":5182,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3017/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a59e4b07f02db62fcab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Odum, Jackson K. 0000-0003-4697-2430 odum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4697-2430","contributorId":1365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"Jackson K.","email":"odum@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Robert A. rawilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert A.","email":"rawilliams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephenson, William J. 0000-0001-8699-0786 wstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-0786","contributorId":695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","email":"wstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Worley, David M. worley@usgs.gov","contributorId":947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worley","given":"David","email":"worley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":248383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":54136,"text":"wri034330 - 2004 - Evaluation of strategies for balancing water use and streamflow reductions in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-11T13:35:41.500896","indexId":"wri034330","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4330","title":"Evaluation of strategies for balancing water use and streamflow reductions in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The upper Charles River basin, located 30 miles southwest of Boston, Massachusetts, is experiencing water shortages during the summer. Towns in the basin have instituted water-conservation programs and water-use bans to reduce summertime water use. During July through October, streamflow in the Charles River and its tributaries regularly falls below 0.50 cubic foot per second per square mile, the minimum streamflow used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as its Aquatic Base Flow standard for maintaining healthy freshwater ecosystems.\r\n\r\nTo examine how human water use could be changed to mitigate these water shortages, a numerical ground-water flow model was modified and used in conjunction with response coefficients and optimization techniques. Streamflows at 10 locations on the Charles River and its tributaries were determined under various water-use scenarios and climatic conditions. A variety of engineered solutions to the water shortages were examined for their ability to increase water supplies and summertime streamflows.\r\n\r\nResults indicate that although human water use contributes to the problem of low summertime streamflows, human water use is not the only, or even the primary, cause of low flows in the basin. The lowest summertime streamflows increase by 12 percent but remain below the Aquatic Base Flow standard when all public water-supply pumpage and wastewater flows in the basin are eliminated in a simulation under average climatic conditions. Under dry climatic conditions, the same measures increase the lowest average monthly streamflow by 95 percent but do not increase it above the Aquatic Base Flow standard.\r\n\r\nThe most promising water-management strategies to increase streamflows and water supplies, based on the study results, include wastewater recharge to the aquifer, altered management of pumping well schedules, regional water-supply sharing, and water conservation. In a scenario that simulated towns sharing water supplies, streamflow in the Charles River as it exits the basin increased by 18 percent during July through September and an excess water-supply capacity of 13.4 cubic feet per second, above and beyond average use, would be available to all towns in the basin. These study results could help water suppliers and regulators evaluate strategies for balancing ground-water development and streamflow reductions in the basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034330","usgsCitation":"Eggleston, J.R., 2004, Evaluation of strategies for balancing water use and streamflow reductions in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4330, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034330.","productDescription":"85 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5583,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034330/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":177281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"upper Charles River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.667,\n              42.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.667,\n              41.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.1958,\n              41.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.1958,\n              42.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.667,\n              42.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faf9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eggleston, Jack R.","contributorId":20011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53799,"text":"wri034266 - 2004 - Characteristics of and Areas Contributing Recharge to Public-Supply Springs in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:45","indexId":"wri034266","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4266","title":"Characteristics of and Areas Contributing Recharge to Public-Supply Springs in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The geohydrologic and physical characteristics were determined for 28 public-supply springs, 27 of which are in western Massachusetts. Discharge ranged from zero at various small intermittent springs to more than 240 gallons per minute at Waubeeka Springs in Williamstown, Massachusetts. To determine the annual variability of spring discharge, discharge from 12 springs was measured during different