{"pageNumber":"270","pageRowStart":"6725","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11003,"records":[{"id":1015946,"text":"1015946 - 2000 - Spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone in western Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:51","indexId":"1015946","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone in western Washington, USA","docAbstract":"We quantified the distribution of tropospheric ozone in topographically complex western Washington state, USA (total area a??6000 km2), using passive ozone samplers along nine river drainages to measure ozone exposure from near sea level to high-elevation mountain sites. Weekly average ozone concentrations were higher with increasing distance from the urban core and at higher elevations, increasing a mean of 1.3 ppbv per 100 m elevation gain for all mountain transects. Weekly average ozone concentrations were generally highest in Cascade Mountains drainages east and southeast of Seattle (maximum=55a??67 pbv) and in the Columbia River Gorge east of Portland (maximum=59 ppbv), and lowest in the western Olympic Peninsula (maximum=34 ppbv). Higher ozone concentrations in the Cascade Mountains and Columbia River locations downwind of large cities indicate that significant quantities of ozone and ozone precursors are being transported eastward toward rural wildland areas by prevailing westerly winds. In addition, temporal (week to week) variation in ozone distribution is synchronous within and between all drainages sampled, which indicates that there is regional coherence in air pollution detectable with weekly averages. These data provide insight on large-scale spatial variation of ozone distribution in western Washington, and will help regulatory agencies optimize future monitoring networks and identify locations where human health and natural resources could be at risk.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Cooper, S., and Peterson, D.L., 2000, Spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone in western Washington, USA: Environmental Pollution, v. 107, no. 3, p. 339-347.","productDescription":"p. 339-347","startPage":"339","endPage":"347","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e763c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, S.M.","contributorId":11576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015328,"text":"1015328 - 2000 - Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:27:32","indexId":"1015328","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range","docAbstract":"

We asked whether 3–5 kg N y−1 atmospheric N deposition was sufficient to have influenced natural, otherwise undisturbed, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the Colorado Front Range by comparing ecosystem processes and properties east and west of the Continental Divide. The eastern side receives elevated N deposition from urban, agricultural, and industrial sources, compared with 1–2 kg N y−1 on the western side. Foliage of east side old-growth Englemann spruce forests have significantly lower C:N and lignin:N ratios and greater N:Mg and N:P ratios. Soil % N is higher, and C:N ratios lower in the east side stands, and potential net N mineralization rates are greater. Lake NO3 concentrations are significantly higher in eastern lakes than western lakes. Two east side lakes studied paleolimnologically revealed rapid changes in diatom community composition and increased biovolumes and cell concentrations. The diatom flora is now representative of increased disturbance or eutrophication. Sediment nitrogen isotopic ratios have become progressively lighter over the past 50 years, coincident with the change in algal flora, possibly from an influx of isotopically light N volatilized from agricultural fields and feedlots. Seventy-five percent of the increased east side soil N pool can be accounted for by increased N deposition commensurate with human settlement. Nitrogen emissions from fixed, mobile, and agricultural sources have increased dramatically since approximately 1950 to the east of the Colorado Front Range, as they have in many parts of the world. Our findings indicate even slight increases in atmospheric deposition lead to measurable changes in ecosystem properties.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100210000032","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Rueth, H., Wolfe, A., Nydick, K., Allstott, E., Minear, J., and Moraska, B., 2000, Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range: Ecosystems, v. 3, no. 4, p. 352-368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100210000032.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"368","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Front Range","volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6259b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rueth, H.M.","contributorId":103611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rueth","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfe, A.M.","contributorId":106452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nydick, K. R.","contributorId":9991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nydick","given":"K. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Allstott, E.J.","contributorId":25102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allstott","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Minear, J.T.","contributorId":38519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minear","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moraska, B.","contributorId":84713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moraska","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70022358,"text":"70022358 - 2000 - On the modified Mercalli intensities and magnitudes of the 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T14:39:41.053663","indexId":"70022358","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the modified Mercalli intensities and magnitudes of the 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes","docAbstract":"

We reexamine original felt reports from the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes and determine revised isoseismal maps for the three principal mainshocks. In many cases we interpret lower values than those assigned by earlier studies. In some cases the revisions result from an interpretation of original felt reports with an appreciation for site response issues. Additionally, earlier studies had assigned modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) values of V-VII to a substantial number of reports that we conclude do not describe damage commensurate with intensities this high. We investigate several approaches to contouring the MMI values using both analytical and subjective methods. For the first mainshock on 02∶15 LT December 16, 1811, our preferred contouring yields Mω7.2–7.3 using the area-moment regressions of Johnston [1996]. For the 08∶00 LT on January 23, 1812, and 03∶45 LT on February 7, 1812, mainshocks, we obtain Mω7.0 and Mω7.4–7.5, respectively. Our magnitude for the February mainshock is consistent with the established geometry of the Reelfoot fault, which all evidence suggests to have been the causative structure for this event. We note that the inference of lower magnitudes for the New Madrid events implies that site response plays a significant role in controlling seismic hazard at alluvial sites in the central and eastern United States. We also note that our results suggest that thrusting may have been the dominant mechanism of faulting associated with the 1811–1812 sequence.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900110","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., Armbruster, J., Seeber, L., and Hough, J., 2000, On the modified Mercalli intensities and magnitudes of the 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B10, p. 23839-23864, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900110.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"23839","endPage":"23864","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479340,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900110","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Valley, New Madrid Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -88.06640625,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -88.06640625,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 35.02999636902566\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ddde4b0c8380cd75378","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armbruster, J.G.","contributorId":71202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armbruster","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seeber, L.","contributorId":37329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seeber","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hough, J.F.","contributorId":101276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159908,"text":"70159908 - 2000 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Eastern Meadowlark","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T08:46:26","indexId":"70159908","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Eastern Meadowlark","docAbstract":"

Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 4,000 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species’ breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.

