We present a catalog of subduction zone earthquakes along the Pacific coast from central El Salvador to eastern Chiapas, Mexico, from 1526 to 2000. We estimate that the catalog is complete since 1690 for MS ≥7.4 thrust events and M ≥ 7.4 normal-faulting events within the upper 60 km of the down-going slab. New intensity maps were constructed for the 27 earthquakes since 1690, using mostly primary data sources. By calibrating with recent events we find that the long axis of the (MM) VII intensity contour for such large earthquakes well approximates the length and location of rupture along the subduction zone and can thus be used to estimate the locations and magnitudes of older events.
The section from western El Salvador to Chiapas appears to have ruptured completely in a series of four to five earthquakes during each of the periods 1902–1915, 1743–1776, and possibly 1565–1577. Earthquakes of MW 7.75 ± 0.3 have caused major damage along the 200 km long section from San Salvador to Guatemala City every 71 ± 17 yr, apparently since at least 1575. Although the January 2001 El Salvador earthquake caused damage within part of this zone, no major thrust earthquake has occurred there since at least 1915. We find that much of this section has been relatively quiescent for moderate earthquakes shallower that 50 km since at least 1963. The conditional probability that an earthquake of MW 7.75 ± 0.3 will occur at this location in the next 20 yr is estimated at 50% (±30%).
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jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":862689,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"White, Randall A. 0000-0003-4074-8577 rwhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-8577","contributorId":1993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Randall","email":"rwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":862682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ligorria, Juan Pablo","contributorId":301831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ligorria","given":"Juan","email":"","middleInitial":"Pablo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cifuentes, I.L.","contributorId":41850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cifuentes","given":"I.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199400,"text":"70199400 - 2004 - Porosity and pore-size distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T08:47:48","indexId":"70199400","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T08:45:25","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Porosity and pore-size distribution","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of soils in the environment","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1016/B0-12-348530-4/00404-5","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., 2004, Porosity and pore-size distribution, chap. of Encyclopedia of soils in the environment, v. 3, p. 295-303, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-348530-4/00404-5.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"303","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357362,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e878e4b034bf6a800f71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198697,"text":"70198697 - 2004 - Using geochemical data and aquifer simulation to characterize recharge and groundwater flow in the Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-22T17:54:20.437775","indexId":"70198697","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T08:36:18","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Using geochemical data and aquifer simulation to characterize recharge and groundwater flow in the Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Groundwater recharge in a desert environment: The southwestern United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Sanford, W.E., Bexfield, L.M., Anderholm, S.K., and Busenberg, E., 2004, Using geochemical data and aquifer simulation to characterize recharge and groundwater flow in the Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico, chap. of Groundwater recharge in a desert environment: The southwestern United States, v. 9, p. 185-216.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"216","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":379660,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118665664.ch11"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Middle Rio Grande Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.5,34.25 ], [ -107.5,35.75 ], [ -106.0,35.75 ], [ -106.0,34.25 ], [ -107.5,34.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e878e4b034bf6a800f74","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hogan, James F.","contributorId":30533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogan","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742622,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Fred M.","contributorId":57957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742623,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scanlon, Bridget R.","contributorId":74093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scanlon","given":"Bridget R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742624,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanford, Ward E. 0000-0002-6624-0280 wsanford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":2268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Ward","email":"wsanford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bexfield, Laura M. 0000-0002-1789-654X bexfield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-654X","contributorId":1273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bexfield","given":"Laura","email":"bexfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderholm, Scott K.","contributorId":69912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70198695,"text":"70198695 - 2004 - Selenium loading through the Blackfoot River watershed--linking sources to ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T08:25:44","indexId":"70198695","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T08:22:35","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"16","title":"Selenium loading through the Blackfoot River watershed--linking sources to ecosystem","docAbstract":"The upper Blackfoot River watershed in southeast Idaho receives drainage from 11 of 16 phosphate mines that have extracted ore from the Phosphoria Formation, three of which are presently active. Toxic effects from selenium (Se), including death of livestock and deformity in aquatic birds, were documented locally in areas where phosphatic shales are exposed (Piper et al., 2000; Presser et al., Chapter 11). Current drainage conditions are leading to Se bioaccumulation at concentrations that pose a risk to fish in the Blackfoot River and its tributaries (Hamilton et al., Chapter 18). A gaging station on the Blackfoot River was re-activated in April 2001 to assess hydrologic conditions and concentration, load, and speciation for Se discharges on a watershed scale. The gaging-station data are considered to represent regional drainage conditions in the upper Blackfoot River water- shed because of its location near the outlet of the watershed and directly upstream of the Blackfoot Reservoir.
Watershed discharges for 2001 and 2002 were below minimum hydrologic conditions for the gage as documented by the historical record. Drought emergencies were declared in the area in both 2001 and 2002. Unmonitored diversions for irrigation that routinely take place during the snowmelt season also affected conditions downstream. Annual cycles in Se concentration, load, and selenate (Se6+) reached maxima in the spring during the period of maximum flow at the gaging station. Thirty-seven to 44% of annual flow occurred dur- ing the three-month high-flow season (April through June) in 2001 and 56% of annual flow occurred during that time period in 2002. Extrapolation from historical hydrographs for average and wet years and a limited data set of regional Se concentrations for 2001 and 2002 indicated potential for a 3.6- to 7.4-fold increase in Se loading because of increased seasonal flows in the Blackfoot River watershed.
Supplementation data indicate that: (a) the difference between total Se and dissolved Se, as a measure of the contribution of particulate Se, was < 10% except at the peak of con- centration when total Se was 18% more than dissolved Se; (b) selenite (Se4+) represented less than 10% of the dissolved species during all months of 2001; and (c) dissolved Se was approximately a 50:50 mixture of selenate and organic selenide (operationally defined Se2-) during summer 2001 (June through August).
Ecological risk based on regional Se drainage occurred during both the high- and low-flow seasons. Seventy to 83% of the Se load occurred during the high-flow season. During early May of both years, dissolved-Se concentrations exceeded the criterion for the protection of aquatic life and the ecological threshold of 5 gL1 Se at which sub- stantive risk occurs. During the majority of the three-month high-flow season, dissolved- Se concentrations exceeded the 2 gL1 Se concern level for aquatic biota. The Se concentration in suspended material during high flow in 2002 was within the range of marginal risk to aquatic life (2-4 gg1Se, dry weight). Selenate was the major species during peak flows, with both selenate and organic selenide being major species during relatively low-flow periods in summer. A change in speciation to reduced Se may indicate elevated biotic productivity during summer months and could result in enhanced Se uptake in food webs.
In addition to the magnitude of regional Se release in the Blackfoot River watershed, Se concentrations in individual source drains and waste-rock seeps, and those predicted by experimental column leaching of proposed mining overburden materials, also indicate that drainage options that currently meet existing demands for phosphate mining cause eco- logical risk thresholds to be exceeded. At times, the drinking-water Se standard (50 g L1 Se) and the criterion for hazardous Se waste (1000 L-1 Se) (US Department of the Interior, 1998; US Environmental Protection Agency, 1987) are also exceeded.