seasonal conditions from June 2001 to November 2002, and the discharge from Red Mill Spring in Clarksburg, Massachusetts was recorded continuously from April 2002 to November 2002. The area contributing recharge to each spring was delineated on the basis of the geohydrologic conditions determined from reconnaissance investigations; these areas ranged from 0.010 to 0.682 square mile. Ground-water recharge, estimated on the basis of average discharge and the areas contributing recharge, ranged from 0.5 to 24.4 inches per year. High ground-water recharge rates for some of the high-discharge springs indicate that the areas contributing recharge for these springs may be too small. Detailed water-table mapping in the vicinity of two low-discharge springs indicates that the area contributing recharge to some of the smaller springs may be smaller than the area indicated by reconnaissance investigation.\r\nMonthly flow durations and low flow statistics were determined for the index streamflow-gaging stations for a 25-year period from 1976 to 2000. Annual hydrographs were prepared for each index station from median streamflows at the 50-percent monthly flow duration, normalized by drainage area. A median monthly flow of 1 ft3/s/mi2 was used to split hydrographs into a high-flow period (November?May), and a low-flow period (June?October). The hydrographs were used to classify index stations into groups with similar median monthly flow durations. Index stations were divided into four regional groups, roughly paralleling the coast, to characterize streamflows for November to May; and into two groups, on the basis of base-flow index and percentage of sand and gravel in the contributing area, for June to October.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034266","usgsCitation":"Hansen, B.P., and Smith, K.P., 2004, Characteristics of and Areas Contributing Recharge to Public-Supply Springs in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4266, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034266.","productDescription":"76 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5183,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034266/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":175254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5ddb66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Bruce P.","contributorId":90727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Kirk P. 0000-0003-0269-474X kpsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-474X","contributorId":1516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kirk","email":"kpsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53581,"text":"wri034127 - 2004 - Sources and Transport of Nutrients, Organic Carbon, and Chlorophyll-a in the San Joaquin River Upstream of Vernalis, California, during Summer and Fall, 2000 and 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:40","indexId":"wri034127","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4127","title":"Sources and Transport of Nutrients, Organic Carbon, and Chlorophyll-a in the San Joaquin River Upstream of Vernalis, California, during Summer and Fall, 2000 and 2001","docAbstract":"Oxidizable materials from the San Joaquin River upstream of Vernalis can contribute to low dissolved oxygen episodes in the Stockton Deep Water Ship Channel that can inhibit salmon migration in the fall. The U.S. Geological Survey collected and analyzed samples at four San Joaquin River sites in July through October 2000 and June through November 2001, and at eight tributary sites in 2001. The data from these sites were supplemented with data from samples collected and analyzed by the University of California at Davis at three San Joaquin River sites and eight tributary sites as part of a separate study. Streamflows in the San Joaquin River were slightly above the long-term average in 2000 and slightly below average in 2001. Nitrate loads at Vernalis in 2000 were above the long-term average, whereas loads in 2001 were close to average. Total nitrogen loads in 2000 were slightly above average, whereas loads in 2001 were slightly below average. Total phosphorus loads in 2000 and 2001 were well below average. These nutrient loads correspond with the flow-adjusted concentration trends--nitrate concentrations significantly increased since 1972 (p < 0.01), whereas total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations did not (p > 0.05). Loading rates of nutrients and dissolved organic carbon increased in the San Joaquin River in the fall with the release of wetland drainage into Mud Slough and with increased reservoir releases on the Merced River. During August 2000 and September 2001, the chlorophyll-a loading rates and concentrations in the San Joaquin River declined and remained low during the rest of the sampling period. The most significant tributary sources of nutrients were the Tuolumne River, Harding Drain, and Mud Slough. The most significant tributary sources of dissolved organic carbon were Salt Slough, Mud Slough, and the Tuolumne and Stanislaus Rivers. Compared with nutrients and dissolved organic carbon, the tributaries were minor sources of chlorophyll-a, suggesting that most of the chlorophyll-a was produced in the San Joaquin River rather than its tributaries. On the basis of the carbon-to-nitrogen ratios and the d13C of particulate organic matter in the San Joaquin River and tributaries, the particulate organic matter in the river was mostly phytoplankton. On the basis of the d15N values of the particulate organic matter, and of total dissolved nitrogen and nitrate, the nitrate in the San Joaquin River probably was a significant nutrient source for the phytoplankton. The range of d15N and d18O values of nitrate in the San Joaquin River and tributaries suggest that animal waste or sewage was a significant source of nitrate in the river at the time the samples were collected.