\n

This report has been downloaded from the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center WorldWide Web site, www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/grasbird/grasbird.htm. Please direct comments and suggestions to Douglas H. Johnson, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 8711 37th Street SE, Jamestown, North Dakota 58401; telephone: 701- 253-5539; fax: 701-253-5553; e-mail: Douglas_H_Johnson@usgs.gov.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70159908","usgsCitation":"Hull, S.D., 2000, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Eastern Meadowlark (Originally posted 2000; Revised 2002), 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159908.","productDescription":"37 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311862,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159908.PNG"},{"id":312410,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159908/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Originally posted 2000; Revised 2002","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175c7e4b06a3ea36c5690","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hull, Scott D.","contributorId":150199,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hull","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022438,"text":"70022438 - 2000 - Studies of volcanoes of Alaska by satellite radar interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-27T15:16:52.196758","indexId":"70022438","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Studies of volcanoes of Alaska by satellite radar interferometry","docAbstract":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has provided a new imaging geodesy technique to measure the deformation of volcanoes at tens-of-meter horizontal resolution with centimeter to subcentimeter vertical precision. The two-dimensional surface deformation data enables the construction of detailed numerical models allowing the study of magmatic and tectonic processes beneath volcanoes. This paper summarizes our recent: InSAR studies over the Alaska-Aleutian volcanoes, which include New Trident, Okmok, Akutan, Augustine, Shishaldin, and Westdahl volcanoes. The first InSAR surface deformation over the Alaska volcanoes was applied to New Trident. Preliminary InSAR study suggested that New Trident volcano experienced several centimeters inflation from 1993 to 1995. Using the InSAR technique, we studied the 1997 eruption of Okmok. We have measured ???1.4 m deflation during the eruption, ???20 cm pre-eruptive inflation during 1992 to 1995, and >10 cm post-eruptive inflation within a year after the eruption, and modeled the deformations using Mogi sources. We imaged the ground surface deformation associated with the 1996 seismic crisis over Akutan volcano. Although seismic swarm did not result in an eruption, we found that the western part of the volcano uplifted ???60 cm while the eastern part of the island subsided. The majority of the complex deformation field at the Akutan volcano was modeled by dike intrusion and Mogi inflation sources. Our InSAR results also indicate that the pyroclastic flows from last the last eruption have been undergoing contraction/subsidence at a rate of about 3 cm per year since 1992. InSAR measured no surface deformation before and during the 1999 eruption of Shishaldin and suggested the eruption may be a type of open system. Finally, we applied satellite radar interferometry to Westdahl volcano which erupted 1991 and has been quiet since. We discovered this volcano had inflated about 15 cm from 1993 to 1998. In summary, satellite radar interferometry can not only be used to study a volcanic eruption, but also to detect aseismic deformation at quiescent volcanoes preceding a seismic swarm; it is a useful technique to study volcanic eruptions as well as to guide scientists to better focus their monitoring efforts.","conferenceTitle":"ERS-Envisat Symposium 'Looking Down to Earth in the New Millennium'","conferenceDate":"Oct 16-20 2000","conferenceLocation":"Gothenburg, Sweden","language":"English","publisher":"Europan space Agency","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Wicks, C., Dzurisin, D., Thatcher, W., and Power, J., 2000, Studies of volcanoes of Alaska by satellite radar interferometry, ERS-Envisat Symposium 'Looking Down to Earth in the New Millennium', v. 461, Gothenburg, Sweden, Oct 16-20 2000, p. 81-90.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-141.0007667541504,69.64681951728146],[-141.064453125,69.80172356231073],[-141.767578125,69.96043926902489],[-142.734375,70.1478274118401],[-143.26171875,70.25945200030638],[-144.99755859375,70.1925497583889],[-146.14013671875,70.21487465331137],[-147.43652343749997,70.32613725493573],[-148.40332031249997,70.51024068514326],[-149.47998046875,70.63448406630856],[-149.85351562499997,70.63448406630856],[-150.64453125,70.59802116106809],[-151.611328125,70.61261423801925],[-151.8310546875,70.7724429742589],[-152.02880859375,70.90226826757711],[-152.666015625,71.0098110139634],[-153.52294921875,71.05979781529196],[-154.31396484375,70.95969716686398],[-154.70947265625,71.20191973293133],[-155.41259765625,71.3219146980122],[-156.46728515625,71.45515260247822],[-157.10449218749997,71.34301347171373],[-157.58789062499997,71.21607526596131],[-157.91748046875,70.99550574822297],[-158.62060546875,70.9883492241249],[-159.30175781249997,70.98119010476937],[-159.98291015625,70.94535555009823],[-160.51025390625,70.73622993891799],[-160.90576171875,70.58341752317065],[-161.5869140625,70.45150843439349],[-161.78466796875,70.45885925640687],[-162.5537109375,70.34092679475283],[-163.05908203125,70.09552886456429],[-163.388671875,69.81689109911446],[-163.564453125,69.51914693717981],[-164.02587890625,69.15474044269264],[-164.90478515625,69.03714171275197],[-165.69580078124997,68.97416358340674],[-166.26708984375,69.01354605132325],[-166.376953125,68.80004113882613],[-166.66259765624997,68.5443150407769],[-167.1240234375,68.39918004344189],[-166.61865234375,68.17155518732503],[-166.5087890625,67.99110834539984],[-165.87158203125,67.8672645403614],[-164.61914062499997,67.47492238478702],[-164.24560546874997,67.23806155909902],[-164.091796875,67.02458758377148],[-163.10302734375,66.87834504307976],[-163.05908203125,66.73990169639414],[-162.66357421875,66.58321725728175],[-162.333984375,66.48697584176404],[-162.3779296875,66.34632215978135],[-163.2568359375,66.31103501145373],[-163.19091796875,66.55700652350038],[-163.76220703124997,66.73990169639414],[-164.46533203125,66.69647781801481],[-165.30029296875,66.55700652350038],[-166.1572265625,66.41674787052298],[-166.9482421875,66.24916310923315],[-167.3876953125,66.01801815922045],[-168.42041015625,65.56754970214311],[-168.02490234375,65.33017791526855],[-167.45361328125,65.18303007291382],[-166.9921875,64.86760781632728],[-166.7724609375,64.49172504435471],[-165.69580078124997,64.24459476798195],[-164.59716796875,64.29229248039543],[-164.13574218749997,64.26368374017731],[-163.49853515625,64.18724867664994],[-162.5537109375,64.27322328178595],[-161.82861328124997,64.24459476798195],[-161.52099609375,63.93737246791484],[-163.125,63.68524808030715],[-163.93798828125,63.41119772365924],[-164.5751953125,63.32254947641308],[-165.41015625,63.15435519659187],[-165.78369140625,62.75472592723178],[-166.26708984375,62.42090322195164],[-166.5966796875,62.155240711732425],[-166.48681640625,61.616843178481375],[-166.2451171875,61.23853141060282],[-165.849609375,60.8663124746226],[-166.5966796875,60.56537850464181],[-167.34375,60.468050120874615],[-167.80517578125,60.20707506634915],[-167.8271484375,60.09771842541544],[-167.89306640624997,59.93300042374631],[-167.03613281249997,59.712097173322924],[-166.640625,59.61221219518693],[-165.95947265624997,59.60109549032134],[-165.47607421874997,59.74532608213611],[-165.10253906249997,59.95501026206206],[-164.794921875,59.987997631212224],[-164.72900390624997,59.7563950493563],[-164.46533203125,59.54545678424146],[-163.8720703125,59.54545678424146],[-163.14697265625,59.60109549032134],[-162.26806640625,59.62332522313024],[-162.20214843749997,59.17592824927136],[-162.35595703125,58.81374171570782],[-162.57568359375,58.6769376725869],[-162.09228515625,58.39019698411526],[-161.455078125,58.39019698411526],[-160.68603515625,58.44773280389084],[-160.1806640625,58.516651799363785],[-159.71923828125,58.58543569119917],[-159.43359375,58.47072082411973],[-159.08203125,58.33256713195789],[-158.55468749999997,58.286395482881034],[-158.44482421874997,58.619777025081675],[-157.60986328125,58.52812515905843],[-158.00537109375,58.00809779306888],[-158.48876953125,57.468589192089354],[-159.49951171875,56.84897198026975],[-161.0595703125,56.389583525613055],[-164.9267578125,54.97761367069628],[-165.9814453125,54.470037612805754],[-168.55224609375,53.73571574532637],[-173.232421875,52.92215137976296],[-175.62744140624997,52.3755991766591],[-177.86865234375,52.13348804077147],[-178.9453125,50.98609893339354],[-178.00048828125,51.440312757160115],[-176.8359375,51.467696956223364],[-175.36376953125,51.7406361640977],[-171.826171875,52.119998657638156],[-167.62939453124997,52.9883372533954],[-166.728515625,53.186287573913305],[-165.9375,53.553362785528094],[-165.30029296875,53.76170183021049],[-164.3115234375,54.149567212540525],[-163.89404296875,54.29088164657006],[-163.3447265625,54.18815548107151],[-162.26806640625,54.07228265560388],[-162.09228515625,54.3549556895541],[-161.89453125,54.7246201949245],[-161.0595703125,54.80068486732233],[-160.400390625,54.67383096593114],[-159.19189453125,54.61025498157912],[-159.14794921875,55.07836723201515],[-158.79638671875,55.429013452407396],[-157.58789062499997,55.825973254619015],[-155.7421875,55.541064956111036],[-154.62158203125,56.01066647040695],[-153.47900390625,56.43820369358165],[-151.45751953125,57.397624055000456],[-151.4794921875,58.07787626787517],[-151.45751953125,58.75680543225761],[-149.74365234374997,59.38917842312835],[-148.51318359375,59.63443457494949],[-146.689453125,59.355596110016315],[-144.51416015625,59.75086102411168],[-144.3109130859375,59.87239799228177],[-143.8330078125,59.968758992382334],[-143.0694580078125,60.031929699115615],[-141.5533447265625,59.842055288480076],[-140.9051513671875,59.68160832698723],[-140.020751953125,59.478568831926395],[-139.1693115234375,59.234986238722],[-138.82873535156247,59.09138238455909],[-138.3233642578125,58.96983560365735],[-138.1146240234375,58.862064179600374],[-138.076171875,58.722598828043374],[-136.9775390625,58.19387126497797],[-136.56005859375,57.7862326105289],[-135.966796875,57.33838126552897],[-136.03271484375,57.052681978717494],[-135.81298828125,56.92099675839107],[-134.571533203125,55.8845546603819],[-134.2034912109375,55.56592203025787],[-133.8958740234375,55.263468250921285],[-133.7530517578125,55.06264118216743],[-133.6102294921875,54.64523407607479],[-133.2421875,54.635697306063854],[-130.6171417236328,54.70637513489091],[-130.62950134277344,54.72422365048395],[-130.62606811523438,54.73651472417763],[-130.65765380859375,54.762274228176494],[-130.62950134277344,54.78247406031503],[-130.5663299560547,54.79237225560392],[-130.49697875976562,54.82877675365454],[-130.42282104492188,54.87423625974835],[-130.34591674804688,54.91569803760518],[-130.27244567871094,54.97288463122321],[-130.18661499023438,55.062247951730015],[-130.18043518066406,55.091729515360875],[-130.15090942382812,55.12393783348962],[-130.14747619628906,55.14160209881279],[-130.10284423828125,55.19219635238084],[-129.97169494628906,55.28146181651345],[-129.97581481933594,55.30022902025666],[-130.02044677734375,55.33890835596374],[-130.0396728515625,55.45043679812318],[-130.0884246826172,55.496749338303694],[-130.12825012207028,55.58144971869657],[-130.10971069335938,55.68223010941079],[-130.14816284179688,55.71473455012689],[-130.15296936035156,55.7649857705176],[-130.12550354003906,55.80475427021683],[-130.0843048095703,55.82134464477078],[-130.00465393066406,55.90573012454021],[-130.00465393066406,55.9130425993163],[-130.0190734863281,55.912657766599715],[-130.00259399414062,56.00605986001467],[-130.10421752929688,56.12297419573329],[-130.24635314941406,56.09693875609652],[-130.3479766845703,56.12794955397159],[-130.42556762695312,56.14134155069025],[-130.4674530029297,56.24373146827144],[-130.55740356445312,56.249454174583384],[-130.5677032470703,56.25479459547735],[-130.62400817871094,56.2685236855868],[-130.78262329101562,56.36715174252849],[-131.08612060546875,56.40668363558357],[-131.16989135742188,56.44883107459549],[-131.473388671875,56.551913918713375],[-131.58119201660156,56.61204220477141],[-131.8352508544922,56.59843662755775],[-131.85997009277344,56.702620872371355],[-131.89979553222656,56.75347577609789],[-131.87232971191406,56.805765643008264],[-132.12432861328122,56.87374615531272],[-132.0467376708984,57.04521234171931],[-132.3687744140625,57.09149987857074],[-132.2472381591797,57.211056900559335],[-132.3680877685547,57.347273783306676],[-132.55210876464844,57.49516565182901],[-132.65853881835938,57.61562391374733],[-132.75466918945312,57.69680911844304],[-132.8693389892578,57.83853792318956],[-133.06983947753906,58.00082136594698],[-133.17283630371094,58.15404059343076],[-133.34518432617188,58.27628739957773],[-133.45985412597656,58.38731772556939],[-133.37608337402344,58.430481925680034],[-133.70567321777344,58.611194853078764],[-133.83956909179685,58.730440812979516],[-134.25979614257812,58.861354043320055],[-134.3360137939453,58.92414471817596],[-134.3140411376953,58.962755708753306],[-134.4060516357422,58.978683427688686],[-134.38133239746094,59.03878841190553],[-134.44656372070312,59.08820785301446],[-134.48501586914062,59.13121539881386],[-134.56329345703125,59.130510792073984],[-134.67933654785156,59.191757369765085],[-134.70130920410156,59.24973478117606],[-134.95742797851562,59.279914277804906],[-135.02883911132812,59.34649517787861],[-134.9897003173828,59.3877798237848],[-135.10093688964844,59.42622028594434],[-135.07827758789062,59.45275367774563],[-135.0274658203125,59.47473269180728],[-135.03021240234375,59.564245132658975],[-135.11810302734372,59.62367244601488],[-135.15586853027344,59.625061301654334],[-135.2190399169922,59.6632323288228],[-135.23345947265625,59.69650975428769],[-135.252685546875,59.69789559656873],[-135.36048889160156,59.73598378851403],[-135.4779052734375,59.79821644465919],[-135.94894409179688,59.6632323288228],[-136.1927032470703,59.63998787256213],[-136.34788513183594,59.60109549032134],[-136.25038146972656,59.56633207991906],[-136.24076843261716,59.55972296971678],[-136.24076843261716,59.52387204745182],[-136.3066864013672,59.46461714320982],[-136.36642456054688,59.4496126517294],[-136.47628784179688,59.46566371970234],[-136.46804809570312,59.28552611855346],[-136.49620056152344,59.27465233689575],[-136.4900207519531,59.26096748461385],[-136.5840911865234,59.166075318301345],[-136.8285369873047,59.16009179641602],[-136.8793487548828,59.13544273484683],[-137.28240966796875,59.0009698708429],[-137.449951171875,58.908900972391415],[-137.52548217773438,58.906418795609426],[-137.5000762939453,58.985760051467075],[-137.54127502441406,59.10478272378236],[-137.60787963867188,59.24376590151355],[-138.62617492675778,59.76746035005358],[-138.66600036621094,59.80961318716828],[-138.6797332763672,59.84481485969105],[-138.70582580566406,59.90650046741583],[-139.05258178710938,59.994179105518434],[-139.19952392578125,60.08950200748712],[-139.0711212158203,60.3187885497516],[-139.07386779785156,60.35243208301854],[-139.69253540039062,60.33544473468298],[-139.97955322265625,60.181818669034776],[-140.4595184326172,60.30858669066228],[-140.5199432373047,60.22003701633967],[-141.00128173828125,60.3058656567224],[-141.0007667541504,69.64681951728146]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-173.07586669921875,60.72157115165579],[-173.155517578125,60.69469537287745],[-173.15277099609375,60.64356945377967],[-173.08135986328125,60.61123754937553],[-173.04016113281247,60.58157148491742],[-173.08135986328125,60.53972302275651],[-173.089599609375,60.511343283202464],[-173.05938720703125,60.4788788301667],[-172.98248291015625,60.468050120874615],[-172.94677734374997,60.43689744859958],[-172.8424072265625,60.403001945865476],[-172.78472900390625,60.373144671593685],[-172.7105712890625,60.329667021005825],[-172.6611328125,60.3187885497516],[-172.5897216796875,60.309266913738156],[-172.49908447265625,60.31606836555203],[-172.4139404296875,60.3187885497516],[-172.35076904296875,60.3187885497516],[-172.30682373046872,60.29021531318375],[-172.2381591796875,60.29021531318375],[-172.17498779296875,60.30518536282736],[-172.2381591796875,60.333745513303114],[-172.34527587890625,60.378575303227215],[-172.364501953125,60.40164539086417],[-172.43041992187497,60.40571488624096],[-172.4798583984375,60.39757538658664],[-172.57598876953125,60.41249624776229],[-172.6556396484375,60.43689744859958],[-172.77374267578122,60.4788788301667],[-172.83416748046875,60.50052541051131],[-172.89459228515625,60.550527811064846],[-172.8863525390625,60.588316165776824],[-172.91656494140625,60.62606036274505],[-172.98797607421875,60.658377412327326],[-173.01544189453125,60.69469537287745],[-173.07586669921875,60.72157115165579]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-171.650390625,63.809167882566385],[-171.793212890625,63.82128765261384],[-171.80419921875,63.73147780336167],[-171.8426513671875,63.65601144183318],[-171.8865966796875,63.54365806976644],[-171.859130859375,63.42594585479083],[-171.7877197265625,63.34966546248425],[-171.62841796875,63.32501562217765],[-171.474609375,63.28306240110864],[-171.353759765625,63.29540792564745],[-171.2548828125,63.33980806067484],[-171.1395263671875,63.38413977217118],[-171.002197265625,63.389061297647125],[-170.760498046875,63.34966546248425],[-170.57373046875,63.32501562217765],[-170.41992187499997,63.27812271092345],[-170.343017578125,63.1989725264735],[-170.3594970703125,63.156835740093236],[-170.2496337890625,63.156835740093236],[-170.145263671875,63.156835740093236],[-170.0408935546875,63.14194929585152],[-169.9090576171875,63.087300267152735],[-169.8321533203125,63.03753005973634],[-169.7991943359375,62.990169510232555],[-169.8101806640625,62.95522304515911],[-169.74975585937497,62.922735326966595],[-169.617919921875,62.91523303947614],[-169.54650878906247,62.9502272814474],[-169.4915771484375,62.97270150065472],[-169.508056640625,62.99765260346662],[-169.4970703125,63.04251090966805],[-169.43664550781247,63.08978654472616],[-169.34326171874997,63.11712157280328],[-169.178466796875,63.13946747896222],[-169.1070556640625,63.14443090047572],[-168.958740234375,63.104699747121074],[-168.760986328125,63.112153479825004],[-168.67309570312497,63.203925767041305],[-168.662109375,63.26576978358972],[-168.7115478515625,63.3348780927218],[-168.92578125,63.366907787681754],[-169.07958984374997,63.366907787681754],[-169.25537109375,63.37183226679281],[-169.420166015625,63.376755901872734],[-169.5245361328125,63.389061297647125],[-169.6124267578125,63.43331707559086],[-169.705810546875,63.46278300222105],[-169.8211669921875,63.46523712749102],[-169.947509765625,63.48976680530999],[-170.0079345703125,63.59011870211632],[-170.0958251953125,63.658448979940175],[-170.2386474609375,63.704722429433225],[-170.4638671875,63.73390885572919],[-170.5902099609375,63.721751503619956],[-170.7659912109375,63.6779417467744],[-171.2164306640625,63.648697570849286],[-171.474609375,63.6779417467744],[-171.54052734375,63.75334975181205],[-171.650390625,63.809167882566385]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-170.40618896484375,57.022794415389725],[-170.3155517578125,57.043718234032625],[-170.22216796875,57.119841130872615],[-170.1947021484375,57.14518072479997],[-170.11505126953125,57.18985535714817],[-170.08209228515625,57.227042992549855],[-170.07110595703125,57.271618718194446],[-170.189208984375,57.23893512461504],[-170.2386474609375,57.22852971878346],[-170.32928466796875,57.22852971878346],[-170.3704833984375,57.22406936030381],[-170.49407958984375,57.20473490715757],[-170.41992187499997,57.12878649751151],[-170.364990234375,57.11387635258491],[-170.42266845703125,57.06910989239133],[-170.46112060546875,57.033257797376066],[-170.40618896484375,57.022794415389725]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-169.8321533203125,56.62904228542147],[-169.8211669921875,56.60486209416893],[-169.7991943359375,56.586716786451156],[-169.71405029296875,56.565536245992064],[-169.71405029296875,56.551913918713375],[-169.63165283203125,56.51707901932375],[-169.56024169921875,56.515563731608296],[-169.5025634765625,56.553427752820355],[-169.43115234375,56.58369172128337],[-169.43664550781247,56.626020608371924],[-169.56024169921875,56.63055303322322],[-169.6783447265625,56.62450967912138],[-169.8321533203125,56.62904228542147]]]}}]}","volume":"461","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9cb5e4b08c986b31d492","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sawaya-Lacoste H.","contributorId":128436,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Sawaya-Lacoste H.","id":536480,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wicks, C. Jr.","contributorId":87681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Power, J.","contributorId":48699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1002690,"text":"1002690 - 2000 - Growth and invasive potential of Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) within the coastal prairie region: the effects of soil and moisture regime","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T12:32:30","indexId":"1002690","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":724,"text":"American Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and invasive potential of Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) within the coastal prairie region: the effects of soil and moisture regime","docAbstract":"The introduced tree Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) is considered a serious threat to the preservation of the coastal prairie region of Louisiana and Texas, although it is currently uncommon in the western part of the region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of location, soils, and available moisture on the growth and survival of S. sebiferum in coastal prairie. In a field experiment, S. sebiferum mortality was significantly greater at a western site than at central and eastern sites. The greatest mortality and least growth of surviving plants occurred on a soil from the western region, regardless of site. A greenhouse study also found that S. sebiferum growth was lowest on the western soil. Watering frequency significantly affected S. sebiferum growth, except on the western soil. Sapium sebiferum growth responded to both nitrogen and phosphorum additions for all soils. Soil analyses revealed the highest sand, sodium, and phosphorus contents, and much higher electrical conductivity in the western soil. It is concluded that the soil examined from the western region is unfavorable for S. sebiferum growth, though not to the extent to preclude S. sebiferum completely. Evidence suggests that soil salinity may be the primary cause of the poor S. sebiferum growth at the western site.","language":"English","doi":"10.2307/2656646","usgsCitation":"Barrilleaux, T., and Grace, J., 2000, Growth and invasive potential of Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) within the coastal prairie region: the effects of soil and moisture regime: American Journal of Botany, v. 87, no. 8, p. 1099-1106, https://doi.org/10.2307/2656646.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1099","endPage":"1106","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -95.49316406249999,\n 30.6662659463233\n ],\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -98.052978515625,\n 27.586197857692664\n ],\n [\n -97.6025390625,\n 27.15692045688088\n ],\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 27.771051193172273\n ],\n [\n -94.735107421875,\n 29.458731185355344\n ],\n [\n -91.417236328125,\n 29.773913869992242\n ],\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 30.713503990354965\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697cdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrilleaux, T.C.","contributorId":34482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrilleaux","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023224,"text":"70023224 - 2000 - Preliminary report on the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector mine, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T17:22:05.36156","indexId":"70023224","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary report on the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector mine, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"

The Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake occurred at 9:46 GMT on 16 October 1999. The event caused minimal damage because it was located in a remote, sparsely populated part of the Mojave Desert, approximately 47 miles east-southeast of Barstow, with epicentral coordinates 34.59°N 116.27°W and a hypocentral depth of 5 ± 3 km. Twelve foreshocks, M 1.9-3.8, preceded the mainshock during the previous twelve hours. All of these events were located close to the hypocenter of the mainshock.

The Hector Mine earthquake occurred within the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ). By virtue of its remote location, the societal impact of the Hector Mine earthquake was, fortunately, minimal in spite of the event's appreciable size. The ECSZ is characterized by high seismicity, a high tectonic strain rate, and a broad, distributed zone of north-northwest-trending faults (ECSZ; Figure 1; Dokka and Travis, 1990; Sauber et al., 1986; Sauber et al., 1994; Sieh et al., 1993). Data regarding the slip rates of faults within the ECSZ suggest that on the order of 15% of the Pacific-North American plate motion occurs along this zone (Sauber et al., 1986; Wesnousky, 1986). Most of the faults in the ECSZ have low slip rates and long repeat times for major earthquakes, on the order of several thousands to tens of thousands of years. The occurrence of the Hector Mine earthquake within seven years and only about 30 km east of the 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers earthquake suggests that the closely spaced surface faults in the ECSZ are mechanically related.

The Hector Mine event involved rupture on two previously mapped fault zones—the Bullion Fault and an unnamed, more northerly-trending fault that is informally referred to in this paper as the Lavic Lake Fault (Dibblee, 1966, 1967a,b). Traces of the Bullion Fault exhibit evidence of Holocene displacement and were zoned as active in 1988 under California's Mquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (Hart and Bryant, 1997). The pattern of rupture along more than one named fault was also observed from the 1992 Landers earthquake (Hauksson et al., 1993; Sieh et al., 1994).

Much of the fault zone that produced the Hector Mine earthquake had been buried by relatively young stream deposits, and the fault scarps in bedrock have a subdued morphology. It appears that these faults have not experienced significant offset for perhaps 10,000 years or more (Hart, 1987). Planned future investigations will refine the age of the last event on these faults. The portion of the Lavic Lake Fault that ruptured between the northern end of the Bullion Mountains and Lavic Lake had not previously been mapped. However, our field investigations have identified ancient, subdued fault scarps along portions of the 1999 rupture zone in this area. It thus appears that the entire segment of the Lavic Lake Fault that was involved in the 1999 event had ruptured in the past. As is typical for most faults within the Eastern California Shear Zone, the rate of movement along the Lavic Lake Fault may be quite slow (<1 mm/yr) and should produce earthquakes only infrequently. This event is a reminder that faults that have ruptured in late Quaternary time, but that lack evidence of Holocene displacement, can still produce earthquakes in this low-slip-rate tectonic setting.