For water-years 2001 and 2002, seasonal increased input of water in the mining area resulted in increased Se transport, suggesting a mechanism of contamination that involves a significant Se reservoir. Hence, recognition and monitoring of Se loading to the envi- ronment on a mass balance basis (i.e. inputs, fluxes and storage within environmental media, and outputs) are essential to evaluating how to control Se concentrations within environmentally protective ranges (Presser and Piper, 1998). In areas where release of Se to aquatic systems is anticipated as a product of future expansion of phosphate mining, continuous monitoring of flow and development of seasonal Se loading patterns would help to model watersheds in terms of sources, flow periods, and environmental-Se con- centrations that most influence bioavailability. These data, in turn, could be linked to Se- bioaccumulation models specific to food webs and vulnerable species of the impacted areas to accurately project ecological effects. Gaging at this site on the Blackfoot River is planned to continue in order to establish a long-term (>10 year) record of hydrologic conditions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of exploration and environmental geochemistry","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80018-4","usgsCitation":"Presser, T.S., Hardy, M., Huebner, M., and Lamothe, P.J., 2004, Selenium loading through the Blackfoot River watershed--linking sources to ecosystem, chap. 16 of Handbook of exploration and environmental geochemistry, v. 8, p. 437-466, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80018-4.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"466","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356480,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Upper Blackfoot River Watershed ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.63414001464844,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -111,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -111,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -111.63414001464844,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -111.63414001464844,\n 42.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98ca93e4b0702d0e846931","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742613,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Presser, Theresa S. 0000-0001-5643-0147 tpresser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5643-0147","contributorId":2467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"Theresa","email":"tpresser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hardy, Matthew 0000-0003-0144-2970 mwhardy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0144-2970","contributorId":168348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"Matthew","email":"mwhardy@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huebner, Mark mhuebner@usgs.gov","contributorId":4349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huebner","given":"Mark","email":"mhuebner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lamothe, Paul J. plamothe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"Paul","email":"plamothe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":742612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70199897,"text":"70199897 - 2004 - Fundamental concepts of recharge in the Desert Southwest: A regional modeling perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-03T08:20:43","indexId":"70199897","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T08:20:13","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5612,"text":"Water Science and Application","printIssn":"1526-758X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Fundamental concepts of recharge in the Desert Southwest: A regional modeling perspective","docAbstract":"Recharge in arid basins does not occur in all years or at all locations within a basin. In the desert Southwest potential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation on an average annual basis and, in many basins, on an average monthly basis. Ground-water traveltime from the surface to the water table and recharge to the water table vary temporally and spatially owing to variations in precipitation, air temperature, root zone and soil properties and thickness, faults and fractures, and hydrologic properties of geologic strata in the unsaturated zone. To highlight the fundamental concepts controlling recharge in the Southwest, and address the temporal and spatial variability of recharge, a basin characterization model was developed using a straightforward water balance approach to estimate potential recharge and runoff and allow for determination of the location of recharge within a basin. It provides a means for interbasin comparison of the mechanisms and processes that result in recharge and calculates the potential for recharge under current, wetter, and drier climates. Model estimates of recharge compare favorably with other methods estimating recharge in the Great Basin. Results indicate that net infiltration occurs in less than 5 percent of the area of a typical southwestern basin. Decadal-scale climatic cycles have substantially different influences over the extent of the Great Basin, with the southern portion receiving 220 percent higher recharge than the mean recharge during El Niño years in a positive phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, whereas the northern portion receives only 48 percent higher recharge. In addition, climatic influences result in ground-water travel times that are expected to vary on time scales of days to centuries, making decadal-scale climate cycles significant for understanding recharge in arid lands.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Groundwater recharge in a desert environment: The southwestern United States","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/009WSA10","usgsCitation":"Flint, A.L., Flint, L.E., and Hevesi, J., 2004, Fundamental concepts of recharge in the Desert Southwest: A regional modeling perspective, chap. of Groundwater recharge in a desert environment: The southwestern United States: Water Science and Application, v. 9, p. 159-184, https://doi.org/10.1029/009WSA10.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"184","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358053,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e878e4b034bf6a800f79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hevesi, J.A. 0000-0003-2898-1800","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2898-1800","contributorId":43320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hevesi","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70240122,"text":"70240122 - 2004 - Seismicity and tectonics of El Salvador","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-27T14:41:03.608025","indexId":"70240122","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T08:17:31","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Seismicity and tectonics of El Salvador","docAbstract":"The large-scale plate-tectonics framework of El Salvador was defined in the “plate-tectonics revolution” of the 1960s and 1970s, but important issues related to seismic hazards depend on details that have been only recently, or are not yet, understood. Present evidence suggests that coupling across the interface-thrust zone beneath coastal El Salvador is sufficient to produce occasional interface-thrust earthquakes as large as M ∼8. The rate of such earthquakes is determined by the percentage of relative plate motion that is accumulated as elastic strain on the thrust-fault interface between the Cocos and Caribbean plates, which appears to be lower than in many other subduction zones, but is not well established. Earthquakes in the interior of the Cocos plate, such as the El Salvador earthquake of January 13, 2001, account for a significant percentage of Wadati-Benioff zone earthquakes. Separate consideration of the seismic hazard posed by, respectively, Cocos intraplate earthquakes and interface-thrust earthquakes is complicated by the difficulty of separating interface-thrust and Cocos intraplate events in earthquake catalogs. Earthquakes such as the San Vicente–San Salvador sequence of February 13–25, 2001, probably result from the motion of the Central American forearc northwestward with respect to the interior of the Caribbean plate; the geometry of the fault systems that accommodate the motion remains to be worked out. Understanding of this tectonic complexity and associated seismic hazards will be facilitated greatly by the long-term operation of high-sensitivity local seismograph networks, such as that operated by, and currently being upgraded by, the Servicio Nacional de Estudios Territoriales (SNET) of El Salvador.
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rwhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-8577","contributorId":1993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Randall","email":"rwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":862675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hernandez, Douglas A.","contributorId":301829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hernandez","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70240121,"text":"70240121 - 2004 - Age and evolution of the Precambrian crust of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-27T14:16:08.369052","indexId":"70240121","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T07:50:21","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Age and evolution of the Precambrian crust of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana","docAbstract":"U-Pb analyses of zircons from gneisses, anatectic leucosome, metasedimentary rocks, and a younger (metamorphosed) mafic dike from the Tobacco Root Mountains of southwestern Montana document a Precambrian history that extends from at least 3.90–1.77 Ga. The oldest U-Pb age reported here (3.8 Ga) is from a detrital zircon from a quartzite within the Spuhler Peak Metamorphic Suite, although younger ages of clearly detrital grains suggest the protolith was deposited subsequent to 3.2 Ga. Alternatively, a Pb-Pb age of ca. 2.45 Ga from a single subhedral zircon from this quartzite suggests the quartzite, and perhaps other Spuhler Peak Metamorphic Suite lithologies, may have formed in the Proterozoic. An Archean age, however, seems most compatible with the Archean Sm-Nd model ages of mafic and metasedimentary components of the Spuhler Peak Metamorphic Suite and the age distribution of zircons from the quartzite, which is very similar to the age distribution present in Archean quartzites in the region.