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034127","usgsCitation":"Kratzer, C.R., Dileanis, P.D., Zamora, C., Silva, S.R., Kendall, C., Bergamaschi, B., and Dahlgren, R., 2004, Sources and Transport of Nutrients, Organic Carbon, and Chlorophyll-a in the San Joaquin River Upstream of Vernalis, California, during Summer and Fall, 2000 and 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4127, 124 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034127.","productDescription":"124 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4803,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034127/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cbe4b07f02db543a33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kratzer, Charles R.","contributorId":30619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":247845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dileanis, Peter D. dileanis@usgs.gov","contributorId":71541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dileanis","given":"Peter","email":"dileanis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":247847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zamora, Celia 0000-0003-1456-4360 czamora@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1456-4360","contributorId":1514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zamora","given":"Celia","email":"czamora@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Silva, Steven R. srsilva@usgs.gov","contributorId":3162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"Steven","email":"srsilva@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":73241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dahlgren, Randy A.","contributorId":48630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahlgren","given":"Randy A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":53737,"text":"cir1264 - 2004 - Geology of the National Capital Region: Field trip guidebook","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-26T16:48:02.375981","indexId":"cir1264","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1264","title":"Geology of the National Capital Region: Field trip guidebook","docAbstract":"<p>The 2004 Joint Northeast-Southeast Section Meeting of the Geological Society of America is the fourth such meeting and the third to be held in or near Washington, D.C. This guidebook and the field trips presented herein are intended to provide meeting participants, as well as other interested readers, a means to understand and enjoy the rich geological and historical legacy of the National Capital Region. </p><p>The field trips cover all of the major physiographic and geologic provinces of the central Appalachians in the Mid-Atlantic region. Trip 1 outlines the tectonic history of northern Virginia along an east-to-west transect from the Coastal Plain province to the Blue Ridge province, whereas the other field trips each focus on a specific province. From west to east, these excursions investigate the paleoclimate controls on the stratigraphy of the Paleozoic rocks of the Allegheny Plateau and Valley and Ridge province in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland (Trip 3); Eocene volcanic rocks that intrude Paleozoic rocks in the westernmost Valley and Ridge province in Virginia and West Virginia (Trip 4); age, petrology, and structure of Mesoproterozoic gneisses and granitoids located in the Blue Ridge province within and near Shenandoah National Park, Virginia (Trip 2); the use of argon data to unravel the complex structural and thermal history of the metamorphic rocks of the eastern Piedmont province in Maryland and Virginia (Trip 5); the use of cosmogenic isotopes to understand the timing of bedrock incision and formation of terraces along the Potomac River in the eastern Piedmont province near Great Falls, Virginia and Maryland (Trip 6); the nature of the boundary between rocks of the Goochland and Chopawamsic terranes in the eastern Piedmont of Virginia (Trip 7); the role of bluffs and fluvial terraces of the Coastal Plain in the Civil War Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia (Trip 8); and the Tertiary lithology and paleontology of Coastal Plain strata around the Chesapeake Bay of Virginia and Maryland (Trip 9). </p><p>Some of the field trips present new geochronological research that uses isotopic techniques to unravel Earth history and processes, including U-Pb dating to determine the timing of metamorphism and igneous activity associated with the Mesoproterozoic Grenville orogeny (Trip 2); argon (4DAr/39Ar) analysis to understand the complex Paleozoic history of deformation and metamorphism in the Piedmont (Trip 5); and cosmogenic beryllium-10 data to derive exposure ages of landforms and deposits of the Potomac River valley (Trip 6). </p><p>Several trips shed insight on significant or enigmatic geologic features of the region. Trip 3 presents evidence for global paleoclimate controls on the Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Appalachian basin, including evidence for Late Devonian glacial deposits. Trip 4 investigates unusual Eocene igneous rocks in the Eastern United States, and Trip 2 visits several local ductile high-strain zones, offering geologists opportunities to consider the importance of such structures relative to the poorly understood Rockfish Valley fault zone in the Blue Ridge province. In the Piedmont province, Trip 7 focuses on a controversial terrane boundary, whereas Trip 5 crosses several lithologic belts with distinct thermotectonic histories that suggest terrane boundaries. Trip 6 sheds new light on the erosional history of a major river gorge cut into crystalline rocks in the Fall Zone.