{"pageNumber":"270","pageRowStart":"6725","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10461,"records":[{"id":70026415,"text":"70026415 - 2004 - The Anarraaq Zn-Pb-Ag and barite deposit, northern Alaska: Evidence for replacement of carbonate by barite and sulfides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:33:11","indexId":"70026415","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Anarraaq Zn-Pb-Ag and barite deposit, northern Alaska: Evidence for replacement of carbonate by barite and sulfides","docAbstract":"The Anarraaq deposit in northern Alaska consists of a barite body, estimated to be as much as 1 billion metric tons, and a Zn-Pb-Ag massive sulfide zone with an estimated resource of about 18 Mt at 18 percent Zn, 5.4 percent Pb, and 85 g/t Ag. The barite and sulfide minerals are hosted by the uppermost part of the Mississippian Kuna Formation (Ikalukrok unit) that consists of carbonaceous and siliceous mudstone or shale interbedded with carbonate. The amount of interbedded carbonate in the Anarraaq deposit is atypical of the district as a whole, comprising as much as one third of the section. The total thickness of the Ikalukrok unit is considerably greater in the area of the deposit (210 to almost 350 m) than to the north and south (maximum of 164 m). The mineralized zone at Anarraaq is lens shaped and has a relatively flat top and a convex base. It also ranges greatly in thickness, from a few meters to more than 100 m. Textures of some of the carbonate layers are distinctive, consisting of nodules within siliceous mudstone or layers interbedded with shale. Many of the layers contain calcitized sponge spicules or radiolarians in a carbonate matrix. Textures of barite and sulfide minerals mimic those of carbonate and provide unequivocal evidence that replacement of precursor carbonate was an important process. Barite and sulfide textures include either nodular, bladed grains of various sizes that resemble spicules (observed only with iron sulfides) or well-rounded forms that are replaced radiolarians. Mineralization at Anarraaq probably occurred in a fault-bounded Carboniferous basin during early diagenesis in the shallow subsurface. The shape and size of the mineralized body suggest that barite and sulfides replaced calcareous mass flow deposits in a submarine channel. The distribution of biogenic and/or early diagenetic silica may have served as impermeable barriers to the fluids, thereby focusing and controlling fluid flow through unreplaced carbonate layers. ?? 2004 by Economic Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/99.7.1577","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Kelley, K., Dumoulin, J.A., and Jennings, S., 2004, The Anarraaq Zn-Pb-Ag and barite deposit, northern Alaska: Evidence for replacement of carbonate by barite and sulfides: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1577-1591, https://doi.org/10.2113/99.7.1577.","startPage":"1577","endPage":"1591","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208286,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/99.7.1577"}],"volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba681e4b08c986b321192","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, K.D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":75157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jennings, S.","contributorId":25325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026361,"text":"70026361 - 2004 - Comparison of seven protocols to identify fecal contamination sources using Escherichia coli","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026361","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of seven protocols to identify fecal contamination sources using Escherichia coli","docAbstract":"Microbial source tracking (MST) uses various approaches to classify fecal-indicator microorganisms to source hosts. Reproducibility, accuracy, and robustness of seven phenotypic and genotypic MST protocols were evaluated by use of Escherichia coli from an eight-host library of known-source isolates and a separate, blinded challenge library. In reproducibility tests, measuring each protocol's ability to reclassify blinded replicates, only one (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; PFGE) correctly classified all test replicates to host species; three protocols classified 48-62% correctly, and the remaining three classified fewer than 25% correctly. In accuracy tests, measuring each protocol's ability to correctly classify new isolates, ribotyping with EcoRI and PvuII approached 100% correct classification but only 6% of isolates were classified; four of the other six protocols (antibiotic resistance analysis, PFGE, and two repetitive-element PCR protocols) achieved better than random accuracy rates when 30-100% of challenge isolates were classified. In robustness tests, measuring each protocol's ability to recognize isolates from nonlibrary hosts, three protocols correctly classified 33-100% of isolates as \"unknown origin,\" whereas four protocols classified all isolates to a source category. A relevance test, summarizing interpretations for a hypothetical water sample containing 30 challenge isolates, indicated that false-positive classifications would hinder interpretations for most protocols. Study results indicate that more representation in known-source libraries and better classification accuracy would be needed before field application. Thorough reliability assessment of classification results is crucial before and during application of MST protocols.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es0354519","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Stoeckel, D.M., Mathes, M., Hyer, K., Hagedorn, C., Kator, H., Lukasik, J., O’Brien, T.L., Fenger, T., Samadpour, M., Strickler, K., and Wiggins, B., 2004, Comparison of seven protocols to identify fecal contamination sources using Escherichia coli: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 22, p. 6109-6117, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0354519.","startPage":"6109","endPage":"6117","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208444,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0354519"}],"volume":"38","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f88de4b0c8380cd4d19b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoeckel, D. M.","contributorId":84855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeckel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mathes, M.V.","contributorId":44916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathes","given":"M.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hyer, K.E. 0000-0002-7156-7472","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7156-7472","contributorId":13018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyer","given":"K.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hagedorn, C.","contributorId":13019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagedorn","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kator, H.","contributorId":90672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kator","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lukasik, J.","contributorId":24535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lukasik","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"O’Brien, T. L.","contributorId":74177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fenger, T.W.","contributorId":40385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenger","given":"T.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Samadpour, M.","contributorId":30409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samadpour","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Strickler, K.M.","contributorId":33497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickler","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Wiggins, B.A.","contributorId":93673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiggins","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70026359,"text":"70026359 - 2004 - From in-situ coal to fly ash: A study of coal mines and power plants from Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026359","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"From in-situ coal to fly ash: A study of coal mines and power plants from Indiana","docAbstract":"This paper presents data on the properties of coal and fly ash from two coal mines and two power plants that burn single-source coal from two mines in Indiana. One mine is in the low-sulfur (<1%) Danville Coal Member of the Dugger Formation (Pennsylvanian) and the other mines the high-sulfur (>5%) Springfield Coal Member of the Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvanian). Both seams have comparable ash contents (???11%). Coals sampled at the mines (both raw and washed fractions) were analyzed for proximate/ultimate/sulfur forms/heating value, major oxides, trace elements and petrographic composition. The properties of fly ash from these coals reflect the properties of the feed coal, as well as local combustion and post-combustion conditions. Sulfur and spinel content, and As, Pb and Zn concentrations of the fly ash are the parameters that most closely reflect the properties of the source coal. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2004.01.005","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Mastalerz, M., Hower, J., Drobniak, A., Mardon, S., and Lis, G., 2004, From in-situ coal to fly ash: A study of coal mines and power plants from Indiana: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 59, no. 3-4, p. 171-192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2004.01.005.","startPage":"171","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208394,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2004.01.005"},{"id":234122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13f9e4b0c8380cd54855","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drobniak, A.","contributorId":11748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobniak","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mardon, S.M.","contributorId":12662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mardon","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lis, G.","contributorId":62806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lis","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026250,"text":"70026250 - 2004 - Status and reproduction of Gulf coast strain walleye in a Tombigbee River tributary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70026250","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3444,"text":"Southeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status and reproduction of Gulf coast strain walleye in a Tombigbee River tributary","docAbstract":"Walleye (Sander vitreus [Mitchill]) are native to rivers and streams in the Mobile River basin in Mississippi and Alabama. These populations comprise a genetically unique strain (Gulf coast walleye, GCW) and represent the southernmost distribution of walleye in the United States. Luxapallila Creek was considered an important spawning site for GCW prior to and shortly after impoundment of the Tombigbee River in 1980. Extensive sampling in Luxapallila Creek in 2001 and 2002 collected only one larval walleye. Microsatellite DNA analysis suggested 14 of 16 adult walleye from Luxapallila Creek were hatchery-produced fish or their progeny. Controlled angling catch rates of adult walleye have declined since 1997. The scarcity of wild-spawned walleye and the similarity of wild-caught and hatchery broodstock walleye indicates that the GCW population in, or spawning in, Luxapallila Creek is sustained by stocking and recruitment from these stocked fish may be diminishing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"15287092","usgsCitation":"Schramm, H., Hart, J., and Hanson, L.A., 2004, Status and reproduction of Gulf coast strain walleye in a Tombigbee River tributary: Southeastern Naturalist, v. 3, no. 4, p. 745-757.","startPage":"745","endPage":"757","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9791e4b08c986b31bb34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schramm, H.L. Jr.","contributorId":103823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schramm","given":"H.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, J.","contributorId":52313,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hart","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanson, L. A.","contributorId":21111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"L.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026322,"text":"70026322 - 2004 - Groundwater mining of bedrock aquifers in the Denver Basin - Past, present, and future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026322","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater mining of bedrock aquifers in the Denver Basin - Past, present, and future","docAbstract":"The Denver Basin bedrock aquifer system is an important source of water for municipal and agricultural uses in the Denver and Colorado Springs metropolitan areas. The Denver area is one of the fastest growing areas in the United States with a population of 1.2 million in 1960 that has increased to over 2.4 million by 2000. This rapid population growth has produced a corresponding increase in demand for potable water. Historically, the Denver area has relied on surface water, however, in the past 10 years new housing and recreation developments have begun to rely on groundwater from the bedrock aquifers as the surface water is fully appropriated and in short supply. The Denver Basin bedrock aquifer system consists of Tertiary and Cretaceous age sedimentary rocks known as the Dawson, Denver, Arapahoe and Laramie-Fox Hills Aquifers. The number of bedrock wells has increased from 12,000 in 1985 to 33,700 in 2001 and the withdrawal of groundwater has caused water level declines of 76 m. Water level declines for the past 10 years have ranged from 3 to 12 m per year. The groundwater supplies were once thought to last 100 years but there is concern that the groundwater supplies may be essentially depleted in 10 to 15 years in areas on the west side of the basin. Extensive development of the aquifer system has occurred in the last 25 years especially near the center of the basin in Douglas and El Paso Counties where rapid urban growth continues and surface water is lacking. Groundwater is being mined from the aquifer system because the discharge by wells exceeds the rate of recharge. Concern is mounting that increased groundwater withdrawal will cause water level declines, increased costs to withdraw groundwater, reduced well yield, and reduced groundwater storage. As the long-term sustainability of the groundwater resource is in doubt, water managers believe that the life of the Denver Basin aquifers can be extended with artificial recharge, water reuse, restrictions on lawn watering, well permit restrictions and conservation measures.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00254-004-1127-8","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., Raynolds, R., and Barkmann, P., 2004, Groundwater mining of bedrock aquifers in the Denver Basin - Past, present, and future: Environmental Geology, v. 47, no. 1, p. 63-68, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1127-8.","startPage":"63","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208391,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1127-8"},{"id":234119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2da9e4b0c8380cd5bf91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.E.","contributorId":34927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raynolds, R.G.","contributorId":39006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raynolds","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barkmann, P.E.","contributorId":14613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barkmann","given":"P.