The Spuhler Peak Metamorphic Suite lies in tectonic contact with volumetrically dominant, Archean, quartzofeldspathic gneisses and intercalated metasedimentary rocks. The protoliths of these gneisses were apparently emplaced 3.2–3.4 Ga, and are interpreted to be the basement upon which the intercalated (meta)sedimentary rocks were deposited. U-Pb analyses of zircons from anatectic leucosome near the boundary between the gneisses and the Spuhler Peak Metamorphic Suite, however, yield a significant population of 1.77 Ga grains, which are interpreted to have crystallized from the leucosome. All other grains are Archean (to 3.48 Ga) and interpreted to derive from the metasedimentary source of the leucosome. In addition, U-Pb analyses of zircons extracted from a granulite facies mafic dike that cuts across Archean gneissic banding indicate the dike was intruded at 2.06 Ga, but reached granulite facies at 1.76 Ga. Structural, petrologic, and geochronologic data suggest all lithologies experienced granulite facies metamorphism at ca. 1.77 Ga and that the Spuhler Peak Metamorphic Suite was tectonically emplaced after 2.06 Ga, but before 1.77 Ga. This Paleoproterozoic tectonic activity is most likely a result of burial during terrane collision (e.g., the juxtaposition of the Wyoming and Hearne provinces) and/or to postcollisional mafic underplating.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Precambrian geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2377-9.181","usgsCitation":"Mueller, P.A., Burger, H.R., Wooden, J., Heatherington, A.L., Mogk, D.W., and D’Arcy, K., 2004, Age and evolution of the Precambrian crust of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana, chap. of Precambrian geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 377, p. 181-202, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2377-9.181.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"202","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412407,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Tobacco Root Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.03379808728381,\n 45.32263035688371\n ],\n [\n -111.94453417126824,\n 45.30041766399464\n ],\n [\n -111.87861620251813,\n 45.25403269702883\n ],\n [\n -111.8223112708776,\n 45.25499943724924\n ],\n [\n -111.7495268470494,\n 45.35834555236028\n ],\n [\n -111.76463304822119,\n 45.45572369873824\n ],\n [\n -111.77424608533076,\n 45.52600141246265\n ],\n [\n -111.79209886853401,\n 45.586581548548565\n ],\n [\n -111.80995165173692,\n 45.651896344254\n ],\n [\n -111.88960253064326,\n 45.67876855808504\n ],\n [\n -111.90333544079951,\n 45.69891425326668\n ],\n [\n -111.84565721814309,\n 45.73918387653018\n ],\n [\n -111.93629442517457,\n 45.808149996573206\n ],\n [\n -111.97199999158072,\n 45.82346421912621\n ],\n [\n -112.05577074353374,\n 45.8071927178282\n ],\n [\n -112.12855516736195,\n 45.80240607733444\n ],\n [\n -112.14503465954931,\n 45.72384648981324\n ],\n [\n -112.13954149548708,\n 45.69124055828016\n ],\n [\n -112.1958464271276,\n 45.641335873831196\n ],\n [\n -112.19859300915871,\n 45.60964251710891\n ],\n [\n -112.22056566540898,\n 45.592347679218705\n ],\n [\n -112.2425383216589,\n 45.52407716397468\n ],\n [\n -112.20545946423684,\n 45.488466694525044\n ],\n [\n -112.15327440564332,\n 45.41717817269756\n ],\n [\n -112.07774339978398,\n 45.37667703297461\n ],\n [\n -112.03379808728381,\n 45.32263035688371\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"377","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Brady, John B.","contributorId":301827,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brady","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862671,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheney, John T.","contributorId":301828,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheney","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862672,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harms, Tekla","contributorId":205706,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harms","given":"Tekla","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862673,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, Paul A.","contributorId":191457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mueller","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burger, Henry Robert","contributorId":65860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burger","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, Joseph L.","contributorId":32209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joseph L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heatherington, Ann L.","contributorId":191458,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heatherington","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mogk, David W.","contributorId":99687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mogk","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"D’Arcy, Kimberly","contributorId":301824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D’Arcy","given":"Kimberly","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12558,"text":"University of Florida, Gainesville","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":862670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70240120,"text":"70240120 - 2004 - Geochemistry of quartzofeldspathic gneisses and metamorphic mafic rocks of the Indian Creek and Pony–Middle Mountain Metamorphic Suites, Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-27T13:40:32.417639","indexId":"70240120","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T06:32:53","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Geochemistry of quartzofeldspathic gneisses and metamorphic mafic rocks of the Indian Creek and Pony–Middle Mountain Metamorphic Suites, Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana","docAbstract":"Quartzofeldspathic gneisses and metamorphic mafic rocks are the dominant lithologies in the Indian Creek and Pony–Middle Mountain Metamorphic Suites of the Tobacco Root Mountains. Field relations, geochemical discriminant analysis, and isotopic systematics indicate that these rocks derive from a bimodal volcanic suite ca. 3.3 Ga. The quartzofeldspathic gneisses contain sodic rocks of the tonalite-trond-hjemite-granodiorite suite as well as potassic varieties. This suite of rocks most likely contains some lithologies derived from sedimentary or volcaniclastic sources, and there is evidence that alkali metasomatism occurred prior to or during subsequent major tectonothermal events. The entire suite of gneisses and metamorphic mafic rocks has geochemical characteristics that are indicative of an active continental arc setting, with deposition most likely in an extensional, backarc setting similar to the Mesozoic through Tertiary rocks of the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains or Mojave Desert. The formation of these rocks represents an early, distinct stage of crustal evolution that preceded the (unconformable?) deposition of one or more platform-type sedimentary sequences (e.g., marbles, pelitic schists, quartzites, banded iron formations). All primary lithologic contacts and textures or structures indicative of possible protoliths have been largely obliterated due to transposition during Archean and Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.4 and ca. 1.8 Ga) deformation and metamorphism.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Precambrian geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2377-9.15","usgsCitation":"Mogk, D.W., Burger, H.R., Mueller, P.A., D’Arcy, K., Heatherington, A.L., Wooden, J.L., Abeyta, R.L., Martin, J.L., and Jacob, L.J., 2004, Geochemistry of quartzofeldspathic gneisses and metamorphic mafic rocks of the Indian Creek and Pony–Middle Mountain Metamorphic Suites, Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana, chap. of Precambrian geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 377, p. 15-46, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2377-9.15.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412406,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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J.","contributorId":301826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jacob","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36432,"text":"Smith College, Northhampton, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":862659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70170380,"text":"70170380 - 2004 - Oak-black bear relationships in southeastern uplands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-19T13:29:21","indexId":"70170380","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T03:45:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"General Technical Report SRS-73","title":"Oak-black bear relationships in southeastern uplands","docAbstract":"Bears (Ursus americanus) primarily occur in upland habitats in the Southeast because uplands were the last to be developed for agriculture and were more likely to become publicly owned. National parks and forests created in the early to mid-1900s served as sources to supply surrounding uplands with bears. Bears could not survive in southeastern uplands without oak mast. Bear reproductive and mortality rates in the region have been shown to be directly linked with acorn production. Masting is thought to be an adaptation by oaks to satiate predators during good acorn years, thus ensuring that the remainder will germinate. Acorn predator populations, however, cannot respond numerically to increased acorn production because the masting is episodic and synchronous. Consequently, bears have developed physiological, behavioral, and ecological adaptations to cope with such food shortages. Despite such adaptations, upland hardwood forests in the Southeast are of lower quality than they once were. The loss of the American chestnut (Castanea dentata), higrading, and soil degradation have markedly decreased the carrying capacity for bears and other wildlife. Other changes such as recent forest management practices, forest fragmentation, invasion by the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), and oak decline threaten to further degrade the capability of southeastern uplands to support bears.