</p><p>Four trips are recommended for Earth science teachers and are cosponsored by the National Association of Geologic Teachers (NAGT). These trips focus on the tectonic history of northern Virginia (Trip 1), terraces of the Potomac River at Great Falls and cosmogenic isotope analysis to date the terraces and the incision history (Trip 6), and Tertiary lithology and paleontology of the Chesapeake Bay region (Trip 9). Trip 8 takes advantage of the rich Civil War history of this region to look at the role that geology played in the strategies and outcome of the Battle of Fredericksburg. </p><p>This guidebook is the result of much hard work by many individuals. The editors wish to thank the field trip leaders and authors, the technical reviewers, and Nancy Stamm of ths USGS Geologic Names Committee. We also owe a very special thanks to Linda Gundersen, Chief Scientist, Geologic Discipline, USGS, who provided funding for the guidebook.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1264","usgsCitation":"Burton, W., and Southworth, S., 2004, Geology of the National Capital Region: Field trip guidebook: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1264, vi, 298 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1264.","productDescription":"vi, 298 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":87546,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1264/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":5099,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/1264/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":402874,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_67449.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":120650,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1264/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia, Washington DC","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.76123046875,\n              38.565347844885466\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.57470703125,\n              38.565347844885466\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.57470703125,\n              39.07890809706475\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.76123046875,\n              39.07890809706475\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.76123046875,\n              38.565347844885466\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e930","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, William","contributorId":33775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Southworth, Scott","contributorId":93933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southworth","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54130,"text":"ofr20041192 - 2004 - Deposition, erosion, and bathymetric change in South San Francisco Bay: 1858-1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T10:34:05","indexId":"ofr20041192","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1192","title":"Deposition, erosion, and bathymetric change in South San Francisco Bay: 1858-1983","docAbstract":"<p>Since the California Gold Rush of 1849, sediment deposition, erosion, and the bathymetry of South San Francisco Bay have been altered by both natural processes and human activities. Historical hydrographic surveys can be used to assess how this system has evolved over the past 150 years. The National Ocean Service (NOS) (formerly the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS), collected five hydrographic surveys of South San Francisco Bay from 1858 to 1983. Analysis of these surveys enables us to reconstruct the surface of the bay floor for each time period and quantify spatial and temporal changes in deposition, erosion, and bathymetry. The creation of accurate bathymetric models involves many steps. Sounding data was obtained from the original USCGS and NOS hydrographic sheets and were supplemented with hand drawn depth contours. Shorelines and marsh areas were obtained from topographic sheets. The digitized soundings and shorelines were entered into a Geographic Information System (GIS), and georeferenced to a common horizontal datum. Using surface modeling software, bathymetric grids with a horizontal resolution of 50 m were developed for each of the five hydrographic surveys. Prior to conducting analyses of sediment deposition and erosion, we converted all of the grids to a common vertical datum and made adjustments to correct for land subsidence that occurred from 1934 to 1967. Deposition and erosion that occurred during consecutive periods was then computed by differencing the corrected grids. From these maps of deposition and erosion, we calculated volumes and rates of net sediment change in the bay. South San Francisco Bay has lost approximately 90 x 106 m3 of sediment from 1858 to 1983; however within this timeframe there have been periods of both deposition and erosion. During the most recent period, from 1956 to 1983, sediment loss approached 3 x 106 m3/yr. One of the most striking changes that occurred from 1858 to 1983 was the conversion of more than 80% of the tidal marsh to salt ponds, agricultural, and urban areas. In addition, there has been a decline of approximately 40% in intertidal mud flat area. Restoration of these features will require a detailed understanding of the morphology and sediment sources of this complex system.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041192","usgsCitation":"Foxgrover, A., Higgins, S.A., Ingraca, M.K., Jaffe, B.E., and Smith, R.E., 2004, Deposition, erosion, and bathymetric change in South San Francisco Bay: 1858-1983 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1192, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041192.","productDescription":"25 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041192.PNG"},{"id":316659,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1192/of2004-1192.