Since the second half of the 20th century, there has been an increase in scientific interest, research effort, and information gathered on the geologic sedimentary character of the continental margins of the United States. Data and information from thousands of sources have increased our scientific understanding of the character of the margin surface, but rarely have those data been combined and integrated. Initially, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research at the University of Colorado Boulder, created the usSEABED database to provide surficial sea-floor-characterization data for USGS assessments of marine-based aggregates and for studies of sea-floor habitat. Since then, the USGS has continued to build up the database as a nationwide resource for many uses and applications.
Previously published data derived from the usSEABED database have been released as three USGS data series publications containing data covering the U.S. Atlantic margin, the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean regions, and the Pacific coast. An updated USGS data release unifies the three publications, incorporates additional data and sources including data from Alaska, Hawaii, and U.S. overseas territories, and provides revised output files that fix known errors and add known or inferred sampling dates. This report accompanies the data release and contains information on the methodology and products of the usSEABED database.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201046","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research at the University of Colorado Boulder","usgsCitation":"Buczkowski, B.J., Reid, J.A., and Jenkins, C.J., 2020, Sediments and the sea floor of the continental shelves and coastal waters of the United States—About the usSEABED integrated sea-floor-characterization database, built with the dbSEABED processing system: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1046, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201046.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 14 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-107146","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science 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and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 02543–1598
Barrier islands, headlands, and coastal shorelines provide numerous valuable ecosystem goods and services, including storm protection and erosion control for the mainland, habitat for fish and wildlife, salinity regulation in estuaries, carbon sequestration in marshes, and areas for recreation and tourism. These coastal features are dynamic environments because of their position at the land-sea interface. Storms, wave energy, tides, currents, and relative sea-level rise are powerful forces that shape local geomorphology and habitat distribution. In order to make more informed decisions, coastal resource managers require insights into how these dynamic systems are changing through time.
In 2005, Louisiana’s Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority, in partnership with the University of New Orleans and the U.S. Geological Survey, developed the Barrier Island Comprehensive Monitoring (BICM) Program. The goal of the BICM Program is to develop long-term datasets for habitat coverage, shoreline assessments, shoreline position, topobathymetric changes, and sediment characterization to assist with planning, designing, evaluating, and maintaining current and future barrier shorelines. The overall objectives of the study described in this report were to (1) map habitats for 2008 and 2015–16 for BICM coastal reaches and (2) map habitat change between these two time periods.
This report highlights the second phase of habitat analyses for the BICM Program. This work builds on a previous habitat analysis conducted by the University of New Orleans, which included the development of habitat maps for 1996/1998, 2001, 2004, and 2005, along with habitat change maps. For this current effort, a new 15-class habitat scheme was developed from the original BICM scheme to further delineate various dune habitats, including meadow habitat found along the backslopes of dunes, to distinguish between marsh and mangrove, and to distinguish between beach and unvegetated barrier flat habitats. Additionally, a geographic object-based image analysis-based mapping framework was used to incorporate relative topography and address elevation uncertainty in light detection and ranging data to assist with mapping dune and intertidal habitats.
For the entire BICM region, the area experiencing a change in a land/water category (that is, land gain or land loss) was 3.4 percent, of which, 59.2 percent was land gain and 40.8 percent was land loss. Areal coverages of meadow, mangrove, scrub/shrub, and vegetated dune increased from 2008 to 2015–16, whereas areal coverages of beach, grassland, and intertidal decreased. The decrease in intertidal, however, was largely due to differing water levels in the orthophotography between the two time periods. Regional analyses of habitat coverage and habitat change captured the dynamic nature of these systems and the effects of restoration efforts, most notably in the Late Lafourche Delta, Modern Delta, and Chandeleur Islands regions. For instance, in the Modern Delta region there was a marked increase in unvegetated flat, meadow, mangrove, scrub/shrub, beach, unvegetated dune, and vegetated dune. As a result, this region experienced the highest percent change for land/water classes (6.6 percent) with land gain accounting for much of this change (70.8 percent). In contrast, the Acadiana Bays region had the highest relative percent loss of all regions. The region had a percent change for land/water classes of 2.8 percent, of which, 79.7 percent was land loss.
The results of this study provide information about the areal coverage and distribution of habitats for two recent time periods and change over about an 8-year period. These data can be used to evaluate changes along the Louisiana Gulf of Mexico shoreline, including gradual changes caused by coastal processes, restoration actions, and (or) episodic events, such as hurricanes and extreme storms.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201030","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority","usgsCitation":"Enwright, N.M., SooHoo, W.M., Dugas, J.L., Conzelmann, C.P., Laurenzano, C., Lee, D.M., Mouton, K., and Stelly, S.J., 2020, Louisiana Barrier Island Comprehensive Monitoring Program—Mapping habitats in beach, dune, and intertidal environments along the Louisiana Gulf of Mexico shoreline, 2008 and 2015–16: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1030, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201030.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 57 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-114268","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436983,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YRT54Z","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Louisiana Barrier Island Comprehensive Monitoring Program - 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U.S. Geological Survey
700 Cajundome Blvd.
Lafayette, LA 70506–3152
The Red Knot, Calidris canutus, is a highly migratory shorebird with a cosmopolitan distribution. Six subspecies have been identified, two of which occur regularly in North America (C.c. rufa and C.c. roselaari). Given their long-distance migrations through many jurisdictions and conservation status, tools are needed to reliably distinguish the subspecies when captured away from their breeding areas and to examine potential population substructure within each taxa. We used a suite of molecular approaches to develop tools to support Red Knot research and management. Although our microsatellite markers were not able to reliably distinguish C.c. rufa and C.c. roselaari, we did find evidence of population substructure within C.c. rufa.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201050","usgsCitation":"Kazyak, D., Aunins, A., and Johnson, R., 2020, Red Knot (Calidris canutus) research—Preliminary results and future opportunities: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1050, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201050.","productDescription":"v, 6 p.","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-114640","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374855,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1050/ofr20201050.pdf","text":"Report","size":"681 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":374854,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1050/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
11649 Leetown Road
Kearneysville, WV 25430
The 2018 Kīlauea Volcano eruption lasted 107 days, and now ranks as the most destructive event at Kilauea since 1790, and as one of the most costly volcanic disasters in U.S. history. Multiple simultaneous hazard events unfolded, including sustained seismic activity leading to collapse at the summit of Halema'uma'u crater and severe damage to the HVO facility, with additional eruption of lava in the Kīlauea Lower East Rift Zone that progressively grew to a total of 24 fissure openings. In response to the complex and uncertain nature of the eruption, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) team activities tended to coalesce around several interrelated core functional areas: science operations, emergency management and administration, and external communications. Upon cessation of the eruption, the USGS Hazard Response Executive Committee charged the Alaska Regional Office to lead an After-Action Review team, which focused on two basic questions: (1) what went well, and why?; and (2) what can be improved, and how? The purpose of the After-Action Review is to identify priorities for programmatic or policy improvements that the USGS can feasibly implement to advance strategic preparation for future disasters, and thereby reduce public vulnerabilities. Specifically, the review is intended to help USGS respond even better to the next eruption in Hawai'i or elsewhere by advancing any of the following goals:
Regional Director, Alaska
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4560
As part of a U.S. Geological Survey water-quality study started in 2018, in cooperation with the International Joint Commission, North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality, and Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, a publicly available software package called R–QWTREND was developed for analyzing trends in stream-water quality. The R–QWTREND package is a collection of functions written in R, an open source language and a general environment for statistical computing and graphics. The package uses a parametric time-series model to express logarithmically transformed concentration in terms of flow-related variability, trend, and serially correlated model errors. Flow-related variability captures natural variability in concentration on the basis of concurrent and antecedent streamflow. The trend identifies systematic changes in concentration in terms of potential step trends, piecewise monotonic trends, or user-specified trends. Maximum likelihood estimation is used to estimate model parameters and determine the best-fit trend model. This report describes the time-series model and statistical methodology behind R–QWTREND and provides formal documentation for installing and using the package.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201014","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the International Joint Commission, North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality, and Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","usgsCitation":"Vecchia, A.V., and Nustad, R.A., 2020, Time-series model, statistical methods, and software documentation for R–QWTREND—An R package for analyzing trends in stream-water quality (ver. 1.2, March 2023): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1014, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201014.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 52 p.; Appendix; Dataset","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-109088","costCenters":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414697,"rank":5,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1014/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"2 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":374762,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"National Water Information System","linkHelpText":"USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":414696,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1014/ofr20201014.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.23 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020–2014"},{"id":374759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1014/coverthb3.jpg"},{"id":374761,"rank":2,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1014/downloads/","text":"Appendix 1","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"OFR 2020–2014 Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"R–QWTREND Software Package"}],"edition":"Version 1.0: May 13, 2020; Version 1.1: November 30, 2021; Version 1.2: March 28, 2023","contact":"Director, Dakota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
821 East Interstate Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58503
1608 Mountain View Road
Rapid City, SD 57702
Sustainability of dryland ecosystems depends on the functionality of soil-vegetation feedbacks that affect ecosystem processes, such as nutrient cycling, water capture and retention, soil erosion and deposition, and plant establishment and reproduction. Useful, common indicators can provide information on soil and site stability, hydrologic function, and biotic integrity. Evaluation of rangeland health thus relies on describing the condition and sustainability of these individual, measurable, and observable indicators that are linked to important ecosystem processes. This report focuses on the ~200,000 acres of the Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument that is administered by the National Park Service (NPS)—one of the largest NPS units where livestock grazing is a permitted land-use activity. Many ecosystems in the monument are characterized by a low degree of resilience to improper grazing because of low and variable precipitation. The monument is marked by a high degree of environmental heterogeneity, including a large elevation gradient, widely differing precipitation patterns, a diversity of geologic substrates, and unique combinations of plant species.