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Upland oak ecology symposium: history, current conditions, and sustainability","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.D., 2004, Oak-black bear relationships in southeastern uplands, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"116","endPage":"119","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320182,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/6507"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571756e3e4b0ef3b7caa627b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spetich, Martin A.","contributorId":168703,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spetich","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627041,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Joseph D. 0000-0002-8547-8112 jclark1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-8112","contributorId":2265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Joseph","email":"jclark1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":86017,"text":"86017 - 2004 - Ground-nesting marine birds and potential for human disturbance in Glacier Bay National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-04T11:23:01","indexId":"86017","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesNumber":"2007-5047","title":"Ground-nesting marine birds and potential for human disturbance in Glacier Bay National Park","docAbstract":"Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve contains a diverse assemblage of marine birds that use the area for nesting, foraging and molting. The abundance and diversity of marine bird species in Glacier Bay is unmatched in the region, due in part to the geomorphic and successional characteristics that result in a wide array of habitat types (Robards and others, 2003). The opportunity for proactive management of these species is unique in Glacier Bay National Park because much of the suitable marine bird nesting habitat occurs in areas designated as wilderness. Ground-nesting marine birds are vulnerable to human disturbance wherever visitors can access nest sites during the breeding season. Human disturbance of nest sites can be significant because intense parental care is required for egg and hatchling survival, and repeated disturbance can result in reduced productivity (Leseberg and others, 2000). Temporary nest desertion by breeding birds in disturbed areas can lead to increased predation on eggs and hatchlings by conspecifics or other predators (Bolduc and Guillemette, 2003). Human disturbance of ground-nesting birds may also affect incubation time and adult foraging success, which in turn can alter breeding success (Verhulst and others, 2001). Furthermore, human activity can potentially cause colony failure when disturbance prevents the initiation of nesting (Hatch, 2002). There is management concern about the susceptibility of breeding birds to disturbance from human activities, but little historical data has been collected on the distribution of ground-nesting marine birds in Glacier Bay. This report summarizes results obtained during two years of a three-year study to determine the distribution of ground-nesting marine birds in Glacier Bay, and the potential for human disturbance of those nesting birds.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Fourth Glacier Bay Science Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Fourth Glacier Bay Science Symposium","conferenceDate":"October 26-28, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Juneau, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Arimitsu, M.L., Romano, M.D., and Piatt, J.F., 2004, Ground-nesting marine birds and potential for human disturbance in Glacier Bay National Park, in Proceedings of the Fourth Glacier Bay Science Symposium, Juneau, Alaska, October 26-28, 2004, p. 196-200.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"196","endPage":"200","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d465","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":504819,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gende, S.M.","contributorId":112235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gende","given":"S.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504820,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Arimitsu, Mayumi L. 0000-0001-6982-2238 marimitsu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6982-2238","contributorId":140501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arimitsu","given":"Mayumi","email":"marimitsu@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Romano, Marc D.","contributorId":73528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romano","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2002233,"text":"2002233 - 2004 - Designing monitoring programs in an adaptive management context for regional multiple species conservation plans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:00","indexId":"2002233","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":383,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Designing monitoring programs in an adaptive management context for regional multiple species conservation plans","docAbstract":"Increasing numbers of regional, multiple species conservation plans have been developed in California since the early 1990s. However, building effective monitoring and adaptive management programs to support these plans has remained a challenge. In addition to collecting data on the status of resources and the results of management actions, monitoring programs for these plans need to resolve critical uncertainties and channel information into effective decisionmaking. Because of the broad goals of many regional conservation plans, monitoring programs need to address ecosystem integrity and biodiversity while also tracking species ?covered? by plan permits.\n\nIn this document we provide a step-by-step procedure for developing effective monitoring programs in an adaptive management context. The guidance provided here has been gleaned from experience with large multiple species plans in southern California. The process begins with clearly defining program objectives, partitioning the program into manageable but meaningful pieces, and developing management-oriented conceptual models of system function. Then, based on the objectives and conceptual models, monitoring recommendations and critical uncertainties can be identified and a coordinated program designed. We include practical examples and insights from programs in southern California and discuss the evolution of monitoring and adaptive management programs through three successive stages: 1) inventorying resources and identifying relationships; 2) pilot testing of long-term monitoring and resolving\ncritical management uncertainties; and 3) implementing long-term monitoring and adaptive management. Ultimately, the success of regional conservation planning depends on the ability of monitoring programs to confront the challenges of adaptively managing and monitoring complex ecosystems and diverse arrays of sensitive species.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/2002233","usgsCitation":"Atkinson, A., Trenham, P., Fisher, R., Hathaway, S., Johnson, B., Torres, S., and Moore, Y., 2004, Designing monitoring programs in an adaptive management context for regional multiple species conservation plans: Technical Report, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/2002233.","productDescription":"69 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"69","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":112257,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=6386","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":198986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667d48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkinson, A.J.","contributorId":15950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkinson","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trenham, P.C.","contributorId":13197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trenham","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":51675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":326236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hathaway, S.A.","contributorId":56990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hathaway","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, B.S.","contributorId":38676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Torres, S.G.","contributorId":9376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moore, Y.C.","contributorId":17728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Y.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1016272,"text":"1016272 - 2004 - Populations dynamics of red brome (Bromus madritensis subsp. Rubens): Times for concern, opportunities for management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-31T12:19:40.62755","indexId":"1016272","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Populations dynamics of red brome (Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens): Times for concern, opportunities for management","title":"Populations dynamics of red brome (Bromus madritensis subsp. Rubens): Times for concern, opportunities for management","docAbstract":"Red brome is a Mediterranean winter annual grass that has invaded south-western USA deserts. Unlike native annuals, it does not maintain a soil seed bank, but exhibits early and uniform germination. Above-average winter precipitation in these regions allows red brome to reach high density and biomass. These are time for concern, as large numbers of easily dispersed seeds increase the likelihood that it may spread into new areas. However, early and uniform germination can also lead to population crashes when drought precludes seed production. Winter droughts dramatically reduce densities of red brome, but provide opportunities for management of this exotic grass.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00110-1","usgsCitation":"Salo, L.F., 2004, Populations dynamics of red brome (Bromus madritensis subsp. Rubens): Times for concern, opportunities for management: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 57, no. 3, p. 291-296, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00110-1.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"296","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.431640625,\n 35.817813158696616\n ],\n [\n -120.14648437499999,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -117.861328125,\n 33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 31.42866311735861\n ],\n [\n -108.19335937499999,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -106.34765625,\n 31.57853542647338\n ],\n [\n -106.171875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n -120.58593749999999,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n -122.431640625,\n 35.817813158696616\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683d46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Salo, L. F.","contributorId":104453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salo","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1016568,"text":"1016568 - 2004 - Den site activity patterns of adult male and female Swift Foxes, Vulpes velox, in northwestern Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-21T16:16:41.490865","indexId":"1016568","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1163,"text":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Den site activity patterns of adult male and female Swift Foxes, Vulpes velox, in northwestern Texas","title":"Den site activity patterns of adult male and female Swift Foxes, Vulpes velox, in northwestern Texas","docAbstract":"Activity of Swift Foxes (Vulpes velox) at den sites was studied in northwestern Texas during pup rearing seasons in 2000 and 2001 to determine role of males in parental care. Twenty-four percent of radio-collared females with a potential to breed successfully raised pups to eight weeks of age. We intensively monitored presence and absence of male and female Swift Foxes at two den sites each year. Females were present >2.6 times more at den sites than males during the pup rearing season. Female and male Swift Foxes largely stayed at dens during diurnal hours and were active away from dens during nocturnal and crepuscular hours. Females and males spent 12.4% and 3.0% more time at dens before pups emerged, than after pups emerged, respectively. Following depredation of one male parent, the female spent 29% less time at the den site. Decrease in time spent at the den by the female following loss of her mate suggested that loss of one parent might severely impact recruitment of Swift Foxes. Our observations indicated that intense Coyote (Canis latrans) depredation may severely impact pup-rearing success as well as the parental care within Swift Fox family groups.