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":5577,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1192/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.4041748046875,\n              37.43234100120862\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4041748046875,\n              37.78265474565738\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.91116333007811,\n              37.78265474565738\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.91116333007811,\n              37.43234100120862\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4041748046875,\n              37.43234100120862\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e9d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foxgrover, Amy C.","contributorId":45775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foxgrover","given":"Amy C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higgins, Shawn A.","contributorId":60709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Shawn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingraca, Melissa K.","contributorId":66339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingraca","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jaffe, Bruce E. 0000-0002-8816-5920 bjaffe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-5920","contributorId":2049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Bruce","email":"bjaffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Richard E.","contributorId":40606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":53812,"text":"fs20043025 - 2004 - Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Wyoming Thrust Belt Province, 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:57","indexId":"fs20043025","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3025","title":"Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Wyoming Thrust Belt Province, 2003","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043025","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Wyoming Thrust Belt Province, 2003 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3025, 1 sheet ([2] p.) : col. ill., col maps ; 28 x 18 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043025.","productDescription":"1 sheet ([2] p.) : col. ill., col maps ; 28 x 18 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5224,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3025/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3025.bmp"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66f43f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53827,"text":"fs11603 - 2004 - The value of long-term monitoring in the development of ground-water-flow models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-25T14:04:33","indexId":"fs11603","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"116-03","title":"The value of long-term monitoring in the development of ground-water-flow models","docAbstract":"<div data-canvas-width=\"255.08849999999998\">As environmental issues have come to the forefront of public concern, so has the awareness of the importance of ground water in the overall water cycle and as a source of the Nation&rsquo;s drinking water. Heightened interest has spawned a host of scientific enterprises (Taylor and Alley, 2001). Some activities are directed toward collection of water-level data and related information to monitor the physical and chemical state of the resource. Other activities are directed at interpretive studies undertaken, for example, to optimize the location of new water-supply wells or to protect rivers and lakes fed by ground water. An important type of interpretive study is the computer ground-water-flow model that inte- grates field data in a mathematical framework. Long-term, systematic collection of hydro- logic data is crucial to the construction and testing of ground-water models so that they can reproduce the evolution of flow systems and forecast future conditions.&nbsp;</div>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs11603","usgsCitation":"Feinstein, D.T., Hart, D.J., and Krohelski, J.T., 2004, The value of long-term monitoring in the development of ground-water-flow models: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 116-03, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11603.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_116_03.bmp"},{"id":5270,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs-116-03/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dodge County, Jefferson County, Kenosha County, Milwaukee County, Ozaukee County, Racine County, Rock County, Walworth County, Washington County, Waukesha County,","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.8862,43.6336],[-88.7654,43.633],[-88.6763,43.6334],[-88.6447,43.6332],[-88.6238,43.6326],[-88.6124,43.6325],[-88.522,43.6323],[-88.4013,43.6309],[-88.4008,43.5435],[-88.2808,43.5429],[-88.1608,43.5431],[-88.0402,43.5423],[-87.9215,43.5436],[-87.8009,43.543],[-87.7933,43.5434],[-87.7933,43.542],[-87.7945,43.5202],[-87.7935,43.5075],[-87.794,43.4883],[-87.798,43.4788],[-87.8086,43.4594],[-87.8184,43.4445],[-87.8334,43.4269],[-87.845,43.4152],[-87.8541,43.4044],[-87.8631,43.3946],[-87.8651,43.39],[-87.8665,43.3859],[-87.8647,43.3836],[-87.8641,43.3818],[-87.866,43.3809],[-87.8691,43.3814],[-87.8717,43.3787],[-87.8743,43.3742],[-87.875,43.3728],[-87.8784,43.3606],[-87.8819,43.3479],[-87.8828,43.3365],[-87.8862,43.3257],[-87.8864,43.3179],[-87.889,43.3125],[-87.8891,43.3075],[-87.8918,43.3007],[-87.8977,43.2903],[-87.9017,43.2826],[-87.9056,43.2754],[-87.909,43.2659],[-87.911,43.2577],[-87.9112,43.2523],[-87.9114,43.2436],[-87.9096,43.2372],[-87.9085,43.2327],[-87.9067,43.2276],[-87.9049,43.2226],[-87.9019,43.2176],[-87.8988,43.2153],[-87.8977,43.2102],[-87.8978,43.2057],[-87.8979,43.2007],[-87.8967,43.197],[-87.8949,43.1947],[-87.8937,43.1938],[-87.8906,43.1901],[-87