Additionally, the Hector Mine earthquake is noteworthy for a couple of other reasons. First, it clearly produced triggered seismicity over much of southern California, from the rupture zone toward the south-southwest in particular. Second, as we will discuss, the event may provide new data and insight into recently developed paradigms concerning earthquake interactions and the role of static stress changes.

Questions such as these will, of course, be the subject of extensive detailed analyses in years to come. Fortunately, the Hector Mine sequence will provide one of the best data sets obtained to date for a significant earthquake in the United States. Because it occurred when major upgrades to both the regional seismic network (TriNet) and the regional geodetic network (SCIGN) were well underway, the Earth science community will have abundant high-quality data with which to explore the important and interesting questions that have been raised. In this paper, we present and discuss the basic data and preliminary results from the Hector Mine earthquake.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.71.1.11","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Behr, J., Bryant, B., Given, D., Gross, K., Hafner, K., Hardebeck, J., Hauksson, E., Heaton, T., Hough, S., Hudnut, K., Hutton, K., Jones, L., Kanamori, H., Kendrick, K., King, N., Maechling, P., Meltzner, A., Ponti, D., Rockwell, T., Shakal, A., Simons, M., Stark, K., Wald, D., Wald, L., and Zhu, L., 2000, Preliminary report on the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector mine, California, earthquake: Seismological Research Letters, v. 71, no. 1, p. 11-23, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.71.1.11.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20131120-102150806","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Hector Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 34.175453097578526\n ],\n [\n -115.631103515625,\n 34.175453097578526\n ],\n [\n -115.631103515625,\n 35.21420969483077\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 35.21420969483077\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 34.175453097578526\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"71","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a89d9e4b0c8380cd7df6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behr, J.","contributorId":18917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behr","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryant, B.","contributorId":79240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Given, D.","contributorId":30403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Given","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gross, K.","contributorId":68251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hafner, K.","contributorId":7879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hafner","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hardebeck, J.","contributorId":99738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardebeck","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hauksson, E.","contributorId":10932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauksson","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Heaton, T.","contributorId":107862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heaton","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hough, S.","contributorId":54355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hudnut, K.","contributorId":92439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hutton, K.","contributorId":63183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Jones, L.","contributorId":26084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Kanamori, H.","contributorId":55438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanamori","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Kendrick, K.","contributorId":35907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendrick","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"King, N.","contributorId":14925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Maechling, P.","contributorId":102666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maechling","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Meltzner, A.","contributorId":94821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meltzner","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Ponti, D.","contributorId":39549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Rockwell, Thomas","contributorId":58810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Shakal, A.","contributorId":20934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shakal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12640,"text":"California Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":396896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Simons, M.","contributorId":14610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Stark, K.","contributorId":92000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Wald, D. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":37866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Wald, L.","contributorId":64845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Zhu, L.","contributorId":58055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25}]}} ,{"id":1015021,"text":"1015021 - 2000 - Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-β applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-17T16:23:42.363209","indexId":"1015021","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1542,"text":"Environmental Health Perspectives","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-β applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries","docAbstract":"

Fish morbidity and mortality events in Chesapeake Bay tributaries have aroused concern over the health of this important aquatic ecosystem. We applied a recently described method for quantifying mRNA of an immunosuppressive cytokine, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), by reverse transcription quantitative-competitive polymerase chain reaction to a field study of fish health in the Chesapeake Basin, and compared the results to those of a traditional cellular immunoassay macrophage bactericidal activity. We selected the white perch (Morone americana) as the sentinel fish species because of its abundance at all of the collection sites. White perch were sampled from Chesapeake Bay tributaries in June, August, and October 1998. Splenic mononuclear cell TGF-β mRNA levels increased and anterior kidney macrophage bactericidal activity decreased, particularly in eastern shore tributaries, from June to August and October. The results of the two assays correlated inversely (Kendall's τ b = -0.600; p = 0.0102). The results indicated both temporal and spatial modulation of white perch immune systems in the Chesapeake Basin, and demonstrated the utility of quantitative PCR for TGF-β as a molecular biomarker for field assessment of teleost fish immune status.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Institutes of Health","doi":"10.1289/ehp.00108447","usgsCitation":"Harms, C.A., Ottinger, C.A., Blazer, V., Densmore, C.L., Pieper, L.H., and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S., 2000, Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-β applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries: Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 108, no. 5, p. 447-452, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108447.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"452","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488331,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108447","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Back River, Chesapeake Bay, Choptank River, Pocomoke River, Wicomico River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.277587890625,\n 36.55377524336089\n ],\n [\n -74.849853515625,\n 36.55377524336089\n ],\n [\n -74.849853515625,\n 40.59727063442024\n ],\n [\n -78.277587890625,\n 40.59727063442024\n ],\n [\n -78.277587890625,\n 36.55377524336089\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a87e4b07f02db64e806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harms, Craig A.","contributorId":59759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harms","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ottinger, Christopher A. 0000-0003-2551-1985 cottinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-1985","contributorId":2559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"Christopher","email":"cottinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blazer, Vicki S. 0000-0001-6647-9614 vblazer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":149414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"Vicki S.","email":"vblazer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Densmore, Christine L.","contributorId":18316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pieper, Laurence H.","contributorId":44876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pieper","given":"Laurence","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne","contributorId":18319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy-Stoskopf","given":"Suzanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1016093,"text":"1016093 - 2000 - Migration strategies and wintering areas of North American ospreys as revealed by satellite telemetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T17:10:27.303453","indexId":"1016093","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2739,"text":"Microwave Telemetry Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migration strategies and wintering areas of North American ospreys as revealed by satellite telemetry","docAbstract":"

Since 1995 we have trapped and tagged 110 Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) from 12 study sites in 8 states (Fig. 1). This total includes 71 females, 32 males and 7 juveniles. Our study areas encompass the major Osprey population concentrations found in the United States including the Western States, the Great Lakes region and the Eastern Seaboard.