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027480,"text":"70027480 - 2004 - Biochemical characterization of the eelgrass Zostera marina at its southern distribution limit in the North Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T21:14:30.498795","indexId":"70027480","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1239,"text":"Ciencias Marinas","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Biochemical characterization of the eelgrass <i>Zostera marina</i> at its southern distribution limit in the North Pacific","title":"Biochemical characterization of the eelgrass Zostera marina at its southern distribution limit in the North Pacific","docAbstract":"The eelgrass Zostera marina L. is distributed along the Baja California Peninsula (Mexico) where it is exposed to a wide range of irradiances and temperatures that could promote changes in its biochemical composition. Consequently, the objective of this study was to characterize the variations in the levels of chlorophyll, carbohydrates, proteins, fiber, ash and calories in the shoots of Z. marina from the north (San Quintin) and south (Ojo de Liebre and San Ignacio lagoons) of the peninsula. Temperature in the southern lagoons was 5-6??C higher than in the northern lagoon; likewise, in situ irradiance was two-fold greater in the south than in the north. As a result of the lower irradiance levels, the concentration of chlorophyll in the shoots of Z. marina was twice as high (1.7 mg gWW-1) in the northern lagoon than in the southern ones (0.8 mg gWW-1). Similar to chlorophyll levels, the concentration of soluble carbohydrates in the shoots was greater in the northern lagoon than in the southern ones, suggesting that the high levels of chlorophyll are enough to compensate for the low irradiance levels and to maintain a positive carbon balance at San Quintin. On the other hand, the levels of proteins in the shoots from the north of the peninsula were slightly lower than those from the southern populations. In general, these results suggest that the different environmental conditions to which Z. marina is exposed along the peninsula impact its biochemical composition.","language":"Spanish, English","doi":"10.7773/cm.v30i11.123","usgsCitation":"Cabello-Pasini, A., Muniz-Salazar, R., and Ward, D.H., 2004, Biochemical characterization of the eelgrass Zostera marina at its southern distribution limit in the North Pacific: Ciencias Marinas, v. 30, no. 1 A, p. 21-34, https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v30i11.123.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"34","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238333,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":478262,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v30i11.123","text":"Publisher Index Page"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1 A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f141e4b0c8380cd4ab1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cabello-Pasini, Alejandro","contributorId":80636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cabello-Pasini","given":"Alejandro","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muniz-Salazar, Raquel","contributorId":194242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muniz-Salazar","given":"Raquel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":413836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027235,"text":"70027235 - 2004 - Nitrogen fluxes and retention in urban watershed ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-18T16:06:29.300817","indexId":"70027235","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen fluxes and retention in urban watershed ecosystems","docAbstract":"<p>Although the watershed approach has long been used to study whole-ecosystem function, it has seldom been applied to study human-dominated systems, especially those dominated by urban and suburban land uses. Here we present 3 years of data on nitrogen (N) losses from one completely forested, one agricultural, and six urban/suburban watersheds, and input-output N budgets for suburban, forested, and agricultural watersheds. The work is a product of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study, a long-term study of urban and suburban ecosystems, and a component of the US National Science Foundation's long-term ecological research (LTER) network. As expected, urban and suburban watersheds had much higher N losses than did the completely forested watershed, with N yields ranging from 2.9 to 7.9 kg N <span>ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;y</span><sup>−1 </sup>in the urban and suburban watersheds compared with less than 1 kg N <span>ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;y</span><sup>−1</sup> in the completely forested watershed. Yields from urban and suburban watersheds were lower than those from an agricultural watershed (13-19.8 kg N <span>ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;y</span><sup>−1</sup>). Retention of N in the suburban watershed was surprisingly high, 75% of inputs, which were dominated by home lawn fertilizer (14.4 kg N <span>ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;y</span><sup>−1</sup>) and atmospheric deposition (11.2 kg N <span>ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;y</span><sup>−1</sup>). Detailed analysis of mechanisms of N retention, which must occur in the significant amounts of pervious surface present in urban and suburban watersheds, and which include storage in soils and vegetation and gaseous loss, is clearly warranted.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"SpringerLink","doi":"10.1007/s10021-003-0039-x","usgsCitation":"Groffman, P., Law, N., Belt, K., Band, L., and Fisher, G.T., 2004, Nitrogen fluxes and retention in urban watershed ecosystems: Ecosystems, v. 7, no. 4, p. 393-403, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0039-x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"403","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia  Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","city":"Baltimore","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.7779541015625,\n              39.3130504637139\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.75598144531251,\n              39.198205348894795\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.5142822265625,\n              39.12153746241922\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.409912109375,\n              39.257778150283364\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.387939453125,\n              39.317300373271024\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.4263916015625,\n              39.393754592243454\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.453857421875,\n              39.44891948347229\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.61865234374999,\n              39.46164364205549\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.761474609375,\n              39.41497702499074\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.7779541015625,\n              39.3130504637139\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66d9e4b0c8380cd73014","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groffman, P.M.","contributorId":21904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groffman","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Law, N.L.","contributorId":90515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Law","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belt, K.T.","contributorId":79997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belt","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Band, L.E.","contributorId":70342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Band","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fisher, G. T.","contributorId":49359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027513,"text":"70027513 - 2004 - Strain accumulation across the Coast Ranges at the latitude of San Francisco, 1994-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-08T15:53:31.062884","indexId":"70027513","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation across the Coast Ranges at the latitude of San Francisco, 1994-2000","docAbstract":"<p>A 66-monument geodetic array spanning the Coast Ranges near San Francisco has been surveyed more than eight times by GIPS between late 1993 and early 2001. The measured horizontal velocities of the monuments are well represented by uniform, right-lateral, simple shear parallel to <span>N29°W. (The local strike of the San Andreas Fault is ∼N34°W.) The observed areal dilatation rate of 6.9 ± 10.0 nstrain yr</span><sup>−1</sup> (quoted uncertainty is one standard deviation and extension is reckoned positive) is not significantly different from zero, which implies that the observed strain accumulation could be released by strike-slip faulting alone. Our results are consistent with the slip rates assigned by the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities [2003] to the principal faults (San Gregorio, San Andreas, Hayward-Rodgers Creek, Calaveras-Concord-Green Valley, and Greenville Faults) cutting across the GPS array. The vector sum of those slip rates is <span>&nbsp;is 39.8 ± 2.6 mm yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;N29.8°W ± 2.8°, whereas the motion across the GPS array (breadth 120 km) inferred from the uniform strain rate approximation is 38.7 ± 1.2 mm yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;N29.0°W ± 0.9° right-lateral shear and 0.4 ± 0.9 mm yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;N61°E ± 0.9° extension.</span> We interpret the near coincidence of these rates and the absence of significant accumulation of areal dilatation to imply that right-lateral slip on the principal faults can release the accumulating strain; major strain release on reverse faults subparallel to the San Andreas Fault within the Coast Ranges is not required.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002612","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., Gan, W., Prescott, W., and Svarc, J.L., 2004, Strain accumulation across the Coast Ranges at the latitude of San Francisco, 1994-2000: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 3, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002612.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jb002612","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"Coast Ranges","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.81640624999999,\n              35.94243575255424\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.22314453124999,\n              36.10237644873644\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.00341796874999,\n              36.474306755095235\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.77246093750001,\n              37.3002752813443\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.2119140625,\n              38.22091976683121\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.71728515624999,\n              38.22091976683121\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.9150390625,\n              37.996162679728116\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.81640624999999,\n              35.94243575255424\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b988fe4b08c986b31c096","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gan, Weijun","contributorId":33083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gan","given":"Weijun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Svarc, J. L.","contributorId":75995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1003726,"text":"1003726 - 2004 - Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-15T16:33:43.363512","indexId":"1003726","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Oriental white-backed vulture (OWBV;&nbsp;</span><i>Gyps bengalensis</i><span>) was once one of the most common raptors in the Indian subcontinent<sup>1</sup></span><sup></sup><span>. A population decline of &gt;95%, starting in the 1990s, was first noted at Keoladeo National Park, India<sup>2</sup></span><sup></sup><span>. Since then, catastrophic declines, also involving&nbsp;</span><i>Gyps indicus</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Gyps tenuirostris</i><span>, have continued to be reported across the subcontinent<sup>3</sup></span><sup></sup><span>. Consequently these vultures are now listed as critically endangered by BirdLife International<sup>4</sup></span><sup></sup><span>. In 2000, the Peregrine Fund initiated its Asian Vulture Crisis Project with the Ornithological Society of Pakistan, establishing study sites at 16 OWBV colonies in the Kasur, Khanewal and Muzaffargarh–Layyah Districts of Pakistan to measure mortality at over 2,400 active nest sites<sup>5</sup></span><sup></sup><span>. Between 2000 and 2003, high annual adult and subadult mortality (5–86%) and resulting population declines (34–95%) (ref. 5</span><span>&nbsp;and M.G., manuscript in preparation) were associated with renal failure and visceral gout. Here, we provide results that directly correlate residues of the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac with renal failure. Diclofenac residues and renal disease were reproduced experimentally in OWBVs by direct oral exposure and through feeding vultures diclofenac-treated livestock. We propose that residues of veterinary diclofenac are responsible for the OWBV decline.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/nature02317","usgsCitation":"Oaks, J., Gilbert, M., Virani, M., Watson, R., Meteyer, C., Rideout, B., Shivaprasad, H.L., Ahmed, S., Chaudhry, M., Arshad, M., Mahmood, S., Ali, A., and Khan, A., 2004, Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan: Nature, v. 427, no. 6975, p. 630-633, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02317.