.8869,43.1864],[-87.8852,43.1805],[-87.8834,43.1759],[-87.8816,43.1718],[-87.8823,43.1673],[-87.885,43.1605],[-87.8883,43.1551],[-87.8922,43.1483],[-87.8955,43.1438],[-87.8981,43.1402],[-87.9007,43.1348],[-87.9014,43.1302],[-87.9016,43.1243],[-87.8991,43.1202],[-87.8924,43.1142],[-87.8869,43.1077],[-87.8845,43.1041],[-87.8789,43.1004],[-87.874,43.0953],[-87.8716,43.0898],[-87.8688,43.0752],[-87.8639,43.0724],[-87.8652,43.0684],[-87.878,43.0585],[-87.8876,43.0495],[-87.896,43.0405],[-87.8992,43.0347],[-87.9012,43.0311],[-87.9045,43.0234],[-87.9065,43.0179],[-87.9059,43.0166],[-87.9035,43.0152],[-87.8973,43.0124],[-87.8924,43.0064],[-87.8906,43.0036],[-87.8862,43.0027],[-87.885,43.0017],[-87.8832,42.9963],[-87.866,42.9833],[-87.8598,42.9782],[-87.8537,42.9718],[-87.8513,42.969],[-87.8483,42.9654],[-87.8465,42.9612],[-87.8448,42.9535],[-87.8452,42.9376],[-87.8474,42.9244],[-87.8462,42.9189],[-87.842,42.9134],[-87.8414,42.9116],[-87.8415,42.908],[-87.8472,42.9039],[-87.8492,42.9008],[-87.8506,42.894],[-87.8483,42.8835],[-87.8466,42.8789],[-87.8454,42.8748],[-87.8436,42.8707],[-87.8388,42.8634],[-87.8376,42.8597],[-87.8347,42.8542],[-87.8298,42.8492],[-87.8268,42.8446],[-87.8262,42.8423],[-87.822,42.8336],[-87.8135,42.8244],[-87.8043,42.8156],[-87.7946,42.8064],[-87.7884,42.8018],[-87.7798,42.7967],[-87.7687,42.792],[-87.762,42.7864],[-87.7589,42.7823],[-87.759,42.78],[-87.7647,42.7769],[-87.7737,42.768],[-87.7795,42.758],[-87.7797,42.7517],[-87.7817,42.7471],[-87.7789,42.7321],[-87.779,42.7285],[-87.7773,42.7239],[-87.7773,42.7212],[-87.7825,42.7126],[-87.7845,42.7072],[-87.7853,42.7017],[-87.7911,42.6941],[-87.7925,42.6895],[-87.7951,42.6828],[-87.8003,42.6728],[-87.801,42.671],[-87.8037,42.6642],[-87.8057,42.6574],[-87.8097,42.6466],[-87.8138,42.6344],[-87.8164,42.6267],[-87.8178,42.6217],[-87.818,42.6153],[-87.8187,42.6108],[-87.8176,42.6049],[-87.8171,42.5999],[-87.8166,42.5953],[-87.8154,42.5917],[-87.8124,42.5866],[-87.8126,42.5812],[-87.8128,42.573],[-87.8123,42.5662],[-87.8125,42.558],[-87.8134,42.5448],[-87.8131,42.5348],[-87.8115,42.523],[-87.8086,42.512],[-87.8063,42.5047],[-87.8046,42.4992],[-87.8029,42.4962],[-87.8854,42.4967],[-87.995,42.4972],[-88.0647,42.4975],[-88.1163,42.4975],[-88.1766,42.4981],[-88.1945,42.4981],[-88.1971,42.4981],[-88.3016,42.4979],[-88.4099,42.4977],[-88.5047,42.4981],[-88.6288,42.4985],[-88.6737,42.4977],[-88.7059,42.4972],[-88.7719,42.4957],[-88.7737,42.4958],[-88.9385,42.4984],[-88.9798,42.4989],[-89.0467,42.4997],[-89.154,42.501],[-89.2345,42.5018],[-89.2705,42.5021],[-89.3185,42.5024],[-89.3645,42.5029],[-89.3656,42.5907],[-89.3656,42.5998],[-89.3667,42.677],[-89.3666,42.6906],[-89.3671,42.7607],[-89.3677,42.7743],[-89.3689,42.8484],[-89.2488,42.8478],[-89.132,42.8479],[-89.0119,42.8471],[-89.013,42.8762],[-89.0132,42.9353],[-89.0107,43.0271],[-89.0109,43.0849],[-89.01,43.1131],[-89.0094,43.2],[-89.0084,43.2555],[-89.0094,43.286],[-89.0088,43.3738],[-89.0038,43.3737],[-89.0044,43.4616],[-89.0063,43.548],[-89.007,43.6332],[-88.8862,43.6336]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Dodge\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f059","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feinstein, Daniel T. 0000-0003-1151-2530 dtfeinst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1151-2530","contributorId":1907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinstein","given":"Daniel","email":"dtfeinst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, David J.","contributorId":67580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krohelski, James T.","contributorId":52223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":53389,"text":"wri034309 - 2004 - Changes in ground-water quality near two granular-iron permeable reactive barriers in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1997-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T15:06:28","indexId":"wri034309","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4309","title":"Changes in ground-water quality near two granular-iron permeable reactive barriers in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1997-2000","docAbstract":"<p><span class=\"indent0\">Two<span>&nbsp;</span></span>experimental permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) of granular zero-valent iron were emplaced in the path of a tetrachloroethene plume (the Chemical Spill-10 plume) at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in June 1998. The goal of the field experiment was to achieve emplacement of a granular-iron PRB deeper than attempted before. The PRBs were expected to create a reducing environment and degrade the tetrachloroethene by reductive dechlorination. The goal of the work presented in this report was to observe temporary and sustained changes to the ground-water chemistry downgradient from the PRBs.</p><p><span class=\"indent0\">A<span>&nbsp;</span></span>hydraulic-fracturing method involving injection of the granular iron with a guar-biopolymer and enzyme slurry was used to install the parallel 30- to 33-foot-wide wall-shaped barriers at a depth of 82 to 113 feet below land surface. An acetic acid and enzyme mixture was subsequently injected in wells near the barriers to degrade the guar biopolymer.</p><p><span class=\"indent0\">Prior<span>&nbsp;</span></span>to the emplacement, tetrachloroethene concentrations in the Chemical Spill-10 plume at the study area were as high as 250 micrograms per liter. Other water properties in the plume generally were similar to the properties of uncontaminated ground water in the area, which typically has dissolved oxygen concentrations of 250 to 375 micromoles per liter, pH of 5.5 to 6.0, and specific conductance of 60 to 90 microsiemens per centimeter.