The objective of this report is to (1) increase our understanding of the underlying landscape, soil, and climate setting factors that affect Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument dryland ecosystem structure and function (also referred to as land potential) and (2) characterize the condition of monument ecosystems in relation to management concepts, such as rangeland health.
Data were analyzed by elevation zone using both univariate and multivariate approaches. Survey results document the high level of diversity within the study area, including 15 unique soil taxa and 271 species of plants. We collected three new plant species for Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument and 17 new species for the NPS portion of the monument. Results also document a strong association between rangeland health indicators and elevation, topographic setting, and soils. Soil factors found to explain important variation across plots include the amount of exposed bedrock, soil rockiness, soil texture (and associated hydrologic properties), and soil depth. We also found that dominant species turnover across elevation may represent species’ differences in adaptation to climates, including Larrea tridentata, Coleogyne ramosissima, and Artemisia spp. Bromus rubens is the most common invasive species of concern recorded in this study, but other common invasive species are Bromus tectorum, Erodium cicutarium, and Schismus arabicus. Correlations between an index of cattle use and indicators of rangeland health suggest that areas with high cattle use have increased bare ground, decreased ground cover, increased frequency of Schismus arabicus, decreased cover of Coleogyne ramosissima and Ephedra spp., and increased cover of Gutierrezia spp. The few strong correlations observed between indicators of vascular plant community cover or abundance and indicators of cattle activity support rangeland assessment and monitoring strategies that do not rely solely on plant-based indicators are needed.
This work supports management of dryland ecosystems, including Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument, using concepts of land potential. We conclude the report with recommendations on improving existing land-potential-based classification systems, associated interpretations, and methods for moving forward with a Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument rangeland monitoring program.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201040","usgsCitation":"Duniway, M.C., and Palmquist, E.C., 2020, Assessment of rangeland ecosystem conditions in Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1040, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201040.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 42 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-106479","costCenters":[{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374803,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9SJSJHT","linkHelpText":"Rangeland Ecosystem Data, Grand Canyon - Parashant National Monument, AZ, USA"},{"id":374801,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1040/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":374802,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1040/ofr20201040.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.005126953125,\n 35.679609609368576\n ],\n [\n -111.57714843749999,\n 35.679609609368576\n ],\n [\n -111.57714843749999,\n 36.97622678464096\n ],\n [\n -114.005126953125,\n 36.97622678464096\n ],\n [\n -114.005126953125,\n 35.679609609368576\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Southwest Biological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Drive
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
We developed an initial inventory of ground failure features from the November 30, 2018, magnitude 7.1 Anchorage earthquake. This inventory of 153 features is from ground-based observations soon after the earthquake (December 5–10) that include the presence or absence of liquefaction, landslides, and individual crack traces of lateral spreads and incipient landslides. This is not a complete inventory and simply shows general trends and examples of types and distribution of ground failures documented. Overflight observations (December 1–6) documented landslide and liquefaction presence or absence within the Chugach Mountains and along Cook Inlet in regions inaccessible to vehicles, which greatly expanded the geographic scope of this reconnaissance. Field-mapped ground-failure observations have been augmented with a set of 565 georeferenced and annotated images from both field and overflight reconnaissance cataloging additional ground-failure presence or absence from the Anchorage earthquake.
Tidal erosion, fresh snowfall, limited daylight, and adverse flying conditions contributed significantly to the uncertainty and incompleteness of ground-failure observations during this reconnaissance. Notably, substantial liquefaction features at the mouths of the Little Susitna River (December 1) and Ingram Creek (December 5) were absent during subsequent overlapping missions (December 6 and 9, respectively) because of tidal action. A large rockfall observed on December 1 on Rainbow Peak was not observed during a subsequent December 5 overflight because of snow cover, which suggests that the general lack of observations of landsliding within the Chugach Mountains is uncertain.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201043","usgsCitation":"Grant, A.R.R., Jibson, R.W., Witter, R.C., Allstadt, K.E., Thompson, E.M., and Bender, A.M., 2020, Ground failure triggered by shaking during the November 30, 2018, magnitude 7.1 Anchorage, Alaska, earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1043, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201043.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 21 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-106267","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1043/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":374799,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1043/ofr20201043.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":374800,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P99ONUNM","linkHelpText":"Field Reconnaissance of Ground Failure Triggered by Shaking during the 2018 M7.1 Anchorage, Alaska, Earthquake"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.54541015625,\n 60.66241476534369\n ],\n [\n -148.82080078125,\n 60.66241476534369\n ],\n [\n -148.82080078125,\n 61.77312286453146\n ],\n [\n -151.54541015625,\n 61.77312286453146\n ],\n [\n -151.54541015625,\n 60.66241476534369\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Earthquake Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
350 N. Akron Road
Moffett Field, CA 94035
The addition of surface water from the San Juan-Chama Drinking Water Project to the Albuquerque water supply and the reduction in per capita water use has led to decreased groundwater withdrawals. This decrease in withdrawals has resulted in rising groundwater levels since 2008 in portions of the aquifer underlying Albuquerque. The wells used to assess the Kirtland Air Force Base Bulk Fuels Facility (KAFB BFF) ethylene dibromide (EDB) groundwater contamination were installed with well screens that crossed the water table in order to monitor and sample groundwater within the EDB plume. While replacement wells have been installed, an understanding of the water-table response to decreases in regional groundwater withdrawals is required to evaluate the monitoring well network. Water-table elevation maps of the aquifer underlying the Albuquerque metropolitan area east of the Rio Grande for 2008 and 2016 and a map of the change in elevations in this 8-year period provide an improved understanding of the water-table elevations and the changes that are occurring.