Tagging of nesting pairs along with three complete family groups revealed that departure times from nesting areas varied by gender; with females leaving before the juveniles and the
males departing last. Neither nesting pairs, nor families, migrated or wintered together (Fig. 2). Departure dates from the breeding areas ranged from 12 July to 1 October. Migration routes differed between populations but not gender (Fig. 3). Western Ospreys migrated through California and to a lesser degree other western states and then into Mexico. Minnesota
Ospreys migrated along three routes; 1) through the central U.S. and then along the east coast of Mexico, 2) along the Mississippi River then across the Gulf of Mexico, or 3) through the Southeastern U.S., then across the Caribbean. East Coast birds migrated along the Eastern Seaboard of the U.S. through Florida and across the Caribbean.
","language":"English","publisher":"Microwave Telemetry, Inc.","usgsCitation":"Martell, M.S., Henny, C.J., Nye, P., and Solensky, M.J., 2000, Migration strategies and wintering areas of North American ospreys as revealed by satellite telemetry: Microwave Telemetry Newsletter, v. 1, no. 2, p. 3-4.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"4","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405310,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.microwavetelemetry.com/newsletters#2000"}],"country":"Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, United States, Venezuela","state":"Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.537109375,\n 45.182036837015886\n ],\n [\n -95.00976562499999,\n 39.33429742980725\n ],\n [\n -99.84374999999999,\n 27.68352808378776\n ],\n [\n -100.01953125,\n 22.228090416784486\n ],\n [\n -96.9873046875,\n 18.06231230454674\n ],\n [\n -93.91113281249999,\n 15.707662769583518\n ],\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 13.752724664396988\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 12.768946439455956\n ],\n [\n -86.17675781249999,\n 10.962764256386821\n ],\n [\n -86.0888671875,\n 9.709057068618208\n ],\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n 6.664607562172573\n ],\n [\n -79.7607421875,\n 7.493196470122287\n ],\n [\n -79.716796875,\n 8.189742344383703\n ],\n [\n -78.0029296875,\n 6.664607562172573\n ],\n [\n -77.607421875,\n 5.484768018141262\n ],\n [\n -67.9833984375,\n 10.703791711680736\n ],\n [\n -68.4228515625,\n 11.6522364041154\n ],\n [\n -70.224609375,\n 12.683214911818666\n ],\n [\n -71.982421875,\n 12.85464890558895\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 11.350796722383672\n ],\n [\n -76.0693359375,\n 9.838979375579344\n ],\n [\n -77.2998046875,\n 8.971897294083014\n ],\n [\n -78.7060546875,\n 9.795677582829743\n ],\n [\n -79.98046875,\n 10.055402736564236\n ],\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 9.232248799418674\n ],\n [\n -83.3642578125,\n 10.833305983642491\n ],\n [\n -82.9248046875,\n 14.689881366618762\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 16.04581345375217\n ],\n [\n -86.044921875,\n 16.509832826905846\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n 16.341225619207496\n ],\n [\n -86.3525390625,\n 20.96143961409684\n ],\n [\n -86.7919921875,\n 22.024545601240337\n ],\n [\n -88.9892578125,\n 30.107117887092357\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 30.259067203213018\n ],\n [\n -89.6044921875,\n 31.090574094954192\n ],\n [\n -91.5380859375,\n 31.090574094954192\n ],\n [\n -90.8349609375,\n 32.287132632616384\n ],\n [\n -90.87890625,\n 33.687781758439364\n ],\n [\n -89.12109375,\n 36.421282443649496\n ],\n [\n -88.9013671875,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -90.703125,\n 43.32517767999296\n ],\n [\n -91.23046875,\n 44.05601169578525\n ],\n [\n -92.724609375,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n -92.724609375,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n -95.537109375,\n 45.182036837015886\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635560","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martell, Mark S.","contributorId":138541,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martell","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12435,"text":"Audubon Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":35833,"text":"The Raptor Center at the University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":323596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nye, P.","contributorId":50487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Solensky, Matthew J. 0000-0003-4376-7765 msolensky@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4376-7765","contributorId":4784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solensky","given":"Matthew","email":"msolensky@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023188,"text":"70023188 - 2000 - Bottom currents and sediment transport in Long Island Sound: A modeling study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T11:02:06","indexId":"70023188","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bottom currents and sediment transport in Long Island Sound: A modeling study","docAbstract":"A high resolution (300-400 m grid spacing), process oriented modeling study was undertaken to elucidate the physical processes affecting the characteristics and distribution of sea-floor sedimentary environments in Long Island Sound. Simulations using idealized forcing and high-resolution bathymetry were performed using a three-dimensional circulation model ECOM (Blumberg and Mellor, 1987) and a stationary shallow water wave model HISWA (Holthuijsen et al., 1989). The relative contributions of tide-, density-, wind- and wave-driven bottom currents are assessed and related to observed characteristics of the sea-floor environments, and simple bedload sediment transport simulations are performed. The fine grid spacing allows features with scales of several kilometers to be resolved. The simulations clearly show physical processes that affect the observed sea-floor characteristics at both regional and local scales. Simulations of near-bottom tidal currents reveal a strong gradient in the funnel-shaped eastern part of the Sound, which parallels an observed gradient in sedimentary environments from erosion or nondeposition, through bedload transport and sediment sorting, to fine-grained deposition. A simulation of estuarine flow driven by the along-axis gradient in salinity shows generally westward bottom currents of 2-4 cm/s that are locally enhanced to 6-8 cm/s along the axial depression of the Sound. Bottom wind-driven currents flow downwind along the shallow margins of the basin, but flow against the wind in the deeper regions. These bottom flows (in opposition to the wind) are strongest in the axial depression and add to the estuarine flow when winds are from the west. The combination of enhanced bottom currents due to both estuarine circulation and the prevailing westerly winds provide an explanation for the relatively coarse sediments found along parts of the axial depression. Climatological simulations of wave-driven bottom currents show that frequent high-energy events occur along the shallow margins of the Sound, explaining the occurrence of relatively coarse sediments in these regions. Bedload sediment transport calculations show that the estuarine circulation coupled with the oscillatory tidal currents result in a net westward transport of sand in much of the eastern Sound. Local departures from this regional westward trend occur around topographic and shoreline irregularities, and there is strong predicted convergence of bedload transport over most of the large, linear sand ridges in the eastern Sound, providing a mechanism which prevents their decay. The strong correlation between the near-bottom current intensity based on the model results and the sediment response, as indicated by the distribution of sedimentary environments, provides a framework for predicting the long-term effects of anthropogenic activities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., List, J.H., and Farris, A., 2000, Bottom currents and sediment transport in Long Island Sound: A modeling study: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 551-566.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"551","endPage":"566","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345057,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4300070"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":" Long Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.5,\n 40.51797520038851\n ],\n [\n -71.5,\n 40.51797520038851\n ],\n [\n -71.5,\n 41.226183305514596\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 41.226183305514596\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 40.51797520038851\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f227e4b0c8380cd4b036","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farris, A.S.","contributorId":98477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023117,"text":"70023117 - 2000 - Clostridium perfringens in Long Island Sound sediments: An urban sedimentary record","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-21T13:39:15","indexId":"70023117","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clostridium perfringens in Long Island Sound sediments: An urban sedimentary record","docAbstract":"Clostridium perfringens is a conservative tracer and an indicator of sewage-derived pollution in the marine environment. The distribution of Clostridium perfringens spores was measured in sediments from Long Island Sound, USA, as part of a regional study designed to: (1) map the distribution of contaminated sediments; (2) determine transport and dispersal paths; (3) identify the locations of sediment and contaminant focusing; and (4) constrain predictive models. In 1996, sediment cores were collected at 58 stations, and surface sediments were collected at 219 locations throughout the Sound. Elevated concentrations of Clostridium perfringens in the sediments indicate that sewage pollution is present throughout Long Island Sound and has persisted for more than a century. Concentrations range from undetectable amounts to 15,000 spores/g dry sediment and are above background levels in the upper 30 cm at nearly all core locations. Sediment focusing strongly impacts the accumulation of Clostridium perfringens spores. Inventories in the cores range from 28 to 70,000 spores/cm2, and elevated concentrations can extend to depths of 50 cm. The steep gradients in Clostridium perfringens profiles in muddier cores contrast with concentrations that are generally constant with depth in sandier cores. Clostridium perfringens concentrations rarely decrease in the uppermost sediment, unlike those reported for metal contaminants. Concentrations in surface sediments are highest in the western end of the Sound, very low in the eastern region, and intermediate in the central part. This pattern reflects winnowing and focusing of Clostridium perfringens spores and fine-grained sediment by the hydrodynamic regime; however, the proximity of sewage sources to the westernmost Sound locally enhances the Clostridium perfringens signals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., Mecray, E., and Galvin, E., 2000, Clostridium perfringens in Long Island Sound sediments: An urban sedimentary record: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 591-612.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"612","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Long Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-71.799242,42.008065],[-71.786994,41.655992],[-71.797683,41.416709],[-71.839649,41.412119],[-71.829595,41.344544],[-71.860513,41.320248],[-71.886302,41.33641],[-71.945652,41.337799],[-71.988153,41.320577],[-72.084487,41.319634],[-72.11182,41.299098],[-72.134221,41.299398],[-72.184122,41.323997],[-72.201422,41.315697],[-72.212924,41.291365],[-72.248161,41.299488],[-72.261487,41.282926],[-72.333894,41.282916],[-72.348643,41.277446],[-72.348068,41.269698],[-72.386629,41.261798],[-72.398688,41.278172],[-72.451925,41.278885],[-72.506634,41.260099],[-72.529416,41.264421],[-72.546833,41.250718],[-72.583336,41.271698],[-72.617237,41.271998],[-72.671673,41.267151],[-72.69547,41.244948],[-72.754444,41.266913],[-72.895445,41.243697],[-72.903045,41.252797],[-72.89637,41.263949],[-72.907962,41.282549],[-72.916827,41.282033],[-72.931887,41.261139],[-72.983751,41.235364],[-73.013465,41.205479],[-73.054947,41.208468],[-73.07761,41.195176],[-73.107987,41.168738],[-73.108352,41.153718],[-73.130253,41.146797],[-73.177774,41.166697],[-73.235058,41.143996],[-73.262358,41.117496],[-73.286759,41.127896],[-73.372296,41.10402],[-73.435063,41.056696],[-73.468239,41.051347],[-73.477364,41.035997],[-73.493327,41.048173],[-73.516903,41.038738],[-73.528866,41.016397],[-73.535338,41.03192],[-73.561968,41.016797],[-73.570068,41.001597],[-73.583968,41.000897],[-73.595699,41.015995],[-73.643478,41.002171],[-73.659972,40.968398],[-73.678073,40.962798],[-73.697974,40.939598],[-73.756776,40.912599],[-73.781338,40.885447],[-73.788786,40.858485],[-73.781206,40.838891],[-73.793785,40.855583],[-73.81281,40.846737],[-73.815574,40.835129],[-73.781369,40.794907],[-73.768431,40.800704],[-73.728275,40.8529],[-73.730675,40.8654],[-73.713674,40.870099],[-73.675573,40.856999],[-73.655872,40.863899],[-73.654372,40.878199],[-73.633771,40.898198],[-73.569969,40.915398],[-73.548068,40.908698],[-73.499941,40.918166],[-73.485365,40.946397],[-73.437509,40.934985],[-73.428836,40.921506],[-73.406074,40.920235],[-73.400862,40.953997],[-73.392862,40.955297],[-73.352761,40.926697],[-73.295061,40.924497],[-73.229285,40.905121],[-73.148994,40.928898],[-73.140785,40.966178],[-73.110368,40.971938],[-73.043701,40.962185],[-72.774104,40.965314],[-72.714425,40.985596],[-72.585327,40.997587],[-72.521548,41.037652],[-72.477306,41.052212],[-72.445242,41.086116],[-72.397,41.096307],[-72.356087,41.133635],[-72.278789,41.158722],[-72.238211,41.15949],[-72.253572,41.137138],[-72.300374,41.112274],[-72.306381,41.13784],[-72.32663,41.132162],[-72.335177,41.106917],[-72.317238,41.088659],[-72.280373,41.080402],[-72.283093,41.067874],[-72.260515,41.042065],[-72.229364,41.044355],[-72.190563,41.032579],[-72.153857,41.051859],[-72.137297,41.039684],[-72.137409,41.023908],[-72.10216,40.991509],[-72.083039,40.996453],[-72.076175,41.009093],[-72.051585,41.006437],[-72.047468,41.022565],[-71.96704,41.047772],[-71.959595,41.071237],[-71.93825,41.077413],[-71.857494,41.073558],[-71.87391,41.052278],[-72.469996,40.84274],[-72.863164,40.732962],[-73.054963,40.666371],[-73.23914,40.6251],[-73.306396,40.620756],[-73.319257,40.635795],[-73.562372,40.583703],[-73.754776,40.584404],[-73.753349,40.59056],[-73.774928,40.590759],[-73.934512,40.545175],[-73.935686,40.564914],[-73.95005,40.573363],[-74.00903,40.572846],[-74.012996,40.578169],[-74.001591,40.590684],[-74.03959,40.612934],[-74.038336,40.637074],[-74.018272,40.659019],[-74.024827,40.687007],[-74.0168,40.701794],[-74.024543,40.709436],[-74.038538,40.710741],[-74.082786,40.673702],[-74.094086,40.649703],[-74.143387,40.641903],[-74.181083,40.646484],[-74.202223,40.631053],[-74.214788,40.560604],[-74.248641,40.549601],[-74.246237,40.520963],[-74.27269,40.488405],[-74.261889,40.464706],[-74.206188,40.440707],[-74.174787,40.455607],[-74.175074,40.449144],[-74.157787,40.446607],[-74.131135,40.453245],[-74.047884,40.418908],[-73.998505,40.410911],[-73.991682,40.442908],[-74.014031,40.476471],[-73.995683,40.468707],[-73.978282,40.440208],[-73.971381,40.371709],[-73.977442,40.299373],[-74.064135,39.979157],[-74.09892,39.759538],[-74.240506,39.554911],[-74.27737,39.514064],[-74.311037,39.506715],[-74.304343,39.471445],[-74.334804,39.432001],[-74.406692,39.377516],[-74.412692,39.360816],[-74.521797,39.313816],[-74.614481,39.244659],[-74.714341,39.119804],[-74.704409,39.107858],[-74.778777,39.023073],[-74.792723,38.991991],[-74.864458,38.94041],[-74.933571,38.928519],[-74.963463,38.931194],[-74.971995,38.94037],[-74.94947,39.015637],[-74.897784,39.098811],[-74.887167,39.158825],[-74.905181,39.174945],[-74.962382,39.190238],[-75.026179,39.193621],[-75.023437,39.204791],[-75.035672,39.215415],[-75.107286,39.211403],[-75.136548,39.179425],[-75.165979,39.201842],[-75.177506,39.242746],[-75.241639,39.274097],[-75.251806,39.299913],[-75.271629,39.304041],[-75.285333,39.292212],[-75.30601,39.301712],[-75.333743,39.345335],[-75.365016,39.341388],[-75.39003,39.358259],[-75.399304,39.37949],[-75.442393,39.402291],[-75.465212,39.43893],[-75.483572,39.440824],[-75.508383,39.459131],[-75.536431,39.460559],[-75.544368,39.479602],[-75.542693,39.496568],[-75.528088,39.498114],[-75.527676,39.535278],[-75.534014,39.540702],[-75.514756,39.562612],[-75.512732,39.578],[-75.553502,39.602],[-75.559614,39.624208],[-75.514643,39.668613],[-75.509042,39.694513],[-75.47894,39.713813],[-75.459439,39.765813],[-75.405337,39.796213],[-75.415041,39.801786],[-75.341765,39.846082],[-75.243431,39.854597],[-75.189323,39.880713],[-75.145421,39.884213],[-75.12792,39.911813],[-75.13612,39.933912],[-75.12692,39.961112],[-75.072017,39.980612],[-75.047016,40.008912],[-75.007914,40.023111],[-74.944412,40.063211],[-74.863809,40.08221],[-74.838008,40.10091],[-74.822307,40.12671],[-74.782106,40.12081],[-74.745905,40.13421],[-74.721604,40.15381],[-74.770406,40.214508],[-74.842308,40.250508],[-74.868209,40.295207],[-74.939711,40.338006],[-74.969597,40.39977],[-74.996378,40.410528],[-75.024775,40.403455],[-75.056102,40.416066],[-75.070568,40.455165],[-75.062227,40.481391],[-75.068615,40.542223],[-75.117292,40.573211],[-75.136748,40.575731],[-75.168609,40.564111],[-75.195114,40.579689],[-75.192291,40.602676],[-75.201348,40.614628],[-75.190691,40.619956],[-75.191059,40.637971],[-75.200468,40.646899],[-75.177491,40.672595],[-75.20392,40.691498],[-75.1825,40.729922],[-75.196533,40.751631],[-75.171587,40.777745],[-75.133303,40.774124],[-75.111343,40.789896],[-75.083822,40.827805],[-75.097586,40.843042],[-75.064328,40.848338],[-75.051029,40.865662],[-75.07392,40.892176],[-75.079279,40.91389],[-75.117764,40.953023],[-75.120435,40.968302],[-75.135526,40.973807],[-75.131619,40.9889],[-75.025777,41.039806],[-75.01257,41.066281],[-74.970987,41.085293],[-74.972036,41.095562],[-74.988263,41.088222],[-74.982212,41.108245],[-74.923169,41.138146],[-74.882139,41.180836],[-74.860398,41.217454],[-74.866839,41.226865],[-74.857151,41.248975],[-74.830057,41.2872],[-74.792558,41.310628],[-74.795822,41.318516],[-74.766714,41.328558],[-74.755971,41.344953],[-74.720923,41.347384],[-74.689767,41.361558],[-74.713411,41.389814],[-74.740963,41.40512],[-74.736688,41.429228],[-74.790417,41.42166],[-74.805655,41.442101],[-74.834635,41.430796],[-74.8542,41.443166],[-74.888691,41.438259],[-74.896025,41.439987],[-74.892114,41.456959],[-74.917282,41.477041],[-74.981652,41.479945],[-74.984372,41.506611],[-75.003706,41.511118],[-75.00385,41.524052],[-75.023018,41.533147],[-75.018524,41.551802],[-75.074613,41.605711],[-75.043562,41.62364],[-75.04992,41.662556],[-75.059332,41.67232],[-75.052736,41.688393],[-75.067278,41.705434],[-75.06663,41.712588],[-75.052226,41.711396],[-75.053431,41.752538],[-75.074231,41.770518],[-75.10464,41.774203],[-75.101463,41.787941],[-75.072168,41.808327],[-75.074409,41.815088],[-75.085789,41.811626],[-75.113334,41.822782],[-75.114399,41.843583],[-75.161541,41.849836],[-75.174574,41.87266],[-75.183937,41.860515],[-75.204002,41.869867],[-75.22572,41.857481],[-75.238743,41.865699],[-75.257825,41.862154],[-75.260623,41.883783],[-75.272581,41.893168],[-75.267773,41.901971],[-75.279094,41.938917],[-75.29143,41.952477],[-75.318168,41.954236],[-75.342204,41.972872],[-75.341125,41.992772],[-75.359579,41.999445],[-79.761374,41.999067],[-79.761951,42.26986],[-79.645358,42.315631],[-79.453533,42.411157],[-79.351989,42.48892],[-79.335129,42.488321],[-79.242889,42.531757],[-79.148723,42.553672],[-79.111361,42.613358],[-79.06376,42.644758],[-79.062261,42.668358],[-79.04886,42.689158],[-78.918157,42.737258],[-78.853455,42.783958],[-78.865592,42.852358],[-78.891655,42.884845],[-78.912458,42.886557],[-78.905659,42.923357],[-78.918859,42.946857],[-78.961761,42.957756],[-79.019964,42.994756],[-79.02092,43.014287],[-79.005164,43.047056],[-79.01053,43.064389],[-79.074467,43.077855],[-79.060281,43.105086],[-79.062518,43.120182],[-79.042366,43.143655],[-79.053067,43.173655],[-79.055868,43.238554],[-79.070469,43.262454],[-78.634346,43.357624],[-78.488857,43.374763],[-78.370221,43.376505],[-77.976438,43.369159],[-77.875335,43.34966],[-77.760231,43.341161],[-77.714129,43.323561],[-77.653759,43.279484],[-77.551022,43.235763],[-77.391015,43.276363],[-77.341092,43.280661],[-77.264177,43.277363],[-77.111866,43.287945],[-77.033875,43.271218],[-76.958402,43.270005],[-76.904288,43.291816],[-76.794708,43.309632],[-76.731039,43.343421],[-76.69836,43.344436],[-76.630774,43.413356],[-76.521999,43.468617],[-76.486962,43.47535],[-76.472498,43.492781],[-76.417581,43.521285],[-76.368849,43.525822],[-76.345492,43.513437],[-76.297103,43.51287],[-76.228701,43.532987],[-76.209853,43.560136],[-76.199138,43.600454],[-76.205436,43.718751],[-76.229268,43.804135],[-76.283307,43.843923],[-76.28272,43.858601],[-76.243384,43.877975],[-76.202257,43.864898],[-76.133267,43.892975],[-76.125023,43.912773],[-76.139086,43.962111],[-76.169802,43.962202],[-76.22805,43.982737],[-76.264294,43.978009],[-76.269672,44.001148],[-76.296755,44.013307],[-76.300532,44.057188],[-76.360306,44.070907],[-76.363835,44.111696],[-76.312647,44.199044],[-76.206777,44.214543],[-76.164265,44.239603],[-76.161833,44.280777],[-76.130884,44.296635],[-76.097351,44.299547],[-76.045228,44.331724],[-76.000998,44.347534],[-75.970185,44.342835],[-75.912985,44.368084],[-75.82083,44.432244],[-75.807778,44.471644],[-75.76623,44.515851],[-75.413885,44.76889],[-75.333744,44.806378],[-75.306487,44.826144],[-75.30763,44.836813],[-75.283136,44.849156],[-75.142958,44.900237],[-75.133977,44.911838],[-75.096659,44.927067],[-75.027125,44.946568],[-75.005155,44.958402],[-74.992756,44.977449],[-74.907956,44.983359],[-74.887837,45.000046],[-74.826578,45.01585],[-74.731301,44.990422],[-74.702018,45.003322],[-74.146814,44.9915],[-73.059685,45.015869],[-72.67477,45.015459],[-72.310073,45.003822],[-71.502487,45.013367],[-71.491148,45.041774],[-71.505222,45.048791],[-71.497917,45.070589],[-71.467447,45.086851],[-71.427208,45.127364],[-71.437216,45.142333],[-71.39781,45.203553],[-71.403267,45.215348],[-71.443882,45.235462],[-71.420335,45.232719],[-71.406973,45.241516],[-71.38317,45.234904],[-71.357253,45.253336],[-71.362831,45.267617],[-71.336392,45.273066],[-71.284396,45.302434],[-71.266557,45.294589],[-71.262136,45.276098],[-71.231572,45.253472],[-71.196658,45.253594],[-71.180905,45.239858],[-71.158192,45.248746],[-71.13943,45.242958],[-71.105691,45.282498],[-71.105151,45.294635],[-71.089483,45.304584],[-71.076914,45.246912],[-71.037518,44.755607],[-70.972716,43.570255],[-70.955017,43.554239],[-70.963342,43.535247],[-70.954045,43.518797],[-70.974245,43.47742],[-70.961428,43.469696],[-70.96164,43.443039],[-70.986812,43.414264],[-70.985965,43.380023],[-70.967229,43.343777],[-70.956528,43.334691],[-70.932198,43.33456],[-70.900386,43.301358],[-70.906005,43.291682],[-70.843302,43.254321],[-70.838678,43.242931],[-70.817865,43.237911],[-70.80964,43.225407],[-70.827201,43.189485],[-70.824001,43.173285],[-70.8338,43.146886],[-70.8268,43.127086],[-70.757597,43.080888],[-70.704696,43.070989],[-70.718936,43.03235],[-70.790682,42.942772],[-70.81586,42.88625],[-70.80522,42.781798],[-70.772267,42.711064],[-70.778552,42.69852],[-70.728845,42.663877],[-70.689402,42.653319],[-70.663548,42.677603],[-70.630077,42.692699],[-70.620031,42.688006],[-70.623815,42.665481],[-70.61482,42.65765],[-70.595474,42.660336],[-70.591469,42.639821],[-70.61842,42.62864],[-70.654727,42.582234],[-70.664887,42.580436],[-70.675747,42.594669],[-70.698574,42.577393],[-70.737044,42.576863],[-70.823291,42.551495],[-70.871382,42.546404],[-70.866279,42.522617],[-70.842091,42.519495],[-70.831091,42.503596],[-70.835991,42.490496],[-70.857791,42.490296],[-70.894292,42.460896],[-70.917693,42.467996],[-70.934993,42.457896],[-70.933155,42.437833],[-70.901992,42.420297],[-70.905692,42.416197],[-70.936393,42.418097],[-70.943612,42.452092],[-70.982994,42.423996],[-70.990595,42.407098],[-70.972706,42.389968],[-70.953022,42.343973],[-70.979927,42.356382],[-71.006877,42.347039],[-71.01568,42.326019],[-71.000948,42.302483],[-71.0049,42.28272],[-70.98909,42.267449],[-70.948971,42.272505],[-70.935886,42.264189],[-70.910941,42.265412],[-70.895778,42.292436],[-70.915588,42.302463],[-70.882764,42.30886],[-70.851093,42.26827],[-70.770964,42.249197],[-70.74723,42.221816],[-70.722269,42.207959],[-70.714301,42.168783],[-70.63848,42.081579],[-70.647349,42.076331],[-70.643208,42.050821],[-70.66936,42.037116],[-70.670934,42.007786],[-70.695809,42.013346],[-70.712204,42.007586],[-70.710034,41.999544],[-70.662476,41.960592],[-70.616491,41.940204],[-70.583572,41.950007],[-70.552941,41.929641],[-70.525567,41.85873],[-70.542065,41.831263],[-70.54103,41.815754],[-70.494048,41.773883],[-70.412476,41.744397],[-70.290957,41.734312],[-70.263654,41.714115],[-70.216073,41.742981],[-70.064314,41.772845],[-70.008462,41.800786],[-70.009013,41.876625],[-70.000188,41.886938],[-70.024335,41.89882],[-70.030537,41.929154],[-70.044995,41.930049],[-70.065671,41.911658],[-70.064084,41.878924],[-70.070889,41.882973],[-70.077421,41.985497],[-70.095595,42.032832],[-70.155415,42.062409],[-70.186816,42.05045],[-70.194456,42.03947],[-70.186295,42.021308],[-70.196693,42.022429],[-70.245385,42.063733],[-70.225626,42.078601],[-70.189305,42.082337],[-70.082624,42.054657],[-70.033501,42.017736],[-69.968598,41.9117],[-69.935952,41.809422],[-69.928261,41.6917],[-69.947599,41.645394],[-69.967869,41.627503],[-69.988215,41.554704],[-69.998071,41.54365],[-70.011504,41.542924],[-70.016584,41.550772],[-69.994357,41.576846],[-69.973153,41.646963],[-70.007011,41.671579],[-70.191061,41.645259],[-70.245867,41.628479],[-70.265424,41.609333],[-70.28132,41.635125],[-70.351634,41.634687],[-70.379151,41.611361],[-70.437246,41.605329],[-70.461278,41.57182],[-70.485571,41.554244],[-70.633607,41.538254],[-70.654104,41.519025],[-70.734306,41.486335],[-70.79027,41.446339],[-70.835867,41.441877],[-70.866946,41.422378],[-70.948431,41.409193],[-70.928165,41.431265],[-70.906011,41.425708],[-70.855265,41.448892],[-70.802186,41.460864],[-70.745053,41.500966],[-70.658659,41.543385],[-70.64204,41.583066],[-70.652449,41.60521],[-70.640003,41.624616],[-70.652614,41.637829],[-70.638695,41.649427],[-70.646308,41.678433],[-70.661475,41.681756],[-70.62544,41.698691],[-70.626529,41.712995],[-70.726331,41.732731],[-70.719575,41.685002],[-70.755347,41.694326],[-70.765463,41.641575],[-70.809118,41.656437],[-70.816351,41.645995],[-70.800215,41.631753],[-70.810279,41.624873],[-70.852518,41.626919],[-70.852551,41.588526],[-70.86836,41.622664],[-70.887643,41.632422],[-70.913202,41.619266],[-70.899981,41.593504],[-70.927172,41.611253],[-70.931338,41.5842],[-70.946911,41.581089],[-70.931545,41.540169],[-70.979225,41.530427],[-70.983354,41.520616],[-71.035514,41.499047],[-71.085663,41.509292],[-71.12057,41.497448],[-71.131312,41.592308],[-71.14091,41.607405],[-71.13267,41.658744],[-71.191175,41.674292],[-71.261392,41.752301],[-71.327896,41.780501],[-71.339297,41.7963],[-71.347197,41.8231],[-71.335197,41.8355],[-71.341797,41.8437],[-71.333997,41.8623],[-71.339298,41.893399],[-71.3766,41.893999],[-71.381401,42.018798],[-71.799242,42.008065]]],[[[-70.827398,41.602067],[-70.820918,41.587673],[-70.830087,41.585385],[-70.837632,41.595374],[-70.827398,41.602067]]],[[[-70.59628,41.471905],[-70.567356,41.471208],[-70.553277,41.452955],[-70.555588,41.430882],[-70.547567,41.415831],[-70.506984,41.400242],[-70.501306,41.385391],[-70.484503,41.38629],[-70.463833,41.419145],[-70.450431,41.420703],[-70.451084,41.348161],[-70.709826,41.341723],[-70.747541,41.329952],[-70.775665,41.300982],[-70.838777,41.347209],[-70.812309,41.355745],[-70.774974,41.349176],[-70.686881,41.441334],[-70.603555,41.482384],[-70.59628,41.471905]]],[[[-70.092142,41.297741],[-70.062565,41.308726],[-70.031332,41.339332],[-70.030924,41.367453],[-70.049564,41.3879],[-70.033514,41.385816],[-69.960277,41.278731],[-69.960181,41.264546],[-69.975,41.247392],[-70.001586,41.239353],[-70.118669,41.242351],[-70.256164,41.288123],[-70.275526,41.310464],[-70.249276,41.305623],[-70.229541,41.290171],[-70.092142,41.297741]]],[[[-74.144428,40.53516],[-74.219787,40.502603],[-74.246688,40.496103],[-74.254588,40.502303],[-74.242888,40.520903],[-74.247808,40.543396],[-74.210887,40.560902],[-74.19682,40.597037],[-74.20058,40.631448],[-74.1894,40.642121],[-74.075884,40.648101],[-74.053125,40.603678],[-74.059184,40.593502],[-74.111471,40.546908],[-74.137241,40.530076],[-74.144428,40.53516]]],[[[-72.132225,41.104387],[-72.126704,41.115139],[-72.084207,41.101524],[-72.086975,41.058292],[-72.095711,41.05402],[-72.103152,41.086484],[-72.139233,41.092451],[-72.142929,41.097811],[-72.132225,41.104387]]],[[[-71.943563,41.286675],[-71.926802,41.290122],[-72.002461,41.252867],[-72.036846,41.249794],[-72.023422,41.270994],[-71.943563,41.286675]]],[[[-73.767176,40.886299],[-73.766976,40.880099],[-73.775276,40.882199],[-73.767176,40.886299]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Connecticut\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f675e4b0c8380cd4c793","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":396223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mecray, E.L.","contributorId":14840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mecray","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galvin, E.L.","contributorId":80043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galvin","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023115,"text":"70023115 - 2000 - Influence of net freshwater supply on salinity in Florida Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T16:37:06","indexId":"70023115","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of net freshwater supply on salinity in Florida Bay","docAbstract":"