</p><p><span class=\"indent0\">Water-quality<span>&nbsp;</span></span>samples were collected periodically from monitoring wells near the PRBs to determine how the emplacement of the granular-iron walls altered the ground-water quality. In addition, an automated well-sampling device measured temperature, specific conductance, pH, and dissolved oxygen every 1–4 days for 16 months in a well downgradient from the two parallel PRBs.</p><p><span class=\"indent0\">Temporary<span>&nbsp;</span></span>increases (lasting about 5 to 6 months) in specific conductance were observed downgradient from the PRBs as a result of the sodium chloride, potassium carbonate, and other salts included in the slurry and the acetic acid and enzyme mixture that was subsequently injected to degrade the guar biopolymer. Temporary increases in the concentrations of major cations (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium) were observed downgradient from the PRBs, as were temporary but substantial increases in the dissolved and total organic carbon concentrations. Methane was detected, sulfate concentrations decreased temporarily, and concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon increased in samples from wells downgradient from the PRBs.</p><p><span class=\"indent0\">A<span>&nbsp;</span></span>sustained (longer than 12 months) reducing environment, in which dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased to zero, the pH increased to about 6.8, and dissolved iron concentrations increased substantially, developed as a result of the oxidation (corrosion) of the granular iron; this zone persisted at least 65 feet downgradient from the PRBs. The pH and dissolved iron concentrations increased with distance from the granular-iron walls. Concentrations of arsenic, cobalt, manganese, and phosphorus increased, and nitrate concentrations were reduced to below the detection limit downgradient from the walls. A sustained decrease of tetrachloroethene concentrations was not observed; however, reductive dechlorination products were observed at wells downgradient from the PRBs during several rounds of sampling.</p><p><span class=\"indent0\">The<span>&nbsp;</span></span>emplacement of zero-valent iron in the aquifer to remove tetrachloroethene from the ground water caused changes in the water chemistry that persisted farther downgradient from the PRBs than has been observed at other sites because of the low chemical reactivity of the quartz-dominated aquifer sediments and the low ambient dissolved chemical concentrations in the ground water. The small transverse dispersion in the aquifer and the probable long-term persistence of the iron indicate that the chemically altered zone probably will extend a substantial distance downgradient from the PRBs for a substantial period of time (years); further investigation would be needed to determine this distance.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034309","usgsCitation":"Savoie, J., Kent, D.B., Smith, R.L., LeBlanc, D.R., and Hubble, D.W., 2004, Changes in ground-water quality near two granular-iron permeable reactive barriers in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1997-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4309, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034309.","productDescription":"84 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5143,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034309","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts ","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.850830078125,\n              41.5579215778042\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.85107421874999,\n              41.5579215778042\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.85107421874999,\n              42.15525946577863\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.850830078125,\n              42.15525946577863\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.850830078125,\n              41.5579215778042\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savoie, Jennifer G.","contributorId":52218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoie","given":"Jennifer G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kent, Douglas B. 0000-0003-3758-8322 dbkent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3758-8322","contributorId":1871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Douglas","email":"dbkent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hubble, David W.","contributorId":70645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubble","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":53393,"text":"sir20045039 - 2004 - Reconnaissance of Surface-Water Quality and Possible Sources of Nutrients and Bacteria in the Turkey Creek Watershed, Northwest Oklahoma, 2002-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:27","indexId":"sir20045039","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5039","title":"Reconnaissance of Surface-Water Quality and Possible Sources of Nutrients and Bacteria in the Turkey Creek Watershed, Northwest Oklahoma, 2002-2003","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency investigated the distribution of surface-water quality and possible sources of nutrients and Escherichia coli bacteria to surface water in Turkey Creek, which flows about 70 miles through mostly rural agricultural areas in northwest Oklahoma. Results show that discharge on the main stem of Turkey Creek increased during low-flow conditions from an average of 5.4 cubic feet per second at the upper most site to 39 cubic feet per second at the lower most site in the watershed, indicating that Turkey Creek gains water from ground-water discharge. A portion of the increase in stream discharge may be from discharges of treated effluent from city sewage lagoons. However, the volume and frequency of discharges are unknown.