The water-table elevation contours for both 2008 and 2016 show that groundwater generally flows from the Rio Grande and from the mountain-front recharge in the southeast toward the center of the study area, a major groundwater pumping center. The water-table elevation increased in most of the study area from 2008 to 2016. The area of greatest increase in the water-table elevation covers most of the northeastern part of the study area, where there has historically been pumping-related drawdown and subsequent groundwater-level rises in the production zone of the Santa Fe Group aquifer system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201036","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Air Force Civil Engineer Center","usgsCitation":"Flickinger, A.K., and Mitchell, A.C., 2020, Water-table elevation maps for 2008 and 2016 and water-table elevation changes in the aquifer system underlying eastern Albuquerque, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1036, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201036.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 9 p.; Data Release; Interactive Map","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-111755 ","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374556,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://usgs.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=3b038837dfe347daa8691931182788f5","text":"Interactive map of the study area"},{"id":374553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1036/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":374554,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1036/ofr20201036.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020–1036"},{"id":374555,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9OHR8Z2","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Water-tables elevations and other well construction data for 2008 and 2016 in eastern Albuquerque, New Mexico"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","city":"Albuquerque","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.6607666015625,\n 34.836349990763864\n ],\n [\n -105.9521484375,\n 34.836349990763864\n ],\n [\n -105.9521484375,\n 35.27701633139884\n ],\n [\n -106.6607666015625,\n 35.27701633139884\n ],\n [\n -106.6607666015625,\n 34.836349990763864\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd. NE
Albuquerque, NM 87113
The U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center’s Santa Cruz Field Station, Santa Cruz, California, has been funded by the U.S. Navy to continue monitoring a suite of intertidal black abalone sites at San Nicolas Island, California. The nine rocky intertidal sites were established in 1980 by Glenn VanBlaricom (then of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) to study the potential impact of translocated sea otters on the intertidal black abalone population at the island. The sites were monitored from 1981 to 1997, usually annually or semi-annually. Monitoring resumed in 2001, and regular annual monitoring cycles have been conducted at the sites since then. The study sites became particularly important, from a management perspective, after a virulent disease decimated black abalone populations throughout southern California beginning in the mid-1980s. The disease, withering syndrome, was first observed on San Nicolas Island in 1992 and during the next few years reduced the population there by approximately 99 percent. The species was subsequently listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act in 2009.
The subject of this report is the 2019 monitoring cycle of the sites and how the current status fits into the long-term data at San Nicolas Island. Since 2001, the monitored population has increased nearly tenfold to approximately 8.7 percent of the pre-disease level. This increase has resulted from generally higher levels of recruitment than seen in the first two decades of monitoring, punctuated by a few high recruitment events. Most of the population growth has been at two of the nine sites (sites 7 and 8). This pattern continued in 2019 with increasing numbers at sites 7 and 8 and the highest number of abalone counted and measured island-wide since 1996. However, counts declined at six of the sites during the last year and the increases in counts at sites 7 and 8 barely offset these losses. Recruitment rates have fallen since a peak in 2017 but 2019 continued to show some additional recruitment. The distance between adjacent black abalone, a metric relevant to potential reproduction, has decreased substantially since it was first consistently measured in 2005. Although sand burial can have devastating localized consequences to black abalone, the sand cover data we collected was not sufficient to suggest an obvious temporal or site-based pattern to sedimentation, and there is no indication that this was a factor in any of the declines recorded in 2019. Continued monitoring of these sites can provide island biologists with species trends to aid in adaptive management of the resource.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201047","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Navy","usgsCitation":"Kenner, M.C., 2020, Black abalone surveys at Naval Base Ventura County, San Nicolas Island, California: 2019, annual report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1047, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201047.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-111797","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374605,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1047/ofr20201047.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":374604,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1047/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Ventura County","otherGeospatial":"San Nicolas Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.59922790527342,\n 33.203647816301306\n ],\n [\n -119.42481994628906,\n 33.203647816301306\n ],\n [\n -119.42481994628906,\n 33.293229612321824\n ],\n [\n -119.59922790527342,\n 33.293229612321824\n ],\n [\n -119.59922790527342,\n 33.203647816301306\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
We acquired multiple types of seismic data across the Hollywood Fault in Hollywood, Calif., and the Santa Monica Fault in Beverly Hills, Calif., in May and June 2018. On the basis of our data, we infer near-surface locations of various traces of these faults.
From two separate profiles across the Hollywood Fault, we evaluated multiple seismic datasets and models, including guided-wave data, tomographic VP data, tomographic VS data, VP/VS and Poisson’s ratio models derived from tomographic VP and VS data, Rayleigh-wave–based VS models, Love-wave–based VS models, VP/VS and Poisson’s ratio models (derived from combinations of tomographic-based VP and surface-wave–based VS models), P-wave reflection images, and S-wave reflection images. All of these data and models can be used to delineate near-surface faulting, and the data consistently infer near-surface fault traces of the Hollywood Fault in the same locations. Importantly, the combined data indicate more than one near-surface fault trace of the Hollywood Fault. Between North Bronson and North Gower Avenues, evidence exists for a near-surface trace of the Hollywood Fault slightly south of Carlos Avenue. Farther west, along Argyle Avenue, our data contain high levels of cultural noise, but we interpret near-surface faulting slightly south of the intersection of Carlos and Argyle Avenues and between Carlos Avenue and Yucca Street.
For the Santa Monica Fault in Beverly Hills, we acquired guided-wave data only along Lasky Drive between Moreno Drive and South Santa Monica Boulevard, owing to limited access permissions. However, we used two separate source locations to generate the guided-wave data (SP1 and SP2). The data from more distant source location (relative to the recording array, SP1) were noisy, but on the basis of those data, we infer near-surface faulting at several locations along Lasky Drive, with concentrated near-surface faulting slightly south of the intersection of Lasky Drive and Charleville Boulevard. Guided-wave data generated at the closer source location (relative to recording array, SP2) more clearly show evidence for distributed near-surface faulting at several locations along Lasky Drive, with concentrated faulting near the intersection of Lasky Drive and Charleville Boulevard.
Although the seismic surveys across both faults provide strong evidence for the locations of near-surface fault traces, the seismic data provide little or no information about the rupture history of the fault traces.
Contact Information, Menlo Park, Calif.
Office—Earthquake Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 977
Menlo Park, CA 94025
An existing two-dimensional, steady-state groundwater-flow model of the shallow groundwater-flow system of the Lac du Flambeau Reservation in Vilas County, Wisconsin, originally developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, was used to simulate the potential for wastewater from a proposed relocation of a wastewater lagoon to contaminate the Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa’s drinking-water-supply wells. This simulation was completed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa and Indian Health Service. The simulated scenarios consisted of removing wastewater infiltration from existing lagoons and re-applying that infiltration at the proposed location. Two analyses were performed for the scenarios. First, the probable extent of the plume discharging from the proposed infiltration lagoons was mapped with a Monte Carlo algorithm that used uncertainty identified during the calibration process to simulate thousands of possible outcomes. Second, the Monte Carlo method was again used to simulate a probabilistic contributing area for the Tribe’s nearby “Main Pumphouse” supply wells. The purpose of the simulations was to evaluate the potential for infiltrated wastewater to be captured by the public-supply wells.