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"630","endPage":"633","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India, Pakistan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":\"15\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"India\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[77.83745,35.49401],[78.91227,34.32194],[78.81109,33.5062],[79.20889,32.99439],[79.17613,32.48378],[78.45845,32.61816],[78.73889,31.51591],[79.72137,30.88271],[81.11126,30.18348],[80.47672,29.72987],[80.08842,28.79447],[81.0572,28.4161],[81.99999,27.92548],[83.30425,27.36451],[84.67502,27.2349],[85.25178,26.7262],[86.02439,26.63098],[87.22747,26.3979],[88.06024,26.41462],[88.1748,26.81041],[88.04313,27.44582],[88.12044,27.87654],[88.73033,28.08686],[88.81425,27.29932],[88.83564,27.09897],[89.74453,26.7194],[90.37327,26.87572],[91.21751,26.80865],[92.03348,26.83831],[92.10371,27.45261],[91.69666,27.77174],[92.50312,27.89688],[93.41335,28.64063],[94.56599,29.27744],[95.4048,29.03172],[96.11768,29.4528],[96.58659,28.83098],[96.24883,28.41103],[97.32711,28.26158],[97.40256,27.88254],[97.05199,27.69906],[97.134,27.08377],[96.41937,27.26459],[95.12477,26.57357],[95.15515,26.00131],[94.60325,25.1625],[94.55266,24.67524],[94.10674,23.85074],[93.32519,24.07856],[93.28633,23.04366],[93.06029,22.70311],[93.16613,22.27846],[92.67272,22.04124],[92.14603,23.6275],[91.86993,23.62435],[91.70648,22.98526],[91.15896,23.50353],[91.46773,24.07264],[91.91509,24.13041],[92.3762,24.97669],[91.7996,25.14743],[90.87221,25.1326],[89.92069,25.26975],[89.83248,25.96508],[89.35509,26.01441],[88.56305,26.44653],[88.20979,25.76807],[88.93155,25.23869],[88.30637,24.86608],[88.08442,24.50166],[88.69994,24.23371],[88.52977,23.63114],[88.87631,22.87915],[89.03196,22.05571],[88.88877,21.69059],[88.2085,21.70317],[86.9757,21.49556],[87.03317,20.74331],[86.49935,20.15164],[85.06027,19.47858],[83.94101,18.30201],[83.18922,17.67122],[82.19279,17.01664],[82.19124,16.55666],[81.69272,16.31022],[80.792,15.95197],[80.3249,15.89918],[80.02507,15.13641],[80.23327,13.83577],[80.28629,13.00626],[79.86255,12.05622],[79.858,10.35728],[79.34051,10.30885],[78.88535,9.54614],[79.18972,9.21654],[78.27794,8.93305],[77.94117,8.25296],[77.5399,7.96553],[76.59298,8.89928],[76.13006,10.29963],[75.74647,11.30825],[75.3961,11.78125],[74.86482,12.74194],[74.61672,13.99258],[74.44386,14.61722],[73.5342,15.99065],[73.11991,17.92857],[72.82091,19.20823],[72.82448,20.4195],[72.63053,21.35601],[71.17527,20.75744],[70.47046,20.87733],[69.16413,22.0893],[69.64493,22.45077],[69.3496,22.84318],[68.17665,23.69197],[68.8426,24.35913],[71.04324,24.35652],[70.8447,25.2151],[70.28287,25.72223],[70.16893,26.49187],[69.51439,26.94097],[70.6165,27.9892],[71.77767,27.91318],[72.82375,28.96159],[73.45064,29.97641],[74.42138,30.97981],[74.40593,31.69264],[75.25864,32.27111],[74.45156,32.7649],[74.10429,33.44147],[73.74995,34.3177],[74.2402,34.74889],[75.75706,34.50492],[76.87172,34.65354],[77.83745,35.49401],[77.83745,35.49401]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":\"138\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Pakistan\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[75.15803,37.13303],[75.8969,36.66681],[76.19285,35.8984],[77.83745,35.49401],[76.87172,34.65354],[75.75706,34.50492],[74.2402,34.74889],[73.74995,34.3177],[74.10429,33.44147],[74.45156,32.7649],[75.25864,32.27111],[74.40593,31.69264],[74.42138,30.97981],[73.45064,29.97641],[72.82375,28.96159],[71.77767,27.91318],[70.6165,27.9892],[69.51439,26.94097],[70.16893,26.49187],[70.28287,25.72223],[70.8447,25.2151],[71.04324,24.35652],[68.8426,24.35913],[68.17665,23.69197],[67.44367,23.94484],[67.14544,24.66361],[66.37283,25.42514],[64.53041,25.23704],[62.9057,25.21841],[61.49736,25.07824],[61.87419,26.23997],[63.31663,26.75653],[63.2339,27.21705],[62.75543,27.37892],[62.72783,28.25964],[61.77187,28.69933],[61.36931,29.30328],[60.87425,29.82924],[62.54986,29.31857],[63.55026,29.46833],[64.148,29.34082],[64.35042,29.56003],[65.04686,29.47218],[66.34647,29.88794],[66.38146,30.7389],[66.93889,31.30491],[67.68339,31.30315],[67.79269,31.58293],[68.55693,31.71331],[68.92668,31.62019],[69.31776,31.90141],[69.26252,32.50194],[69.68715,33.1055],[70.32359,33.35853],[69.93054,34.02012],[70.8818,33.98886],[71.15677,34.34891],[71.11502,34.73313],[71.61308,35.1532],[71.49877,35.65056],[71.26235,36.07439],[71.84629,36.50994],[72.92002,36.72001],[74.06755,36.83618],[74.57589,37.02084],[75.15803,37.13303],[75.15803,37.13303]]]}}]}","volume":"427","issue":"6975","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-01-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65da3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oaks, J.L.","contributorId":72768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oaks","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilbert, M.","contributorId":57810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Virani, M.Z.","contributorId":43318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virani","given":"M.Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watson, R.T.","contributorId":44893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meteyer, C.U. 0000-0002-4007-3410","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-3410","contributorId":74327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meteyer","given":"C.U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rideout, B.A.","contributorId":26664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rideout","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shivaprasad, H. L.","contributorId":101616,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shivaprasad","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ahmed, S.","contributorId":35705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahmed","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Chaudhry, M.J.I.","contributorId":59000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaudhry","given":"M.J.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Arshad, M.","contributorId":56614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arshad","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mahmood, S.","contributorId":100344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahmood","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Ali, A.","contributorId":56191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ali","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Khan, A.A.","contributorId":48526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khan","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":1016565,"text":"1016565 - 2004 - Invertebrate egg banks of restored, natural, and drained wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-08T15:32:10.579912","indexId":"1016565","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invertebrate egg banks of restored, natural, and drained wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States","docAbstract":"<p>Analogous to ‘seed banks,’ ‘egg banks’ are important for seasonal succession and maintenance of invertebrate species diversity throughout wet and dry cycles in the prairie pothole region. Further, recruitment of invertebrates from relic egg banks in the sediments and dispersal of eggs into wetlands is believed to be important for reestablishment of invertebrates in recently restored wetlands. Alhough tens-ofthousands of wetlands have been restored in the prairie pothole region of the United States, studies have not been conducted to evaluate the recovery of invertebrate egg banks in restored wetlands. We used taxon richness and abundance as indicators of potential egg bank recovery and compared these parameters in restored wetlands to those of non-drained and drained wetlands with a history of cultivation and also to reference wetlands with no history of cultivation. We found few significant differences among wetland categories within three physiographic regions (Glaciated Plains, Missouri Coteau, and Prairie Coteau). Most statistical comparisons indicated that restored wetlands had invertebrate egg banks similar to reference, nondrained, and drained wetlands. The one exception was drained seasonal wetlands in the Glaciated Plains, which had significantly lower taxon richness and invertebrate abundance than the other wetland categories. Trends did suggest that invertebrate egg bank taxon richness and abundance are increasing in restored seasonal wetlands relative to their drained analogues, whereas a similar trend was not observed for restored semi-permanent wetlands. Although recovery was not related to years since restoration, comparisons of restored wetlands with reference wetlands suggest that recovery potential may be inversely related to the extent of wetland drainage and intensive agriculture that varies spatially in the prairie pothole region. Our research suggests that periodic drawdowns of semi-permanent restored wetlands may be needed to promote production and development of invertebrate egg banks. Inoculation of restored wetlands may also be needed in areas where extensive wetland drainage has resulted in fewer wetland habitats to provide sources of passively dispersed eggs to newly restored wetlands.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0562:IEBORN]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gleason, R., Euliss, N., Hubbard, D., and Duffy, W., 2004, Invertebrate egg banks of restored, natural, and drained wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States: Wetlands, v. 24, no. 3, p. 562-572, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0562:IEBORN]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"562","endPage":"572","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.04882812499999,\n              45.706179285330826\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.150390625,\n              44.96479793033101\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.798828125,\n              43.19716728250125\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.119140625,\n              42.68243539838623\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.185546875,\n              40.38002840251183\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.82421875,\n              40.51379915504411\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.703125,\n              43.389081939117496\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.37304687500001,\n              44.96479793033101\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.845703125,\n              46.67959446564017\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.439453125,\n              48.22467264956519\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.6796875,\n              49.095452162534826\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.271484375,\n              48.922499263758255\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.27929687499999,\n              48.86471476180277\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.04882812499999,\n              45.706179285330826\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b6e4b07f02db533fb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gleason, R.A.","contributorId":46035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Euliss, N.H. Jr.","contributorId":54917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hubbard, D.E.","contributorId":87099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duffy, W.G.","contributorId":25506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffy","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027232,"text":"70027232 - 2004 - Probabilistic assessment of precipitation-triggered landslides using historical records of landslide occurrence, Seattle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T08:30:58","indexId":"70027232","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Probabilistic assessment of precipitation-triggered landslides using historical records of landslide occurrence, Seattle, Washington","docAbstract":"Ninety years of historical landslide records were used as input to the Poisson and binomial probability models. Results from these models show that, for precipitation-triggered landslides, approximately 9 percent of the area of Seattle has annual exceedance probabilities of 1 percent or greater. Application of the Poisson model for estimating the future occurrence of individual landslides results in a worst-case scenario map, with a maximum annual exceedance probability of 25 percent on a hillslope near Duwamish Head in West Seattle. Application of the binomial model for estimating the future occurrence of a year with one or more landslides results in a map with a maximum annual exceedance probability of 17 percent (also near Duwamish Head). Slope and geology both play a role in localizing the occurrence of landslides in Seattle. A positive correlation exists between slope and mean exceedance probability, with probability tending to increase as slope increases. Sixty-four percent of all historical landslide locations are within 150 m (500 ft, horizontal distance) of the Esperance Sand/Lawton Clay contact, but within this zone, no positive or negative correlation exists between exceedance probability and distance to the contact.","language":"English","publisher":"GSW","doi":"10.2113/10.2.103","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"Coe, J.A., Michael, J.A., Crovelli, R., Savage, W.U., Nashem, W., and Laprade, W., 2004, Probabilistic assessment of precipitation-triggered landslides using historical records of landslide occurrence, Seattle, Washington: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 10, no. 2, p. 103-122, https://doi.org/10.2113/10.2.103.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"King County","city":"Seattle","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-121.122,47.782],[-121.119,47.7756],[-121.108,47.7696],[-121.107,47.7687],[-121.106,47.7646],[-121.09,47.7587],[-121.092,47.7494],[-121.086,47.7435],[-121.079,47.738],[-121.087,47.7246],[-121.083,47.7228],[-121.081,47.7205],[-121.071,47.7178],[-121.067,47.7123],[-121.066,47.7086],[-121.071,47.7049],[-121.089,47.7039],[-121.091,47.6933],[-121.103,47.6919],[-121.107,47.6877],[-121.116,47.6863],[-121.124,47.6816],[-121.127,47.6738],[-121.122,47.6609],[-121.126,47.6559],[-121.133,47.6503],[-121.127,47.6384],[-121.124,47.6297],[-121.115,47.6228],[-121.115,47.6177],[-121.122,47.6108],[-121.111,47.6017],[-121.111,47.5961],[-121.155,47.5936],[-121.166,47.5885],[-121.173,47.5811],[-121.167,47.5775],[-121.18,47.5655],[-121.191,47.5654],[-121.213,47.5658],[-121.227,47.5634],[-121.233,47.5564],[-121.233,47.5436],[-121.245,47.5329],[-121.257,47.5241],[-121.275,47.5249],[-121.289,47.5152],[-121.289,47.5065],[-121.296,47.5005],[-121.298,47.488],[-121.308,47.4838],[-121.316,47.4833],[-121.337,47.4722],[-121.365,47.4637],[-121.376,47.4554],[-121.385,47.4457],[-121.384,47.436],[-121.384,47.4328],[-121.395,47.4332],[-121.404,47.4193],[-121.425,47.4196],[-121.42,47.4086],[-121.424,47.4072],[-121.434,47.3998],[-121.427,47.3861],[-121.441,47.3869],[-121.443,47.3736],[-121.459,47.3757],[-121.465,47.3665],[-121.46,47.3527],[-121.445,47.3446],[-121.436,47.3414],[-121.432,47.335],[-121.431,47.3281],[-121.444,47.3092],[-121.434,47.306],[-121.431,47.2996],[-121.43,47.2928],[-121.422,47.2859],[-121.406,47.2874],[-121.393,47.2879],[-121.378,47.2862],[-121.365,47.2904],[-121.357,47.2895],[-121.355,47.2854],[-121.341,47.2823],[-121.338,47.2773],[-121.336,47.2704],[-121.335,47.2649],[-121.333,47.2621],[-121.331,47.2552],[-121.333,47.2511],[-121.339,47.2469],[-121.344,47.2441],[-121.347,47.245],[-121.355,47.2413],[-121.355,47.2358],[-121.359,47.2335],[-121.365,47.2238],[-121.356,47.222],[-121.347,47.2198],[-121.338,47.2162],[-121.33,47.2162],[-121.32,47.2153],[-121.315,47.2117],[-121.305,47.2003],[-121.303,47.1966],[-121.306,47.1892],[-121.311,47.1819],[-121.312,47.1773],[-121.314,47.1704],[-121.311,47.1639],[-121.306,47.1608],[-121.302,47.1557],[-121.297,47.1521],[-121.296,47.1466],[-121.297,47.1429],[-121.304,47.1378],[-121.313,47.135],[-121.334,47.1339],[-121.342,47.1357],[-121.345,47.1371],[-121.354,47.1389],[-121.365,47.1425],[-121.37,47.1402],[-121.375,47.1374],[-121.389,47.135],[-121.392,47.1276],[-121.401,47.123],[-121.405,47.1124],[-121.396,47.1055],[-121.403,47.1009],[-121.4,47.0959],[-121.389,47.0923],[-121.38,47.0928],[-121.374,47.0869],[-121.381,47.0813],[-121.398,47.0899],[-121.405,47.0931],[-121.413,47.0921],[-121.422,47.0884],[-121.435,47.0851],[-121.443,47.0855],[-121.453,47.0896],[-121.463,47.0968],[-121.471,47.1014],[-121.48,47.1109],[-121.487,47.1146],[-121.504,47.119],[-121.514,47.1222],[-121.524,47.1249],[-121.538,47.122],[-121.545,47.1229],[-121.553,47.1219],[-121.564,47.1195],[-121.578,47.1185],[-121.587,47.1207],[-121.594,47.1239],[-121.603,47.1344],[-121.609,47.1389],[-121.615,47.1444],[-121.621,47.1489],[-121.632,47.153],[-121.64,47.1538],[-121.644,47.1547],[-121.662,47.1559],[-121.668,47.154],[-121.677,47.1503],[-121.719,47.1513],[-121.731,47.1581],[-121.737,47.1594],[-121.744,47.1626],[-121.755,47.1615],[-121.762,47.1656],[-121.775,47.1719],[-121.78,47.1728],[-121.791,47.174],[-121.802,47.168],[-121.808,47.1638],[-121.811,47.1624],[-121.812,47.1578],[-121.819,47.1577],[-121.824,47.154],[-121.831,47.1525],[-121.832,47.1489],[-121.835,47.1461],[-121.841,47.1446],[-121.848,47.1464],[-121.857,47.1468],[-121.861,47.1481],[-121.864,47.1518],[-121.869,47.1513],[-121.881,47.153],[-121.889,47.1543],[-121.897,47.1565],[-121.909,47.1509],[-121.917,47.1494],[-121.926,47.1465],[-121.927,47.1438],[-121.93,47.1405],[-121.946,47.1418],[-121.95,47.1449],[-121.95,47.1546],[-121.967,47.1581],[-121.976,47.1607],[-121.985,47.1629],[-121.989,47.1652],[-121.992,47.1665],[-121.994,47.1706],[-122,47.1687],[-122.01,47.1746],[-122.015,47.1764],[-122.022,47.1768],[-122.032,47.1734],[-122.039,47.172],[-122.048,47.171],[-122.052,47.1718],[-122.061,47.1823],[-122.066,47.1864],[-122.086,47.1921],[-122.096,47.1971],[-122.102,47.2011],[-122.108,47.207],[-122.112,47.2125],[-122.116,47.217],[-122