","language":"English","publisher":"PKP Publishing Services","doi":"10.22621/cfn.v117i3.745","usgsCitation":"Lemons, P., Ballard, W., Sullivan, R., and Sovada, M., 2004, Den site activity patterns of adult male and female Swift Foxes, Vulpes velox, in northwestern Texas: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 117, no. 3, p. 424-429, https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i3.745.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"424","endPage":"429","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i3.745","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.919921875,\n 32.0639555946604\n ],\n [\n -101.162109375,\n 32.0639555946604\n ],\n [\n -101.162109375,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -102.919921875,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -102.919921875,\n 32.0639555946604\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"117","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ecbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemons, P.R.","contributorId":22296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemons","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballard, W.B.","contributorId":101235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballard","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullivan, R.M.","contributorId":43311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sovada, M.A.","contributorId":54534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sovada","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1016280,"text":"1016280 - 2004 - Distribution and abundance of the Mariana subspecies of the Common Moorhen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T19:13:46","indexId":"1016280","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and abundance of the Mariana subspecies of the Common Moorhen","docAbstract":"Island-wide surveys for the endangered Mariana subspecies of the Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus guami) were conducted on Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands from May through September 2001. Based on these counts, the total adult moorhen population is estimated to be 287, with 154, 41, 2, and 90 adult moorhens on Saipan, Tinian, Rota, and Guam, respectively. Results suggest an overall increase in birds on Saipan and Tinian, although moorhen numbers on Guam may be declining. High counts of moorhens on Lake Hagoi, Tinian, during the wet season suggested movement from Saipan to Tinian occurs at the onset of the wet season each year. Conservation efforts need to consider Saipan and Tinian moorhens as a single demographic unit. Further, monitoring of moorhens, invasive vegetation management, and predator and ungulate control on wetlands are critical for this small population.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Waterbird Society","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0245:DAAOTM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Takano, L.L., and Haig, S.M., 2004, Distribution and abundance of the Mariana subspecies of the Common Moorhen: Waterbirds, v. 27, no. 2, p. 245-250, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0245:DAAOTM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"250","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a17e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takano, Leilani L.","contributorId":149450,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Takano","given":"Leilani","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1017312,"text":"1017312 - 2004 - Achieving environmentally relevant organochlorine pesticide concentrations in eggs through maternal exposure in Alligator mississippiensis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-16T10:38:25","indexId":"1017312","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Achieving environmentally relevant organochlorine pesticide concentrations in eggs through maternal exposure in Alligator mississippiensis","docAbstract":"Alligator mississippiensis eggs from organochlorine pesticide (OCP) contaminated sites in Florida exhibit high rates of embryonic mortality compared to reference sites (p<0.05). The objective of the present study was to use captive adult alligators to test the hypotheses that maternal exposure to OCPs results in increased OCP concentrations in eggs, and that increased exposure is associated with increased embryonic mortality. A total of 24 adult alligators (8 males and 16 females) were housed in eight pens. Eight females in four pens were dosed with a mixture of p,p'-DDE, toxaphene, dieldrin, and chlordane at a rate of 0.2 ? 0.01 mg/kg/day for 274 ? 8 days. Treated females produced eggs containing higher OCP concentrations (12,814 ? 813 ng/g yolk) than controls (38 ? 4 ng/g yolk). Eggs of treated females exhibited decreased viability (13 ? 22%) as compared to controls (45 ? 20%). Results indicated that 0.6% of administered OCPs were maternally transferred to the eggs of American alligators, and that maternal exposure is associated with decreased egg/embryo viability in this species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.03.104","usgsCitation":"Rauschenberger, R., Wiebe, J., Buckland, J., Smith, J.T., Sepulveda, M.S., and Gross, T., 2004, Achieving environmentally relevant organochlorine pesticide concentrations in eggs through maternal exposure in Alligator mississippiensis: Marine Environmental Research, v. 58, no. 2-5, p. 851-856, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.03.104.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"851","endPage":"856","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":132808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69967b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rauschenberger, R.H.","contributorId":93442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rauschenberger","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiebe, J.J.","contributorId":11171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiebe","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buckland, J.E.","contributorId":53342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckland","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Joe T.","contributorId":20697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sepulveda, M. S.","contributorId":99918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gross, T. S.","contributorId":95828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1003741,"text":"1003741 - 2004 - Element content of Xanthoparmelia scabrosa growing on asphalt in urban and rural New Zealand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T11:37:38","indexId":"1003741","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1087,"text":"Bryologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Element content of Xanthoparmelia scabrosa growing on asphalt in urban and rural New Zealand","docAbstract":"Xanthoparmelia scabrosa is a foliose lichen that grows abundantly on pedestrian and automobile asphalt in New Zealand, which are considered inhospitable habitats for lichens. Samples were collected at eight localities ranging from urban streets to very rural roads and analyzed for 28 chemical elements in order to determine elemental chemistry and to test hypotheses about tolerance mechanisms. Anthropogenic elements (Cu, Pb, and Zn) decreased significantly from urban to rural areas, while nutritional elements (K, P, and S) increased. Samples from urban areas contained 10% calcium. Sulfur was elevated at both urban and rural sites, possibly due to pollution in the former site and higher levels of sulfur-containing scabrosin esters at the rural sites. The ability of this lichen to accumulate high levels of Cu, Pb and Zn may make it useful as a remediation tool.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1639/0007-2745(2004)107[421:ECOXSG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., and Wright, D., 2004, Element content of Xanthoparmelia scabrosa growing on asphalt in urban and rural New Zealand: Bryologist, v. 107, no. 4, p. 421-428, https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745(2004)107[421:ECOXSG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"428","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269494,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745(2004)107[421:ECOXSG]2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"New Zealand","otherGeospatial":"North Island","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[173.02037,-40.91905],[173.24723,-41.332],[173.95841,-40.9267],[174.24759,-41.34916],[174.24852,-41.77001],[173.87645,-42.23318],[173.22274,-42.97004],[172.71125,-43.37229],[173.08011,-43.85334],[172.30858,-43.86569],[171.45293,-44.24252],[171.18514,-44.8971],[170.6167,-45.90893],[169.83142,-46.35577],[169.33233,-46.64124],[168.41135,-46.61994],[167.76374,-46.2902],[166.67689,-46.21992],[166.50914,-45.8527],[167.04642,-45.11094],[168.30376,-44.12397],[168.94941,-43.93582],[169.66781,-43.55533],[170.52492,-43.03169],[171.12509,-42.51275],[171.56971,-41.76742],[171.94871,-41.51442],[172.09723,-40.9561],[172.79858,-40.49396],[173.02037,-40.91905]]],[[[174.61201,-36.1564],[175.33662,-37.2091],[175.3576,-36.52619],[175.80889,-36.79894],[175.95849,-37.55538],[176.7632,-37.88125],[177.43881,-37.96125],[178.01035,-37.57982],[178.51709,-37.69537],[178.27473,-38.58281],[177.97046,-39.16634],[177.20699,-39.14578],[176.93998,-39.44974],[177.03295,-39.87994],[176.88582,-40.06598],[176.50802,-40.60481],[176.01244,-41.28962],[175.23957,-41.68831],[175.0679,-41.42589],[174.65097,-41.28182],[175.22763,-40.45924],[174.90016,-39.90893],[173.82405,-39.50885],[173.85226,-39.1466],[174.5748,-38.79768],[174.74347,-38.02781],[174.69702,-37.38113],[174.29203,-36.71109],[174.319,-36.53482],[173.841,-36.12198],[173.05417,-35.23713],[172.63601,-34.52911],[173.00704,-34.45066],[173.5513,-35.00618],[174.32939,-35.2655],[174.61201,-36.1564]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"New Zealand\"}}]}","volume":"107","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db6069e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, J. P.","contributorId":52103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, D.M.","contributorId":54945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1017134,"text":"1017134 - 2004 - Commentary: A cautionary tale regarding use of the National Land Cover Dataset 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-04T09:40:12","indexId":"1017134","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Commentary: A cautionary tale regarding use of the National Land Cover Dataset 1992","docAbstract":"Digital land-cover data are among the most popular data sources used in ecological research and natural resource management. However, processes for accurate land-cover classification over large regions are still evolving. We identified inconsistencies in the National Land Cover Dataset 1992, the most current and available representation of land cover for the conterminous United States. We also report means to address these inconsistencies in a bird-habitat model. We used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to position a regular grid (or lattice) over the upper midwestern United States and summarized the proportion of individual land covers in each cell within the lattice. These proportions were then mapped back onto the lattice, and the resultant lattice was compared to satellite paths, state borders, and regional map classification units. We observed mapping inconsistencies at the borders between mapping regions, states, and Thematic Mapper (TM) mapping paths in the upper midwestern United States, particularly related to grass I and-herbaceous, emergent-herbaceous wetland, and small-grain land covers. We attributed these discrepancies to differences in image dates between mapping regions, suboptimal image dates for distinguishing certain land-cover types, lack of suitable ancillary data for improving discrimination for rare land covers, and possibly differences among image interpreters. To overcome these inconsistencies for the purpose of modeling regional populations of birds, we combined grassland-herbaceous and pasture-hay land-cover classes and excluded the use of emergent-herbaceous and small-grain land covers. We recommend that users of digital land-cover data conduct similar assessments for other regions before using these data for habitat evaluation. Further, caution is advised in using these data in the analysis of regional land-cover change because it is not likely that future digital land-cover maps will repeat the same problems, thus resulting in biased estimates of change.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi":"10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[0970:CACTRU]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Thogmartin, W.E., Gallant, A.L., Knutson, M.G., Fox, T.J., and Suarez, M.J., 2004, Commentary: A cautionary tale regarding use of the National Land Cover Dataset 1992: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 32, no. 3, p. 970-978, https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[0970:CACTRU]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"970","endPage":"978","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thogmartin, Wayne E. 0000-0002-2384-4279 wthogmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":2545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"Wayne","email":"wthogmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gallant, Alisa L. 0000-0002-3029-6637 gallant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":2940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa","email":"gallant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knutson, Melinda G.","contributorId":74338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutson","given":"Melinda","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fox, Timothy J. 0000-0002-6167-3001 tfox@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6167-3001","contributorId":1701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"Timothy","email":"tfox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Suarez, Manuel J. msuarez@usgs.gov","contributorId":3086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suarez","given":"Manuel","email":"msuarez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1016259,"text":"1016259 - 2004 - Cervid forage utilization in noncommercially thinned ponderosa pine forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-24T16:27:28.41246","indexId":"1016259","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2441,"text":"Journal of Range Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cervid forage utilization in noncommercially thinned ponderosa pine forests","docAbstract":"To evaluate effects of noncommercial thinning, utilization of forages consumed by elk (Cervus elaphus L.), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus Raf.), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Raf.) was measured in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson) stands in Custer State Park, S. D. Treatments consisted of unthinned (control; 22 to 32 m2/ha basal area), moderately thinned (12 to 22 m2/ha basal area), and heavily thinned (3 to 13 m2/ha basal area) stands of ponderosa pine. During June, July, and August, 1991 and 1992, about 7,000 individual plants were marked along permanent transects and percent-weight-removed by grazing was ocularly estimated. Sample plots were established along transects and plants within plots were clipped to estimate standing biomass. Pellet groups were counted throughout the study area to determine summer habitat use of elk and deer. Diet composition was evaluated using microhistological analysis of fecal samples. Average percent-weight-removed from all marked plants and percent-plants-grazed were used to evaluate forage utilization. Standing biomass of graminoids, shrubs, and forbs increased (P < 0.05) from unthinned to moderately and heavily thinned stands. Utilization of graminoids and shrubs averaged less than 1% when measured as percent-weight-removed and percent-plants-grazed and did not differ (P > 0.05) across treatments. Forb use averaged less than 5% within sampling periods when measured as percent-weight-removed and percent-of-plants grazed and did not differ among treatments. Results of pellet group surveys indicated that cervids were primarily using meadow habitats. When averaged over the 2 years, forbs were the major forage class in deer diets, whereas graminoids were the major forage class in diets of elk.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0435:CFUINT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, M., Jenks, J., Deperno, C., Sowell, B., and Jenkins, K.J., 2004, Cervid forage utilization in noncommercially thinned ponderosa pine forests: Journal of Range Management, v. 57, no. 5, p. 435-441, https://doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0435:CFUINT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"435","endPage":"441","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":491488,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/643564","text":"External Repository"},{"id":134097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Custer State Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.47747802734375,\n 43.68872888432795\n ],\n [\n -103.34014892578125,\n 43.68872888432795\n ],\n [\n -103.34014892578125,\n 43.76117633310127\n ],\n [\n -103.47747802734375,\n 43.76117633310127\n ],\n [\n -103.47747802734375,\n 43.68872888432795\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6e3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, M.C.","contributorId":95442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenks, J.A.","contributorId":31726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenks","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deperno, C.S.","contributorId":97870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deperno","given":"C.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sowell, B.F.","contributorId":66219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sowell","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jenkins, Kurt J. 0000-0003-1415-6607 kurt_jenkins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-6607","contributorId":3415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Kurt","email":"kurt_jenkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1016274,"text":"1016274 - 2004 - Use of radar remote sensing (RADARSAT) to map winter wetland habitat for shorebirds in an agricultural landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-20T15:24:12.267318","indexId":"1016274","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of radar remote sensing (RADARSAT) to map winter wetland habitat for shorebirds in an agricultural landscape","docAbstract":"Many of todays agricultural landscapes once held vast amounts of wetland habitat for waterbirds and other wildlife. Successful restoration of these landscapes relies on access to accurate maps of the wetlands that remain. We used C-band (5.6-cm-wavelength), HH-polarized radar remote sensing (RADARSAT) at a 38° incidence angle (8-m resolution) to map the distribution of winter shorebird (Charadriiformes) habitat on agricultural lands in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon. We acquired imagery on three dates (10 December 1999, 27 January 2000, and 15 March 2000) and simultaneously collected ground reference data to classify radar signatures and evaluate map accuracy of four habitat classes: (1) wet with 50% vegetation (considered optimal shorebird habitat), (2) wet with > 50% vegetation, (3) dry with 50% vegetation, and (4) dry with > 50% vegetation. Overall accuracy varied from 45 to 60% among the three images, but the accuracy of focal class 1 was greater, ranging from 72 to 80%. Class 4 coverage was stable and dominated maps (40% of mapped study area) for all three dates, while coverage of class 3 decreased slightly throughout the study period. Among wet classes, class 1 was most abundant (about 30% coverage) in December and January, decreasing in March to approximately 15%. Conversely, class 2 increased dramatically from January to March, likely due to transition from class 1 as vegetation grew. This approach was successful in detecting optimal habitat for shorebirds on agricultural lands. For modest classification schemes, radar remote sensing is a valuable option for wetland mapping in areas where cloud cover is persistent.
