The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) extraction process traditionally uses a stereo pair of aerial photographs that are sequentially captured using an airborne metric camera. Standard DEM extraction techniques have been naturally extended to utilize satellite imagery. However, the particular characteristics of satellite imaging can cause difficulties in the DEM extraction process. The ephemeris of the spacecraft during the collects, with respect to the ground test site, is the most important factor in the elevation extraction process. When the angle of separation between the stereo images is small, the extraction process typically produces measurements with low accuracy. A large angle of separation can cause an excessive number of erroneous points in the output DEM. There is also a possibility of having occluded areas in the images when drastic topographic variation is present, making it impossible to calculate elevation in the blind spots. The use of three or more images registered to the same ground area can potentially reduce these problems and improve the accuracy of the extracted DEM. The pointing capability of the Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) allows for multiple collects of the same area to be taken from different perspectives. This functionality of MTI makes it a good candidate for the implementation of DEM extraction using multiple images for improved accuracy. This paper describes a project to evaluate this capability and the algorithms used to extract DEMs from multi-look MTI imagery.
","conferenceTitle":"Optical Science and Technology, SPIE's 48th Annual Meeting","conferenceDate":"August 3-8, 2003","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","doi":"10.1117/12.509761","usgsCitation":"Mercier, J.A., Schowengerdt, R.A., Storey, J.C., and Smith, J.L., 2004, Digital elevation extraction from multiple MTI data sets, Optical Science and Technology, SPIE's 48th Annual Meeting, v. 5159, San Diego, CA, August 3-8, 2003, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1117/12.509761.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5159","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mercier, Jeffrey A.","contributorId":149176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mercier","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schowengerdt, Robert A.","contributorId":41191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schowengerdt","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Storey, James C. 0000-0002-6664-7232 storey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-7232","contributorId":5333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storey","given":"James","email":"storey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Jody L.","contributorId":86356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Jody","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207860,"text":"70207860 - 2004 - Formation of modern and Paleozoic stratiform barite at cold methane seeps on continental margins: Comment and Reply: Comment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-15T17:41:52","indexId":"70207860","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T17:38:51","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of modern and Paleozoic stratiform barite at cold methane seeps on continental margins: Comment and Reply: Comment","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613-32.1.e64","usgsCitation":"Emsbo, P., and Johnson, C.A., 2004, Formation of modern and Paleozoic stratiform barite at cold methane seeps on continental margins: Comment and Reply: Comment: Geology, v. 32, no. 1, p. e64-e65, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613-32.1.e64.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"e64","endPage":"e65","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613-32.1.e64","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371289,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emsbo, Poul 0000-0001-9421-201X pemsbo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-201X","contributorId":997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"Poul","email":"pemsbo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Craig A. 0000-0002-1334-2996 cjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Craig","email":"cjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159776,"text":"70159776 - 2004 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Prairie Falcon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T14:53:30","indexId":"70159776","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T16:45:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Prairie Falcon","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 4,000 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the breeding, year-round, and nonbreeding ranges in the United States and southern Canada. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species' nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species' breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159776","usgsCitation":"DeLong, J.P., and Steenhof, K., 2004, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Prairie Falcon, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159776.","productDescription":"27 p.","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311626,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159776.JPG"},{"id":312442,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159776/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Canada, Mexico, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.33203125,\n 50.680797145321655\n ],\n [\n -124.8046875,\n 48.04870994288686\n ],\n [\n -123.92578125,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -124.1015625,\n 41.37680856570233\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n -123.74999999999999,\n 39.232253141714885\n ],\n [\n -122.25585937500001,\n 36.73888412439431\n ],\n [\n -120.58593749999999,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -117.68554687499999,\n 33.063924198120645\n ],\n [\n -115.927734375,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 28.304380682962783\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 27.60567082646547\n ],\n [\n -115.48828125000001,\n 27.761329874505233\n ],\n [\n -113.5546875,\n 26.58852714730864\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -112.236328125,\n 24.926294766395593\n ],\n [\n -109.86328125,\n 22.755920681486405\n ],\n [\n -109.3359375,\n 23.32208001137843\n ],\n [\n -111.62109375,\n 26.82407078047018\n ],\n [\n -112.763671875,\n 28.69058765425071\n ],\n [\n -114.521484375,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 31.42866311735861\n ],\n [\n -113.64257812499999,\n 30.90222470517144\n ],\n [\n -111.796875,\n 28.767659105691255\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 30.826780904779774\n ],\n [\n -108.896484375,\n 30.90222470517144\n ],\n [\n -106.435546875,\n 27.059125784374068\n ],\n [\n -104.4140625,\n 22.024545601240337\n ],\n [\n -102.12890625,\n 19.642587534013046\n ],\n [\n -99.228515625,\n 20.138470312451155\n ],\n [\n -98.96484375,\n 22.755920681486405\n ],\n [\n -99.49218749999999,\n 25.16517336866393\n ],\n [\n -99.140625,\n 27.371767300523047\n ],\n [\n -96.064453125,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -95.537109375,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -95.888671875,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -93.955078125,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -91.14257812499999,\n 38.75408327579141\n ],\n [\n -91.40625,\n 39.50404070558415\n ],\n [\n -92.98828125,\n 40.04443758460859\n ],\n [\n -95.537109375,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -96.15234375,\n 42.48830197960227\n ],\n [\n -96.064453125,\n 43.83452678223684\n ],\n [\n -92.8125,\n 44.5278427984555\n ],\n [\n -92.8125,\n 45.213003555993964\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 46.800059446787316\n ],\n [\n -97.998046875,\n 49.210420445650286\n ],\n [\n -101.162109375,\n 49.724479188713005\n ],\n [\n -105.64453124999999,\n 49.55372551347579\n ],\n [\n -107.40234375,\n 50.45750402042058\n ],\n [\n -109.423828125,\n 51.01375465718821\n ],\n [\n -113.115234375,\n 51.23440735163459\n ],\n [\n -114.521484375,\n 52.908902047770276\n ],\n [\n -115.83984375,\n 53.69670647530323\n ],\n [\n -117.333984375,\n 53.592504809039376\n ],\n [\n -117.50976562499999,\n 52.74959372674114\n ],\n [\n -116.89453125,\n 51.72702815704774\n ],\n [\n -116.19140625,\n 50.680797145321655\n ],\n [\n -116.19140625,\n 49.83798245308484\n ],\n [\n -118.21289062499999,\n 49.38237278700955\n ],\n [\n -119.970703125,\n 49.66762782262192\n ],\n [\n -119.53125,\n 51.069016659603896\n ],\n [\n -120.673828125,\n 52.5897007687178\n ],\n [\n -122.25585937500001,\n 53.592504809039376\n ],\n [\n -124.1015625,\n 54.521081495443596\n ],\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 53.4357192066942\n ],\n [\n -124.1015625,\n 52.3755991766591\n ],\n [\n -123.04687499999999,\n 51.069016659603896\n ],\n [\n -125.33203125,\n 50.680797145321655\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56505247e4b0f162148c5d02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeLong, John P. 0000-0003-0558-8213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0558-8213","contributorId":149794,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeLong","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12505,"text":"University of Nebraska - Lincoln","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steenhof, Karen karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","contributorId":30585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steenhof","given":"Karen","email":"karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048078,"text":"70048078 - 2004 - Global distribution of natural gas resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T15:58:55","indexId":"70048078","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T15:56:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Global distribution of natural gas resources","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of Energy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","isbn":"9781601194336","usgsCitation":"Charpentier, R., 2004, Global distribution of natural gas resources, chap. of Encyclopedia of Energy, v. 4, p. 249-256.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"8","ipdsId":"IP-046089","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278863,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527a2185e4b051792d019532","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Charpentier, Ronald R. charpentier@usgs.gov","contributorId":934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charpentier","given":"Ronald R.","email":"charpentier@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":483696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70200192,"text":"70200192 - 2004 - The Global Invasive Species Information Network: What's in it for you? ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-11T15:42:48","indexId":"70200192","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T15:42:15","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Global Invasive Species Information Network: What's in it for you? ","docAbstract":"A well-known article in BioScience— probably the most widely cited scientific study on invasive species in recent years—calculated the annual cost of invasive species in the United States alone at $138 billion per year (Pimentel et al. 2000). The total annual cost of invasive species to human societies worldwide can therefore be estimated to be in the hundreds of billions of dollars, including the costs of control, detrimental effects on human health, and losses in agricultural production and ecosystem services. This enormous sum far exceeds the combined annual cost of all natural disasters (Munich Re Group 2004), making the problem of invasive species in both agricultural and natural ecosystems a high-priority issue. But there is hope for counteracting the invasive species challenge, and much of that hope stems from new strategies being developed for managing information about invasive species and their effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0613:TGISIN]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Simpson, A., 2004, The Global Invasive Species Information Network: What's in it for you? : BioScience, v. 54, no. 7, p. 613-614, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0613:TGISIN]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"614","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0613:tgisin]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":358304,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e877e4b034bf6a800f54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Annie 0000-0001-8338-5134 asimpson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8338-5134","contributorId":127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Annie","email":"asimpson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":748323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70145563,"text":"70145563 - 2004 - Tertiary thrust systems and fluid flow beneath the Beaufort coastal plain (1002 area), Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T14:06:45.185507","indexId":"70145563","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Tertiary thrust systems and fluid flow beneath the Beaufort coastal plain (1002 area), Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Beneath the Arctic coastal plain (commonly referred to as \"the 1002 area\") in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, northeastern Alaska, United States, seismic reflection data show that the northernmost and youngest part of the Brookian orogen is preserved as a Paleogene to Neogene system of blind and buried thrust-related structures. These structures involve Proterozoic to Miocene (and younger?) rocks that contain several potential petroleum reservoir facies. Thermal maturity data indicate that the deformed rocks are mature to overmature with respect to hydrocarbon generation. Oil seeps and stains in outcrops and shows in nearby wells indicate that oil has migrated through the region; geochemical studies have identified three potential petroleum systems. Hydrocarbons that were generated from Mesozoic source rocks in the deformed belt were apparently expelled and migrated northward in the Paleogene, before much of the deformation in this part of the orogen. It is also possible that Neogene petroleum, which was generated in Tertiary rocks offshore in the Arctic Ocean, migrated southward into Neogene structural traps at the thrust front. However, the hydrocarbon resource potential of this largely unexplored region of Alaska's North Slope remains poorly known.
\nIn the western part of the 1002 area, the dominant style of thin-skinned thrusting is that of a passive-roof duplex, bounded below by a detachment (floor thrust) near the base of Lower Cretaceous and younger foreland basin deposits and bounded above by a north-dipping roof thrust near the base of the Eocene. East-west-trending, basement-involved thrusts produced the Sadlerochit Mountains to the south, and buried, basement-involved thrusts are also present north of the Sadlerochit Mountains, where they appear to feed displacement into the thin-skinned system. Locally, late basement-involved thrusts postdate the thin-skinned thrusting. Both the basement-involved thrusts and the thin-skinned passive-roof duplex were principally active in the Miocene.
\nIn the eastern part of the 1002 area, a northward-younging pattern of thin-skinned deformation is apparent. Converging patterns of Paleocene reflectors on the north flank of the Sabbath syncline indicate that the Aichilik high and the Sabbath syncline formed as a passive-roof duplex and piggyback basin, respectively, just behind the Paleocene deformation front. During the Eocene and possibly the Oligocene, thin-skinned thrusting advanced northward over the present location of the Niguanak high. A passive-roof duplex occupied the frontal part of this system. The Kingak and Hue shales exposed above the Niguanak high were transported into their present structural position during the Eocene to Oligocene motion on the long thrust ramps above the present south flank of the Niguanak high. Broad, basement-cored subsurface domes (Niguanak high and Aurora dome) formed near the deformation front in the Oligocene, deforming the overlying thin-skinned structures and feeding a new increment of displacement into thin-skinned structures directly to the north. Deformation continued through the Miocene above a detachment in the basement. Offshore seismicity and Holocene shortening documented by previous workers may indicate that contractional deformation continues to the present day.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deformation, fluid flow, and reservoir appraisal in foreland fold and thrust belts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/1025691H13117","usgsCitation":"Potter, C.J., Grow, J.A., Perry, W.J., Moore, T.E., O'Sullivan, P., Phillips, J.D., and Saltus, R.W., 2004, Tertiary thrust systems and fluid flow beneath the Beaufort coastal plain (1002 area), Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, U.S.A., chap. of Deformation, fluid flow, and reservoir appraisal in foreland fold and thrust belts, v. 1, p. 187-214, https://doi.org/10.1306/1025691H13117.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"214","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299468,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":386729,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1282/chapter/107112078/Tertiary-Thrust-Systems-and-Fluid-Flow-beneath-the?redirectedFrom=PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147.568359375,\n 67.13156029436401\n ],\n [\n -140.96557617187497,\n 67.13156029436401\n ],\n [\n -140.96557617187497,\n 70.1925497583889\n ],\n [\n -147.568359375,\n 70.1925497583889\n ],\n [\n -147.568359375,\n 67.13156029436401\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524ffb4e4b027f0aee3d48c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Potter, Christopher J. 0000-0002-2300-6670 cpotter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":1026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","email":"cpotter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grow, John A.","contributorId":41763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perry, William J. Jr.","contributorId":32498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O'Sullivan, Paul B.","contributorId":36627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Sullivan","given":"Paul B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Phillips, Jeffrey D. 0000-0002-6459-2821 jeff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":1572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Saltus, Richard W. saltus@usgs.gov","contributorId":777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"Richard","email":"saltus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70145550,"text":"70145550 - 2004 - Two stages of deformation and fluid migration in the west-central Brooks Range fold-and-thrust belt, Northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T14:03:11.711514","indexId":"70145550","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Two stages of deformation and fluid migration in the west-central Brooks Range fold-and-thrust belt, Northern Alaska","docAbstract":"The Brooks Range is a north-directed fold and thrust belt that forms the southern boundary of the North Slope petroleum province in northern Alaska. Field-based studies have long recognized that large-magnitude, thin-skinned folding and thrusting in the Brooks Range occurred during arc-continent collision in the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (Neocomian). Folds and thrusts, however, also deform middle and Upper Cretaceous strata of the Colville foreland basin and thus record a younger phase of deformation that apatite fission-track data have shown to occur primarily during the early Tertiary (~60 and ~45 Ma). A structural and kinematic model that reconciles these observations is critical to understanding the petroleum system of the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt.
\nNew interpretations of outcrop and regional seismic reflection data indicate that from the modern mountain front northward to near the deformation front under the coastal plain, the basal thrust detachment for the orogen is located in the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Kingak Shale in the upper part of the regionally extensive, gently south-dipping, north-derived Mississippian to Early Cretaceous Ellesmerian sequence. The frontal part of the orogen lies in middle Cretaceous foreland basin strata and consists of a thin-skinned fold belt at the deformation front and a fully developed passive-roof duplex to the south. Near the mountain front, the orogen is composed of a stacked series of allochthons and thrust duplexes and associated Neocomian syntectonic deposits that are unconformably overlain by proximal foreland basin strata. The foreland basin strata and underlying deformed rocks are truncated by a younger generation of folds and thrusts. Vitrinite reflectance and stable isotope compositions of veins provide evidence of two fluid events in these rocks, including an earlier higher temperature (~250-300°C) event that was buffered by limestone and a younger, lower temperature (~150°C) event that had distinctly lower δ13C values as a result of oxidation of organic matter and/or methane. Zircon fission-track data from the host rocks of the veins show that the higher temperature fluid event occurred at 160-120 Ma, whereas the lower temperature event probably occurred at about 60-45 Ma.