Most features of the previously developed model remained unchanged, including calibrated parameters such as hydraulic conductivity and recharge. Thus, the same covariance distributions that were generated during calibration of the regional model (Juckem and others, 2014) remained unchanged and were used to inform the Monte Carlo simulations for the scenario simulations described in this report. The reader is encouraged to read the full report by Juckem and others (available at https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145020) for a detailed description of the model design and calibration, as well as a description of the Monte Carlo method, its limitations, and the original results.
Results for these new scenarios indicate that the probabilistic plume extent for the proposed infiltration lagoons does not reach the Main Pumphouse wells using pumping rates and wastewater volumes estimated for 2010. Similarly, the contributing area for the Main Pumphouse wells does not capture water from within the proposed infiltration lagoon footprint. However, at higher pumping rates and wastewater volumes, as projected by the Tribe for about 2035, the contributing area for the Main Pumphouse wells do include particles that originated within the proposed lagoon footprint, albeit at low probabilities. That is, for a few of the thousands of simulations that represented a range of calibration-informed parameter covariances, some amount of infiltrated wastewater was captured by the Main Pumphouse wells under projected 2035 conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201032","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa and Indian Health Service","usgsCitation":"Juckem, P.F., and Fienen, M.N., 2020, Simulation of the probabilistic plume extent for a potential replacement wastewater-infiltration lagoon, and probabilistic contributing areas for supply wells for the Town of Lac du Flambeau, Vilas County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1032, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201032.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 10 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-109305","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374398,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1032/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":374399,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1032/ofr20201032.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.51 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020–1032"},{"id":374400,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Z2YUW5","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"GFLOW model files used to generate probabilistic waste-water plume extents and contributing areas to supply wells for a proposed waste-water infil-tration lagoon scenario, Lac du Flambeau, Wisconsin"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin ","county":"Vilas County","city":"Lac du Flambeau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.92378234863281,\n 45.94386878224691\n ],\n [\n -89.85013961791992,\n 45.94386878224691\n ],\n [\n -89.85013961791992,\n 45.98408084285212\n ],\n [\n -89.92378234863281,\n 45.98408084285212\n ],\n [\n -89.92378234863281,\n 45.94386878224691\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8505 Research Way
Middleton, WI 55562
The National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPR-A) encompasses more than 9.5 million hectares of federally managed land on the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska, where it supports a diversity of wildlife, including millions of migratory birds. Within the NPR-A, Teshekpuk Lake and the surrounding area provide important habitat for migratory birds, including large numbers of waterfowl and shorebirds that use the area for breeding and molting. This area has been designated by the Bureau of Land Management as the Teshekpuk Lake Special Area (TLSA) and is estimated to host 22 percent of the entire Pacific black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) population as it undergoes flightless wing molt. Additionally, numerous other waterfowl species use the area for breeding and molting, including greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons), snow geese (Chen caerulescens), Canada geese (Branta hutchinsii), and tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus). A data-derived procedure was developed to define important habitats based on recent distributions of molting birds. That procedure was used to identify areas that could be prioritized for exclusion from oil and gas development within a pre-defined “Goose Molting Area” in the TLSA. This analysis was requested by the Bureau of Land Management to provide information for the development of alternative scenarios for an updated NPR-A, Integrated Activity Plan/Environmental Impact Statement. Habitat selections were based on the population densities of Pacific black brant and Canada geese and pre-defined thresholds for the minimum fraction of the population contained within selected areas. Selections were based on long-term records of population density combined with global-positioning system data to reveal small-scale patterns of habitat use. The highest population density of the Pacific black brant was found along the Beaufort Sea coast on the eastern edge of the study area, whereas Canada geese were somewhat more widely distributed. Depending on the selection criteria and width of protective buffers placed around selected habitat units, 52–85 percent of the Goose Molting Area was identified as high-priority habitat. The effectiveness of this approach to habitat protection assumes that buffers around selected habitat units are wide enough to provide adequate protection from disturbance related to oil and gas development. This assumption remained a key source of uncertainty that could be addressed through additional study of disturbance effects on molting waterfowl.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201034","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Flint, P.L., Patil, V., Shults, B., and Thompson, S.J., 2020, Prioritizing habitats based on abundance and distribution of molting waterfowl in the Teshekpuk Lake Special Area of the National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020-1034, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201034.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 16 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-115467","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374468,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZGNRTB","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Habitat selection scenarios for molting waterfowl in the Goose Molting Area of the Teshekpuk Lake Special Area, for NPR-A Integrated Activity Plan/Environmental Impact Statement (2020)"},{"id":374466,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1034/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":374467,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1034/ofr20201034.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1034"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"National Petroleum Reserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.59411621093747,\n 70.23346027955571\n ],\n [\n -151.7816162109375,\n 70.23346027955571\n ],\n [\n -151.6717529296875,\n 70.52306573985297\n ],\n [\n -152.0892333984375,\n 70.8248355501024\n ],\n [\n -153.0670166015625,\n 70.95790503334285\n ],\n [\n -154.59411621093747,\n 70.86448996613296\n ],\n [\n -154.59411621093747,\n 70.23346027955571\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, Alaska 99508
A Decree of the Supreme Court of the United States, entered June 7, 1954, established the position of Delaware River Master within the U.S. Geological Survey. In addition, the Decree authorizes diversion of water from the Delaware River Basin and requires compensating releases from certain reservoirs, owned by New York City, to be made under the supervision and direction of the River Master. The Decree stipulates that the River Master will furnish reports to the Court, not less frequently than annually. This report is the 58th Annual Report of the River Master of the Delaware River. It covers the 2011 River Master report year, the period from December 1, 2010, to November 30, 2011.
During the report year, precipitation in the upper Delaware River Basin was 71.43 inches or 162 percent of the long-term average. On December 1, 2010, combined usable storage in the New York City reservoirs in the upper Delaware River Basin was 230.430 billion gallons or 85.1 percent of combined storage capacity. The reservoirs were at about 100 percent of usable capacity on May 31, 2011. Combined storage remained high (above 80 percent combined capacity) through November 2011. River Master operations during the year were conducted as stipulated by the Decree and the Flexible Flow Management Program.
Diversions from the Delaware River Basin by New York City and New Jersey were in full compliance with the Decree. Reservoir releases were made as directed by the River Master at rates designed to meet the flow objective for the Delaware River at Montague, New Jersey, on 5 days during the report year (July 24–28, 2011). Conservation releases, designed to relieve thermal stress and protect the fishery and aquatic habitat in the tailwaters of the reservoirs, were also made during the report year.