An annual water budget for Florida Bay, the large, seasonally hypersaline estuary in the Everglades National Park, was constructed using physically based models and long‐term (31 years) data on salinity, hydrology, and climate. Effects of seasonal and interannual variations of the net freshwater supply (runoff plus rainfall minus evaporation) on salinity variation within the bay were also examined. Particular attention was paid to the effects of runoff, which are the focus of ambitious plans to restore and conserve the Florida Bay ecosystem. From 1965 to 1995 the annual runoff from the Everglades into the bay was less than one tenth of the annual direct rainfall onto the bay, while estimated annual evaporation slightly exceeded annual rainfall. The average net freshwater supply to the bay over a year was thus approximately zero, and interannual variations in salinity appeared to be affected primarily by interannual fluctuations in rainfall. At the annual scale, runoff apparently had little effect on the bay as a whole during this period. On a seasonal basis, variations in rainfall, evaporation, and runoff were not in phase, and the net freshwater supply to the bay varied between positive and negative values, contributing to a strong seasonal pattern in salinity, especially in regions of the bay relatively isolated from exchanges with the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean. Changes in runoff could have a greater effect on salinity in the bay if the seasonal patterns of rainfall and evaporation and the timing of the runoff are considered. One model was also used to simulate spatial and temporal patterns of salinity responses expected to result from changes in net freshwater supply. Simulations in which runoff was increased by a factor of 2 (but with no change in spatial pattern) indicated that increased runoff will lower salinity values in eastern Florida Bay, increase the variability of salinity in the South Region, but have little effect on salinity in the Central and West Regions.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900352","usgsCitation":"Nuttle, W.K., Fourqurean, J.W., Cosby, B.J., Zieman, J.C., and Robblee, M.B., 2000, Influence of net freshwater supply on salinity in Florida Bay: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 7, p. 1805-1822, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900352.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1805","endPage":"1822","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487447,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900352","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.232666015625,\n 24.206889622398023\n ],\n [\n -80.04089355468749,\n 24.206889622398023\n ],\n [\n -80.04089355468749,\n 26.13571361317392\n ],\n [\n -82.232666015625,\n 26.13571361317392\n ],\n [\n -82.232666015625,\n 24.206889622398023\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b5ee4b0c8380cd6247d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nuttle, William K.","contributorId":189603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nuttle","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fourqurean, James W.","contributorId":84491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fourqurean","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cosby, Bernard J.","contributorId":107578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cosby","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zieman, Joseph C.","contributorId":20806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zieman","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robblee, Michael B. mike_robblee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robblee","given":"Michael","email":"mike_robblee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":396216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022922,"text":"70022922 - 2000 - Atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin: Amissions, deposition and transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T07:44:04","indexId":"70022922","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin: Amissions, deposition and transport","docAbstract":"

Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen has been cited as a major factor in the nitrogen saturation of forests in the north-eastern United States and as a contributor to the eutrophication of coastal waters, including the Gulf of Mexico near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Sources of nitrogen emissions and the resulting spatial patterns of nitrogen deposition within the Mississippi River Basin, however, have not been fully documented. An assessment of atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin was therefore conducted in 1998-1999 to: (1) evaluate the forms in which nitrogen is deposited from the atmosphere; (2) quantify the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition throughout the basin; and (3) relate locations of emission sources to spatial deposition patterns to evaluate atmospheric transport. Deposition data collected through the NADP/NTN (National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network) and CASTNet (Clean Air Status and Trends Network) were used for this analysis. NO(x) Tier 1 emission data by county was obtained for 1992 from the US Environmental Protection Agency (Emissions Trends Viewer CD, 1985-1995, version 1.0, September 1996) and NH3 emissions data was derived from the 1992 Census of Agriculture (US Department of Commerce. Census of Agriculture, US Summary and County Level Data, US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Geographic Area series, 1995:1b) or the National Agricultural Statistics Service (US Department of Agriculture. National Agricultural Statistics Service Historical Data. Accessed 7/98 at URL, 1998. http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/hisdata.htm). The highest rates of wet deposition of NO3- were in the north-eastern part of the basin, downwind of electric utility plants and urban areas, whereas the highest rates of wet deposition of NH4+ were in Iowa, near the center of intensive agricultural activities in the Midwest. The lowest rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition were on the western (windward) side of the basin, which suggests that most of the nitrogen deposited within the basin is derived from internal sources. Atmospheric transport eastward across the basin boundary is greater for NO3- than NH4+, but a significant amount of NH4+ is likely to be transported out of the basin through the formation of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 particles - a process that greatly increases the atmospheric residence time of NH4+. This process is also a likely factor in the atmospheric transport of nitrogen from the Midwest to upland forest regions in the North-East, such as the western Adirondack region of New York, where NH4+ constitutes 38% of the total wet deposition of N. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, G., Goolsby, D.A., Battaglin, W., and Stensland, G., 2000, Atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin: Amissions, deposition and transport: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 87-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208185,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eec4e4b0c8380cd49f3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stensland, G.J.","contributorId":62096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stensland","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022892,"text":"70022892 - 2000 - Geology in the 1996 USGS seismic-hazard maps, central and eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T17:15:12.275696","indexId":"70022892","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology in the 1996 USGS seismic-hazard maps, central and eastern United States","docAbstract":"The current (1996) national probabilistic seismic-hazard maps utilize information about geologic structure and tectonics of the central and eastern U.S. to compensate for uncertainty that arises from the short seismicity record. Geology was incorporated into the maps mainly as seven source zones that are delineated in three distinct ways. The North American stable continental region is divided into two large zones, the sparsely seismic Precambrian craton and the more active Phanerozoic rim. Five other source zones are much smaller - the Wabash Valley source zone is within the craton, whereas the Reelfoot Rift, eastern Tennessee, Charleston, and Charlevoix source zones are in the Phanerozoic rim of the continent. We document these zones and explain and justify their use. The seven zones provide a foundation from which we suggest a criterion for including more geology in future maps.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.71.2.273","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., and Frankel, A., 2000, Geology in the 1996 USGS seismic-hazard maps, central and eastern United States: Seismological Research Letters, v. 71, no. 2, p. 273-282, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.71.2.273.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"282","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.587890625,\n 50.12057809796008\n ],\n [\n -114.08203125,\n 48.86471476180277\n ],\n [\n -111.26953125,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -107.138671875,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -104.58984375,\n 32.10118973232094\n ],\n [\n -101.77734374999999,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n -100.01953125,\n 26.980828590472107\n ],\n [\n -98.87695312499999,\n 25.799891182088334\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 25.403584973186703\n ],\n [\n -96.240234375,\n 27.527758206861886\n ],\n [\n -95.00976562499999,\n 28.536274512989916\n ],\n [\n -92.373046875,\n 28.92163128242129\n ],\n [\n -89.12109375,\n 28.536274512989916\n ],\n [\n -86.572265625,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -83.935546875,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -82.44140625,\n 25.403584973186703\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 24.44714958973082\n ],\n [\n -79.27734374999999,\n 26.588527147308614\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 31.57853542647338\n ],\n [\n -75.41015624999999,\n 34.95799531086792\n ],\n [\n -74.70703125,\n 37.09023980307208\n ],\n [\n -73.212890625,\n 39.977120098439634\n ],\n [\n -69.2578125,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -69.60937499999999,\n 42.87596410238256\n ],\n [\n -67.67578124999999,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -65.21484375,\n 43.26120612479979\n ],\n [\n -63.45703124999999,\n 44.08758502824516\n ],\n [\n -64.248046875,\n 49.66762782262194\n ],\n [\n -112.587890625,\n 50.12057809796008\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"71","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a247fe4b0c8380cd5813f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, R. L.","contributorId":34916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frankel, A. 0000-0001-9119-6106","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":41593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022647,"text":"70022647 - 2000 - Isotopic evidence for the sources of Cretaceous and tertiary granitic rocks, east-central Alaska: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana terrane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T14:15:24.941221","indexId":"70022647","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic evidence for the sources of Cretaceous and tertiary granitic rocks, east-central Alaska: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana terrane","docAbstract":"

Magnetotelluric traverses across the southern Yukon-Tanana terrane (YTT) reveal the presence of a thick conductive layer (or layers) beneath Paleozoic crystalline rocks. These rocks have been interpreted to be flysch of probable Mesozoic age, on the basis of the occurrence of Jurassic-Cretaceous flysch in the Kahiltna assemblage and Gravina-Nutzotin belt flanking the YTT to the southwest and southeast, respectively. The Pb, Nd, Sr, and O isotopes in Cretaceous and Tertiary granitic rocks that crop out throughout the YTT were measured to determine if these rocks do in fact contain a component of flysch. Previous limited analyses indicated that the Pb isotopes of the granitic rocks could be a mixture of radiogenic Pb derived from Paleozoic crystalline rocks of the YTT with an increasing component of relatively nonradiogenic Pb with decreasing age. Our Nd, Sr, and O data, along with additional Pb isotope data, eliminate flysch as a likely source and strongly suggest that the nonradiogenic end-member was derived from mafic rocks, either directly from mantle magma or by melting of mafic crust. The lack of a sedimentary component in the granitic plutons suggests either that the plutons did not incorporate significant amounts of flysch during intrusion or that the conductive layer beneath the YTT crystalline rocks is not flysch.

","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e00-006","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Aleinikoff, J.N., Farmer, G.L., Rye, R.O., and Nokleberg, W., 2000, Isotopic evidence for the sources of Cretaceous and tertiary granitic rocks, east-central Alaska: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana terrane: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 37, no. 6, p. 945-956, https://doi.org/10.1139/e00-006.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"945","endPage":"956","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233883,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.830078125,\n 55.52863052257191\n ],\n [\n -126.2548828125,\n 55.52863052257191\n ],\n [\n -126.2548828125,\n 67.01600934917997\n ],\n [\n -155.830078125,\n 67.01600934917997\n ],\n [\n -155.830078125,\n 55.52863052257191\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fafe4b0c8380cd64727","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farmer, G. L.","contributorId":97251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farmer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nokleberg, W. J. 0000-0002-1574-8869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":68312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022646,"text":"70022646 - 2000 - Arsenic in ground water of the United States: occurrence and geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T15:22:26.304448","indexId":"70022646","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arsenic in ground water of the United States: occurrence and geochemistry","docAbstract":"

Concentrations of naturally occurring arsenic in ground water vary regionally due to a combination of climate and geology. Although slightly less than half of 30,000 arsenic analyses of ground water in the United States were \"leqslant 1 μg/L, about 10% exceeded 10 μg/L. At a broad regional scale, arsenic concentrations exceeding 10 μg/L appear to be more frequently observed in the western United States than in the eastern half. Arsenic concentrations in ground water of the Appalachian Highlands and the Atlantic Plain generally are very low (\"leqslant 1 μg/L). Concentrations are somewhat greater in the Interior Plains and the Rocky Mountain System. Investigations of ground water in New England, Michigan, Minnesota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin within the last decade suggest that arsenic concentrations exceeding 10 μg/L are more widespread and common than previously recognized.