\nIt is proposed that the Brooks Range consists of two superposed contractional orogens that used many of the same mechanically incompetent stratigraphic units (e.g., Kayak Shale, Kingak Shale) as sites of thrust detachment. The older orogen formed in a north-directed arc-continent collisional zone that was active from 160 to 120 Ma. This deformation produced a thin-skinned deformational wedge that is characterized by far-traveled allochthons with relatively low structural relief, because it involved a thin (1-4-km [0.6-2.5-mi]-thick) stratigraphic section. Deeper parts of the deformational wedge are envisioned to have contained relatively high-temperature fluids that presumably migrated from or through limestone-rich source areas in the underlying autochthon or from deeper parts of the orogen. The younger orogen, which formed initially at about 60 Ma and reactivated at 45 Ma, produced a thrust belt and frontal triangle zone with low amounts of shortening and relatively high structural relief, because it involved a structural section 5-10 km (3-6 mi) thick. Fluids associated with this deformation were relatively of lower temperature and suggest that hydrocarbon migration occurred at this time.
\nWe conclude that hydrocarbon generation from Triassic and Jurassic source strata and migration into stratigraphic traps occurred primarily by sedimentary burial principally at 100-90 Ma, between the times of the two major episodes of deformation. Subsequent sedimentary burial caused deep stratigraphic traps to become overmature, cracking oil to gas, and initiated some new hydrocarbon generation progressively higher in the section. Structural disruption of the traps in the early Tertiary released sequestered hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons remigrated into newly formed structural traps, which formed at higher structural levels or were lost to the surface. Because of the generally high maturation of the Colville basin at the time of the deformation and remigration, most of the hydrocarbons available to fill traps were gas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Deformation, fluid flow, and reservoir appraisal in foreland fold and thrust belts","doi":"10.1306/1025690H13116","usgsCitation":"Moore, T.E., Potter, C.J., O'Sullivan, P., Shelton, K.L., and Underwood, M.B., 2004, Two stages of deformation and fluid migration in the west-central Brooks Range fold-and-thrust belt, Northern Alaska, v. 1, p. 157-186, https://doi.org/10.1306/1025690H13116.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"186","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299467,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":386730,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1282/chapter-abstract/107111537/Two-Stages-of-Deformation-and-Fluid-Migration-in"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.828125,\n 66.79190947341796\n ],\n [\n -142.734375,\n 66.79190947341796\n ],\n [\n -142.734375,\n 69.65708627301174\n ],\n [\n -163.828125,\n 69.65708627301174\n ],\n [\n -163.828125,\n 66.79190947341796\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524ffb7e4b027f0aee3d493","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Potter, Christopher J. 0000-0002-2300-6670 cpotter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":1026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","email":"cpotter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Sullivan, Paul B.","contributorId":36627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Sullivan","given":"Paul B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shelton, Kevin L.","contributorId":48632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Underwood, Michael B.","contributorId":6844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70145216,"text":"70145216 - 2004 - Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T11:19:18","indexId":"70145216","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance","docAbstract":"Geochemical analyses of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the western Brooks Range reveal a complex evolutionary history for strata surrounding the large Zn-Pb-Ag deposits of the Red Dog district. Data for major elements, trace elements, and rare earth elements (REE) were obtained on 220 samples of unaltered and unmineralized siliciclastic rocks from the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Endicott Group (Hunt Fork Shale, Noatak Sandstone, Kanayut Conglomerate, Kayak Shale), the overlying Carboniferous Lisburne Group (Kuna Formation, unnamed drowned shelf facies), and the Pennsylvanian-Permian Siksikpuk Formation. Major base metal sulfide deposits of the region are present only in the Kuna Formation, which in the Red Dog district comprises siliceous black shale and black chert, minor limestone (calcareous radiolarite), and sparse lithic turbidite and bedded siliceous rock. Gray and rare black shales of the Kayak Shale and common black shales of the Kuna Formation are anomalously low in iron (avg Fe/Ti = 6.25 and 6.34, respectively) relative to other Paleozoic shales in the region (9.58-10.6) and to average shales worldwide (10.1-10.5). In contrast, the bedded siliceous rocks contain appreciable hematite (avg Fe/Ti = 35.0) and high U/Ti and REE/Ti ratios that are interpreted to reflect low amounts of detrital material and a major Fe-rich eolian component.
\nGeochemical data (e.g., MnO <0.01 wt %; avg Cr = 317 ppm), sizes of framboidal pyrite grains, and limited bioturbation suggest anoxic and denitrifying depositional conditions for most black shales of the Kuna Formation; low Mo/Ti ratios argue against euxinic (sulfate-reducing) conditions. Organic-rich black shales of the Kuna Formation with up to 8.4 wt percent Corganic and gray to black shales of the Kayak Shale with up to 4.1 wt percent Corganic typically have only sparse pyrite (<1 wt % S) and very low iron-limited S/C ratios (mostly <0.2). Immobile element plots (e.g., Th-Zr/10-Sc) suggest that source terranes for all of the formations were dominated by one or more felsic-rich continental arcs; a small proportion of recycled sediments is present locally. A minor mafic igneous component also occurs in several shales of the Kuna and Siksikpuk Formations. High average values for the chemical index of alteration [Al2O3/(Al2O3 + CaO + Na2O + K2O)] ∞ 100 for shales of the Endicott Group (76.4-81.5) imply moderate to intense chemical weathering in source areas of these sediments. A lower average for black shales of the Kuna Formation (73.7) does not require such weathering.
\nTextural and geochemical data record the effects of diagenetic and/or hydrothermal fluid flow in some of the Paleozoic rocks. Mobility of P, F, U, and light REE is documented in black shales of the Kuna Formation by phosphate replacements of carbonate clasts and of matrix material surrounding the clasts. A relatively low average Ce/Ce* value of 0.73 for P-poor black shales of the Kuna Formation (<0.05 wt % P2O5) and a similar Ce/Ce* value of 0.78 for a siderite concretion in Kayak Shale suggest that these diagenetic fluids were oxidizing. Many shales of the Kuna Formation have high (K2O ∞ 100)/(K2O + Al2O3) ratios of 21.0 to 23.0, which contrast with low ratios of generally <18.0 for shales of the underlying Endicott Group. The high ratios in shales of the Kuna Formation reflect preferential reaction of smectite to illite during the Jurassic-Cretaceous Brookian orogeny, owing to high silica activities in pore fluids that were generated by the dissolution of abundant biogenic silica.