.112,47.2208],[-122.112,47.2226],[-122.119,47.2248],[-122.125,47.2335],[-122.124,47.2385],[-122.135,47.2435],[-122.138,47.2467],[-122.138,47.254],[-122.145,47.2576],[-122.166,47.2578],[-122.228,47.2575],[-122.331,47.258],[-122.334,47.2635],[-122.416,47.3198],[-122.374,47.333],[-122.339,47.3408],[-122.325,47.3606],[-122.326,47.3654],[-122.324,47.371],[-122.326,47.3778],[-122.326,47.3812],[-122.327,47.3831],[-122.327,47.3883],[-122.326,47.3928],[-122.328,47.3963],[-122.328,47.3985],[-122.329,47.3995],[-122.329,47.4003],[-122.33,47.4014],[-122.331,47.4041],[-122.334,47.4075],[-122.354,47.4378],[-122.354,47.4411],[-122.372,47.4487],[-122.382,47.4503],[-122.382,47.4517],[-122.373,47.456],[-122.368,47.4604],[-122.368,47.4618],[-122.37,47.4642],[-122.369,47.4646],[-122.369,47.4658],[-122.37,47.4683],[-122.364,47.4784],[-122.363,47.4787],[-122.361,47.4847],[-122.366,47.4904],[-122.39,47.5052],[-122.399,47.5178],[-122.394,47.5234],[-122.401,47.5311],[-122.398,47.5331],[-122.396,47.5353],[-122.396,47.5364],[-122.411,47.5697],[-122.421,47.5765],[-122.374,47.5862],[-122.372,47.5843],[-122.366,47.5847],[-122.365,47.5851],[-122.363,47.5847],[-122.363,47.5842],[-122.361,47.5817],[-122.361,47.5784],[-122.36,47.5747],[-122.359,47.5747],[-122.359,47.5744],[-122.358,47.5753],[-122.358,47.5756],[-122.359,47.5761],[-122.359,47.5769],[-122.358,47.5775],[-122.359,47.5808],[-122.359,47.5883],[-122.358,47.5897],[-122.356,47.5886],[-122.356,47.5883],[-122.353,47.5883],[-122.353,47.5881],[-122.349,47.59],[-122.348,47.59],[-122.348,47.5903],[-122.346,47.5906],[-122.346,47.5808],[-122.345,47.58],[-122.346,47.5778],[-122.346,47.5744],[-122.345,47.5739],[-122.343,47.5744],[-122.343,47.5817],[-122.344,47.5828],[-122.344,47.5889],[-122.343,47.5892],[-122.343,47.5939],[-122.342,47.5947],[-122.341,47.5947],[-122.34,47.5958],[-122.341,47.5981],[-122.34,47.5993],[-122.337,47.6008],[-122.338,47.6018],[-122.34,47.6025],[-122.339,47.6031],[-122.34,47.604],[-122.34,47.6044],[-122.341,47.6058],[-122.349,47.6095],[-122.349,47.6098],[-122.356,47.6136],[-122.358,47.6159],[-122.358,47.6163],[-122.362,47.6188],[-122.362,47.6192],[-122.366,47.6219],[-122.367,47.6225],[-122.368,47.6225],[-122.368,47.6232],[-122.369,47.6233],[-122.371,47.6248],[-122.378,47.6264],[-122.378,47.6276],[-122.379,47.6321],[-122.379,47.6283],[-122.38,47.6258],[-122.38,47.6264],[-122.381,47.6264],[-122.38,47.6275],[-122.381,47.6278],[-122.381,47.6306],[-122.382,47.6303],[-122.382,47.6261],[-122.383,47.6258],[-122.384,47.6275],[-122.384,47.6328],[-122.387,47.6308],[-122.39,47.63],[-122.392,47.6306],[-122.393,47.6303],[-122.396,47.6308],[-122.396,47.6311],[-122.436,47.6618],[-122.434,47.6625],[-122.434,47.6628],[-122.432,47.6625],[-122.408,47.6689],[-122.408,47.667],[-122.405,47.6662],[-122.404,47.6658],[-122.404,47.6653],[-122.403,47.6653],[-122.403,47.665],[-122.401,47.6653],[-122.399,47.6642],[-122.398,47.6633],[-122.397,47.6633],[-122.396,47.6642],[-122.393,47.6636],[-122.391,47.6639],[-122.386,47.6625],[-122.384,47.6611],[-122.383,47.66],[-122.381,47.6599],[-122.381,47.6596],[-122.372,47.6583],[-122.371,47.6575],[-122.369,47.6567],[-122.368,47.6553],[-122.367,47.6553],[-122.367,47.6567],[-122.368,47.6567],[-122.368,47.6572],[-122.369,47.6572],[-122.369,47.6581],[-122.37,47.6581],[-122.371,47.6592],[-122.373,47.6597],[-122.373,47.66],[-122.374,47.6603],[-122.376,47.66],[-122.376,47.6603],[-122.378,47.6603],[-122.379,47.6606],[-122.39,47.6658],[-122.396,47.6656],[-122.396,47.6653],[-122.397,47.6644],[-122.397,47.6647],[-122.398,47.6653],[-122.399,47.6664],[-122.401,47.6669],[-122.402,47.6664],[-122.403,47.6664],[-122.403,47.6668],[-122.411,47.6776],[-122.41,47.6782],[-122.41,47.6788],[-122.408,47.6823],[-122.407,47.6825],[-122.404,47.6894],[-122.406,47.6944],[-122.381,47.7101],[-122.38,47.7126],[-122.379,47.7132],[-122.376,47.7182],[-122.383,47.7492],[-122.38,47.7566],[-122.38,47.7576],[-122.381,47.7592],[-122.227,47.7768],[-121.972,47.776],[-121.842,47.7769],[-121.713,47.7785],[-121.518,47.7783],[-121.496,47.778],[-121.453,47.7783],[-121.453,47.781],[-121.198,47.7793],[-121.193,47.7794],[-121.193,47.7821],[-121.153,47.7823],[-121.122,47.782]],[[-122.381,47.6306],[-122.381,47.6331],[-122.382,47.6328],[-122.382,47.6322],[-122.381,47.6306]]],[[[-122.452,47.5036],[-122.451,47.5031],[-122.451,47.5025],[-122.456,47.5],[-122.456,47.4994],[-122.458,47.4986],[-122.458,47.4978],[-122.46,47.4967],[-122.46,47.4904],[-122.461,47.4867],[-122.46,47.4863],[-122.46,47.4858],[-122.459,47.4852],[-122.458,47.4839],[-122.456,47.483],[-122.456,47.4824],[-122.451,47.4803],[-122.447,47.4777],[-122.443,47.4714],[-122.436,47.4686],[-122.434,47.4659],[-122.434,47.4648],[-122.435,47.4644],[-122.437,47.4622],[-122.437,47.4616],[-122.438,47.4611],[-122.438,47.46],[-122.439,47.4591],[-122.444,47.4528],[-122.44,47.4496],[-122.44,47.4485],[-122.441,47.4467],[-122.44,47.4461],[-122.44,47.4367],[-122.439,47.4344],[-122.437,47.4325],[-122.437,47.432],[-122.436,47.4309],[-122.436,47.4298],[-122.435,47.4281],[-122.43,47.4246],[-122.43,47.4215],[-122.433,47.4214],[-122.439,47.4182],[-122.439,47.4158],[-122.438,47.4142],[-122.438,47.4133],[-122.437,47.4115],[-122.438,47.4081],[-122.437,47.4072],[-122.432,47.4042],[-122.432,47.4039],[-122.43,47.403],[-122.427,47.4022],[-122.413,47.4003],[-122.404,47.4],[-122.403,47.4002],[-122.395,47.3992],[-122.391,47.3977],[-122.389,47.3964],[-122.386,47.3953],[-122.378,47.3913],[-122.378,47.391],[-122.376,47.39],[-122.374,47.3883],[-122.374,47.3878],[-122.375,47.3864],[-122.381,47.3847],[-122.388,47.3843],[-122.392,47.3825],[-122.393,47.3825],[-122.393,47.3823],[-122.396,47.3825],[-122.401,47.3811],[-122.402,47.3804],[-122.403,47.3784],[-122.411,47.3774],[-122.412,47.3766],[-122.415,47.376],[-122.417,47.3749],[-122.423,47.3706],[-122.423,47.3703],[-122.424,47.37],[-122.429,47.3698],[-122.439,47.3654],[-122.441,47.3628],[-122.444,47.3615],[-122.444,47.361],[-122.445,47.36],[-122.446,47.3567],[-122.447,47.3564],[-122.448,47.3555],[-122.448,47.355],[-122.45,47.3516],[-122.451,47.3511],[-122.452,47.3496],[-122.452,47.3491],[-122.453,47.3486],[-122.454,47.3465],[-122.454,47.344],[-122.455,47.3436],[-122.455,47.3433],[-122.457,47.3428],[-122.46,47.3433],[-122.462,47.3433],[-122.465,47.3438],[-122.469,47.345],[-122.475,47.3492],[-122.475,47.3498],[-122.476,47.3503],[-122.476,47.3513],[-122.477,47.3528],[-122.477,47.3533],[-122.476,47.3542],[-122.474,47.3575],[-122.474,47.3599],[-122.473,47.3619],[-122.469,47.3659],[-122.467,47.367],[-122.466,47.3681],[-122.466,47.3708],[-122.465,47.3715],[-122.465,47.3733],[-122.464,47.3742],[-122.463,47.3744],[-122.46,47.3736],[-122.459,47.3731],[-122.459,47.3725],[-122.457,47.3711],[-122.454,47.3706],[-122.452,47.3725],[-122.452,47.3735],[-122.45,47.3755],[-122.448,47.3767],[-122.448,47.3772],[-122.443,47.3823],[-122.443,47.3828],[-122.433,47.387],[-122.433,47.3878],[-122.432,47.3893],[-122.432,47.3903],[-122.433,47.3914],[-122.437,47.3925],[-122.438,47.3946],[-122.439,47.3951],[-122.439,47.4061],[-122.444,47.4053],[-122.449,47.4023],[-122.449,47.4025],[-122.452,47.403],[-122.461,47.4016],[-122.463,47.4005],[-122.465,47.3968],[-122.465,47.3939],[-122.466,47.3933],[-122.466,47.3928],[-122.467,47.3925],[-122.467,47.3919],[-122.463,47.3906],[-122.462,47.3908],[-122.461,47.3916],[-122.461,47.3925],[-122.46,47.3933],[-122.458,47.3937],[-122.456,47.3947],[-122.455,47.3948],[-122.455,47.395],[-122.451,47.3947],[-122.451,47.3944],[-122.449,47.3937],[-122.447,47.3896],[-122.447,47.3878],[-122.451,47.3842],[-122.453,47.3838],[-122.454,47.3839],[-122.454,47.3842],[-122.459,47.3862],[-122.47,47.3875],[-122.472,47.3875],[-122.478,47.3854],[-122.48,47.3842],[-122.48,47.3838],[-122.485,47.3798],[-122.485,47.3771],[-122.486,47.3764],[-122.486,47.3722],[-122.487,47.3715],[-122.487,47.3697],[-122.488,47.3693],[-122.488,47.3603],[-122.49,47.3542],[-122.49,47.3525],[-122.491,47.3507],[-122.491,47.3458],[-122.492,47.3436],[-122.492,47.3376],[-122.491,47.3354],[-122.491,47.3325],[-122.494,47.3308],[-122.495,47.3306],[-122.504,47.3309],[-122.505,47.3311],[-122.507,47.333],[-122.509,47.3321],[-122.509,47.3332],[-122.51,47.3334],[-122.512,47.3331],[-122.517,47.3334],[-122.52,47.3342],[-122.521,47.3353],[-122.522,47.3357],[-122.524,47.3379],[-122.524,47.3383],[-122.527,47.3427],[-122.528,47.3449],[-122.528,47.3528],[-122.527,47.3534],[-122.526,47.3577],[-122.526,47.3588],[-122.525,47.3594],[-122.525,47.3614],[-122.523,47.3646],[-122.522,47.3668],[-122.521,47.3669],[-122.521,47.3672],[-122.52,47.3674],[-122.519,47.3674],[-122.519,47.3677],[-122.517,47.369],[-122.516,47.3701],[-122.516,47.3766],[-122.515,47.3785],[-122.516,47.379],[-122.518,47.3827],[-122.522,47.3855],[-122.527,47.3933],[-122.528,47.3972],[-122.523,47.4014],[-122.522,47.4019],[-122.521,47.403],[-122.521,47.4041],[-122.522,47.4045],[-122.522,47.4067],[-122.521,47.4076],[-122.521,47.4085],[-122.517,47.4118],[-122.517,47.4122],[-122.516,47.4125],[-122.514,47.4142],[-122.514,47.4152],[-122.512,47.4219],[-122.512,47.433],[-122.513,47.4339],[-122.513,47.4371],[-122.514,47.4384],[-122.514,47.44],[-122.513,47.4418],[-122.513,47.4461],[-122.514,47.4483],[-122.514,47.4488],[-122.513,47.4505],[-122.513,47.4533],[-122.511,47.4549],[-122.51,47.4549],[-122.51,47.4573],[-122.508,47.4601],[-122.508,47.4616],[-122.505,47.4628],[-122.504,47.4637],[-122.503,47.466],[-122.503,47.4673],[-122.502,47.4675],[-122.502,47.4672],[-122.501,47.4673],[-122.499,47.4683],[-122.499,47.4693],[-122.498,47.4697],[-122.498,47.4728],[-122.497,47.4735],[-122.497,47.4741],[-122.498,47.4745],[-122.498,47.476],[-122.496,47.4764],[-122.496,47.4767],[-122.495,47.4772],[-122.491,47.4786],[-122.491,47.479],[-122.49,47.4796],[-122.486,47.4798],[-122.484,47.4802],[-122.484,47.4805],[-122.483,47.481],[-122.48,47.4847],[-122.48,47.4869],[-122.481,47.488],[-122.481,47.4889],[-122.479,47.494],[-122.479,47.4959],[-122.478,47.4985],[-122.478,47.5041],[-122.477,47.5047],[-122.476,47.5061],[-122.476,47.5085],[-122.477,47.5092],[-122.477,47.5102],[-122.473,47.5112],[-122.469,47.5106],[-122.456,47.506],[-122.456,47.5056],[-122.452,47.5036]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"King\",\"state\":\"WA\"}}]}","volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8c8ae4b0c8380cd7e742","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coe, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-0842-9608 jcoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-9608","contributorId":1333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jcoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":763667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael, J. A.","contributorId":48567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crovelli, R. A.","contributorId":40969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crovelli","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savage, William U. wusavage@usgs.gov","contributorId":2448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"William","email":"wusavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":763668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nashem, W.D.","contributorId":82104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nashem","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Laprade, W.T.","contributorId":17411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laprade","given":"W.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70027168,"text":"70027168 - 2004 - Toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using InSAR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:54:27","indexId":"70027168","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using InSAR","docAbstract":"<p><span>One of the limitations of deformation measurements made with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is that an interferogram only measures one component of the surface deformation — in the satellite's line of sight. We investigate strategies for mapping surface deformation in three dimensions by using multiple interferograms, with different imaging geometries. Geometries for both current and future missions are evaluated, and their abilities to resolve the displacement vector are compared. The north component is always the most difficult to determine using data from near-polar orbiting satellites. However, a satellite with an inclination of about 60°/120° would enable all three components to be well resolved. We attempt to resolve the 3D displacements for the 23 October 2002 Nenana Mountain (Alaska) Earthquake. The north component's error is much larger than the signal, but proxies for eastward and vertical motion can be determined if the north component is assumed negligible. Inversions of hypothetical coseismic interferograms demonstrate that earthquake model parameters can be well recovered from two interferograms, acquired on ascending and descending tracks.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2003GL018827","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Wright, T.J., Parsons, B.E., and Lu, Z., 2004, Toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using InSAR: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31, no. 1, L01607: 5 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018827.","productDescription":"L01607: 5 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb5b9e4b08c986b326867","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Tim J.","contributorId":84959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Tim","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, Barry E.","contributorId":36344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":412614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027166,"text":"70027166 - 2004 - The relationship between gorgonian coral (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea) diseases and African dust storms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027166","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":667,"text":"Aerobiologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between gorgonian coral (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea) diseases and African dust storms","docAbstract":"The number of reports of coral diseases has increased throughout the world in the last 20 years. Aspergillosis, which primarily affects Gorgonia ventalina and G. flabellum, is one of the few diseases to be characterized. This disease is caused by Aspergillus sydowii, a terrestrial fungus with a worldwide distribution. Upon infection, colonies may lose tissue, and ultimately, mortality may occur if the infection is not sequestered. The spores of A. sydowii are <5 ??m, small enough to be easily picked up by winds and dispersed over great distances. Aspergillosis is prevalent in the Caribbean, and it appears that this primarily terrestrial fungus has adapted to a marine environment. It has been proposed that dust storms originating in Africa may be one way in which potential coral pathogens are distributed and deposited into the marine environments of the Caribbean. To test the hypothesis that African dust storms transport and deposit pathogens, we collected air samples from both dust storms and periods of nondust in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Because we focused on fungal pathogens and used A. sydowii as a model, we isolated and cultured fungi on various types of media. Fungi including Aspergillus spp. were isolated from air samples taken from dust events and non-dust events. Twenty-three separate cultures and seven genera were isolated from dust event samples whereas eight cultures from five genera were isolated from non-dust air samples. Three isolates from the Virgin Islands dust event samples morphologically identified as Aspergillus spp. produced signs of aspergillosis in seafans, and the original pathogens were re-isolated from those diseased seafans fulfilling Koch's Postulates. This research supports the hypothesis that African dust storms transport across the Atlantic Ocean and deposit potential coral pathogens in the Caribbean.