Arsenic release from iron oxide appears to be the most common cause of widespread arsenic concentrations exceeding 10 μg/L in ground water. This can occur in response to different geochemical conditions, including release of arsenic to ground water through reaction of iron oxide with either natural or anthropogenic (i.e., petroleum products) organic carbon. Iron oxide also can release arsenic to alkaline ground water, such as that found in some felsic volcanic rocks and alkaline aquifers of the western United States. Sulfide minerals are both a source and sink for arsenic. Geothermal water and high evaporation rates also are associated with arsenic concentrations \"leqslant 10g/L in ground and surface water, particularly in the west.

Arsenic release from iron oxide appears to be the most common cause of widespread arsenic concentrations exceeding 10 µg/L a ground water. This can occur in response to different geochemical conditions, including release of arsenic to ground water through reaction of iron oxide with either natural or anthropogenic (i.e., petroleum products) organic carbon. Iron oxide also can release arsenic to alkaline ground water, such as that found in some felsic volcanic rocks and alkaline aquifers of the Western United States. Sulfide minerals are both a source and sink for arsenic. Geothermal water and high evaporation rates also are associated with arsenic concentrations ≥ 10g/L in ground and surface water, particularly in the west.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00251.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Welch, A., Westjohn, D., Helsel, D., and Wanty, R.B., 2000, Arsenic in ground water of the United States: occurrence and geochemistry: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 4, p. 589-604, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00251.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"589","endPage":"604","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":\"30\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"United States\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-66.28243,18.51476],[-65.7713,18.42668],[-65.591,18.22803],[-65.84716,17.97591],[-66.59993,17.98182],[-67.18416,17.94655],[-67.24243,18.37446],[-67.10068,18.5206],[-66.28243,18.51476],[-66.28243,18.51476]]],[[[-155.54211,19.08348],[-155.68817,18.91619],[-155.93665,19.05939],[-155.90806,19.33888],[-156.07347,19.70294],[-156.02368,19.81422],[-155.85008,19.97729],[-155.91907,20.17395],[-155.86108,20.26721],[-155.78505,20.2487],[-155.40214,20.07975],[-155.22452,19.99302],[-155.06226,19.8591],[-154.80741,19.50871],[-154.83147,19.45328],[-155.22217,19.23972],[-155.54211,19.08348],[-155.54211,19.08348]]],[[[-156.07926,20.64397],[-156.41445,20.57241],[-156.58673,20.783],[-156.70167,20.8643],[-156.71055,20.92676],[-156.61258,21.01249],[-156.25711,20.91745],[-155.99566,20.76404],[-156.07926,20.64397],[-156.07926,20.64397]]],[[[-156.75824,21.17684],[-156.78933,21.06873],[-157.32521,21.09777],[-157.25027,21.21958],[-156.75824,21.17684],[-156.75824,21.17684]]],[[[-157.65283,21.32217],[-157.70703,21.26442],[-157.7786,21.27729],[-158.12667,21.31244],[-158.2538,21.53919],[-158.29265,21.57912],[-158.0252,21.71696],[-157.94161,21.65272],[-157.65283,21.32217],[-157.65283,21.32217]]],[[[-159.34512,21.982],[-159.46372,21.88299],[-159.80051,22.06533],[-159.74877,22.1382],[-159.5962,22.23618],[-159.36569,22.21494],[-159.34512,21.982],[-159.34512,21.982]]],[[[-94.81758,49.38905],[-94.64,48.84],[-94.32914,48.67074],[-93.63087,48.60926],[-92.61,48.45],[-91.64,48.14],[-90.83,48.27],[-89.6,48.01],[-89.27292,48.01981],[-88.37811,48.30292],[-87.43979,47.94],[-86.46199,47.55334],[-85.65236,47.22022],[-84.87608,46.90008],[-84.77924,46.6371],[-84.54375,46.53868],[-84.6049,46.4396],[-84.3367,46.40877],[-84.14212,46.51223],[-84.09185,46.27542],[-83.89077,46.11693],[-83.61613,46.11693],[-83.46955,45.99469],[-83.59285,45.81689],[-82.55092,45.34752],[-82.33776,44.44],[-82.13764,43.57109],[-82.43,42.98],[-82.9,42.43],[-83.12,42.08],[-83.142,41.97568],[-83.02981,41.8328],[-82.69009,41.67511],[-82.43928,41.67511],[-81.27775,42.20903],[-80.24745,42.3662],[-78.93936,42.86361],[-78.92,42.965],[-79.01,43.27],[-79.17167,43.46634],[-78.72028,43.62509],[-77.73789,43.62906],[-76.82003,43.62878],[-76.5,44.01846],[-76.375,44.09631],[-75.31821,44.81645],[-74.867,45.00048],[-73.34783,45.00738],[-71.50506,45.0082],[-71.405,45.255],[-71.08482,45.30524],[-70.66,45.46],[-70.305,45.915],[-69.99997,46.69307],[-69.23722,47.44778],[-68.905,47.185],[-68.23444,47.35486],[-67.79046,47.06636],[-67.79134,45.70281],[-67.13741,45.13753],[-66.96466,44.8097],[-68.03252,44.3252],[-69.06,43.98],[-70.11617,43.68405],[-70.64548,43.09024],[-70.81489,42.8653],[-70.825,42.335],[-70.495,41.805],[-70.08,41.78],[-70.185,42.145],[-69.88497,41.92283],[-69.96503,41.63717],[-70.64,41.475],[-71.12039,41.49445],[-71.86,41.32],[-72.295,41.27],[-72.87643,41.22065],[-73.71,40.9311],[-72.24126,41.11948],[-71.945,40.93],[-73.345,40.63],[-73.982,40.628],[-73.95232,40.75075],[-74.25671,40.47351],[-73.96244,40.42763],[-74.17838,39.70926],[-74.90604,38.93954],[-74.98041,39.1964],[-75.20002,39.24845],[-75.52805,39.4985],[-75.32,38.96],[-75.07183,38.78203],[-75.05673,38.40412],[-75.37747,38.01551],[-75.94023,37.21689],[-76.03127,37.2566],[-75.72205,37.93705],[-76.23287,38.31921],[-76.35,39.15],[-76.54272,38.71762],[-76.32933,38.08326],[-76.99,38.23999],[-76.30162,37.91794],[-76.25874,36.9664],[-75.9718,36.89726],[-75.86804,36.55125],[-75.72749,35.55074],[-76.36318,34.80854],[-77.39763,34.51201],[-78.05496,33.92547],[-78.55435,33.86133],[-79.06067,33.49395],[-79.20357,33.15839],[-80.30132,32.50935],[-80.86498,32.0333],[-81.33629,31.44049],[-81.49042,30.72999],[-81.31371,30.03552],[-80.98,29.18],[-80.53558,28.47213],[-80.53,28.04],[-80.05654,26.88],[-80.08801,26.20576],[-80.13156,25.81677],[-80.38103,25.20616],[-80.68,25.08],[-81.17213,25.20126],[-81.33,25.64],[-81.71,25.87],[-82.24,26.73],[-82.70515,27.49504],[-82.85526,27.88624],[-82.65,28.55],[-82.93,29.1],[-83.70959,29.93656],[-84.1,30.09],[-85.10882,29.63615],[-85.28784,29.68612],[-85.7731,30.15261],[-86.4,30.4],[-87.53036,30.27433],[-88.41782,30.3849],[-89.18049,30.31598],[-89.59383,30.15999],[-89.41373,29.89419],[-89.43,29.48864],[-89.21767,29.29108],[-89.40823,29.15961],[-89.77928,29.30714],[-90.15463,29.11743],[-90.88022,29.14854],[-91.62678,29.677],[-92.49906,29.5523],[-93.22637,29.78375],[-93.84842,29.71363],[-94.69,29.48],[-95.60026,28.73863],[-96.59404,28.30748],[-97.14,27.83],[-97.37,27.38],[-97.38,26.69],[-97.33,26.21],[-97.14,25.87],[-97.53,25.84],[-98.24,26.06],[-99.02,26.37],[-99.3,26.84],[-99.52,27.54],[-100.11,28.11],[-100.45584,28.69612],[-100.9576,29.38071],[-101.6624,29.7793],[-102.48,29.76],[-103.11,28.97],[-103.94,29.27],[-104.45697,29.57196],[-104.70575,30.12173],[-105.03737,30.64402],[-105.63159,31.08383],[-106.1429,31.39995],[-106.50759,31.75452],[-108.24,31.75485],[-108.24194,31.34222],[-109.035,31.34194],[-111.02361,31.33472],[-113.30498,32.03914],[-114.815,32.52528],[-114.72139,32.72083],[-115.99135,32.61239],[-117.12776,32.53534],[-117.29594,33.04622],[-117.944,33.62124],[-118.4106,33.74091],[-118.51989,34.02778],[-119.081,34.078],[-119.43884,34.34848],[-120.36778,34.44711],[-120.62286,34.60855],[-120.74433,35.15686],[-121.71457,36.16153],[-122.54747,37.55176],[-122.51201,37.78339],[-122.95319,38.11371],[-123.7272,38.95166],[-123.86517,39.76699],[-124.39807,40.3132],[-124.17886,41.14202],[-124.2137,41.99964],[-124.53284,42.76599],[-124.14214,43.70838],[-124.02053,44.6159],[-123.89893,45.52341],[-124.07963,46.86475],[-124.39567,47.72017],[-124.68721,48.18443],[-124.5661,48.37971],[-123.12,48.04],[-122.58736,47.096],[-122.34,47.36],[-122.5,48.18],[-122.84,49],[-120,49],[-117.03121,49],[-116.04818,49],[-113,49],[-110.05,49],[-107.05,49],[-104.04826,48.99986],[-100.65,49],[-97.22872,49.0007],[-95.15907,49],[-95.15609,49.38425],[-94.81758,49.38905],[-94.81758,49.38905]]],[[[-153.00631,57.11584],[-154.00509,56.73468],[-154.5164,56.99275],[-154.67099,57.4612],[-153.76278,57.81657],[-153.22873,57.96897],[-152.56479,57.90143],[-152.14115,57.59106],[-153.00631,57.11584],[-153.00631,57.11584]]],[[[-165.57916,59.90999],[-166.19277,59.75444],[-166.84834,59.94141],[-167.45528,60.21307],[-166.46779,60.38417],[-165.67443,60.29361],[-165.57916,59.90999],[-165.57916,59.90999]]],[[[-171.73166,63.78252],[-171.11443,63.59219],[-170.49111,63.69498],[-169.68251,63.43112],[-168.68944,63.29751],[-168.77194,63.1886],[-169.52944,62.97693],[-170.29056,63.19444],[-170.67139,63.37582],[-171.55306,63.31779],[-171.79111,63.40585],[-171.73166,63.78252],[-171.73166,63.78252]]],[[[-155.06779,71.14778],[-154.34417,70.69641],[-153.90001,70.88999],[-152.21001,70.82999],[-152.27,70.60001],[-150.73999,70.43002],[-149.72,70.53001],[-147.61336,70.21403],[-145.68999,70.12001],[-144.92001,69.98999],[-143.58945,70.15251],[-142.07251,69.85194],[-140.98599,69.712],[-140.98599,69.712],[-140.9925,66.00003],[-140.99777,60.3064],[-140.013,60.27684],[-139.039,60.00001],[-138.34089,59.56211],[-137.4525,58.905],[-136.47972,59.46389],[-135.47583,59.78778],[-134.945,59.27056],[-134.27111,58.86111],[-133.35555,58.41029],[-132.73042,57.69289],[-131.70781,56.55212],[-130.00778,55.91583],[-129.97999,55.285],[-130.53611,54.80275],[-131.08582,55.17891],[-131.96721,55.49778],[-132.25001,56.37],[-133.53918,57.17889],[-134.07806,58.12307],[-135.03821,58.18771],[-136.62806,58.21221],[-137.80001,58.5],[-139.86779,59.53776],[-140.82527,59.72752],[-142.57444,60.08445],[-143.95888,59.99918],[-145.92556,60.45861],[-147.11437,60.88466],[-148.22431,60.67299],[-148.01807,59.97833],[-148.57082,59.91417],[-149.72786,59.70566],[-150.60824,59.36821],[-151.71639,59.15582],[-151.85943,59.74498],[-151.40972,60.7258],[-150.34694,61.03359],[-150.62111,61.28442],[-151.89584,60.7272],[-152.57833,60.06166],[-154.01917,59.35028],[-153.28751,58.86473],[-154.23249,58.14637],[-155.30749,57.72779],[-156.30833,57.42277],[-156.5561,56.97998],[-158.11722,56.46361],[-158.43332,55.99415],[-159.60333,55.56669],[-160.28972,55.64358],[-161.22305,55.36473],[-162.23777,55.02419],[-163.06945,54.68974],[-164.78557,54.40417],[-164.94223,54.57222],[-163.84834,55.03943],[-162.87,55.34804],[-161.80417,55.89499],[-160.5636,56.00805],[-160.07056,56.41806],[-158.68444,57.01668],[-158.4611,57.21692],[-157.72277,57.57],[-157.55027,58.32833],[-157.04167,58.91888],[-158.19473,58.6158],[-158.51722,58.78778],[-159.05861,58.42419],[-159.71167,58.93139],[-159.98129,58.57255],[-160.35527,59.07112],[-161.355,58.67084],[-161.96889,58.67166],[-162.05499,59.26693],[-161.87417,59.63362],[-162.51806,59.98972],[-163.81834,59.79806],[-164.66222,60.26748],[-165.34639,60.5075],[-165.35083,61.0739],[-166.12138,61.50002],[-165.73445,62.075],[-164.91918,62.63308],[-164.56251,63.14638],[-163.75333,63.21945],[-163.06722,63.05946],[-162.26056,63.54194],[-161.53445,63.45582],[-160.77251,63.76611],[-160.95834,64.2228],[-161.51807,64.40279],[-160.77778,64.7886],[-161.39193,64.77724],[-162.45305,64.55944],[-162.75779,64.33861],[-163.54639,64.55916],[-164.96083,64.44695],[-166.42529,64.68667],[-166.845,65.0889],[-168.11056,65.67],[-166.70527,66.08832],[-164.47471,66.57666],[-163.65251,66.57666],[-163.7886,66.07721],[-161.67777,66.11612],[-162.48971,66.73557],[-163.71972,67.11639],[-164.43099,67.61634],[-165.39029,68.04277],[-166.76444,68.35888],[-166.20471,68.88303],[-164.43081,68.91554],[-163.16861,69.37111],[-162.93057,69.85806],[-161.9089,70.33333],[-160.9348,70.44769],[-159.03918,70.89164],[-158.11972,70.82472],[-156.58082,71.35776],[-155.06779,71.14778],[-155.06779,71.14778]]]]}}]}","volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed90e4b0c8380cd498a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welch, Alan H.","contributorId":45286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Alan H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westjohn, D.B.","contributorId":68411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westjohn","given":"D.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helsel, Dennis R.","contributorId":85569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helsel","given":"Dennis R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wanty, Richard B. 0000-0002-2063-6423 rwanty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"Richard","email":"rwanty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022586,"text":"70022586 - 2000 - Development of a grid-cell topographic surface for Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-27T18:33:33.848676","indexId":"70022586","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a grid-cell topographic surface for Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia","docAbstract":"The Okefenokee Swamp is a 160,000 ha freshwater wetland in Southeast Georgia, USA that developed in a landscape basin. Hydrologic variability across the swamp suggests that water-surface elevations are not uniform across the swamp. The topographic surface map discussed herein was developed to describe the swamp topography at local to landscape scales and relate the swamp peat- and sand-surface elevations to elevation above mean sea level. These data were then used to relate water-surface elevations across the swamp so that the swamp hydrologic environment could be described spatially and temporally with a spatial hydrology model. The swamp was divided into 5 sub-basins that reflect similar seasonal hydrodynamics but also indicate local conditions unique to the basins. Topographic gradient influences water-level dynamics in the western swamp (2 sub-basins), which is dominated by the Suwannee River floodplain. The eastern swamp (3 sub-basins) is terraced, and the regional hydrology is driven less by topographic gradient and more by precipitation and evapotranspiration volumes. The relatively steep gradient and berm and lake features in the western swamp's Suwannee River floodplain limit the spatial extent of the Suwannee River sill's effects, whereas system sensitivities to evapotranspiration rates are more important drivers of hydrology in the eastern swamp.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020<0487:DOAGTS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Loftin, C., Rasberry, W., and Kitchens, W.M., 2000, Development of a grid-cell topographic surface for Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia: Wetlands, v. 20, no. 3, p. 487-499, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020<0487:DOAGTS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"487","endPage":"499","costCenters":[{"id":274,"text":"Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, Okefenokee Swamp","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.50595092773438,\n 30.593001325080845\n ],\n [\n -82.50595092773438,\n 30.58354378627138\n ],\n [\n -82.22030639648438,\n 30.56699087315334\n ],\n [\n -82.20932006835938,\n 30.55989590270129\n ],\n [\n -82.20794677734374,\n 30.548069799103555\n ],\n [\n -82.19284057617186,\n 30.54097344535385\n ],\n [\n -82.15301513671875,\n 30.55989590270129\n ],\n [\n -82.1282958984375,\n 30.632003915582725\n ],\n [\n -82.12417602539062,\n 30.65445282440074\n ],\n [\n -82.1337890625,\n 30.668628397433356\n ],\n [\n -82.11181640625,\n 30.739475058679485\n ],\n [\n -82.12417602539062,\n 30.803192546290973\n ],\n [\n -82.12966918945312,\n 30.879833524005406\n ],\n [\n -82.1337890625,\n 30.975254231355855\n ],\n [\n -82.15164184570312,\n 31.00821701110019\n ],\n [\n -82.22991943359375,\n 31.05058098421751\n ],\n [\n -82.22854614257812,\n 31.061169032707316\n ],\n [\n -82.15850830078125,\n 31.063521772353308\n ],\n [\n -82.15713500976562,\n 31.092926106993826\n ],\n [\n -82.19009399414062,\n 31.092926106993826\n ],\n [\n -82.188720703125,\n 31.178734677944494\n ],\n [\n -82.25326538085938,\n 31.17755974264551\n ],\n [\n -82.35076904296875,\n 31.158758795329728\n ],\n [\n -82.35214233398438,\n 31.07998932030227\n ],\n [\n -82.36862182617188,\n 31.0294013530289\n ],\n [\n -82.50869750976562,\n 30.926966760610032\n ],\n [\n -82.5567626953125,\n 30.876297595828756\n ],\n [\n -82.55538940429688,\n 30.820884358222617\n ],\n [\n -82.47024536132812,\n 30.81852563821785\n ],\n [\n -82.46749877929688,\n 30.803192546290973\n ],\n [\n -82.44003295898438,\n 30.803192546290973\n ],\n [\n -82.44003295898438,\n 30.767799150881462\n ],\n [\n -82.45651245117188,\n 30.759538817987497\n ],\n [\n -82.44552612304688,\n 30.718226523201352\n ],\n [\n -82.47299194335936,\n 30.721768271062917\n ],\n [\n -82.4908447265625,\n 30.707600499097804\n ],\n [\n -82.50457763671874,\n 30.6650846991075\n ],\n [\n -82.50595092773438,\n 30.593001325080845\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a003ae4b0c8380cd4f658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loftin, Cynthia S. 0000-0001-9104-3724 cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9104-3724","contributorId":2167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftin","given":"Cynthia S.","email":"cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":394162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rasberry, Wiley","contributorId":32325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasberry","given":"Wiley","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kitchens, Wiley M.","contributorId":248190,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kitchens","given":"Wiley","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36221,"text":"University of Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":394161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022457,"text":"70022457 - 2000 - Climatic variability in the eastern United States over the past millennium from Chesapeake Bay sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T10:55:56","indexId":"70022457","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic variability in the eastern United States over the past millennium from Chesapeake Bay sediments","docAbstract":"Salinity oscillations caused by multidecadal climatic variability had major impacts on the Chesapeake Bay estuarine ecosystem during the past 1000 yr. Microfossils from sediments dated by radiometry (14C, 137Cs, 210Pb) and pollen stratigraphy indicate that salinity in mesohaline regions oscillated 10-15 ppt during periods of extreme drought (low fresh-water discharge) and wet climate (high discharge). During the past 500 yr, 14 wet-dry cycles occurred, including sixteenth and early seventeenth century megadroughts that exceeded twentieth century droughts in their severity. These droughts correspond to extremely dry climate also recorded in North American tree-ring records and by early colonists. Wet periods occurred every ~60-70 yr, began abruptly, lasted <20 yr, and had mean annual rainfall ~25%-30% and fresh-water discharge ~40%-50% greater than during droughts. A shift toward wetter regional climate occurred in the early nineteenth century, lowering salinity and compounding the effects of agricultural land clearance on bay ecosystems.","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<3:CVITEU>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Willard, D.A., Karlsen, A., Ishman, S., Verardo, S., McGeehin, J., Kerhin, R., Holmes, C., Colman, S., and Zimmerman, A., 2000, Climatic variability in the eastern United States over the past millennium from Chesapeake Bay sediments: Geology, v. 28, no. 1, p. 3-6, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<3:CVITEU>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24693,"text":"Climate Research and Development","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.1734619140625,\n 36.90597988519294\n ],\n [\n -75.43212890625,\n 36.90597988519294\n ],\n [\n -75.43212890625,\n 39.6606850221923\n ],\n [\n -77.1734619140625,\n 39.6606850221923\n ],\n [\n -77.1734619140625,\n 36.90597988519294\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f66ae4b0c8380cd4c757","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0002-2643-0979 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":2579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":763685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942 dwillard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":2076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra","email":"dwillard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24693,"text":"Climate Research and Development","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":763686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karlsen, A.","contributorId":8634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlsen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ishman, S.","contributorId":32324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishman","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Verardo, S.","contributorId":15786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verardo","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McGeehin, John mcgeehin@usgs.gov","contributorId":167455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"John","email":"mcgeehin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":763690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kerhin, R.","contributorId":25317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerhin","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Holmes, C.","contributorId":33067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Colman, S.","contributorId":63553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Zimmerman, A.","contributorId":82485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70022417,"text":"70022417 - 2000 - Morphology and processes in Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T16:15:03.225428","indexId":"70022417","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphology and processes in Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada)","docAbstract":"Lake Tahoe was surveyed using a state-of-the-art, high-resolution, multibeam mapping system to provide an accurate base map for the myriad of ongoing environmental studies in and around the lake. The newly defined basin morphology shows steep basin margins on the northern, eastern, and western sides and a gentle margin on the southern side. Two large, flat plateaus several kilometers wide extend from the shore to about 40 m water depth in the northwestern sections of the basin. A series of ridges in the west and north are presumed traces of faults, some of which border the lake basin and some of which traverse across the northern section of the lake and converge in McKinney Bay. McKinney Bay is a large reentrant in the western margin that was created by a failure of the western margin that occurred about 300 ka. The failure generated a major debris avalanche that carried large blocks, some more than 1000 m long and 80 m high, accross the basin. Apparently, the debris avalanche was deflected by the eastern margin of the basin and flowed to the north and south. Small debris flows and slides have continued to occur in this area. Small debris aprons along the northern, western, and eastern margins, some apparently the remnants of collapsed terminal moraines formed in the basin from the 160 ka Tahoe Glaciation, which reached the edge of the basin. Eroded plateaus and ridges occur on a glacial outwash plain that covers the gentle southern margin. The plateaus and ridges are inferred to be remnants of another large terminal moraine of the Tahoe Glaciation.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<736:MAPILT>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Gardner, J., Mayer, L.A., and Hughs, C.J., 2000, Morphology and processes in Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 5, p. 736-746, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<736:MAPILT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"736","endPage":"746","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lake Tahoe","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.99885559082031,\n 38.92522904714054\n ],\n [\n -119.99198913574217,\n 38.9396506365778\n ],\n [\n -119.98100280761719,\n 38.94125285438687\n ],\n [\n -119.95559692382812,\n 38.94819537985111\n ],\n [\n -119.94323730468749,\n 38.962078391086926\n ],\n [\n -119.93637084960938,\n 38.965815660189016\n ],\n [\n -119.94735717773439,\n 38.97222194853654\n ],\n [\n -119.95353698730469,\n 38.98449904830041\n ],\n [\n -119.9480438232422,\n 38.99036995221769\n ],\n [\n -119.9542236328125,\n 39.00104307544137\n ],\n [\n -119.94461059570311,\n 39.00584545569229\n ],\n [\n -119.9480438232422,\n 39.01865020920716\n ],\n [\n -119.9439239501953,\n 39.02291794517652\n ],\n [\n -119.94529724121092,\n 39.0421195689398\n ],\n [\n -119.93843078613281,\n 39.06984603648688\n ],\n [\n -119.94255065917967,\n 39.08477116318522\n ],\n [\n -119.93431091308594,\n 39.08850195155841\n ],\n [\n -119.94461059570311,\n 39.102357437817595\n ],\n [\n -119.95491027832031,\n 39.10821855471585\n ],\n [\n -119.95010375976562,\n 39.12313556216662\n ],\n [\n -119.937744140625,\n 39.128994951066765\n ],\n [\n -119.93911743164062,\n 39.13911456561877\n ],\n [\n -119.93019104003905,\n 39.1465701930969\n ],\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 39.17212634923011\n ],\n [\n -119.9212646484375,\n 39.17691709496078\n ],\n [\n -119.92538452148438,\n 39.20299431736876\n ],\n [\n -119.92332458496094,\n 39.22055107521368\n ],\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 39.22587043822116\n ],\n [\n -119.92881774902342,\n 39.23384872688399\n ],\n [\n -119.94529724121092,\n 39.242357901670495\n ],\n [\n -119.97276306152344,\n 39.25086604435735\n ],\n [\n -119.99267578124999,\n 39.25299291875617\n ],\n [\n -120.00503540039061,\n 39.24501680713314\n ],\n [\n -120.00846862792967,\n 39.22959375247292\n ],\n [\n -120.02220153808592,\n 39.24023070473076\n ],\n [\n -120.05722045898439,\n 39.24342147595056\n ],\n [\n -120.07301330566408,\n 39.238103443285794\n ],\n [\n -120.07301330566408,\n 39.22959375247292\n ],\n [\n -120.08880615234376,\n 39.22959375247292\n ],\n [\n -120.09292602539062,\n 39.212571274892355\n ],\n [\n -120.09979248046874,\n 39.207782959371684\n ],\n [\n -120.10047912597655,\n 39.18969082109678\n ],\n [\n -120.12794494628906,\n 39.18596539075659\n ],\n [\n -120.14579772949217,\n 39.17478791493289\n ],\n [\n -120.16159057617186,\n 39.16307627231444\n ],\n [\n -120.14785766601561,\n 39.15934943158527\n ],\n [\n -120.14923095703124,\n 39.15083019711799\n ],\n [\n -120.15815734863281,\n 39.144972625112224\n ],\n [\n -120.15815734863281,\n 39.13432124527173\n ],\n [\n -120.16983032226562,\n 39.128994951066765\n ],\n [\n -120.1636505126953,\n 39.11461194459293\n ],\n [\n -120.16914367675781,\n 39.103955972576166\n ],\n [\n -120.16708374023438,\n 39.086370096650704\n ],\n [\n -120.14923095703124,\n 39.069312937859586\n ],\n [\n -120.11901855468751,\n 39.058650119748236\n ],\n [\n -120.11695861816405,\n 39.049585458080685\n ],\n [\n -120.1306915283203,\n 39.03571960736407\n ],\n [\n -120.12176513671875,\n 39.029852466679316\n ],\n [\n -120.12657165527344,\n 39.02238449226849\n ],\n [\n -120.12039184570312,\n 39.00851330385611\n ],\n [\n -120.10047912597655,\n 38.99410572845627\n ],\n [\n -120.09979248046874,\n 38.97168811330431\n ],\n [\n -120.09635925292969,\n 38.966349539681055\n ],\n [\n -120.11558532714842,\n 38.95406929344106\n ],\n [\n -120.10665893554688,\n 38.94445718138944\n ],\n [\n -120.08399963378905,\n 38.94979740456155\n ],\n [\n -120.06271362304688,\n 38.93751428984747\n ],\n [\n -120.02494812011717,\n 38.93217314143696\n ],\n [\n -120.02563476562501,\n 38.923626467304864\n ],\n [\n -119.99885559082031,\n 38.92522904714054\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e50e4b0c8380cd7095b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, J.V.","contributorId":76705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayer, L. A.","contributorId":105776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughs, Clarke J.E.","contributorId":92457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughs","given":"Clarke","email":"","middleInitial":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022345,"text":"70022345 - 2000 - Reproductive ecology of the Maui Parrotbill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-25T16:44:13.36227","indexId":"70022345","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive ecology of the Maui Parrotbill","docAbstract":"