\r\n\r\nSurface-water-quality samples show that specific conductance ranged from 1,180 to 1,740 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius during low-flow conditions and in general, decreased downstream with site 1 or site 2 having the largest measurement and site 5 having the lowest. The pH values were slightly alkaline and ranged from 6.8 to 8.5 with a median of 8.2. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 9.3 to 15.9 milligrams per liter in samples collected in the months of November, February, and March and ranged from 5.3 to 13.9 milligrams per liter in samples collected in the months of June, July, and August.\r\n\r\nSurface-water-quality samples show that the median concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen (1.16 milligrams per liter) and total phosphorus (0.275 milligram per liter) are larger than the average median concentrations of 0.35 and 0.083 milligram per liter, respectively, calculated from water-quality sites in Oklahoma and part of Arkansas (excluding sites in the Ozark Highland and the Ouachita Mountains ecoregions) having similar stream orders and stream slopes. Concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen increased slightly in the winter months and decreased in the summer months, whereas, concentrations of total phosphorus and orthophosphate as phosphorus tended to increase during the summer months and decrease in the winter months. During high-flow conditions total phosphorus increased 7.7 times above the average concentration of 0.261 milligram per liter in low-flow samples. Orthophosphate concentrations increased 3.5 to 4 times during high-flow conditions.\r\n\r\nAlmost all low-flow samples showed 15N values between 4 and 10 parts per thousand, above the range for atmospheric nitrogen and synthetic fertilizer and below the range for animal waste. These samples may represent a mixture of nitrate from these two sources and other sources enriched with 15N, such as soils and plants.\r\n\r\nResults of the bacterial source tracking indicated that the two source groups having the greatest number of ribopattern matches with surface-water isolates were the cattle group, 53 isolates or 23.5 percent, and the human group, 41 isolates or 18.2 percent. Fewer surface-water isolates matched the deer and horse groups, 8.0 percent and 3.5 percent, respectively. About 43 percent or 96 surface-water isolates were not matched to any source group.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045039","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., 2004, Reconnaissance of Surface-Water Quality and Possible Sources of Nutrients and Bacteria in the Turkey Creek Watershed, Northwest Oklahoma, 2002-2003 (ONLINE ONLY): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5039, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045039.","productDescription":"32 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5173,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045039/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"ONLINE ONLY","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698302","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, Carol 0000-0001-6652-4542 cjbecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-4542","contributorId":2489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Carol","email":"cjbecker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53385,"text":"ofr20041054 - 2004 - Assessment of Hazards Associated with the Bluegill Landslide, South-Central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:26","indexId":"ofr20041054","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1054","title":"Assessment of Hazards Associated with the Bluegill Landslide, South-Central Idaho","docAbstract":"The Bluegill landslide, located in south-central Idaho, is part of a larger landslide complex that forms an area the Salmon Falls Creek drainage named Sinking Canyon Recent movement of the Bluegill landslide, apparently beginning sometime in late 1998 or early 1999, has caused a 4.5 ha area of the canyon rim to drop as much as 8 m and move horizontally several meters into the canyon. Upward movement of the toe of the landslide in the bottom of canyon has created a dam that impounds a lake approximately 2 km in length. The landslide is on public administered by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM). As part of ongoing efforts to address possible public safety concerns, the BLM requested that the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conduct a preliminary hazard assessment of the landslide, examine possible mitigation options, and identify alternatives for further study and monitoring of the landslide. This report presents the findings of that assessment based on a field reconnaissance of the landslide on September 24, 2003, a review of data and information provided by BLM and researchers from Idaho State University, and information collected from other sources.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041054","usgsCitation":"Ellis, W., Schuster, R.L., and Schulz, W.H., 2004, Assessment of Hazards Associated with the Bluegill Landslide, South-Central Idaho (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1054, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041054.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5140,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1054/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67294c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, William L.","contributorId":89128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"William L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, Robert L.","contributorId":19162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulz, William H.","contributorId":91927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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