The quality of water in the Delaware Estuary between Trenton, New Jersey, and Reedy Island Jetty, Delaware, was monitored at various locations. Data on water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and pH were collected continuously by electronic instruments at four sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201020","usgsCitation":"DiFrenna, V.J., Andrews, W.J., Russell, K.L., Norris, J.M., and Mason, R.R., Jr., 2020, Report of the River Master of the Delaware River for the period December 1, 2010–November 30, 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1020, 127 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201020.","productDescription":"x, 127 p.","numberOfPages":"141","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-112762","costCenters":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374239,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1020/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":374254,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1020/ofr20201020.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.25 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1020"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.673583984375,\n 39.7240885773337\n ],\n [\n -73.828125,\n 39.7240885773337\n ],\n [\n -73.828125,\n 42.67435857693381\n ],\n [\n -76.673583984375,\n 42.67435857693381\n ],\n [\n -76.673583984375,\n 39.7240885773337\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Deputy Delaware River Master
Office of the Delaware River Master
U.S. Geological Survey
120 Route 209 South
Milford, PA 18337
During 2017, as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Project, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted the California Stream Quality Assessment to investigate the quality of streams in the Central California Foothills and Coastal Mountains ecoregion, United States. The goal of the California Stream Quality Assessment study was to assess the health of wadeable streams in the region by characterizing multiple water-quality factors that are stressors to aquatic biota and by evaluating the relation between these stressors and biological indicators of stream health. Urbanization, agriculture, and modifications to streamflow are anthropogenic changes that affect water quality in the region; consequently, the study design primarily targeted sites and specific stressors associated with these activities. For the study, 85 stream sites were selected to represent the types and intensity of land use in the watershed; categories of site types were undeveloped, urban (low, medium, high), agriculture (low, high), and mixed (urban and agriculture). Most sites (about 70 percent) represent a gradient of urbanization from undeveloped to 99-percent urbanized. At most of the sites, streamgages or pressure transducers were used to monitor stream discharge and stage, as well as temperature. Water-quality samples were collected routinely at all sites and were analyzed for major ions, organic contaminants, nutrients, and suspended sediment. Sampling frequency varied on the basis of site type and location. Discrete water samples were collected weekly and generally 6 times per site, except for 11 undeveloped sites that were sampled only 4 times (during the last 4 weeks). Water sampling began at sites in the southern part of the study on March 13, 2017, and at sites in the northern part of the study on April 3, 2017. Passive samplers were deployed at most sites for measurement of polar organic contaminants (pesticides and pharmaceuticals). In May 2017, coincident with completion of water-quality sampling, an ecological survey was conducted at each site to assess benthic algal and macroinvertebrate communities and instream habitat. During the ecological surveys, a single composite streambed-sediment sample was collected for chemical analysis and toxicity testing. In addition, a few focused studies were done at subsets of sites, namely, measuring pesticides using small-volume automated samplers, measuring pesticides in biofilms, and sampling suspended sediments using passive samplers. This report describes the various study components and methods of the California Stream Quality Assessment, including measurements of water quality, sediment chemistry, habitat assessments, and ecological surveys, as well as procedures for sample analysis, quality assurance and quality control, and data management.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201023","collaboration":"National Water Quality Program","usgsCitation":"May, J.T., Nowell, L.H., Coles, J.F., Button, D.T., Bell, A.H., Qi, S.L., and Van Metre, P.C., 2020, Design and methods of the California stream quality assessment, 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1023, 88 p.,","productDescription":"Report: x, 88 p.; 1 Table","numberOfPages":"88","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-105445","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374128,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1023/ofr20201023.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":374127,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1023/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":374197,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1023/ofr20201023_app_table_1.1.xlsx","text":"Table 1.1","size":"30 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":" - Sampling matrix for the 85 sites used in the U.S. Geological Survey California Stream Quality Assessment in 2017."}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.34423828125,\n 34.50655662164561\n ],\n [\n -119.267578125,\n 34.95799531086792\n ],\n [\n -121.4208984375,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -122.10205078125,\n 39.14710270770074\n ],\n [\n -122.25585937500001,\n 39.41922073655956\n ],\n [\n -123.48632812499999,\n 38.85682013474361\n ],\n [\n -122.67333984374999,\n 37.87485339352928\n ],\n [\n -122.05810546875,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -121.79443359375,\n 36.65079252503471\n ],\n [\n -121.9482421875,\n 36.61552763134925\n ],\n [\n -121.83837890625,\n 36.155617833818525\n ],\n [\n -121.26708984374999,\n 35.585851593232356\n ],\n [\n -120.58593749999999,\n 35.04798673426734\n ],\n [\n -120.5419921875,\n 34.488447837809304\n ],\n [\n -120.34423828125,\n 34.50655662164561\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
This five-year science plan outlines short-term and long-term goals for improving three-dimensional seismic velocity models in the greater San Francisco Bay region as well as how to foster a community effort in reaching those goals. The short-term goals focus on improving the current U.S. Geological Survey San Francisco Bay region geologic and seismic velocity model using existing data. The long-term goals focus on acquiring new data and leveraging better analytic tools to improve the model and characterize the uncertainty. The plan describes opportunities for contributions by members of the community to develop these seismic velocity models, provides current and potential users with general information on where efforts will likely be focused to improve these models and how new versions of the models will be released, and outlines funding needs and obstacles for improving and maintaining such models. Several aspects of this plan, including how to foster a community effort, are independent of the geographic region and apply to other similar efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201019","collaboration":"","usgsCitation":"Aagaard, B.T., Graymer, R.W., Thurber, C.H., Rodgers, A.J., Taira, T., Catchings, R.D., Goulet, C.A., and Plesch, A., 2020, Science plan for improving three-dimensional seismic velocity models in the San Francisco Bay region, 2019–24: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1019, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201019.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112680","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374023,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1019/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":374024,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1019/ofr20201019.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1019"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.74999999999999,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -120.498046875,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -120.498046875,\n 39.11301365149975\n ],\n [\n -123.74999999999999,\n 39.11301365149975\n ],\n [\n -123.74999999999999,\n 36.527294814546245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Geologic Hazards Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
MS 966, Box 25046
Denver, CO 80225
The North Carolina Turnpike Authority plans to improve transportation in the Currituck Sound area by constructing a two-lane bridge—the Mid-Currituck Bridge—across Currituck Sound from the mainland to the Outer Banks, North Carolina. The results of the final environmental impact statement for the project indicate potential water-quality and habitat effects for Currituck Sound associated with the bridge and roadway improvements.
The primary objective of this study is to characterize water-quality conditions and bed-sediment chemistry in the vicinity of the planned Mid-Currituck Bridge, providing a baseline for evaluating the potential effects of bridge construction and bridge deck runoff on environmental conditions in Currituck Sound. From August 2011 through January 2018, water-quality and bed-sediment samples were collected from five sampling stations along the planned bridge alignment. Samples were analyzed for numerous characteristics, including physical properties and constituents that are associated with bridge deck stormwater runoff and are important to estuarine waters. The analyzed characteristics included dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, turbidity, suspended solids, metals, nutrients, semi-volatile organic compounds, bacteria, chlorophyll a, cyanotoxins, and phytoplankton abundance. The most common constituents with concentrations above applicable State and Federal water-quality thresholds included chlorophyll a, pH, turbidity, Enterococci, and pentachlorophenol. Few bed-sediment samples had constituent concentrations that exceeded applicable sediment-quality guidelines.
Results indicated that water sampled along the planned bridge alignment was well mixed vertically and horizontally but varied temporally. Seasonal changes in water quality best explained the variations in water-quality conditions in Currituck Sound during the study. Wind conditions also influenced water levels and water-quality conditions. Turbidity and concentrations of particle-associated constituents tended to be higher when water levels were lower, possibly reflecting the increased resuspension of bottom materials from wind-driven wave action.
Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Stephenson Center, Suite 129
Columbia, SC 29210
We evaluate three approaches to accounting for incidental carcasses when estimating an upper bound on total mortality (\uD835\uDC40) as \uD835\uDC40∗ using the Evidence of Absence model (EoA; Dalthorp and others, 2017) to assess compliance with an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) (Dalthorp & Huso, 2015) under a monitoring protocol that includes formal, dedicated carcass surveys that achieve an overall detection probability of \uD835\uDC54\uD835\uDC60=0.15 in the first year, followed by 4 years with no formal monitoring but with carcasses potentially discovered incidentally by operations and maintenance crews in their normal course of activity or otherwise discovered outside the formal searches. We refer to carcasses discovered incidentally as “incidentals” and define \uD835\uDC65\uD835\uDC56 as the count of incidentals. Similarly, we define \uD835\uDC65\uD835\uDC60 as the number of carcasses found during the formal searches conducted the first year.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201027","usgsCitation":"Dalthorp, Daniel, Rabie, Paul, Huso, Manuela, and Tredennick, Andrew, 2020, Some approaches to accounting for incidental carcass discoveries in non-monitored years using the Evidence of Absence model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020-1027, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201027.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-114583","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373890,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1027/ofr20201027.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1027"},{"id":373889,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1027/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115-5016
The collective set of decisions involved with the restoration of degraded wetlands is often more complex than considering only ecological responses and outcomes. Restoration is commonly driven by a complex interaction of social, economic, and ecological factors representing the mandate of resource stewards and the values of stakeholders. The authors worked with the Herring River Restoration Committee (HRRC) to develop a decision framework to understand the implications of complex tradeoffs and to guide decision making for the restoration of the 1,100-acre Herring River estuary within Cape Cod National Seashore, which has been restricted from tidal influence for more than 100 years. The HRRC represents decision maker and stakeholder interests in the restoration process. For a 25-year planning horizon, decisions involve the rate at which newly constructed water-control structures allow tidal exchange, and the timing and location of implementing numerous secondary management options. Decisions affect multiple stakeholders, including residents of two adjacent towns who value the watershed for numerous benefits and whose economy relies on seasonal activities and aquaculture. System response to management decisions is characterized by a high degree of uncertainty and risk with positive and negative outcomes possible. Decision policies will affect biophysical (for example, sediment transport, discharge of fecal coliform bacteria) and ecological (for example, vegetation response, fish passage, effects on shellfish) processes, as well as socioeconomic interests (for example, effects on property, viewscapes, recreation). The framework provides a structured approach for evaluating tradeoffs among multiple objectives (ecological and social) while appropriately characterizing relevant uncertainties and accounting for levels of risk tolerances and the values of decision makers and stakeholders. Consequences of tide-gate management options are predicted using a range of methods from quantitative physical process models to elicited expert judgement. The decision framework is presented, and the software developed to implement the tradeoff analysis is introduced. The results from an initial prototype analysis using a software application developed for analyses of tradeoffs and of sensitivity of the decision to risk and uncertainty are presented. The next step is to use the decision-support application to analyze options using improved predictions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191115","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.R., Eaton, M.J., Gannon, J.J., Smith, T.P., Derleth, E.L., Katz, J., Bosma, K.F., and Leduc, E., 2020, A decision framework to analyze tide-gate options for restoration of the Herring River Estuary, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1115, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191115.","productDescription":"viii, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-101813","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373779,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1115/ofr20191115.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.52 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1115"},{"id":373778,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1115/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Herring River Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.07286071777344,\n 41.92961289444422\n ],\n [\n -70.02462387084961,\n 41.92961289444422\n ],\n [\n -70.02462387084961,\n 41.96357478222518\n ],\n [\n -70.07286071777344,\n 41.96357478222518\n ],\n [\n -70.07286071777344,\n 41.92961289444422\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
11649 Leetown Road
Kearneysville, WV 25430
The Vermont Department of Health and the U.S. Geological Survey analyzed the concentrations of chloride in groundwater samples collected from 4,319 domestic wells across Vermont between 2011 and 2018. Ninety of these wells were sampled twice and the remaining 4,229 were sampled once. This sample size represents approximately 4 percent of all wells in the State of Vermont. More than half of the wells sampled statewide had groundwater chloride concentrations less than 5 milligrams per liter, whereas more than 1 percent had groundwater concentrations greater than 250 milligrams per liter. Statistical analysis of this dataset revealed distinct patterns in the distribution of chloride in domestic wells. Wells closer (less than 100 meters) to a paved road had significantly higher concentrations of chloride than wells farther ( more than 100 meters) away. Also, wells in urban and in high population density areas, particularly Chittenden and Grand Isle Counties, had significantly higher concentrations of chloride and exhibited greater change in concentrations of chloride over time than wells in less populated areas. This evaluation addresses the distribution of chloride concentrations across the State, which may have adverse health impacts from water infrastructure corrosion and implications for deicing salt application at the State and local levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191148","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Vermont Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Levitt, J.P., and Larsen, S.L., 2020, Groundwater chloride concentrations in domestic wells and proximity to roadways in Vermont, 2011–2018: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1148, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191148.","productDescription":"Report: 12 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-104230","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373835,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1148/ofr20191148.pdf","text":"Report","size":"77.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1148"},{"id":373355,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
The 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) is an acquisition strategy that uses data from commercial remote sensing technologies to create three-dimensional maps of the United States and U.S. territories. Currently, light detection and ranging and interferometric synthetic aperture radar are the two commercial technologies being used to provide three-dimensional information to meet the program’s operational requirements. This is because there is not a well-established process for vendors of new and novel instruments to know when and how 3DEP will accept their technologies into the 3DEP portfolio. The purpose of this plan is to provide a strategy and rules for communication between 3DEP and commercial partners interested in proposing their modalities for use in the program. To accomplish this, 3DEP will also consider how it invests in new technologies and how it disseminates data to and categorizes data for the broader community and the public.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201015","collaboration":"","usgsCitation":"Stoker, J.M., 2020, Defining technology operational readiness for the 3D Elevation Program—A plan for investment, incubation, and adoption: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1015, 7 p., \nhttps://doi.org/ 10.3133/ ofr20201015.","productDescription":"iv, 7 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-110726","costCenters":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373798,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1015/ofr20201015.pdf","text":"Report","size":"932 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1015"},{"id":373797,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1015/coverthb2.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, National Geospatial Program
U.S. Geological Survey
MS-511
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