\nThe distribution and composition of Paleozoic strata in the western Brooks Range may have played a fundamental role in Zn-Pb mineralization of the Red Dog district. In our model, deposition and early lithification of biogenic chert and bedded siliceous rocks in the upper part of the Kuna Formation served as a regional hydrologic seal, acting as a cap rock to heat and hydrothermal fluids during Late Mississippian base-metal mineralization. Equally important was the iron-poor composition of black shales of the Kuna Formation (i.e., low Fe/Ti ratios), which limited synsedimentary pyrite formation in precursor sediments, resulting in significant H2S production in pore waters through the interaction of aqueous sulfate with abundant organic matter. This H2S may have been critical to the subsurface deposition of the huge quantities of Zn and Pb in the district. On the basis of this model, we propose that low Fe/Ti and S/C ratios in black shale sequences are potential basin-scale exploration guides for giant sediment-hosted, stratiform Zn-Pb-Ag deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1385","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Dumoulin, J.A., Schmidt, J., Young, L.E., and Rombach, C., 2004, Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1385-1414, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1385.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1385","endPage":"1414","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Western Brooks Range","volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5523ae40e4b027f0aee3d146","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, J.M.","contributorId":97916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, L. E.","contributorId":105288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rombach, Cameron","contributorId":16455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rombach","given":"Cameron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70146126,"text":"70146126 - 2004 - Aggregate and the environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-13T11:56:58","indexId":"70146126","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Aggregate and the environment","docAbstract":"This book is designed to help you understand our aggregate resources-their importance, where they come from, how they are processed for our use, the environmental concerns related to their mining and processing, how those concerns are addressed, and the policies and regulations designed to safeguard workers, neighbors, and the environment from the negative impacts of aggregate mining. We hope this understanding will help prepare you to be involved in decisions that need to be made-individually and as a society-to be good stewards of our aggregate resources and our living planet.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","publisherLocation":"Silver Spring, MD","isbn":"978-0922152711","usgsCitation":"Langer, W.H., Drew, L.J., and Sachs, J., 2004, Aggregate and the environment, v. 8, 64 p.","productDescription":"64 p.","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":299608,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"552ce8afe4b0b22a157f50a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langer, William H. blanger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"William","email":"blanger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drew, Lawrence J. ldrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":2635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"Lawrence","email":"ldrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sachs, J.S.","contributorId":47546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sachs","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70239870,"text":"70239870 - 2004 - A kinematic model for the southern Alaska orocline based on regional fault patterns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-23T20:05:42.16846","indexId":"70239870","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T13:55:12","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"A kinematic model for the southern Alaska orocline based on regional fault patterns","docAbstract":"Among the most prominent physiographic features of southern Alaska are a series of nested arcuate lineations, including the Denali fault, that parallel the concave-southward southern coastline of the state. These features are generally interpreted as major dextral shear zones that formed in the Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary in response to stresses imposed on the western edge of North America by transcurrent motion and oblique subduction along the North American margin.
South-central Alaska consists of a collage of Paleozoic and Mesozoic tectonostratigraphic terranes and overlap assemblages. Following accretion to the continent, these terranes were transported northward along its margin along strike-slip faults such as the ancestral Denali fault that formed by oblique subduction. The terranes would have arrived at about their present position by Eocene time. It is commonly held that southwestern Alaska rotated into its present configuration by the middle Eocene, in response to impingement of northeast Asia against western Alaska, to form the southern Alaska orocline. Subsequent to this rotation during the middle and late Tertiary, southern Alaska terranes were presumably transported through the Alaska orocline by continued dextral movement along faults on the east limb of the orocline, such as the Denali and Tintina.
Both initial bending of the crust to form the orocline and subsequent transport of crust through the orocline would result in significant crustal shortening within the bend. A model is suggested herein whereby shortening is accommodated by a system of secondary, northeast-trending thrust faults. The distribution of these faults shows a consistent pattern within the bend: the faults appear to splay off at or near the major dextral shear zones and generally occur west of the orocline’s axis. That these faults occur where deformation would be greatest to crust driven through the bend suggests that the faults are directly related to crustal dynamics within the bend. If this model is correct, one may infer the sense and timing of motion along many faults that otherwise lack or have limited documented histories.
The interaction of strike-slip and thrust faults suggested by the model is reflected in the rupture sequence of the November 3, 2002, M7.9 Denali earthquake, which involved both initiation of slip along a previously unknown east-northeast–trending thrust fault and subsequent strike-slip motion along the McKinley strand of the east-west–trending Denali fault. This event is likely due, in part, to stresses imposed by accretion of the Yakutat terrane that is presently working its way into the bend of the orocline and deforming as a result of collision. Faulting along the western margin of the Yakutat terrane resembles that seen in central Alaska within the hinge of the bend. As such, it likely represents a present-day analog for crustal deformation associated with the orocline and may therefore provide clues to earlier stages of crustal deformation in central Alaska.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Orogenic curvature: Integrating paleomagnetic and structural analyses","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2383-3(2004)383[161:AKMFTS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Glen, J.M., 2004, A kinematic model for the southern Alaska orocline based on regional fault patterns, chap. of Orogenic curvature: Integrating paleomagnetic and structural analyses: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 383, p. 161-172, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2383-3(2004)383[161:AKMFTS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"172","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412234,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Talkeetna Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.6558865053694,\n 61.62511631782783\n ],\n [\n -149.454401539696,\n 61.6384125473397\n ],\n [\n -149.01225397613476,\n 61.68092209678608\n ],\n [\n -148.42458949292046,\n 61.78164813521394\n ],\n [\n -148.20071730883896,\n 61.78694038774481\n ],\n [\n -148.0104259523696,\n 61.77635497156183\n ],\n [\n -147.84252181430827,\n 61.797522159888814\n ],\n [\n -147.46193910136952,\n 61.79223172926589\n ],\n [\n -147.2828413541042,\n 61.85037639130303\n ],\n [\n -147.0197915378083,\n 61.968965984895846\n ],\n [\n -147.04217875621652,\n 62.11066740735515\n ],\n [\n -146.98621071019616,\n 62.36614731645247\n ],\n [\n -147.10934041144094,\n 62.742762817680386\n ],\n [\n -147.0925499976348,\n 62.92928859566922\n ],\n [\n -147.39477744614544,\n 63.03606941046891\n ],\n [\n -147.47313271057405,\n 63.05636439164377\n ],\n [\n -147.4843263197781,\n 63.15257266921114\n ],\n [\n -147.42276146915563,\n 63.26105633664412\n ],\n [\n -147.47313271057405,\n 63.36160669058128\n ],\n [\n -147.7809569636863,\n 63.38919654057369\n ],\n [\n -148.05520038918624,\n 63.34905708668114\n ],\n [\n -148.17273328582908,\n 63.34905708668114\n ],\n [\n -148.5029447573494,\n 63.40423438219844\n ],\n [\n -148.81636581506376,\n 63.38919654057369\n ],\n [\n -149.01785078073718,\n 63.37665898500339\n ],\n [\n -149.34806225225768,\n 63.30383313056015\n ],\n [\n -149.46559514890052,\n 63.21064941139369\n ],\n [\n -149.60551526395147,\n 63.12981527528069\n ],\n [\n -149.76222579280855,\n 63.04875543034001\n ],\n [\n -149.76222579280855,\n 62.96492557132987\n ],\n [\n -150.08684045972694,\n 62.83745117375622\n ],\n [\n -150.29392223000247,\n 62.71711909313473\n ],\n [\n -150.4002615174413,\n 62.637481942242886\n ],\n [\n -150.24355098858402,\n 62.41542902475709\n ],\n [\n -150.14280850574733,\n 62.33238153159763\n ],\n [\n -150.15959891955345,\n 62.17343412214285\n ],\n [\n -150.12601809194118,\n 61.750827520785975\n ],\n [\n -149.97490436768618,\n 61.62607221186616\n ],\n [\n -149.6558865053694,\n 61.62511631782783\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"383","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sussman, Aviva J.","contributorId":301144,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sussman","given":"Aviva","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862210,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weil, Arlo B.","contributorId":301145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weil","given":"Arlo","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862211,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Glen, Jonathan M.G. 0000-0002-3502-3355 jglen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3502-3355","contributorId":176530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glen","given":"Jonathan","email":"jglen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.G.