","language":"English","publisher":"SpringerLink","doi":"10.1007/s00267-004-8920-8","usgsCitation":"Taft, O.W., Haig, S.M., and Kiilsgaard, C., 2004, Use of radar remote sensing (RADARSAT) to map winter wetland habitat for shorebirds in an agricultural landscape: Environmental Management, v. 33, no. 5, p. 750-763, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-8920-8.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"750","endPage":"763","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.20068359374999,\n 45.321254361171476\n ],\n [\n -123.28857421875,\n 44.85586880735725\n ],\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 43.97700467496408\n ],\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 43.97700467496408\n ],\n [\n -122.6953125,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n -122.36572265625,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -123.02490234375,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n -123.20068359374999,\n 45.321254361171476\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6043ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taft, Oriane W.","contributorId":34883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taft","given":"Oriane","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kiilsgaard, Chris","contributorId":60424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiilsgaard","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":821688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1016281,"text":"1016281 - 2004 - Habitat selection by tundra swans on Northern Alaska breeding grounds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-29T16:40:52.341562","indexId":"1016281","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat selection by tundra swans on Northern Alaska breeding grounds","docAbstract":"Habitat selection by the Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) was evaluated on the Colville River Delta prior to oil field development (1982-1989). Tundra Swan territories comprised a lake, used for refuge and foraging, and terrestrial habitats and ponds near the lake's perimeter used for foraging and nesting. Tundra swan sightings from early and late summer aerial surveys were used to investigate habitat selection at the territory and within-territory scale. At the territory or lake scale, swan sightings/lake increased with lake size, and increased from discrete to tapped (i.e., connected to a river channel) to drained lakes within size categories. Overall, 49% of the variation in swan sightings/lake was explained by lake size and type, a size-x-type interaction term, and the proportion of lake perimeter comprised of Halophytic Ponds and Halophytic Wet Meadows. At the within-territory or within-lake scale, foraging swans significantly selected Halophytic Ponds, Halophytic Wet Meadows, and Fresh Ponds relative to Uplands; nesting swans significantly selected Halophytic Ponds and significantly avoided Fresh Wet Meadows relative to Uplands. Vegetation sampling indicated that sites used by Tundra Swans on river channels and tapped lakes were significantly more likely to have Sheathed Pondweed (Potamogeton vaginatus) than control sites. The three major components of Tundra Swan diet were Carex sedges, Sheathed Pondweed, and algae, together comprising 85% of identifiable plant fragments in feces.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0224:HSBTSO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Earnst, S.L., and Rothe, T., 2004, Habitat selection by tundra swans on Northern Alaska breeding grounds: Waterbirds, v. 27, no. 2, p. 224-233, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0224:HSBTSO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"224","endPage":"233","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Susan L. susan_earnst@usgs.gov","contributorId":4446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earnst","given":"Susan","email":"susan_earnst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rothe, T.","contributorId":104870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rothe","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1016620,"text":"1016620 - 2004 - A unified approach to analyzing nest success","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T11:11:19","indexId":"1016620","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A unified approach to analyzing nest success","docAbstract":"Logistic regression has become increasingly popular for modeling nest success in terms of nest-specific explanatory variables. However, logistic regression models for nest fate are inappropriate when applied to data from nests found at various ages, for the same reason that the apparent estimator of nest success is biased (i.e. older clutches are more likely to be successful than younger clutches). A generalized linear model is presented and illustrated that gives ornithologists access to a flexible, suitable alternative to logistic regression that is appropriate when exposure periods vary, as they usually do. Unlike the Mayfield method (1961, 1975) and the logistic regression method of Aebischer (1999), the logistic-exposure model requires no assumptions about when nest losses occur. Nest survival models involving continuous and categorical explanatory variables, multiway classifications, and time-specific (e.g. nest age) and random effects are easily implemented with the logistic-exposure model. Application of the model to a sample of Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens) nests shows that logistic-exposure estimates for individual levels of categorical explanatory variables agree closely with estimates obtained with Johnson (1979) constant-survival estimator. Use of the logistic-exposure method to model time-specific effects of nest age and date on survival of Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors) and Mallard (A. platyrhynchos) nests gives results comparable to those reported by Klett and Johnson (1982). However, the logistic-exposure approach is less subjective and much easier to implement than Klett and Johnson's method. In addition, logistic-exposure survival rate estimates are constrained to the (0,1) interval, whereas Klett and Johnson estimates are not. When applied to a sample of Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) nests, the logistic-exposure method gives results either identical to, or similar to, those obtained with the nest survival model in program MARK (White and Burnham 1999). I illustrate how the combination of generalized linear models and information-theoretic techniques for model selection, along with commonly available statistical software, provides ornithologists with a powerful, easily used approach to analyzing nest success.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0526:AUATAN]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, T., 2004, A unified approach to analyzing nest success: The Auk, v. 121, no. 2, p. 526-540, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0526:AUATAN]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"526","endPage":"540","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128495,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5371","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaffer, T.L.","contributorId":98245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1016617,"text":"1016617 - 2004 - Transmission of Neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-22T16:38:06.607621","indexId":"1016617","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Transmission of Neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals","title":"Transmission of Neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals","docAbstract":"To determine whether deer can transmit Neospora caninum, brains of naturally infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were fed to 4 dogs; 2 of these dogs shed oocysts. Oocysts from 1 of the dogs were tested by polymerase chain reaction and found to be positive for N. caninum and negative for Hammondia heydorni. The internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence of the new strain (designated NC-deer1) was identical to N. caninum from domestic animals, indicating that N. caninum is transmitted between wild and domestic animals, often enough to prevent divergent evolution of isolated populations of the parasite. NC-deer1 oocysts were administered to a calf that developed a high antibody titer, providing evidence that N. caninum from wildlife can infect cattle. In addition, N. caninum antibody seroprevalence was detected in 64/164 (39%) free-ranging gray wolves (Canis lupus), 12/113 (11%) coyotes (Canis latrans), 50/193 (26%) white-tailed deer, and 8/61 (13%) moose (Alces alces). These data are consistent with a sylvatic transmission cycle of N. caninum between cervids and canids. We speculate that hunting by humans favors the transmission of N. caninum from deer to canids, because deer carcasses are usually eviscerated in the field. Infection of canids in turn increases the risk of transmitting the parasite to domestic livestock.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1645/GE-341R","usgsCitation":"Gondim, L., McAllister, M., Mateus-Pinilla, N.E., Pitt, W., Mech, L., Nelson, M., and Lenarz, M., 2004, Transmission of Neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals: Journal of Parasitology, v. 90, no. 6, p. 1361-1365, https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-341R.