The endangered Maui Parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) is an excavating, insectivorous Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to the high elevation rain forests of east Maui, Hawaii. From March 1994 to June 1997, we studied various aspects of their breeding ecology. We color-banded 18 individuals, located and monitored 9 active nests, and took behavioral data during 440 hrs of nest observation. Both members of a pair maintained a year-round, all-purpose territory that included nest sites and food resources. Maui Parrotbill were monogamous within and between years; we found no evidence of polyandry, polygyny, or helpers at the nest. Nests were cup-shaped, composed mainly of lichen interlaced with small twigs, and positioned in the outer canopy forks of mature ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha) trees. Modal clutch size was one. Females performed most nest construction and all incubation and brooding; males provisioned females and assisted in feeding nestlings after their fourth day. Fledglings depended on parental care for 5–8 months, during which their bill strength increased and foraging skills improved. We calculated the overall nest success rate by the Mayfield Method as 0.42 for the 1995/1996 and 1996/1997 breeding seasons combined. Nest failure and fledgling disappearance coincided with events of high rainfall. Their breeding ecology most closely resembled the Akiapolaau (Hemignathus munroi), another excavating, insectivorous Hawaiian honeycreeper found on Hawaii Island. As with the Akiapolaau, the threat of extinction is persistent and results from both the constraints of inherent life history traits and artificial ecological changes. We advocate the protection and expansion of habitable forest areas and an ongoing program to monitor and mitigate the effects of invasive species.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0482:REOTMP]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00435643","usgsCitation":"Simon, J.C., Pratt, T.K., Berlin, K.E., and Kowalsky, J.R., 2000, Reproductive ecology of the Maui Parrotbill: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 112, no. 4, p. 482-490, https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0482:REOTMP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"482","endPage":"490","costCenters":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479324,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/242775","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Hanawi Stream, Maui","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.10130310058594,\n 20.825442642791966\n ],\n [\n -156.10216140747067,\n 20.823757946401663\n ],\n [\n -156.1032772064209,\n 20.82351727395072\n ],\n [\n -156.10370635986328,\n 20.821110528294398\n ],\n [\n -156.1032772064209,\n 20.81942578345917\n ],\n [\n -156.10422134399414,\n 20.817741019786485\n ],\n [\n -156.10413551330564,\n 20.816377149683827\n ],\n [\n -156.1061096191406,\n 20.81461212299309\n ],\n [\n -156.1069679260254,\n 20.811884313814232\n ],\n [\n -156.1094570159912,\n 20.81027969711984\n ],\n [\n -156.10962867736816,\n 20.809477382367565\n ],\n [\n -156.10885620117188,\n 20.809156455271086\n ],\n [\n -156.1084270477295,\n 20.809798308780863\n ],\n [\n -156.1061954498291,\n 20.809798308780863\n ],\n [\n -156.1050796508789,\n 20.81035992836021\n ],\n [\n -156.10456466674805,\n 20.810039003142496\n ],\n [\n -156.1036205291748,\n 20.81019946583675\n ],\n [\n -156.1018180847168,\n 20.80891575950039\n ],\n [\n -156.0984706878662,\n 20.808354134541034\n ],\n [\n -156.09649658203125,\n 20.80723087834594\n ],\n [\n -156.09538078308105,\n 20.80763204223342\n ],\n [\n -156.0944366455078,\n 20.8056262121225\n ],\n [\n -156.09289169311523,\n 20.8056262121225\n ],\n [\n -156.09272003173828,\n 20.80723087834594\n ],\n [\n -156.09229087829587,\n 20.807952972574878\n ],\n [\n -156.09091758728027,\n 20.808273902233193\n ],\n [\n -156.0896301269531,\n 20.808995991466652\n ],\n [\n -156.08774185180664,\n 20.81148316124195\n ],\n [\n -156.086368560791,\n 20.815414410415034\n ],\n [\n -156.08508110046384,\n 20.816457377678617\n ],\n [\n -156.084566116333,\n 20.81878397094785\n ],\n [\n -156.08379364013672,\n 20.81990714104862\n ],\n [\n -156.08327865600586,\n 20.821591880501483\n ],\n [\n -156.0820770263672,\n 20.822474355553574\n ],\n [\n -156.08284950256348,\n 20.825121749694063\n ],\n [\n -156.0842227935791,\n 20.826966875671385\n ],\n [\n -156.08396530151367,\n 20.827929541121552\n ],\n [\n -156.08508110046384,\n 20.82841087153927\n ],\n [\n -156.08808517456055,\n 20.829213085483662\n ],\n [\n -156.09143257141113,\n 20.827769097307158\n ],\n [\n -156.09229087829587,\n 20.82897242174903\n ],\n [\n -156.09580993652344,\n 20.828089984765047\n ],\n [\n -156.09512329101562,\n 20.82624487254594\n ],\n [\n -156.09692573547363,\n 20.826084426936962\n ],\n [\n -156.09752655029294,\n 20.825603089084584\n ],\n [\n -156.10130310058594,\n 20.825442642791966\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa8cce4b0c8380cd85aa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simon, John C.","contributorId":71673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pratt, Thane K. tkpratt@usgs.gov","contributorId":5495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thane","email":"tkpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berlin, Kim E.","contributorId":70522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlin","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kowalsky, James R.","contributorId":54707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kowalsky","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022313,"text":"70022313 - 2000 - Variability of site response in Seattle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T15:15:46","indexId":"70022313","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability of site response in Seattle, Washington","docAbstract":"