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":862209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046982,"text":"70046982 - 2004 - Landsat yesterday and today: An American vision and an old challenge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T13:58:18","indexId":"70046982","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T13:54:35","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2374,"text":"Journal of Map & Geography Libraries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat yesterday and today: An American vision and an old challenge","docAbstract":"Since the late 1960s, the United States government has invested more than $1 billion in designing, launching, and operating the Landsat (land satellite) series of Earth-observing satellites. Global change researchers, geologists, and environmental scientists have used images gathered by the satellites for purposes ranging from human health research, energy exploration, and pollution detection to agricultural assessments, urban growth monitoring, and earthquake lineament studies. The earliest data were captured on a digital medium called wide-band video tape (WBVT). However, two decades of unsound media storage conditions and a poorly maintained processing system have left the physically deteriorating WBVTs with no mechanism for interpretation. A national treasure was in jeopardy. With seed money from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a project to rescue the data. More than 21,000 tapes from the 1970s have been transcribed to stable, archival media, preserving the data for future studies in Earth System Science.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Map & Geography Libraries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1300/J230v01n01_04","usgsCitation":"Faundeen, J., Williams, D.L., and Greenhagen, C.A., 2004, Landsat yesterday and today: An American vision and an old challenge: Journal of Map & Geography Libraries, v. 1, no. 1, p. 59-73, https://doi.org/10.1300/J230v01n01_04.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"73","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274884,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274883,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J230v01n01_04"}],"country":"United States","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dfd3e5e4b0d332bf22f3a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faundeen, John 0000-0003-0287-2921 faundeen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0287-2921","contributorId":3097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faundeen","given":"John","email":"faundeen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Darrel L.","contributorId":20627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Darrel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greenhagen, Cheryl A.","contributorId":99449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenhagen","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70145196,"text":"70145196 - 2004 - Nature of hydrothermal fluids at the shale-hosted Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-06T12:44:03","indexId":"70145196","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nature of hydrothermal fluids at the shale-hosted Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district in the western Brooks Range, northern Alaska, contains numerous shale-hosted Zn-Pb sulfide and barite deposits in organic-rich siliceous mudstone and shale, chert, and carbonate rocks of the Carboniferous Kuna Formation. The giant Red Dog shale-hosted deposits consist of a cluster of four orebodies (Main, Qanaiyaq, Aqqaluk, and Paalaaq) that lie within distinct thrust panels that offset a single ore deposit during the Mesozoic Brookian orogeny. These Zn-Pb-Ag-barite orebodies contain one of the world's largest reserves and resources of zinc.
\nFluid inclusions in samples of vein sphalerite, which accounts for about 20 percent of the ore in the Main deposit, and quartz that composes the bulk of the extensive silicification in the ore deposit, were studied by microthermometry, Raman spectrometry, and ion chromatography. The study of fluid inclusions in the vein sphalerite was limited by the intense postore deformation of the ore deposits. However, four primary aqueous fluid inclusion assemblages in vein sphalerite yield temperatures of homogenization of 115° to 120°C, 123° to 127°C, 110° to 120°C and 175° to 180°C. More abundant final-melting temperatures indicate that the fluid inclusions in sphalerite have salinities of about 14 to 19 wt percent NaCl equiv. The fluid inclusion electrolyte data show that the ore fluid responsible for the vein sphalerite derived its salinity from the evaporation of seawater. Considering the salinity of the fluid inclusions together with the electrolyte data, it is possible that the evaporative brine was initially about 30 wt percent saline fluid and that it mixed with a more dilute fluid somewhere along its flow path. The temperature, salinity, and electrolyte composition of vein sphalerite in the Red Dog deposits are remarkably similar to those characteristics in sphalerite veins near the Century zinc deposit, Australia. Together, these data compose the majority of information on the temperature and composition of sphalerite in deposits of this type.
\nOn the basis of data describing fluid inclusions in sphalerite and the geologic setting of the ore deposits, a \"reflux brine\" model is suggested for the Red Dog deposits. In this model, brines were produced in evaporative environments in supratidal carbonate facies of the Lisburne Group less than 100 km from the Red Dog deposits. These reflux brines may have infiltrated the underlying rocks of Endicott Group or fractured metasedimentary basement rocks. In the absence of a local heat source at the Red Dog deposits, the temperature of the ore fluids (~100° to <200°C) requires that the fluids circulated at depths between ~ 2.4 and 7.4 km.
\nIn the Red Dog area, the metalliferous fluids ascended into the organic-rich rocks of the Kuna Formation, probably along zones of active extensional faults or breaches in the shale aquitards overlying the aquifers in the Endicott Group. Fluid inclusions were also studied in the abundant quartz that constitutes the majority of the silica rock in the ore deposits. This postore quartz extensively replaced barite and was traditionally thought to be part of the main ore event. Primary fluid inclusion assemblages contain two-phase aqueous inclusions, single-phase inclusions of dense methane, or both. Primary assemblages that contain single-phase, dense-methane inclusions together with two-phase aqueous inclusions yield consistent homogenization temperatures that provide unequivocal evidence for the coeval trapping of immiscible gas and aqueous fluids.
\nThe densities of the methane inclusions, together with the temperature of homogenization of coexisting aqueous fluid inclusions, show that these fluid inclusions were trapped between pressures of 800 and 3,400 bars and temperatures between 187° and 214°C. The pressures obtained provide unequivocal evidence that the quartz formed after ore deposition in the Carboniferous because such high fluid pressures could only have been produced from thrust loading during the Mesozoic Brookian orogeny. The observed large variation in pressure is best explained by transient fluid pressures from hydrostatic to lithostatic conditions during thrust loading. The 3,400 bars pressure corresponds with about 12 km of lithostatic burial, whereas the lower pressures (800 bars) correspond with about 8 km of hydrostatic pressure. Because of their low salinity (0-5 wt % NaCl equiv) the electrolyte compositions of the quartz fluid inclusions do not constrain their origin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1449","usgsCitation":"Leach, D.L., Marsh, E., Emsbo, P., Rombach, C., Kelley, K.D., and Anthony, M.W., 2004, Nature of hydrothermal fluids at the shale-hosted Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1449-1480, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1449.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"1449","endPage":"1480","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":299387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range","volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5523ae3ee4b027f0aee3d13a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leach, David L.","contributorId":83902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marsh, Erin E. 0000-0001-5245-9532","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-9532","contributorId":58765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Erin E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Emsbo, Poul 0000-0001-9421-201X pemsbo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-201X","contributorId":997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"Poul","email":"pemsbo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rombach, Cameron","contributorId":16455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rombach","given":"Cameron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kelley, Karen D. kdkelley@usgs.gov","contributorId":431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"Karen","email":"kdkelley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anthony, Michael W. manthony@usgs.gov","contributorId":1232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"Michael","email":"manthony@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":544088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70239866,"text":"70239866 - 2004 - The complexity of reversals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-23T19:48:44.517465","indexId":"70239866","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T13:36:13","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":12608,"text":"Geophysical Monograph Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"The complexity of reversals","docAbstract":"This chapter contains sections titled:
Introduction
Some Illustrative Polarity Transition Records
The Case for Complexity
Conclusions
Laboratory thermal alteration (pyrolysis) experiments were carried out on composited Cretaceous black shale samples from DSDP Hole 368. Dried rock samples (low water-rock ratio) were heated in an inert atmosphere in the range of 250–500°C and the resultant bitumen and kerogen concentrates were characterized. Pyrobitumen forms initially (250°C), then major hydrocarbon generation occurs from 300–360°C and oxygenated products (e.g. alkanoic acids) have a maximum yield at 330–360°C with minor generation to 500°C. Dealkylation of the aromatic hydrocarbons to the parent polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons occurs above 400°C. The kerogens become more aromatic with increasing pyrolysis temperature (atomic H/C decreases from 1.2 to 0.5 and vitrinite reflectance increases to 3%). The temperature ranges of pyrobitumen, bitumen, and PAH formation in dry pyrolysis experiments are of utility in correlating with field data on ore genesis.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemical investigations in earth and space science: A tribute to Isaac R. Kaplan","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1873-9881(04)80023-3","usgsCitation":"Simoneit, B.R., Peters, K.E., Rohrback, B.G., Brenner, S., and Kaplan, I., 2004, Thermal alteration of Cretaceous black shale from the Eastern Atlantic. III: Laboratory simulations, chap. of Geochemical investigations in earth and space science: A tribute to Isaac R. 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T.","contributorId":51021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simoneit","given":"Bernd","email":"","middleInitial":"R. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":861919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peters, K. E.","contributorId":17295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":861920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rohrback, Brian G.","contributorId":8004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohrback","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":861921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brenner, S.","contributorId":301075,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brenner","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":861922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaplan, I.R.","contributorId":24086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaplan","given":"I.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":861923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70198951,"text":"70198951 - 2004 - Use and environmental occurrence of veterinary pharmaceuticals in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-27T13:24:44","indexId":"70198951","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T13:20:31","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"13","title":"Use and environmental occurrence of veterinary pharmaceuticals in the United States","docAbstract":"The purpose of this chapter is to familiarise the reader with the range of veterinary pharmaceuticals used in agriculture in the United States and to provide examples of the environmental occurrence of selected veterinary pharmaceuticals. A 1998 survey conducted by the Animal Health Institute (AHI) reported that there were 109 million cattle, 7.5 billion chickens, 92 million swine, and 292 million turkeys in the United States (AHI 2002). In comparison, a 2002 survey conducted by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) reported 104 million cattle, 8.6 billion chickens, 60 million swine, and 275 million turkeys in the United States (NASS 2002). To increase the efficiency of food production and maintain economic viability, animal agribusinesses began contracting with cooperative farmers, which lead to a proliferation of large animal-feeding operations (AFOs) over the last decade. Because of the close proximity of the large numbers of animals at these facilities and the potential for the rapid spread of disease, use of pharmaceuticals is important to maintain their operations.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pharmaceuticals in the environment: Sources, fate, effects, and risks","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York","doi":"10.1007/978-3-662-09259-0_13","usgsCitation":"Meyer, M.T., 2004, Use and environmental occurrence of veterinary pharmaceuticals in the United States, chap. 13 of Pharmaceuticals in the environment: Sources, fate, effects, and risks, p. 155-163, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09259-0_13.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"163","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356791,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98ca81e4b0702d0e846929","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69899,"text":"sir20045154 - 2004 - Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends (BEST) Program: Environmental contaminants and their effects on fish in the Columbia River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-04T19:50:59.844612","indexId":"sir20045154","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T13:20:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5154","displayTitle":"Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends (BEST) Program: Environmental Contaminants and their Effects on Fish in the Columbia River Basin","title":"Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends (BEST) Program: Environmental contaminants and their effects on fish in the Columbia River Basin","docAbstract":"This project examined and analyzed 560 fish representing eight species from 16 sites in the Columbia River Basin (CRB) from September 1997 to April 1998. Ten of the 16 sampling locations were historical National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (NCBP) sites where organochlorine and elemental contaminants in fish had been monitored from 1969 through 1986. Five sites were co-located at U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)-National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) stations at which water quality is monitored. The sampling location at Marine Park in Vancouver, Washington did not correspond to either of the established monitoring programs. Eight of the sampling locations were located on the Columbia River; three were on the Snake River; two were on the Willamette River, and one site was on each of the Yakima, Salmon and Flathead Rivers.
\nCommon carp (Cyprinus carpio), black basses (Micropterus sp.), and largescale sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) together accounted for 80% of the fish sampled during the study. Fish were weighed and measured then field-examined for external and internal lesions, and liver, spleen, and gonads were weighed to compute somatic indices. Selected tissues and fluids were obtained and preserved for analysis of fish health and reproductive biomarkers. Composite samples of whole fish from each station were grouped by species and gender and analyzed for persistent organic and inorganic contaminants and for dioxin-like activity using H4IIE rat hepatoma cell bioassay.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045154","usgsCitation":"Hinck, J.E., Schmitt, C.J., Bartish, T.M., Denslow, N.D., Blazer, V.S., Anderson, P.J.; Coyle, J.J., Dethloff, G.M., Tillitt, D.E., 2004, Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends (BEST) Program: Environmental Contaminants and their Effects on Fish in the Columbia River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, Scientific Investigations Report 2004—5154, 125 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045154.","productDescription":"x, 126 p.","numberOfPages":"126","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1997-09-01","temporalEnd":"1998-04-30","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415389,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_69940.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191744,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5154/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":320271,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5154/sir20045154.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2004-5154"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.025390625,\n 52.53627304145948\n ],\n [\n -122.03613281249999,\n 49.1242192485914\n ],\n [\n -121.46484375,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -123.1787109375,\n 46.46813299215554\n ],\n [\n -123.3544921875,\n 44.5278427984555\n ],\n [\n -122.56347656249999,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -119.970703125,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -118.47656249999999,\n 43.83452678223682\n ],\n [\n -117.6416015625,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -115.97167968750001,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -110.25878906249999,\n 43.61221676817573\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 44.84029065139799\n ],\n [\n -113.37890625,\n 44.653024159812\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -112.8515625,\n 47.15984001304432\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 47.66538735632654\n ],\n [\n -118.16894531249999,\n 51.97134580885172\n ],\n [\n -121.025390625,\n 52.53627304145948\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Columbia Environmental Research Center
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At basaltic volcanoes, the sources of long-period and very-long-period seismicity and acoustic signals are frequently described in terms of fluid dynamic processes, in particular the formation and ascent of gas slugs within the magma column and their bursting at the surface. To investigate pressure changes associated with these processes, two-phase flow experiments have been carried out in vertical and inclined pipes with both single gas slugs and a continuously supplied gas phase. The ascent of individual gas slugs is accompanied by strong dynamic pressure variations resulting from the flow of liquid around the slug. These dynamic transients generate sub-static pressures below the ascending slug in viscosity-controlled systems, and produce super-static pressures when the slug reaches the surface and motion ceases in inertia-dominated systems. Conduit inclination promotes a change of regime from bubbly to slug flow and favours an increase in size and velocity of the slugs at the expense of their frequency of occurrence during continuously supplied two-phase flow. The experimental pressure data support previous theoretical analyses of oscillatory sources in ascending slugs as the slugs approach the surface and burst. Pressure oscillations are also observed during the release of gas slugs and in their wake region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00232-4","usgsCitation":"James, M.R., Lane, S.J., Chouet, B.A., and Gilbert, J., 2004, Pressure changes associated with the ascent and bursting of gas slugs in liquid-filled vertical and inclined conduits: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 129, no. 1-3, p. 61-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00232-4.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"82","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412229,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, M. R.","contributorId":301139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"James","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane, S. J.","contributorId":301140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lane","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chouet, Bernard A. 0000-0001-5527-0532 chouet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-0532","contributorId":3304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"Bernard","email":"chouet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":862199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gilbert, J.S.","contributorId":22796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70140090,"text":"70140090 - 2004 - The Colorado front range: anatomy of a Laramide uplift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-03T11:52:32","indexId":"70140090","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The Colorado front range: anatomy of a Laramide uplift","docAbstract":"Along a transect across the Front Range from Denver to the Blue River valley near Dillon, the trip explores the geologic framework and Laramide (Late Cretaceous to early Eocene) uplift history of this basement-cored mountain range. Specific items for discussion at various stops are (1) the sedimentary and structural record along the upturned eastern margin of the range, which contains several discontinuous, east-directed reverse faults; (2) the western structural margin of the range, which contains a minimum of 9 km of thrust overhang and is significantly different in structural style from the eastern margin; (3) mid- to late-Tertiary modifications to the western margin of the range from extensional faulting along the northern Rio Grande rift trend; (4) the thermal and uplift history of the range as revealed by apatite fission track analysis; (5) the Proterozoic basement of the range, including the significance of northeast-trending shear zones; and (6) the geologic setting of the Colorado mineral belt, formed during Laramide and mid-Tertiary igneous activity.