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aerobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/B:AERO.0000032949.14023.3a","issn":"03935965","usgsCitation":"Weir-Brush, J.R., Garrison, V., Smith, G., and Shinn, E., 2004, The relationship between gorgonian coral (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea) diseases and African dust storms: Aerobiologia, v. 20, no. 2, p. 119-126, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AERO.0000032949.14023.3a.","startPage":"119","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209005,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:AERO.0000032949.14023.3a"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf16e4b08c986b324538","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weir-Brush, J. R.","contributorId":23734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weir-Brush","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garrison, V.H.","contributorId":70731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrison","given":"V.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, G.W.","contributorId":6561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shinn, E.A.","contributorId":38610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70170834,"text":"70170834 - 2004 - Major histocompatibility complex loci are associated with susceptibility of Atlantic salmon to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T15:25:34","indexId":"70170834","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Major histocompatibility complex loci are associated with susceptibility of Atlantic salmon to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus","docAbstract":"<p><span>Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is one of the most significant viral pathogens of salmonids and is a leading cause of death among cultured juvenile fish. Although several vaccine strategies have been developed, some of which are highly protective, the delivery systems are still too costly for general use by the aquaculture industry. More cost effective methods could come from the identification of genes associated with IHNV resistance for use in selective breeding. Further, identification of susceptibility genes may lead to an improved understanding of viral pathogenesis and may therefore aid in the development of preventive and therapeutic measures. Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), involved in the primary recognition of foreign pathogens in the acquired immune response, are associated with resistance to a variety of diseases in vertebrate organisms. We conducted a preliminary analysis of MHC disease association in which an aquaculture strain of Atlantic salmon was challenged with IHNV at three different doses and individual fish were genotyped at three MHC loci using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), followed by sequencing of all differentiated alleles. Nine to fourteen alleles per exon-locus were resolved, and alleles potentially associated with resistance or susceptibility were identified. One allele (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Sasa</i><span>-B-04) from a potentially non-classical class I locus was highly associated with resistance to infectious hematopoietic necrosis (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">p</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.01). This information can be used to design crosses of specific haplotypes for family analysis of disease associations.<strong></strong></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022874.48341.0f","usgsCitation":"Miller, K.M., Winton, J.R., Schulze, A.D., Purcell, M., and Ming, T.J., 2004, Major histocompatibility complex loci are associated with susceptibility of Atlantic salmon to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 69, no. 1, p. 307-316, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022874.48341.0f.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"316","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023/b:ebfi.0000022874.48341.0f","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":320928,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5729cbb7e4b0b13d3919a3b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Kristina M.","contributorId":169133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Kristina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winton, James R. 0000-0002-3505-5509 jwinton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":1944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"James","email":"jwinton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulze, Angela D.","contributorId":169134,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schulze","given":"Angela","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Purcell, Maureen K. mpurcell@usgs.gov","contributorId":138685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purcell","given":"Maureen K.","email":"mpurcell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ming, Tobi J.","contributorId":169135,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ming","given":"Tobi","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027165,"text":"70027165 - 2004 - Cormorant predation and the population dynamics of walleye and yellow perch in Oneida Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-11T15:58:38.188055","indexId":"70027165","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cormorant predation and the population dynamics of walleye and yellow perch in Oneida Lake","docAbstract":"<p>Double-crested Cormorants (<i>Phalacrocorax auritus</i>) increased dramatically in North America during the 1990s, providing the opportunity to study the effects of an increase of a top predator on an existing predator-prey system. In Oneida Lake, New York, USA, Double-crested Cormorants were first observed nesting in 1984 and had increased to over 360 nesting pairs by 2000. Concomitant with this increase in piscivorous birds was a decrease in the adult walleye (<i>Stizostedion vitreum</i>) and yellow perch (<i>Perca flavescens</i>) populations. Analysis of a 40-yr data series shows higher mortality of subadults (age 1-2 yr perch and age 1-3 yr walleye) for both species in the 1990s compared to the previous three decades. Cormorant diet was investigated from 1995 to 2000 using a combination of cast pellets, regurgitants, and stomach analysis. Walleye and yellow perch were a major portion of the cormorant diet during these years (40-82% by number). The number of subadult walleye and yellow perch consumed by cormorants suggests that the increase in subadult mortality can be explained by predation from cormorants. Mean mortality rates of adult percids attributed to cormorant predation were 1.1% per year for walleye and 7.7% per year for yellow perch. Our analysis suggests that predation by cormorants on subadult percids is a major factor contributing to the decline in both the walleye and the yellow perch populations in Oneida Lake. Other ecosystem changes (zebra mussels, lower nutrient loading, decrease in alternate prey) are not likely explanations because the potential mechanisms involved are not consistent with auxiliary data from the lake and would not affect subadult mortality. The likely impact of bird predation on percid populations in Oneida Lake occurs because cormorants feed on larger fish that are beyond the size range where compensatory mechanisms are important.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/03-5010","usgsCitation":"Rudstam, L.G., VanDeValk, A., Adams, C., Coleman, J., Forney, J., and Richmond, M.E., 2004, Cormorant predation and the population dynamics of walleye and yellow perch in Oneida Lake: Ecological Applications, v. 14, no. 1, p. 149-163, https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5010.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"163","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Oneida Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.14898681640625,\n              43.23319741022136\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.12701416015624,\n              43.2151850073567\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.03363037109374,\n              43.167125915000284\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.8770751953125,\n              43.13907396889933\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.7177734375,\n              43.153101551466385\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.71502685546875,\n              43.19916951473751\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.7232666015625,\n              43.24520272203356\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.80841064453125,\n              43.2432020009995\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.92926025390625,\n              43.257205668363206\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.15447998046875,\n              43.257205668363206\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.14898681640625,\n              43.23319741022136\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc1ce4b0c8380cd4e10f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rudstam, L. G.","contributorId":24720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudstam","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"VanDeValk, A.J.","contributorId":51071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanDeValk","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, C.M.","contributorId":36483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coleman, J.T.H.","contributorId":86156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"J.T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Forney, J.L.","contributorId":47133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forney","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Richmond, M. E.","contributorId":22729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1015215,"text":"1015215 - 2004 - Cross scale interactions, nonlinearities, and forecasting catastrophic events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T11:24:24","indexId":"1015215","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2982,"text":"PNAS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cross scale interactions, nonlinearities, and forecasting catastrophic events","docAbstract":"<p>Catastrophic events share characteristic nonlinear behaviors that are often generated by cross-scale interactions and feedbacks among system elements. These events result in surprises that cannot easily be predicted based on information obtained at a single scale. Progress on catastrophic events has focused on one of the following two areas: nonlinear dynamics through time without an explicit consideration of spatial connectivity [Holling, C. S. (1992) <i>Ecol. Monogr.</i> 62, 447–502] or spatial connectivity and the spread of contagious processes without a consideration of cross-scale interactions and feedbacks [Zeng, N., Neeling, J. D., Lau, L. M. &amp; Tucker, C. J. (1999) <i>Science</i> 286, 1537–1540]. These approaches rarely have ventured beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries. We provide an interdisciplinary, conceptual, and general mathematical framework for understanding and forecasting nonlinear dynamics through time and across space. We illustrate the generality and usefulness of our approach by using new data and recasting published data from ecology (wildfires and desertification), epidemiology (infectious diseases), and engineering (structural failures). We show that decisions that minimize the likelihood of catastrophic events must be based on cross-scale interactions, and such decisions will often be counterintuitive. Given the continuing challenges associated with global change, approaches that cross disciplinary boundaries to include interactions and feedbacks at multiple scales are needed to increase our ability to predict catastrophic events and develop strategies for minimizing their occurrence and impacts. Our framework is an important step in developing predictive tools and designing experiments to examine cross-scale interactions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0403822101","usgsCitation":"Peters, D., Pielke, R.A., Bestelmeyer, B.T., Allen, C.D., Munson-McGee, S., and Havstad, K.M., 2004, Cross scale interactions, nonlinearities, and forecasting catastrophic events: PNAS, v. 101, no. 42, p. 15130-15135, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403822101.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"15130","endPage":"15135","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/523446","text":"External Repository"},{"id":132401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"42","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-10-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db680f57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Debra P. C.","contributorId":36903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peters","given":"Debra P. C.","affiliations":[{"id":25579,"text":"USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, Roger A. Sr.","contributorId":32762,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pielke","given":"Roger","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.","contributorId":26180,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bestelmeyer","given":"Brandon","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6973,"text":"USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range and Jornada Basin LTER, Las Cruces, NM; New Mexico State University, Dept. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Las Cruces, NM","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Munson-McGee, Stuart","contributorId":99939,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Munson-McGee","given":"Stuart","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27640,"text":"New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Havstad, Kris M.","contributorId":16692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Havstad","given":"Kris","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70027154,"text":"70027154 - 2004 - Methods for estimating adsorbed uranium(VI) and distribution coefficients of contaminated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:06:43","indexId":"70027154","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for estimating adsorbed uranium(VI) and distribution coefficients of contaminated sediments","docAbstract":"Assessing the quantity of U(VI) that participates in sorption/desorption processes in a contaminated aquifer is an important task when investigating U migration behavior. U-contaminated aquifer sediments were obtained from 16 different locations at a former U mill tailings site at Naturita, CO (U.S.A.) and were extracted with an artificial groundwater, a high pH sodium bicarbonate solution, hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution, and concentrated nitric acid. With an isotopic exchange method, both a KD value for the specific experimental conditions as well as the total exchangeable mass of U(VI) was determined. Except for one sample, KD values determined by isotopic exchange with U-contaminated sediments that were in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2 agreed within a factor of 2 with KD values predicted from a nonelectrostatic surface complexation model (NEM) developed from U(VI) adsorption experiments with uncontaminated sediments. The labile fraction of U(VI) and U extracted by the bicarbonate solution were highly correlated (r2 = 0.997), with a slope of 0.96 ?? 0.01. The proximity of the slope to one suggests that both methods likely access the same reservoir of U(VI) associated with the sediments. The results indicate that the bicarbonate extraction method is useful for estimating the mass of labile U(VI) in sediments that do not contain U(IV). In-situ KD values calculated from the measured labile U(VI) and the dissolved U(VI) in the Naturita alluvial aquifer agreed within a factor of 3 with in-situ K D values predicted with the NEM and groundwater chemistry at each well.