We systematically evaluate datasets, functional forms, independent parameters of estimation, and resulting ground-motion predictions (as median and aleatory variability) of the Graizer and Kalkan (2015, 2016) (GK15) ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) with the next generation of attenuation project (NGA-West2) models of Abrahamson and others (2014) (ASK14) and Boore and others (2014) (BSSA14) for application to earthquakes in California. This evaluation is performed in three stages: (1) by comparing attenuation, magnitude scaling, style-of-faulting effects, site response, response-spectral shape and amplitude, and standard deviations; (2) by comparing median predictions, standard deviations, and analyses of residuals with respect to near-field (within 20 kilometers [km] of the fault) and intermediate-field (50 to 70 km from the fault) records from major earthquakes in California, and (3) by comparing total, intra-event, and inter-event residual distributions among the GMPEs with respect to a near-source (within 80 km of the fault) subset of the NGA-West2 database covering 975 ground motions from 73 events in California ranging from moment magnitude 5 to 7.36. The results reveal that the scaling features of the GK15 GMPE and the ASK14 and BSSA14 GMPEs are, in general, similar in terms of distance attenuation but differ in terms of scaling with magnitude, style of faulting, and site effects. The original standard deviations of GMPEs are also different. For the near-source California subset, the three GMPEs result in standard deviations that are similar to each other. The mixed-effect residuals analysis shows that the GK15 GMPE has no perceptible trend with respect to the independent predictors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201028","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission","usgsCitation":"Kalkan, E., and Graizer, V., 2020, Ground-motion predictions for California — Comparisons of three prediction equations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1028, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201028.","productDescription":"vii, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-087031","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373754,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1028/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":373755,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1028/ofr20201028.pdf","text":"Report"},{"id":399470,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109905.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -124.91455078125,\n 41.02964338716638\n ],\n [\n -124.78271484375,\n 39.690280594818034\n ],\n [\n -123.96972656249999,\n 38.839707613545144\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -121.70654296874999,\n 35.11990857099681\n ],\n [\n -118.564453125,\n 33.55970664841198\n ],\n [\n -117.22412109375,\n 32.63937487360669\n ],\n [\n -114.63134765625001,\n 32.7503226078097\n ],\n [\n -114.14794921875,\n 34.21634468843463\n ],\n [\n -114.41162109375,\n 34.77771580360469\n ],\n [\n -119.90478515625,\n 39.18117526158749\n ],\n [\n -119.86083984375,\n 42.01665183556825\n ],\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 42.16340342422401\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Earthquake Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
350 N. Akron Road
Moffett Field, CA 94035
A study was conducted in the lower Yakima River, Washington, during June–October 2019 to evaluate water temperature effects on adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) behavior. A total of 60 sockeye salmon adults were tagged with radio transmitters and monitored during the study. Fourteen of the fish were collected and tagged at Prosser Dam in late June and the remainder were collected and tagged at the mouth of the Yakima River in late July. Water temperature exceeded 20 degrees Celsius (°C), conditions shown to block upstream migration of adult sockeye salmon in other river systems, from June 9, 2019 to September 15, 2019. These elevated temperatures seemed to affect the behavior of tagged fish during this study. Fish that were collected and tagged at Prosser Dam left the Yakima River within days of release and tagged fish that were collected and released at the mouth of the Yakima River failed to enter and move upstream until mid-September when water temperature decreased to less than (<) 20 °C. Monitoring sites were located adjacent to several known areas of cool-water inputs that may provide thermal refuge for fish in the lower Yakima River to determine if tagged fish spent time in these areas. Although several tagged fish moved repeatedly past these sites, most fish spent <30 minutes at any given site, indicating that fish were actively migrating past the sites rather than holding near cool-water inputs. A single tagged fish moved upstream to Roza Dam and was collected for upstream transport to Cle Elum Reservoir during our study. Additional research in subsequent years likely will be required to better understand how water temperature affects adult sockeye salmon in the lower Yakima River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201033","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, Yakama Nation Fisheries, and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife","usgsCitation":"Kock, T.J., Evans., S.D., Hansen, A.C., Ekstrom, B.K., Visser, R., Saluskin, B., and Hoffarth, P., 2020, Evaluation of water temperature effects on adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) behavior in the Yakima River, Washington, 2019: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020-1033, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201033.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-115963","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373693,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1033/ofr20201033.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1033"},{"id":373692,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1033/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.59417724609375,\n 46.96338498544958\n ],\n [\n -120.5804443359375,\n 46.916503267244835\n ],\n [\n -120.52001953124999,\n 46.837649560937464\n ],\n [\n -120.50628662109374,\n 46.77184961467733\n ],\n [\n -120.57220458984376,\n 46.67394106549699\n ],\n [\n -120.56671142578124,\n 46.590956573124544\n ],\n [\n -120.51727294921875,\n 46.44731998341687\n ],\n [\n -120.31402587890625,\n 46.3127900695348\n ],\n [\n -120.17120361328125,\n 46.219752144776876\n ],\n [\n -119.92401123046875,\n 46.181732100439916\n ],\n [\n -119.34997558593749,\n 46.20834889395228\n ],\n [\n -119.19342041015624,\n 46.26534147068603\n ],\n [\n -119.16595458984374,\n 46.42271253466717\n ],\n [\n -119.37469482421875,\n 46.67205646734499\n ],\n [\n -119.47631835937499,\n 46.741742832123364\n ],\n [\n -119.66308593749999,\n 46.71161922789268\n ],\n [\n -119.83612060546874,\n 46.69278343251575\n ],\n [\n -119.84710693359375,\n 46.98399993718925\n ],\n [\n -120.59417724609375,\n 46.96338498544958\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115-5016
In an effort to determine whether fish populations in an area affected by wood tar waste exhibited health effects, fish were collected and analyzed with histopathology. Multiple species, including Mottled Sculpin (Cottus bairdii), Creek Chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), White Sucker (Catostumus commersonii), Redside Dace (Clinostomus elongatus), Common Shiner (Luxilus cornutus), and Western Blacknose Dace (Rhinichthys obtusus) were sampled from a reference site, Meade Run, and potentially affected streams, Kinzua Creek and Threemile Run, in northwestern Pennsylvania. A full histopathological evaluation was conducted to identify microscopic abnormalities potentially associated with wood tar exposure. The evaluation identified primarily parasites associated with tissue changes. These included microsporidian parasites in the ovaries of Common Shiner and Western Blacknose Dace; myxozoan cysts in the muscle of Common Shiner, Creek Chub, and Western Blacknose Dace; trematode cysts in the muscle of Creek Chub, Redside Dace and Common Shiner; and coccidia in spleen or pancreas of Creek Chub and Common Shiner. Microscopic abnormalities potentially associated with chemical exposure included ceroid/lipofuscin deposits in the meninges of the olfactory lobe of the brain in Common Shiner, Western Blacknose Dace, and Creek Chub, as well as bile duct proliferation and a biliary tumor in Creek Chub. Overall, the findings did not reveal significant microscopic pathology consistent with exposure to wood tar waste.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201024","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Walsh, H.L., Blazer, V.S., Mazik, P.M., Sperry, A.J., and Pavlick, D., 2020, Assessment of microscopic pathology in fishes collected at sites impacted by wood tar in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1024, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201024.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-116287","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
11649 Leetown Road
Kearneysville, WV 25430
Populations of federally endangered Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose suckers (Chasmistes brevirostris) in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and Clear Lake Reservoir (hereinafter referred to as Clear Lake; fig. 1), California, are experiencing long-term declines in abundance. Upper Klamath Lake populations are decreasing because juvenile suckers are not surviving and recruiting into the adult population. Most juvenile sucker mortality occurs within the first year of life in Upper Klamath Lake. Annual production of juvenile suckers in Clear Lake appear to be highly variable and may not occur at all in very dry years. However, juvenile sucker survival is much higher in Clear Lake, with some suckers surviving to join spawning aggregations. Long-term monitoring of juvenile sucker populations is needed to 1) determine if there are annual and species-specific differences in production, survival, and growth; 2) better understand when juvenile sucker mortality is greatest; 3) help identify potential causes of high juvenile sucker mortality particularly in Upper Klamath Lake; and 4) monitor for successful juvenile survival in Upper Klamath Lake.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a summer juvenile sucker monitoring program in 2015 to track cohorts over time in Upper Klamath and Clear Lakes. The juvenile sucker monitoring program involved using trap net data at fixed sites to determine the status of juvenile suckers. Annual variability in apparent age-0 sucker production, juvenile sucker survival, and growth were tracked. Using genetic markers, suckers were classified as one of three taxa; shortnose (combinations of shortnose and Klamath largescale suckers), Lost River, or suckers with genetic markers of both species (Intermediate [Prob]). By using catch data, we generated taxa-specific indices of year-class strength, August–September apparent survival, and overwinter apparent survival. We also examined the prevalence and severity of afflictions such as parasites, wounds, and deformities.
The Upper Klamath Lake year-class strength indices for both Lost River and shortnose suckers were slightly lower in 2015 and 2017 than in 2016. The ratios of age-0 Lost River suckers to age-0 shortnose suckers captured in August in Upper Klamath Lake were low in 2015 and 2017, given that adult Lost River suckers are more abundant and more fecund than adult shortnose suckers. This may indicate lower egg, larval, or juvenile survival or poorer spawning success for Lost River suckers than shortnose suckers in these two years. Apparent relative age-0 survival indices for Lost River suckers from August to September in Upper Klamath Lake were greater in 2015 (0.29) than in 2016 (0.16) or 2017 (0.14). Age-0 shortnose sucker catch rates increased between August and September in 2015, possibly indicating new individuals of this species were still recruiting to the lake between the two sampling periods. August to September relative survival indices for Upper Klamath Lake shortnose suckers were 0.35 in 2016 and 0.00 in 2017.