","largerWorkType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Field Guide","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-0005-1.89","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, K.S., Bryant, B., and Reed, J., 2004, The Colorado front range: anatomy of a Laramide uplift, chap. of GSA Field Guide, v. 5, p. 89-108, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0005-1.89.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":297718,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297717,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fieldguides.gsapubs.org/content/5/89.abstract"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.061279296875,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -109.061279296875,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -102.041015625,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -102.041015625,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -109.061279296875,\n 36.99377838872517\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c6ae4b08de9379b37b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellogg, Karl S. 0000-0002-6536-9066 kkellogg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6536-9066","contributorId":1206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Karl","email":"kkellogg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryant, Bruce bbryant@usgs.gov","contributorId":1355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"Bruce","email":"bbryant@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reed, John C. jreed@usgs.gov","contributorId":1259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"John C.","email":"jreed@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":539776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70145518,"text":"70145518 - 2004 - A geologic framework for mineralization in the western Brooks Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-07T11:54:21","indexId":"70145518","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geologic framework for mineralization in the western Brooks Range","docAbstract":"The Brooks Range is a 950-km-long north-vergent fold and thrust belt, which was formed during Mesozoic convergence of the continental Arctic Alaska terrane and the oceanic Angayucham terrane and was further shortened and uplifted in Tertiary time. The Arctic Alaska terrane consists of parautochthonous rocks and the Endicott Mountains and De Long Mountains subterranes. The Endicott Mountains allochthon of the western Brooks Range is the setting for many sulfide and barite occurrences, such as the supergiant Red Dog zinc-lead mine. Mineralization is sediment hosted and most commonly is present in black shale and carbonate turbidites of the Mississippian Kuna Formation. The reconstructed Kuna basin is a 200 by +600 km feature that represents the culmination of a remarkable chain of events that includes three fluvial-deltaic and two or more orogenic cycles, Middle Devonian to Mississippian episodes of extension and igneous activity, and the emergence of a seaward Lower Proterozoic landmass that may have constituted a barrier to marine circulation. Mississippian extension and related horst-and-graben architecture in the western Brooks Range is manifested in part by strong facies variability between coeval units of allochthons and structural plates. Shallow marine to possibly nonmarine arkose, platform to shelf carbonate, slope-to-basin shale, chert and carbonate turbidites, and submarine volcanic rocks are all represented in Mississippian time. The structural setting of Mississippian sedimentation, volcanism, and mineralization in the Kuna basin may be comparable to documented Devono-Mississippian extensional sags or half-grabens in the subsurface north of the Brooks Range. Climate, terrestrial ecosystems, multiple fluvial-deltaic aquifers, and structural architecture affected the liberation, movement, and redeposition of metals in ways that are incompletely understood.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1281","usgsCitation":"Young, L.E., 2004, A geologic framework for mineralization in the western Brooks Range: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1281-1306, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1281.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1281","endPage":"1306","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":299456,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Western Brooks Range","volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524ffa9e4b027f0aee3d46b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, Lorne E.","contributorId":67611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Lorne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70239779,"text":"70239779 - 2004 - Geochemical differentiation of Silurian from Devonian crude oils in eastern Algeria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-19T19:33:43.896638","indexId":"70239779","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T12:54:23","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geochemical differentiation of Silurian from Devonian crude oils in eastern Algeria","docAbstract":"The ability to distinguish crude oils generated from prolific Silurian and Devonian source rocks provides a means to map their petroleum systems and thereby reduce exploration risk in North Africa. Routine geochemical analyses commonly fail to reliably separate these oils. This study demonstrates that non-routine analyses, such as compound-specific isotopes of light hydrocarbons and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of diamondoids, can distinguish Silurian from Devonian oils in Algeria.
Oil samples from Zemlet field and the giant Hassi Messaoud field were obtained from the northern part of the study area in Algeria where the Devonian source rock is absent. These oils originated from thermally mature Silurian source rock and migrated updip to fractured Cambro-Ordovician quartzite reservoirs below the Hercynian unconformity. Oil samples from the Assekaifaf, Oued Zenani, Zarzaitine, and Dome fields occur in the southern part of the study area, where both source rocks exist, but migration paths indicate input mainly from Devonian source rock.
Despite higher maturity, the Silurian oil samples have diamondoid isomer concentrations 2–3 times lower than the Devonian samples. Because diamondoids form in source rocks by clay-catalyzed reactions and increase relative to other compounds during thermal cracking of oils, the diamondoid concentrations in the oil samples suggest that the Silurian source rock had less clay than the Devonian source rock. Higher dibenzothiophene/2-methylnaphthalene and generally higher sulfur in the Silurian oil samples support a source rock with less clay. For the Devonian oil samples, slightly more iron in clays reacted with sulfides to form pyrite, thus limiting sulfur incorporation into the kerogen and the generated crude oil.
Light hydrocarbons, such as n-hexane, methylcyclopentane, cyclopentane, and methylcyclohexane, are depleted in 13C in the Silurian compared to Devonian oil samples (> 1.1,0.6, 1.0, and 0.2 respectively). Patterns of isotopic ratios among these compounds also differ (e.g. cyclohexane is more depleted in 13C than methylcyclopentane and methylcyclohexane in Silurian, but not Devonian oil samples). The Silurian oil samples have smaller differences in δ 13C between pristane and the C17n-alkane and between phytane and the C18n-alkane than the Devonian samples. Different assemblages of organisms likely contributed to the acyclic isoprenoids versus n-alkanes in the source rocks for these two oil families.