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es0341236","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kohler, M., Curtis, G., Meece, D., and Davis, J., 2004, Methods for estimating adsorbed uranium(VI) and distribution coefficients of contaminated sediments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 1, p. 240-247, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0341236.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"240","endPage":"247","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209272,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0341236"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-11-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a558ae4b0c8380cd6d228","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kohler, M.","contributorId":32694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohler","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curtis, G.P.","contributorId":65619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meece, D.E.","contributorId":107893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meece","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027109,"text":"70027109 - 2004 - Subsurface fate of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons in continuous permafrost","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70027109","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1264,"text":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface fate of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons in continuous permafrost","docAbstract":"Accidental releases of approximately 2000 m3 of fuel have resulted in subsurface contamination adjacent to Imikpuk Lake, a drinking-water source near Barrow, AK. This paper presents a conceptual model of the distribution and transport of subsurface free-phase hydrocarbons at this site. The mean annual temperature in Barrow is -13 ??C, and average monthly temperatures exceed 0 ??C only during the months of June, July, and August. As a result, the region is underlain by areally continuous permafrost that extends to depths of up to 300 m and constrains subsurface hydrologic processes to a shallow zone that temporarily thaws each summer. During the 1993 and 1994 thaw seasons, the measured depth of thaw varied across the site from approximately 0.5 to 2 m. However, exploratory borings in 1995 showed that free-phase hydrocarbons were present at depths greater than 3 m, indicating that permafrost at this site is not a barrier to the vertical migration of nonaqueous-phase liquids. In 1996, a subsurface containment barrier was installed to prevent lateral movement of contaminated water to Imikpuk Lake, and a recovery trench was excavated upgradient of the barrier to facilitate removal of free-phase hydrocarbons. Free-phase hydrocarbons were recovered from the trench during 1996, 1997, and 1998. Recovery rates diminished over this time, and in 1999, no further product was recovered and the recovery operation was halted. Subsequent exploratory borings in 2001 and 2002 have revealed that some product remains in the subsurface. Data indicate that this remaining product exists in small discrete pockets or very thin layers of hydrocarbon floating on brine. These small reservoirs appear to be isolated from one another by relatively impermeable permafrost. Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0165-232X(03)00062-4","issn":"0165232X","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K., Walker, L., and Vigoren, L., 2004, Subsurface fate of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons in continuous permafrost: Cold Regions Science and Technology, v. 38, no. 1, p. 43-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(03)00062-4.","startPage":"43","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209149,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(03)00062-4"},{"id":235372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d64e4b08c986b31d80d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, K.","contributorId":48287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, L.","contributorId":80469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vigoren, L.","contributorId":60423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vigoren","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1000937,"text":"1000937 - 2004 - Dietary uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T13:41:13","indexId":"1000937","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2885,"text":"North American Journal of Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dietary uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by rainbow trout","docAbstract":"<p><span>The presence of detectable levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in commercially produced fish feed has raised a concern about the degree of biomagnification of these contaminants in hatchery-reared trout. Our objectives were to (1) define the relationship between concentrations of PCBs in fish feed and in fish tissue and (2) estimate the relative contributions of feed and hatchery supply water to PCB concentrations in fish. We conducted a 6-month feeding trial with fingerling rainbow trout&nbsp;</span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span>&nbsp;fed commercial diets with four concentrations of PCBs: a low-PCB diet (69 ng/g); a typical commercial diet (126 ng/g); and the typical diet spiked with PCBs at two levels (220 and 280 ng/g). The concentrations of PCBs in fillets after 1 month were commensurate with those in the feeds and remained relatively stable for the next 5 months; mean PCB concentrations in fillets ranged from 54 to 94 ng/g. Low levels of PCBs were detected in the hatchery supply water. We used the concentrations of PCBs in the feeds, absorption rates of PCBs, and two different rates of PCB depuration to estimate the potential uptake of PCBs from supply water. When we used a low depuration rate (half-life = 219 d), the computed body burdens of PCBs could be entirely attributed to the feeds. When a high depuration rate (half-life = 66 d) was used, some uptake of PCBs from the supply water was likely, but most of the total body burden originated from the feeds. We concluded that rainbow trout fed a diet with 126 ng/g PCBs would have a PCB concentration of about 60 ng/g in their fillets, which is high enough to warrant issuance of a consumption advisory (no more than one meal of fish per week) under a protocol adopted by some Great Lakes states.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/A03-028.1","usgsCitation":"Carline, R.F., Barry, P.M., and Ketola, H.G., 2004, Dietary uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by rainbow trout: North American Journal of Aquaculture, v. 66, no. 2, p. 91-99, https://doi.org/10.1577/A03-028.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"99","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d7fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carline, Robert F.","contributorId":102442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carline","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barry, Patrick M.","contributorId":11572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barry","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ketola, H. George 0000-0002-7260-5602 gketola@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7260-5602","contributorId":2664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketola","given":"H.","email":"gketola@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"George","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027098,"text":"70027098 - 2004 - Use of medium-range numerical weather prediction model output to produce forecasts of streamflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-22T15:27:56.250143","indexId":"70027098","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of medium-range numerical weather prediction model output to produce forecasts of streamflow","docAbstract":"<p>This paper examines an archive containing over 40 years of 8-day atmospheric forecasts over the contiguous United States from the NCEP reanalysis project to assess the possibilities for using medium-range numerical weather prediction model output for predictions of streamflow. This analysis shows the biases in the NCEP forecasts to be quite extreme. In many regions, systematic precipitation biases exceed 100% of the mean, with temperature biases exceeding <span>3°C</span>. In some locations, biases are even higher. The accuracy of NCEP precipitation and 2-m maximum temperature forecasts is computed by interpolating the NCEP model output for each forecast day to the location of each station in the NWS cooperative network and computing the correlation with station observations. Results show that the accuracy of the NCEP forecasts is rather low in many areas of the country. Most apparent is the generally low skill in precipitation forecasts (particularly in July) and low skill in temperature forecasts in the western United States, the eastern seaboard, and the southern tier of states. These results outline a clear need for additional processing of the NCEP Medium-Range Forecast Model (MRF) output before it is used for hydrologic predictions. Techniques of model output statistics (MOS) are used in this paper to downscale the NCEP forecasts to station locations. Forecasted atmospheric variables (e.g., total column precipitable water, 2-m air temperature) are used as predictors in a forward screening multiple linear regression model to improve forecasts of precipitation and temperature for stations in the National Weather Service cooperative network. This procedure effectively removes all systematic biases in the raw NCEP precipitation and temperature forecasts. MOS guidance also results in substantial improvements in the accuracy of maximum and minimum temperature forecasts throughout the country. For precipitation, forecast improvements were less impressive. MOS guidance increases he accuracy of precipitation forecasts over the northeastern United States, but overall, the accuracy of MOS-based precipitation forecasts is slightly lower than the raw NCEP forecasts. Four basins in the United States were chosen as case studies to evaluate the value of MRF output for predictions of streamflow. Streamflow forecasts using MRF output were generated for one rainfall-dominated basin (Alapaha River at Statenville, Georgia) and three snowmelt-dominated basins (Animas River at Durango, Colorado: East Fork of the Carson River near Gardnerville, Nevada: and Cle Elum River near Roslyn, Washington). Hydrologic model output forced with measured-station data were used as \"truth\" to focus attention on the hydrologic effects of errors in the MRF forecasts. Eight-day streamflow forecasts produced using the MOS-corrected MRF output as input (MOS) were compared with those produced using the climatic Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) technique. MOS-based streamflow forecasts showed increased skill in the snowmelt-dominated river basins, where daily variations in streamflow are strongly forced by temperature. In contrast, the skill of MOS forecasts in the rainfall-dominated basin (the Alapaha River) were equivalent to the skill of the ESP forecasts. Further improvements in streamflow forecasts require more accurate local-scale forecasts of precipitation and temperature, more accurate specification of basin initial conditions, and more accurate model simulations of streamflow.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"AMS Publications","doi":"10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0015:UOMNWP>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Clark, M., and Hay, L., 2004, Use of medium-range numerical weather prediction model output to produce forecasts of streamflow: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 5, no. 1, p. 15-32, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0015:UOMNWP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478157,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0015:uomnwp>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              [\n                -94.81758,\n                49.38905\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.64,\n                48.84\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.32914,\n                48.67074\n              ],\n              [\n                -93.63087,\n                48.60926\n              ],\n              [\n                -92.61,\n                48.45\n              ],\n              [\n                -91.64,\n                48.14\n              ],\n              [\n                -90.83,\n                48.27\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.6,\n                48.01\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.27292,\n                48.01981\n              ],\n              [\n                -88.37811,\n                48.30292\n              ],\n              [\n                -87.43979,\n                47.94\n              ],\n              [\n                -86.46199,\n                47.55334\n              ],\n              [\n                -85.65236,\n                47.22022\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.87608,\n                46.90008\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.77924,\n                46.6371\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.54375,\n                46.53868\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.6049,\n                46.4396\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.3367,\n                46.40877\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.14212,\n                46.51223\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.09185,\n                46.27542\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.89077,\n                46.11693\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.61613,\n                46.11693\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.46955,\n                45.99469\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.59285,\n                45.81689\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.55092,\n                45.34752\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.33776,\n                44.44\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.13764,\n                43.57109\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.43,\n                42.98\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.9,\n                42.43\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.12,\n                42.08\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.142,\n                41.97568\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.02981,\n                41.8328\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.69009,\n                41.67511\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.43928,\n                41.67511\n              ],\n              [\n                -81.27775,\n                42.20903\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.24745,\n                42.3662\n              ],\n              [\n                -78.93936,\n                42.86361\n              ],\n              [\n                -78.92,\n                42.965\n              ],\n              [\n                -79.01,\n                43.27\n              ],\n              [\n                -79.17167,\n                43.46634\n              ],\n              [\n                -78.72028,\n                43.62509\n              ],\n              [\n                -77.73789,\n                43.62906\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.82003,\n                