Ground motion from local earthquakes and the SHIPS (Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound) experiment is used to estimate site amplification factors in Seattle. Earthquake and SHIPS records are analyzed by two methods: (1) spectral ratios relative to a nearby site on Tertiary sandstone, and (2) a source/site spectral inversion technique. Our results show site amplifications between 3 and 4 below 5 Hz for West Seattle relative to Tertiary rock. These values are approximately 30% lower than amplification in the Duwamish Valley on artificial fill, but significantly higher than the calculated range of 2 to 2.5 below 5 Hz for the till-covered hills east of downtown Seattle. Although spectral amplitudes are only 30% higher in the Duwamish Valley compared to West Seattle, the duration of long-period ground motion is significantly greater on the artificial fill sites. Using a three-dimensional displacement response spectrum measure that includes the effects of ground-motion duration, values in the Duwamish Valley are 2 to 3 times greater than West Seattle. These calculations and estimates of site response as a function of receiver azimuth point out the importance of trapped surface-wave energy within the shallow, low-velocity, sedimentary layers of the Duwamish Valley. One-dimensional velocity models yield spectral amplification factors close to the observations for till sites east of downtown Seattle and the Duwamish Valley, but underpredict amplifications by a factor of 2 in West Seattle. A two-dimensional finite-difference model does equally well for the till sites and the Duwamish Valley and also yields duration estimates consistent with the observations for the Duwamish Valley. The two-dimensional model, however, still underpredicts amplification in West Seattle by up to a factor of 2. This discrepancy is attributed to 3D effects, including basin-edge-induced surface waves and basin-geometry-focusing effects, caused by the proximity of the Seattle thrust fault and the sediment-filled Seattle basin.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Stanford","doi":"10.1785/0120000022","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hartzell, S., Carver, D., Cranswick, E., and Frankel, A., 2000, Variability of site response in Seattle, Washington: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 5, p. 1237-1250, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000022.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1237","endPage":"1250","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206609,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000022"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.25585937500001,\n 47.502358951968596\n ],\n [\n -122.19921112060545,\n 47.5072293624719\n ],\n [\n -122.18650817871094,\n 47.583241891903775\n ],\n [\n -122.22427368164064,\n 47.61981834974011\n ],\n [\n -122.26821899414061,\n 47.631387851583746\n ],\n [\n -122.29705810546874,\n 47.63994763436706\n ],\n [\n -122.32383728027344,\n 47.64249216425028\n ],\n [\n -122.35919952392578,\n 47.631387851583746\n ],\n [\n -122.39593505859376,\n 47.607088939995585\n ],\n [\n -122.41722106933594,\n 47.57444120741257\n ],\n [\n -122.39490509033203,\n 47.52253342509336\n ],\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 47.51093984812192\n ],\n [\n -122.34374999999999,\n 47.496560255027696\n ],\n [\n -122.27371215820312,\n 47.49679221520181\n ],\n [\n -122.25585937500001,\n 47.502358951968596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc13be4b08c986b32a4c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartzell, S.","contributorId":12603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carver, D.","contributorId":22792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carver","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cranswick, E.","contributorId":85948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranswick","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frankel, A. 0000-0001-9119-6106","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":41593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022302,"text":"70022302 - 2000 - Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. II. Convolution method and applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022302","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. II. Convolution method and applications","docAbstract":"In this second of two papers, analytical step-response functions, developed in the companion paper for several cases of transient hydraulic interaction between a fully penetrating stream and a confined, leaky, or water-table aquifer, are used in the convolution integral to calculate aquifer heads, streambank seepage rates, and bank storage that occur in response to streamstage fluctuations and basinwide recharge or evapotranspiration. Two computer programs developed on the basis of these step-response functions and the convolution integral are applied to the analysis of hydraulic interaction of two alluvial stream-aquifer systems in the northeastern and central United States. These applications demonstrate the utility of the analytical functions and computer programs for estimating aquifer and streambank hydraulic properties, recharge rates, streambank seepage rates, and bank storage. Analysis of the water-table aquifer adjacent to the Blackstone River in Massachusetts suggests that the very shallow depth of water table and associated thin unsaturated zone at the site cause the aquifer to behave like a confined aquifer (negligible specific yield). This finding is consistent with previous studies that have shown that the effective specific yield of an unconfined aquifer approaches zero when the capillary fringe, where sediment pores are saturated by tension, extends to land surface. Under this condition, the aquifer's response is determined by elastic storage only. Estimates of horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, specific storage, and recharge for a water-table aquifer adjacent to the Cedar River in eastern Iowa, determined by the use of analytical methods, are in close agreement with those estimated by use of a more complex, multilayer numerical model of the aquifer. Streambank leakance of the semipervious streambank materials also was estimated for the site. The streambank-leakance parameter may be considered to be a general (or lumped) parameter that accounts not only for the resistance of flow at the river-aquifer boundary, but also for the effects of partial penetration of the river and other near-stream flow phenomena not included in the theoretical development of the step-response functions.Analytical step-response functions, developed for several cases of transient hydraulic interaction between a fully penetrating stream and a confined, leaky, or water-table aquifer, are used in the convolution integral to calculate aquifer heads, streambank seepage rates, and bank storage that occur in response to stream-stage fluctuations and basinwide recharge or evapotranspiration. Two computer programs developed on the basis of these step-response functions and the convolution integral are applied to the analysis of hydraulic interaction of two alluvial stream-aquifer systems. These applications demonstrate the utility of the analytical functions and computer programs for estimating aquifer and streambank seepage rates and bank storage.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00176-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Barlow, P.M., DeSimone, L., and Moench, A., 2000, Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. II. Convolution method and applications: Journal of Hydrology, v. 230, no. 3-4, p. 211-229, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00176-1.","startPage":"211","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206790,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00176-1"},{"id":230789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"230","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed1fe4b0c8380cd49641","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeSimone, L.A.","contributorId":79132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moench, A.F.","contributorId":91495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022253,"text":"70022253 - 2000 - Photographic evaluation of the impacts of bottom fishing on benthic epifauna","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T12:31:56","indexId":"70022253","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1936,"text":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photographic evaluation of the impacts of bottom fishing on benthic epifauna","docAbstract":"The gravel sediment habitat on the northern edge of Georges Bank (East coast of North America) is an important nursery area for juvenile fish, and the site of a productive scallop fishery. During two cruises to this area in 1994 we made photographic transects at sites of varying depths that experience varying degrees of disturbance from otter trawling and scallop dredging. Differences between sites were quantified by analyzing videos and still photographs of the sea bottom. Videos were analyzed for sediment types and organism abundance. In the still photos, the percentages of the bottom covered by bushy, plant-like organisms and colonial worm tubes (Filograna implexa) were determined, as was the presence/absence of encrusting bryozoa. Non-colonial organisms were also identified as specifically as possible and sediment type was quantified. Significant differences between disturbed and undisturbed areas were found for the variables measured in the still photos; colonial epifaunal species were conspicuously less abundant at disturbed sites. Results from the videos and still photos were generally consistent although less detail was visible in the videos. Emergent colonial epifauna provide a complex habitat for shrimp, polychaetes, brittle stars and small fish at undisturbed sites. Bottom fishing removes this epifauna, thereby reducing the complexity and species diversity of the benthic community. (C) 2000 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jmsc.2000.0584","issn":"10543139","usgsCitation":"Collie, J., Escanero, G., and Valentine, P.C., 2000, Photographic evaluation of the impacts of bottom fishing on benthic epifauna: ICES Journal of Marine Science, v. 57, no. 4, p. 987-1001, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0584.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"987","endPage":"1001","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487316,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0584","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Georges Bank","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n 39.40648882684979\n ],\n [\n -66.55517578125,\n 39.40648882684979\n ],\n [\n -66.55517578125,\n 42.34636533160187\n ],\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n 42.34636533160187\n ],\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n 39.40648882684979\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a20e4b0c8380cd78d47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collie, J.S.","contributorId":102217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collie","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Escanero, G.A.","contributorId":76477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escanero","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valentine, P. C.","contributorId":46505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022185,"text":"70022185 - 2000 - Paleogene strata of the Eastern Los Angeles basin, California: Paleogeography and constraints on neogene structural evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T13:33:32.014754","indexId":"70022185","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleogene strata of the Eastern Los Angeles basin, California: Paleogeography and constraints on neogene structural evolution","docAbstract":"

Post-Paleogene dextral slip of 8–9 km is demonstrated for the southeastern part of the Whittier fault zone in the eastern Los Angeles basin area of southern California. A linear axis of greatest thickness for the combined upper Paleocene and lower to lower-middle Eocene clastic formations intersects the fault zone and is offset by it to give the new measure. Fragmentary evidence hints that the Whittier structural zone may have exerted control on bathymetric-topographic relief and sedimentation even in latest Paleocene (ca. 54 Ma). A clear topographic influence was exerted by 20–17 Ma. Strike-slip and present deformational style is younger than ca. 8 Ma.

Our Paleogene isopach map extends as far west as long 117°58′W and is a foundation for companion zonal maps of predominant lithology and depositional environments. Integration of new palynological data with published biostratigraphic results and both new and published lithologic and sedimentological interpretations support the zonal maps. Reconstruction of marine-nonmarine facies and fragmented basin margins yields a model for the northeastern corner of a Paleogene coastal basin.

Palinspastic adjustment for the Neogene–Quaternary Whittier fault offset and a reasoned westerly extension of the northern edge of the basin model yield a reconstruction of Paleogene paleogeography-paleoceanography. Our reconstruction is based partly on the absence of both Paleocene and Eocene deposits beneath the unconformable base of the middle Miocene Topanga Group in a region nowhere less than 15 km wide between the Raymond–Sierra Madre–Cucamonga fault zone and the northern edge of the Paleocene basin. Thus, Paleogene strata of the Santa Monica Mountains could not have been offset from the northern extension of the Santa Ana Mountains by sinistral slip on those boundary faults. Structural rearrangements needed to accommodate the clockwise rotation of the western Transverse Ranges from the early Miocene starting position are thereby fixed.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1155:PSOTEL>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"McCulloh, T.H., Beyer, L.A., and Enrico, R., 2000, Paleogene strata of the Eastern Los Angeles basin, California: Paleogeography and constraints on neogene structural evolution: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 8, p. 1155-1178, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1155:PSOTEL>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1155","endPage":"1178","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Los Angeles basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.641357421875,\n 33.08693925905123\n ],\n [\n -117.1746826171875,\n 33.08693925905123\n ],\n [\n -117.1746826171875,\n 34.42503613021332\n ],\n [\n -118.641357421875,\n 34.42503613021332\n ],\n [\n -118.641357421875,\n 33.08693925905123\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73eae4b0c8380cd7730d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCulloh, T. H.","contributorId":106494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloh","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beyer, L. A.","contributorId":63403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Enrico, R.J.","contributorId":40372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enrico","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022086,"text":"70022086 - 2000 - Pesticide transport in the San Joaquin River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-10T16:16:29.806952","indexId":"70022086","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Pesticide transport in the San Joaquin River Basin","docAbstract":"

Pesticide occurrence and concentrations were evaluated in the San Joaquin River Basin to determine potential sources and mode of transport. Land use in the basin is mainly agricultural. Spatial variations in pesticide occurrence were evaluated in relation to pesticide application and cropping patterns in three contrasting subbasins and at the mouth of the basin. Temporal variability in pesticide occurrence was evaluated by fixed interval sampling and by sampling across the hydrograph during winter storms. Four herbicides (simazine, metolachlor, dacthal, and EPTC) and two insecticides (diazinon and chlorpyrifos) were detected in more than 50 percent of the samples. Temporal, and to a lesser extent spatial, variation in pesticide occurrence is usually consistent with pesticide application and cropping patterns. Diazinon concentrations changed rapidly during winter storms, and both eastern and western tributaries contributed diazinon to the San Joaquin River at concentrations toxic to the water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia at different times during the hydrograph. During these storms, toxic concentrations resulted from the transport of only a very small portion of the applied diazinon.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Agrochemical fate and movement","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/bk-2000-0751.ch020","issn":"00976156","usgsCitation":"Dubrovsky, N.M., Kratzer, C.R., Panshin, S.Y., Gronberg, J.M., and Kuivila, K., 2000, Pesticide transport in the San Joaquin River Basin, in Agrochemical fate and movement, v. 751, p. 306-322, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0751.ch020.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"306","endPage":"322","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.531005859375,\n 36.328402729422656\n ],\n [\n -119.83886718750001,\n 36.69485094156225\n ],\n [\n -119.36645507812499,\n 36.99816565700228\n ],\n [\n -119.54223632812501,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 37.60987994374712\n ],\n [\n -119.9102783203125,\n 37.896530447543\n ],\n [\n -119.90478515625,\n 38.238180119798635\n ],\n [\n -120.25634765624999,\n 38.52668162061619\n ],\n [\n -120.56396484375,\n 38.66835610151506\n ],\n [\n -120.39916992187499,\n 38.8824811975508\n ],\n [\n -120.794677734375,\n 39.049052206453524\n ],\n [\n -121.497802734375,\n 38.59970036588819\n ],\n [\n -122.10205078125,\n 38.53097889440024\n ],\n [\n -122.08007812499999,\n 38.28993659801203\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 37.84883250647402\n ],\n [\n -121.76696777343749,\n 37.74465712069939\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 37.63163475580643\n ],\n [\n -121.40991210937499,\n 37.47921744485059\n ],\n [\n -121.19018554687499,\n 37.09900294387622\n ],\n [\n -121.1517333984375,\n 36.76969233214548\n ],\n [\n -120.948486328125,\n 36.76529191711624\n ],\n [\n -120.97595214843749,\n 36.58465761247169\n ],\n [\n -120.531005859375,\n 36.328402729422656\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"751","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7722e4b0c8380cd78429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dubrovsky, Neil M. 0000-0001-7786-1149 nmdubrov@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-1149","contributorId":1799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"Neil","email":"nmdubrov@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kratzer, Charles R.","contributorId":30619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Panshin, Sandra Y.","contributorId":46126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panshin","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gronberg, JoAnn M. 0000-0003-4822-7434 jmgronbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-7434","contributorId":3548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gronberg","given":"JoAnn","email":"jmgronbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kuivila, Kathryn M. 0000-0001-7940-489X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-489X","contributorId":260408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"Kathryn M.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}