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","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE375","usgsCitation":"Rose, W., Bommer, J., Lopez, D., Carr, M.J., and Major, J.J., 2004, Natural hazards in El Salvador: GSA Special Papers, v. 375, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE375.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382300,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"El Salvador","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.9560546875,\n 13.111580118251648\n ],\n [\n -87.802734375,\n 13.111580118251648\n ],\n [\n -87.802734375,\n 14.689881366618762\n ],\n [\n -89.9560546875,\n 14.689881366618762\n ],\n [\n -89.9560546875,\n 13.111580118251648\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"375","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, William wjrose@usgs.gov","contributorId":208859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William","email":"wjrose@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":808504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bommer, J.J.","contributorId":34316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bommer","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lopez, Dina","contributorId":247851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopez","given":"Dina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carr, Michael J.","contributorId":45924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70145187,"text":"70145187 - 2004 - Structure of the Red Dog District, western Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-06T11:46:42","indexId":"70145187","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure of the Red Dog District, western Brooks Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Red Dog district of the western Brooks Range of northern Alaska, which includes the sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag ± Ba deposits at Red Dog, Su-Lik, and Anarraaq, contains one of the world's largest reserves of zinc. This paper presents a new model for the structural development of the area and shows that understanding the structure is crucial for future exploration efforts and new mineral discoveries in the district. In the Red Dog district, a telescoped Late Devonian through Jurassic continental passive margin is exposed in a series of subhorizontally stacked, internally imbricated, and regionally folded thrust sheets. These sheets were emplaced during the Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous Brookian orogeny and subsequently were uplifted by late tectonic activity in the Tertiary. The thrust sheet stack comprises seven tectonostratigraphically distinct allochthonous sheets, three of which have been subject to regional and detailed structural analysis. The lowermost of these is the Endicott Mountains allochthon, which is overlain by the structurally higher Picnic Creek and Kelly River allochthons. Each individual allochthon is itself internally imbricated into a series of tectonostratigraphically coherent and distinct thrust plates and subplates. This structural style gives rise to duplex development and imbrication at a range of scales, from a few meters to tens of kilometers. The variable mechanical properties of the lithologic units of the ancient passive margin resulted in changes in structural styles and scales of structures across allochthon boundaries. Structural mapping and analysis of the district indicate a dominant northwest to west-northwest direction of regional tectonic transport. Local north to north-northeast transport of thrust sheets is interpreted to reflect the influence of underlying lateral and/or oblique ramps, which may have been controlled by inherited basin margin structures. Some thrust-sheet stacking patterns suggest out-of-sequence thrusting. The west-northwest-east-southeast-trending Wrench Creek and Sivukat Mountain faults were previously interpreted to be strike-slip faults, but this study shows that they are Tertiary (Eocene?) late extensional faults with little or no lateral displacement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1415","usgsCitation":"de Vera, J.P., and McClay, K.R., 2004, Structure of the Red Dog District, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1415-1434, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1415.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1415","endPage":"1434","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":299382,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Western Brooks Range","volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5523ae45e4b027f0aee3d151","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"de Vera, Jean-Pierre P.","contributorId":127517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Vera","given":"Jean-Pierre","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":7018,"text":"German Aerospace Center, Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McClay, K. R.","contributorId":140063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McClay","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70146672,"text":"70146672 - 2004 - Important features of Sustainable Aggregate Resource Management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-25T16:28:03.763512","indexId":"70146672","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3885,"text":"Geologija","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Important features of Sustainable Aggregate Resource Management","docAbstract":"Every society, whether developed, developing or in a phase of renewal following governmental change, requires stable, adequate and secure supplies of natural resources. In the latter case, there could be significant need for construction materials for rebuilding infrastructure, industrial capacity, and housing. It is essential that these large-volume materials be provided in a rational manner that maximizes their societal contribution and minimizes environmental impacts. We describe an approach to resource management based on the principles of sustainable developed. Sustainable Aggregate Resource Management offers a way of addressing the conflicting needs and interests of environmental, economic, and social systems. Sustainability is an ethics based concept that utilizes science and democratic processes to reach acceptable agreements and tradeoffs among interests, while acknowledging the fundamental importance of the environment and social goods. We discuss the features of sustainable aggregate resource management.
","language":"English","publisher":"Vilniaus Universitetas","doi":"10.5474/geologija.2004.009","usgsCitation":"Solar, S.V., Shields, D.J., and Langer, W.H., 2004, Important features of Sustainable Aggregate Resource Management: Geologija, v. 47, no. 1, p. 99-108, https://doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2004.009.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"108","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2004.009","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299987,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5543522ce4b0a658d79414ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solar, Slavko V.","contributorId":140347,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solar","given":"Slavko","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shields, Deborah J.","contributorId":140348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shields","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langer, William H. blanger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"William","email":"blanger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":545316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70145507,"text":"70145507 - 2004 - 40Ar/39Ar Dating of Zn-Pb-Ag Mineralization in the Northern Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-07T11:24:37","indexId":"70145507","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"40Ar/39Ar Dating of Zn-Pb-Ag Mineralization in the Northern Brooks Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"The 40Ar/39Ar laser step-heating method potentially can be used to provide absolute ages for a number of formerly undatable, low-temperature ore deposits. This study demonstrates the use of this method by determining absolute ages for Zn-Pb-Ag sediment-hosted massive sulfide deposits and vein-breccia occurrences found throughout a 300-km-long, east-west-trending belt in the northern Brooks Range, Alaska. Massive sulfide deposits are hosted by Mississippian to Pennsylvanian(?) black carbonaceous shale, siliceous mudstone, and lesser chert and carbonate turbidites of the Kuna Formation (e.g., Red Dog, Anarraaq, Lik (Su), and Drenchwater). The vein-breccia occurrences (e.g., Husky, Story Creek, West Kivliktort Mountain, Vidlee, and Kady) are hosted by a deformed but only weakly metamorphosed package of Upper Devonian to Lower Mississippian mixed continental and marine clastic rocks (the Endicott Group) that stratigraphically underlie the Kuna Formation. The vein-breccias are mineralogically similar to, but not spatially associated with, known massive sulfide deposits. The region's largest shale-hosted massive sulfide deposit is Red Dog; it has reserves of 148 Mt grading 16.6 percent zinc, 4.5 percent lead, and 77 g of silver per tonne. Hydrothermally produced white mica in a whole-rock sample from a sulfide-bearing igneous sill within the Red Dog deposit yielded a plateau age of 314.5 Ma. The plateau age of this whole-rock sample records the time at which temperatures cooled below the argon closure temperature of the white mica and is interpreted to represent the minimum age limit for massive sulfide-related hydrothermal activity in the Red Dog deposit. Sulfide-bearing quartz veins at Drenchwater crosscut a hypabyssal intrusion with a maximum biotite age of 337.0 Ma. Despite relatively low sulfide deposition temperatures in the vein-breccia occurrences (162°-251°C), detrital white mica in sandstone immediately adjacent to large vein-breccia zones was partially to completely recrystallized. The 40Ar/39Ar age spectra and inverse isochron plots of the multicomponent whole-rock sandstone samples are more complex than those of single minerals. However, different minerals have different Ca/K and Cl/K ratios and closure temperatures, and these properties were used to identify portions of spectra dominated by argon release from specific minerals. 40Ar/39Ar laser step-heating analyses of Late Devonian sandstone whole rocks produced spectra that record a two-stage resetting history: a Carboniferous hydrothermal event first and later Mesozoic to Tertiary events, which are in agreement with geologic constraints. The 40Ar/39Ar ages and the similar mineralogy, lead isotope composition, and relative stratigraphic positions support the interpretation that the shale-hosted massive sulfide deposits and most vein-breccia occurrences are temporally and genetically related, and that they are different expressions of Carboniferous basinal dewatering.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1323","usgsCitation":"Werdon, M., Layer, P.W., and Newberry, R.J., 2004, 40Ar/39Ar Dating of Zn-Pb-Ag Mineralization in the Northern Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1323-1343, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1323.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1323","endPage":"1343","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":299453,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Northern Brooks Range","volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524ffa8e4b027f0aee3d469","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Werdon, Melanie B.","contributorId":53345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werdon","given":"Melanie B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Layer, Paul W.","contributorId":59483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layer","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newberry, Rainer J.","contributorId":68645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newberry","given":"Rainer","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70239135,"text":"70239135 - 2004 - Comment on “A study of mechano-catalysis for overall water splitting”","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-28T18:25:13.329129","indexId":"70239135","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T12:15:20","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2425,"text":"Journal of Physical Chemistry B","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on “A study of mechano-catalysis for overall water splitting”","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/jp040336l","usgsCitation":"Ross, D.S., 2004, Comment on “A study of mechano-catalysis for overall water splitting”: Journal of Physical Chemistry B, v. 108, no. 49, p. 19076-19077, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp040336l.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"19076","endPage":"19077","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411131,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, David S.","contributorId":300476,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ross","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":860308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}