43.62878\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.5,\n                44.01846\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.375,\n                44.09631\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.31821,\n                44.81645\n              ],\n              [\n                -74.867,\n                45.00048\n              ],\n              [\n                -73.34783,\n                45.00738\n              ],\n              [\n                -71.50506,\n                45.0082\n              ],\n              [\n                -71.405,\n                45.255\n              ],\n              [\n                -71.08482,\n                45.30524\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.66,\n                45.46\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.305,\n                45.915\n              ],\n              [\n                -69.99997,\n                46.69307\n              ],\n              [\n                -69.23722,\n                47.44778\n              ],\n              [\n                -68.905,\n                47.185\n              ],\n              [\n                -68.23444,\n                47.35486\n              ],\n              [\n                -67.79046,\n                47.06636\n              ],\n              [\n                -67.79134,\n                45.70281\n              ],\n              [\n                -67.13741,\n                45.13753\n              ],\n              [\n                -66.96466,\n                44.8097\n              ],\n              [\n                -68.03252,\n                44.3252\n              ],\n              [\n                -69.06,\n                43.98\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.11617,\n                43.68405\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.64548,\n                43.09024\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.81489,\n                42.8653\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.825,\n                42.335\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.495,\n                41.805\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.08,\n                41.78\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.185,\n                42.145\n              ],\n              [\n                -69.88497,\n                41.92283\n              ],\n              [\n                -69.96503,\n                41.63717\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.64,\n                41.475\n              ],\n              [\n                -71.12039,\n                41.49445\n              ],\n              [\n                -71.86,\n                41.32\n              ],\n              [\n                -72.295,\n                41.27\n              ],\n              [\n                -72.87643,\n                41.22065\n              ],\n              [\n                -73.71,\n                40.9311\n              ],\n              [\n                -72.24126,\n                41.11948\n              ],\n              [\n                -71.945,\n                40.93\n              ],\n              [\n                -73.345,\n                40.63\n              ],\n              [\n                -73.982,\n                40.628\n              ],\n              [\n                -73.95232,\n                40.75075\n              ],\n              [\n                -74.25671,\n                40.47351\n              ],\n              [\n                -73.96244,\n                40.42763\n              ],\n              [\n                -74.17838,\n                39.70926\n              ],\n              [\n                -74.90604,\n                38.93954\n              ],\n              [\n                -74.98041,\n                39.1964\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.20002,\n                39.24845\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.52805,\n                39.4985\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.32,\n                38.96\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.07183,\n                38.78203\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.05673,\n                38.40412\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.37747,\n                38.01551\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.94023,\n                37.21689\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.03127,\n                37.2566\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.72205,\n                37.93705\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.23287,\n                38.31921\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.35,\n                39.15\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.54272,\n                38.71762\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.32933,\n                38.08326\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.99,\n                38.23999\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.30162,\n                37.91794\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.25874,\n                36.9664\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.9718,\n                36.89726\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.86804,\n                36.55125\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.72749,\n                35.55074\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.36318,\n                34.80854\n              ],\n              [\n                -77.39763,\n                34.51201\n              ],\n              [\n                -78.05496,\n                33.92547\n              ],\n              [\n                -78.55435,\n                33.86133\n              ],\n              [\n                -79.06067,\n                33.49395\n              ],\n              [\n                -79.20357,\n                33.15839\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.30132,\n                32.50935\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.86498,\n                32.0333\n              ],\n              [\n                -81.33629,\n                31.44049\n              ],\n              [\n                -81.49042,\n                30.72999\n              ],\n              [\n                -81.31371,\n                30.03552\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.98,\n                29.18\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.53558,\n                28.47213\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.53,\n                28.04\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.05654,\n                26.88\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.08801,\n                26.20576\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.13156,\n                25.81677\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.38103,\n                25.20616\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.68,\n                25.08\n              ],\n              [\n                -81.17213,\n                25.20126\n              ],\n              [\n                -81.33,\n                25.64\n              ],\n              [\n                -81.71,\n                25.87\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.24,\n                26.73\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.70515,\n                27.49504\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.85526,\n                27.88624\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.65,\n                28.55\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.93,\n                29.1\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.70959,\n                29.93656\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.1,\n                30.09\n              ],\n              [\n                -85.10882,\n                29.63615\n              ],\n              [\n                -85.28784,\n                29.68612\n              ],\n              [\n                -85.7731,\n                30.15261\n              ],\n              [\n                -86.4,\n                30.4\n              ],\n              [\n                -87.53036,\n                30.27433\n              ],\n              [\n                -88.41782,\n                30.3849\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.18049,\n                30.31598\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.59383,\n                30.15999\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.41373,\n                29.89419\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.43,\n                29.48864\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.21767,\n                29.29108\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.40823,\n                29.15961\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.77928,\n                29.30714\n              ],\n              [\n                -90.15463,\n                29.11743\n              ],\n              [\n                -90.88022,\n                29.14854\n              ],\n              [\n                -91.62678,\n                29.677\n              ],\n              [\n                -92.49906,\n                29.5523\n              ],\n              [\n                -93.22637,\n                29.78375\n              ],\n              [\n                -93.84842,\n                29.71363\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.69,\n                29.48\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.60026,\n                28.73863\n              ],\n              [\n                -96.59404,\n                28.30748\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.14,\n                27.83\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.37,\n                27.38\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.38,\n                26.69\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.33,\n                26.21\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.14,\n                25.87\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.53,\n                25.84\n              ],\n              [\n                -98.24,\n                26.06\n              ],\n              [\n                -99.02,\n                26.37\n              ],\n              [\n                -99.3,\n                26.84\n              ],\n              [\n                -99.52,\n                27.54\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.11,\n                28.11\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.45584,\n                28.69612\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.9576,\n                29.38071\n              ],\n              [\n                -101.6624,\n                29.7793\n              ],\n              [\n                -102.48,\n                29.76\n              ],\n              [\n                -103.11,\n                28.97\n              ],\n              [\n                -103.94,\n                29.27\n              ],\n              [\n                -104.45697,\n                29.57196\n              ],\n              [\n                -104.70575,\n                30.12173\n              ],\n              [\n                -105.03737,\n                30.64402\n              ],\n              [\n                -105.63159,\n                31.08383\n              ],\n              [\n                -106.1429,\n                31.39995\n              ],\n              [\n                -106.50759,\n                31.75452\n              ],\n              [\n                -108.24,\n                31.75485\n              ],\n              [\n                -108.24194,\n                31.34222\n              ],\n              [\n                -109.035,\n                31.34194\n              ],\n              [\n                -111.02361,\n                31.33472\n              ],\n              [\n                -113.30498,\n                32.03914\n              ],\n              [\n                -114.815,\n                32.52528\n              ],\n              [\n                -114.72139,\n                32.72083\n              ],\n              [\n                -115.99135,\n                32.61239\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.12776,\n                32.53534\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.29594,\n                33.04622\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.944,\n                33.62124\n              ],\n              [\n                -118.4106,\n                33.74091\n              ],\n              [\n                -118.51989,\n                34.02778\n              ],\n              [\n                -119.081,\n                34.078\n              ],\n              [\n                -119.43884,\n                34.34848\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.36778,\n                34.44711\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.62286,\n                34.60855\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.74433,\n                35.15686\n              ],\n              [\n                -121.71457,\n                36.16153\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.54747,\n                37.55176\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.51201,\n                37.78339\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.95319,\n                38.11371\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.7272,\n                38.95166\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.86517,\n                39.76699\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.39807,\n                40.3132\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.17886,\n                41.14202\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.2137,\n                41.99964\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.53284,\n                42.76599\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.14214,\n                43.70838\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.02053,\n                44.6159\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.89893,\n                45.52341\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.07963,\n                46.86475\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.39567,\n                47.72017\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.68721,\n                48.18443\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.5661,\n                48.37971\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.12,\n                48.04\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.58736,\n                47.096\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.34,\n                47.36\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.5,\n                48.18\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.84,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -120,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.03121,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -116.04818,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -113,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -110.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -107.