We predicted year-class strength would be greater in Clear Lake in years when high spring-time lake elevations and instream flow allowed adult suckers access to spawning habitat in the Willow Creek drainage. Instream flows and lake elevations were sufficient to allow adult suckers to access Willow Creek during the 2016 and 2017 spawning seasons, and age-0 suckers were detected in Clear Lake both years. Higher lake surface elevations and instream flows in 2017 than in 2016 were not associated with higher year-class strength indices in 2017 than in 2016. Low lake surface elevations appeared to limit access by adults to Willow Creek during the 2014 and 2015 spawning seasons and age-0 suckers were not detected in Clear Lake during these years. Nineteen shortnose suckers from the 2014 cohort were captured in Clear Lake in 2017. A 2015 cohort of shortnose suckers was captured as age-1 in 2016 and as age-2 in 2017. The most likely explanation for increasing catch rates of the 2015 cohort is that the higher Willow Creek flows in 2016 and 2017 facilitated the movement of stream-resident suckers, spawned in 2014 and 2015 downstream into Clear Lake. Due to uncertainty in the genetic identification of non-Lost River suckers, these fish are equally likely to be Klamath largescale or shortnose suckers (Hoy and Ostberg, 2015).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201025","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Bart, R.J., Burdick, S.M., Hoy, M.S., and Ostberg, C.O., 2020, Juvenile Lost River and shortnose sucker year-class formation, survival, and growth in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon and Clear Lake Reservoir, California—2017 Monitoring Report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1025, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201025.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112875","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373492,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1025/ofr20201025.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1025"},{"id":373491,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1025/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Clear Lake Reservoir, Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.77197265625,\n 40.763901280945866\n ],\n [\n -121.22314453124999,\n 40.763901280945866\n ],\n [\n -121.22314453124999,\n 43.08493742707592\n ],\n [\n -123.77197265625,\n 43.08493742707592\n ],\n [\n -123.77197265625,\n 40.763901280945866\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115-5016
Larval Pacific lamprey live for several years burrowed in nearshore sediments where they filter feed on detritus and organic matter. Dewatering of larval habitat can occur as a result of flow-management practices, construction projects, or seasonal closures of irrigation diversions. Effective management of dewatering events requires guidance on approaches to protect lamprey, such as dewatering rates and light conditions (day or night) that allow lamprey the best opportunity to relocate water and avoid being stranded. We conducted controlled laboratory experiments comparing five dewatering rates (1, 1.8, 4, 8, and 16 inches per hour [in/h]) and two light conditions (light and dark) to evaluate their effectiveness in protecting larval lamprey. We used a tank with a simulated shoreline at a 10-percent slope filled with river sediment and manipulated the outflow to control the rate of dewatering until water was covering only the sediment in the lowest tank section, at the bottom of the slope. Following dewatering, larvae were classified as either stranded (in or on the substrate outside the watered area) or safe (relocated to the wetted area at the lower end of the tank). All study groups experienced high rates of stranding. The lowest stranding rates were for 1 in/h, in both light (77 percent) and dark (80 percent). Faster dewatering rates generally produced higher percentages of stranded fish, and both the dark and light trials at 16 in/h stranded all larvae. At each of the five dewatering rates, trials conducted in the dark stranded the same or higher proportions of fish than the corresponding trial conducted in the light, so there was no clear advantage to dewatering during dark conditions. The largest contribution to stranding rates for all study groups was the high number of larvae (50–80 percent) that did not initiate movement in response to dewatering and remained in the uppermost tank section where they were stocked at the start of the trials. The proportion of larvae that emerged from the sediment during dewatering trials was approximately 30 percent, and fish that emerged were consistently smaller than those that remained burrowed. Combining all dewatering rates, emergence was 31.3 percent for groups under dark conditions and 30.7 percent for groups under light conditions. We recorded the timing of emergence for 58 larvae and their median time to emerge (after the surface of the sediment in the uppermost tank section was dewatered) was 0.62 hour (h) (range 0–4.5 h). We measured larval movement rates and found that large fish moved faster than small fish. Differences in larval movement rate based on light condition were significant only for large fish, which had a significantly faster rate during light conditions. Larval lamprey moved, over short distances, at rates that exceeded the fastest dewatering rate we tested. The mean movement rates for groups ranged from 19.0 to 44.4 centimeters per minute [cm/min]) and the fastest dewatering rate (16 in/h) is equivalent to less than 1 cm/min. Only the slowest movement rate measured, 6.6 cm/min for one individual lamprey, was slower than the fastest dewatering rate.
We also investigated lamprey responses to a series of dewatering and rewatering events. Individual larvae were held in cylinders and exposed to four cycles of dewatering and rewatering using dewatering rates of 1 and 16 in/h and a rewatering rate of 2 in/h. Each dewatering rate was tested under both dark and light conditions. The location of fish, either on the surface of the sediment or burrowed, was recorded after each dewatering event for four rounds. The most common individual fish response for all study groups was to remain burrowed through all four rounds, and there were large differences in response between small and large larvae. Overall for small larvae, combining all groups, 14 of 28 fish emerged, and of those, 8 died and 1 was lethargic. The 1-in/h rate had 7 of the 8 mortalities, split about equally between the dark (3 fish) and light (4 fish) trials. All but one fish that died emerged from the sediment at some point during the four rounds of dewatering. Large larvae predominantly remained burrowed in all four rounds and did not experience any mortality. None of the large fish emerged for more than a single round, and emergence occurred only in the first and second rounds. Larvae emerged more quickly as the number of dewatering events increased. The mean time to emerge after the surface of the sediment in the tube was dewatered, combing all four groups, was 42 minutes (min) in round 1 (14 fish), 16 min in round 2 (5 fish), 11 min in round 3 (3 fish), and 8 minutes in round 4 (3 fish). When all groups and rounds of dewatering were combined, the overall mean time to emerge was 29 min (25 fish) and ranged from 1 min to 2 hours after the surface of the sediment was dewatered. Larvae burrowed deeper during the 1-in/h trials than the 16-in/h trials, and few fish were deeper than about 23 centimeters (cm). Large larvae burrowed deeper than small larvae. Small larvae were most concentrated from 0 to 7.6 cm (83.7 percent), and large fish were concentrated from 15.2 to 22.8 cm (43.3 percent). The second dewatering event resulted in greater mean burrowing depth than the first event, but trends after the second event were less clear.
Larval size played a role in lamprey responses to dewatering, having a significant effect on emergence, movement rate, and vertical distribution. The sediment used for laboratory testing or occupied by lamprey in the field appears to affect lamprey response to dewatering and deserves greater attention in future studies. Larvae were more active in the dark, but darkness did not consistently provide better outcomes (e.g., more emergence or reduced stranding) compared to daylight. An improved understanding of the cues that prompt larvae to emerge from the sediment, combined with the ability to manage dewatering rates, would be useful to guide future dewatering events to minimize negative effects to lamprey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201026","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish and Wildlife Office, Portland, Oregon; and Columbia River Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, Vancouver, Washington","usgsCitation":"Liedtke, T.L., Weiland, L.K., Skalicky. J.J., and Gray, A.E., 2020, Evaluating dewatering approaches to protect larval Pacific lamprey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1026, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201026.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-113959","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373417,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1026/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":373418,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1026/ofr20201026.pdf","text":"Report","size":"992 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1026"}],"contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115-5016