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1361","endPage":"1365","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.59277343749999,\n 44.15068115978094\n ],\n [\n -91.8896484375,\n 43.866218006556394\n ],\n [\n -91.5380859375,\n 43.42100882994726\n ],\n [\n -91.23046875,\n 42.84375132629021\n ],\n [\n -90.4833984375,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 41.244772343082076\n ],\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -89.912109375,\n 37.47485808497102\n ],\n [\n -89.4287109375,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -87.4951171875,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 45.79816953017265\n ],\n [\n -89.7802734375,\n 46.37725420510028\n ],\n [\n -92.94433593749999,\n 46.22545288226939\n ],\n [\n -92.59277343749999,\n 44.15068115978094\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f25cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gondim, L.F.P.","contributorId":52106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gondim","given":"L.F.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McAllister, M.M.","contributorId":9200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAllister","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mateus-Pinilla, N. E.","contributorId":32108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mateus-Pinilla","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pitt, W.","contributorId":12408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nelson, M.E.","contributorId":102021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lenarz, M.S.","contributorId":99923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenarz","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1016600,"text":"1016600 - 2004 - Patterns of variation in clutch sizes in a guild of temperate-nesting dabbling ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T11:47:33","indexId":"1016600","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of variation in clutch sizes in a guild of temperate-nesting dabbling ducks","docAbstract":"Clutch sizes of temperate-nesting dabbling ducks vary widely within and between years. Biologists have long been interested in why such patterns exist but have had difficulty separating intrinsic effects from environmental influences. In an attempt to gain greater insight into the roles of intrinsic and environmental influences on clutch sizes of dabbling ducks, we compared clutch-size patterns of mallard, northern pintail, gadwall, northern shoveler, and blue-winged teal in North Dakota and South Dakota over a 3-year period. The study was conducted during 1993-1995 when wetland habitat conditions were exceptionally consistent within time intervals but varied widely from the onset to the end of the study. We found that clutch sizes of gadwall and blue-winged teal were significantly smaller at the onset of nesting in 1993, when water conditions remained relatively poor following a 5-year drought (1988-1992), and pintail clutch sizes were larger late in the breeding season in 1993 after wetland conditions became exceptionally productive following heavy rains in late May and June. These findings were associated with gadwall and teal relying primarily on nutrients acquired on the breeding grounds to produce early clutches, and pintails using an exceptionally high proportion of their body lipids to produce early clutches, making this species highly dependent on abundant local sources of lipids for clutches produced later. Mallard, pintail, and shoveler rely largely on endogenous lipids carried to the breeding grounds to produce early clutches, and at least in the years of study, clutch sizes exhibited minimal variation at the onset of nesting. Our findings, when examined in context with existing information, suggest that interspecific variation in clutch sizes results from innate differences in several traits -- including body size, diet, timing of lipid acquisition, and nesting-- that affect the amount of lipid available for egg production. Annual differences in clutch sizes of all five species were not significant when effects of annual variation in nest initiation dates was accounted for, reflecting the key role of environmental influences on intraspecific variation among years.","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0695:POVICS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Krapu, G., Reynolds, R., Sargeant, G., and Renner, R., 2004, Patterns of variation in clutch sizes in a guild of temperate-nesting dabbling ducks: The Auk, v. 121, no. 3, p. 695-706, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0695:POVICS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"695","endPage":"706","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128588,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688aaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krapu, Gary L.","contributorId":56994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, R. E.","contributorId":25098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sargeant, G.A.","contributorId":51681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargeant","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Renner, R.W.","contributorId":95420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renner","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1016598,"text":"1016598 - 2004 - Is climate change affecting wolf populations in the high Arctic?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-23T16:07:06.069229","indexId":"1016598","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Is climate change affecting wolf populations in the high Arctic?","docAbstract":"Global climate change may affect wolves in Canada's High Arctic (80° N) acting through three trophic levels (vegetation, herbivores, and wolves). A wolf pack dependent on muskoxen and arctic hares in the Eureka area of Ellesmere Island denned and produced pups most years from at least 1986 through 1997. However when summer snow covered vegetation in 1997 and 2000 for the first time since records were kept, halving the herbivore nutrition-replenishment period, muskox and hare numbers dropped drastically, and the area stopped supporting denning wolves through 2003. The unusual weather triggering these events was consistent with global-climate-change phenomena.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/S10584-004-7093-Z","usgsCitation":"Mech, L., 2004, Is climate change affecting wolf populations in the high Arctic?: Climatic Change, v. 67, no. 1, p. 87-93, https://doi.org/10.1007/S10584-004-7093-Z.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"93","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Ellesmere Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.7890625,\n 79.68718415450823\n ],\n [\n -93.69140625,\n 78.1344931829381\n ],\n [\n -87.1875,\n 76.76054111175671\n ],\n [\n -76.640625,\n 77.23507365492469\n ],\n [\n -64.33593749999999,\n 81.20141954209073\n ],\n [\n -59.0625,\n 82.54060382149495\n ],\n [\n -70.3125,\n 83.35951133035452\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 82.76537263027352\n ],\n [\n -97.55859375,\n 81.20141954209073\n ],\n [\n -98.7890625,\n 79.68718415450823\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"67","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667229","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1016593,"text":"1016593 - 2004 - Nutritional condition of Northern Yellowstone Elk","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-22T15:47:08.121665","indexId":"1016593","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutritional condition of Northern Yellowstone Elk","docAbstract":"We estimated nutritional condition for 96 female northern Yellowstone elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) during mid- to late winter 2000, 2001, and 2002. Neither year nor capture location significantly influenced any measure of condition (body fat, body mass, and longissimus dorsi thickness; P ≥ 0.14). Overall, age = 8.9 years ± 0.4 SE, body fat = 9.5% ± 0.4, body mass = 235.1 kg ± 2.2, and longissimus dorsi muscle thickness = 5.6 cm ± 0.1. Despite an age segregation pattern across the winter range (P = 0.016), we found no evidence of bias in our estimates of nutritional condition due to this pattern because condition was unrelated to age. Yearly pregnancy and lactation rates of all cows ranged from 78 to 84% and 8 to 16%, respectively, at the time of capture. Lactational status significantly influenced body condition (P = 0.003), with lactating cows having 50% less body fat than nonlactating cows. Probability of pregnancy observed for elk that we captured followed a logistic curve as a function of body fat levels. Based on mid- to late winter body fat levels, we would predict low mortality of adult cows during mild to normal winters. We suggest the possibility of nutritional limitations acting on this herd through summer–autumn forage conditions, in association with limitations during harsh winters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1644/BRG-131","usgsCitation":"Cook, R., Cook, J., and Mech, L., 2004, Nutritional condition of Northern Yellowstone Elk: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 85, no. 4, p. 714-722, https://doi.org/10.1644/BRG-131.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"714","endPage":"722","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478154,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/brg-131","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.13220214843749,\n 43.957236472025635\n ],\n [\n -109.676513671875,\n 43.957236472025635\n ],\n [\n -109.676513671875,\n 45.07739974122637\n ],\n [\n -111.13220214843749,\n 45.07739974122637\n ],\n [\n -111.13220214843749,\n 43.957236472025635\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696685","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, R.C.","contributorId":88320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, J.G.","contributorId":75885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}