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -104.04826,\n                48.99986\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.65,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.22872,\n                49.0007\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15907,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15609,\n                49.38425\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.81758,\n                49.38905\n              ]\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      },\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"name\": \"United States\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf3de4b08c986b329a3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, M.P.","contributorId":49558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027056,"text":"70027056 - 2004 - Gas-partitioning tracer test to quantify trapped gas during recharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T10:33:36","indexId":"70027056","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas-partitioning tracer test to quantify trapped gas during recharge","docAbstract":"Dissolved helium and bromide tracers were used to evaluate trapped gas during an infiltration pond experiment. Dissolved helium preferentially partitioned into trapped gas bubbles, or other pore air, because of its low solubility in water. This produced observed helium retardation factors of as much as 12 relative to bromide. Numerical simulations of helium breakthrough with both equilibrium and kinetically limited advection/dispersion/retardation did not match observed helium concentrations. However, better fits were obtained by including a decay term representing the diffusive loss of helium through interconnected, gas-filled pores. Calculations indicate that 7% to more than 26% of the porosity beneath the pond was filled with gas. Measurements of laboratory hydraulic properties indicate that a 10% decrease in saturation would reduce the hydraulic conductivity by at least one order of magnitude in the well-sorted sandstone, but less in the overlying soils. This is consistent with in situ measurements during the experiment, which show steeper hydraulic gradients in sandstone than in soil. Intrinsic permeability of the soil doubled during the first six months of the experiment, likely caused by a combination of dissolution and thermal contraction of trapped gas. Managers of artificial recharge basins may consider minimizing the amount of trapped gas by using wet, rather than dry, tilling to optimize infiltration rates, particularly in well-sorted porous media in which reintroduced trapped gas may cause substantial reductions in permeability. Trapped gas may also inhibit the amount of focused infiltration that occurs naturally during ephemeral flood events along washes and playas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02627.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Heilweil, V., Solomon, D.K., Perkins, K., and Ellett, K., 2004, Gas-partitioning tracer test to quantify trapped gas during recharge: Ground Water, v. 42, no. 4, p. 589-600, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02627.x.","startPage":"589","endPage":"600","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209291,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02627.x"}],"volume":"42","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14dfe4b0c8380cd54be2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heilweil, V.M.","contributorId":25197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heilweil","given":"V.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, D. K.","contributorId":98324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solomon","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perkins, K. S. 0000-0001-8349-447X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8349-447X","contributorId":77557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"K. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellett, K. M.","contributorId":49439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellett","given":"K. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027049,"text":"70027049 - 2004 - Goals and strategies for estimating trends in landbird abundance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70027049","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Goals and strategies for estimating trends in landbird abundance","docAbstract":"Reliable estimates of trends in population size are critical to effective management of landbirds. We propose a standard for considering that landbird populations are adequately monitored: 80% power to detect a 50% decline occuning within 20 years, using a 2-tailed test and a significance level of 0.10, and incorporating effects of potential bias. Our standard also requires that at least two-thirds of the target region be covered by the monitoring program. We recommend that the standard be achieved for species' entire ranges or for any area one-third the size of the temperate portions of Canada and the United States, whichever is smaller. We applied our approach to North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. At present, potential annual bias for the BBS is estimated at ??0.008. Further, the BBS achieves the monitoring standard for only about 42% of landbirds for which the BBS is considered the most effective monitoring approach. Achieving the proposed monitoring target for ???80% of these species would require increasing the number of BBS - or similar survey - routes by several-fold, a goal that probably is impractical. We suggest several methods for reducing potential bias and argue that if our methods are implemented, potential bias would fall to ??0.003. The required number of BBS or similar routes would then be 5,106, about 40% more than in the current BBS program. Most of the needed increases are in 15 states or provinces. Developing a comprehensive land-bird monitoring program will require increased support for coordination of the BBS (currently 2 people) and new programs for species that are poorly covered at present. Our results provide a quantitative goal for long-term land-bird monitoring and identify the sample sizes needed, within each state and province, to achieve the monitoring goal for most of the roughly 300 landbird species that are well suited to monitoring with the BBS and similar surveys.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0611:GASFET]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Bart, J., Burnham, K., Dunn, E.H., Francis, C., and John, R.C., 2004, Goals and strategies for estimating trends in landbird abundance: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 68, no. 3, p. 611-626, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0611:GASFET]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"611","endPage":"626","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209221,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0611:GASFET]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":235478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2972e4b0c8380cd5a96c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bart, J.","contributorId":76272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunn, Erica H.","contributorId":35841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dunn","given":"Erica","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Francis, C.M.","contributorId":29092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francis","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"John, Ralph C.","contributorId":26492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026998,"text":"70026998 - 2004 - Pedogenic silica accumulation in chronosequence soils, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T17:09:59.524864","indexId":"70026998","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pedogenic silica accumulation in chronosequence soils, southern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Chronosequential analysis of soil properties has proven to be a valuable approach for estimating ages of geomorphic surfaces where no independent age control exists. In this study we examined pedogenic silica as an indicator of relative ages of soils and geomorphic surfaces, and assessed potential sources of the silica. Pedogenic opaline silica was quantified by tiron (4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene-disulfonic acid [disodium salt], C</span><sub>6</sub><span>H</span><sub>4</sub><span>Na</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>8</sub><span>S</span><sub>2</sub><span>) extraction for pedons in two different chronosequences in southern California, one in the San Timoteo Badlands and one in Cajon Pass. The soils of both of these chronosequences are developed in arkosic sediments and span 11.5 to 500 ka. The amount of pedogenic silica increases with increasing duration of pedogenesis, and the depth of the maximum silica accumulation generally coincides with the maximum expression of the argillic horizon. Pedogenic silica has accumulated in all of the soils, ranging from 1.2% tiron-extractable Si (Si</span><sub>tn</sub><span>) in the youngest soil to 4.6% in the oldest. Primary Si decreases with increasing duration of weathering, particularly in the upper horizons, where weathering conditions are most intense. The loss of Si coincides with the loss of Na and K, implicating the weathering of feldspars as the likely source of Si loss. The quantity of Si lost in the upper horizons is adequate to account for the pedogenic silica accumulation in the subsoil. Pedogenic silica was equally effective as pedogenic Fe oxides as an indicator of relative soil age in these soils.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj2004.1295","usgsCitation":"Kendrick, K., and Graham, R., 2004, Pedogenic silica accumulation in chronosequence soils, southern California: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 68, no. 4, p. 1295-1303, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.1295.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1295","endPage":"1303","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Timoteo Badlands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.24609374999999,\n              33.94905609818093\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.06756591796875,\n              33.94905609818093\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.06756591796875,\n              34.0219331594475\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.24609374999999,\n              34.0219331594475\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.24609374999999,\n              33.94905609818093\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a762de4b0c8380cd77f84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendrick, K.J. 0000-0002-9839-6861","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9839-6861","contributorId":48595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendrick","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graham, R.C.","contributorId":33740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026990,"text":"70026990 - 2004 - Evaluation of cage micro-environment of mice housed on various types of bedding materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026990","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1332,"text":"Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of cage micro-environment of mice housed on various types of bedding materials","docAbstract":"A variety of environmental factors can affect the outcomes of studies using laboratory rodents. One such factor is bedding. Several new bedding materials and processing methods have been introduced to the market in recent years, but there are few reports of their performance. In the studies reported here, we have assessed the cage micro-environment (in-cage ammonia levels, temperature, and humidity) of mice housed on various kinds of bedding and their combinations. We also compared results for bedding supplied as Nestpaks versus loose bedding. We studied C57BL/6J mice (commonly used) and NOD/LtJ mice (heavy soilers) that were maintained, except in one study, in static duplex cages. In general, we observed little effect of bedding type on in-cage temperature or humidity; however, there was considerable variation in ammonia concentrations. The lowest ammonia concentrations occurred in cages housing mice on hardwood bedding or a mixture of corncob and alpha cellulose. In one experiment comparing the micro-environments of NOD/LtJ male mice housed on woodpulp fiber bedding in static versus ventilated caging, we showed a statistically significant decrease in ammonia concentrations in ventilated cages. Therefore, our data show that bedding type affects the micro-environment in static cages and that effects may differ for ventilated cages, which are being used in vivaria with increasing frequency.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10600558","usgsCitation":"Smith, E., Stockwell, J., Schweitzer, I., Langley, S., and Smith, A.L., 2004, Evaluation of cage micro-environment of mice housed on various types of bedding materials: Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science, v. 43, no. 4, p. 12-17.","startPage":"12","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c62e4b0c8380cd52b0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, E.","contributorId":75267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stockwell, J.D.","contributorId":19678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockwell","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweitzer, I.","contributorId":85382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Langley, S.H.","contributorId":33105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langley","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, A. L.","contributorId":15336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027797,"text":"70027797 - 2004 - Holocene fault scarps near Tacoma, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70027797","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene fault scarps near Tacoma, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"Airborne laser mapping confirms that Holocene active faults traverse the Puget Sound metropolitan area, northwestern continental United States. The mapping, which detects forest-floor relief of as little as 15 cm, reveals scarps along geophysical lineaments that separate areas of Holocene uplift and subsidence. Along one such line of scarps, we found that a fault warped the ground surface between A.D. 770 and 1160. This reverse fault, which projects through Tacoma, Washington, bounds the southern and western sides of the Seattle uplift. The northern flank of the Seattle uplift is bounded by a reverse fault beneath Seattle that broke in A.D. 900-930. Observations of tectonic scarps along the Tacoma fault demonstrate that active faulting with associated surface rupture and ground motions pose a significant hazard in the Puget Sound region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G19914.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Sherrod, B., Brocher, T., Weaver, C., Bucknam, R., Blakely, R., Kelsey, H., Nelson, A., and Haugerud, R., 2004, Holocene fault scarps near Tacoma, Washington, USA: Geology, v. 32, no. 1, p. 9-12, https://doi.org/10.1130/G19914.1.","startPage":"9","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210984,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G19914.1"},{"id":238107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31e6e4b0c8380cd5e31d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherrod, B.L.","contributorId":68937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bucknam, R.C.","contributorId":35744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bucknam","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kelsey, H.M.","contributorId":84300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelsey","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nelson, A.R. 0000-0001-7117-7098","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-7098","contributorId":55078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Haugerud, R.","contributorId":59618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugerud","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
]}