{"pageNumber":"2700","pageRowStart":"67475","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":1003633,"text":"1003633 - 2004 - Mortality in Laysan ducks (Anas laysanensis) by emaciation complicated by Echinuria uncinata on Laysan Island, Hawaii, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T15:09:01","indexId":"1003633","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Mortality in Laysan ducks (<i>Anas laysanensis</i>) by emaciation complicated by <i>Echinuria uncinata</i> on Laysan Island, Hawaii, 1993","title":"Mortality in Laysan ducks (Anas laysanensis) by emaciation complicated by Echinuria uncinata on Laysan Island, Hawaii, 1993","docAbstract":"<p><span>In November 1993, unusual mortality occurred among endangered Laysan ducks on Laysan Island, one of the remote refugia of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge (USA). Ten live ducks were emaciated, and blood samples documented anemia, heterophilia, and eosinophilia. Pathology in 13 duck carcasses revealed emaciation, marked thickening of the proventricular wall, abundant mucus, and nodules in the gastrointestinal tract. Histology revealed granulomata associated with nematodes in the proventriculus, small intestines, and body walls of nine of 10 ducks examined on histology. We suspect that low rainfall and low food abundance that year contributed to enhanced pathogenicity of parasite infection, either through increased exposure or decreased host resistance. Because the Laysan duck is found only on Laysan island and is critically endangered, translocation of this species to other islands is being considered. Given that we have not seen pathology associated with&nbsp;</span><i>Echinuria</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>spp. in native waterfowl on other Hawaiian Islands and given the parasite's potential to cause significant lesions in Laysan ducks, it will be important to prevent the translocation of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Echinuria</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>spp.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-40.1.110","usgsCitation":"Work, T.M., Meteyer, C.U., and Cole, R.A., 2004, Mortality in Laysan ducks (Anas laysanensis) by emaciation complicated by Echinuria uncinata on Laysan Island, Hawaii, 1993: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 40, no. 1, p. 110-114, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.1.110.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.1.110","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":135887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Laysan Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -171.7484092712402,\n              25.783121309991923\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.75021171569824,\n              25.771759726687545\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.75046920776367,\n              25.763025253026154\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.749267578125,\n              25.75745958946251\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.74480438232422,\n              25.753362475975287\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.73845291137695,\n              25.75235750202372\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.73364639282227,\n              25.752048277558668\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.72806739807126,\n              25.75498587747208\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.7210292816162,\n              25.76209766055024\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.71442031860352,\n              25.772996414370642\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.7141628265381,\n              25.781343719101066\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.7166519165039,\n              25.785749004249865\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.72300338745117,\n              25.78806750965902\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.73338890075684,\n              25.78914946333745\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.74291610717773,\n              25.78914946333745\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.7484092712402,\n              25.783121309991923\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b477c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Work, Thierry M. 0000-0002-4426-9090 thierry_work@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-9090","contributorId":1187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"Thierry","email":"thierry_work@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meteyer, Carol U. 0000-0002-4007-3410 cmeteyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-3410","contributorId":111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meteyer","given":"Carol","email":"cmeteyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":313755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cole, Rebecca A. 0000-0003-2923-1622 rcole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-1622","contributorId":2873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Rebecca","email":"rcole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026516,"text":"70026516 - 2004 - Dinosaur tracks from the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Arches National Park, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T15:21:33","indexId":"70026516","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1965,"text":"Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces","onlineIssn":"1563-5236","printIssn":"1042-0940","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dinosaur tracks from the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Arches National Park, Utah","docAbstract":"<p><span>The seventh and largest known dinosaur tracksite from the Cedar Mountain Formation is reported from two important stratigraphic levels in the Ruby Ranch Member within the boundaries of Arches National Park. Previous reports of sites with a few isolated tracks are of limited utility in indicating the fauna represented by track makers. The Arches site reveals evidence of several theropod morphotypes, including a possible match for the coelurosaur&nbsp;</span><i>Nedcolbertia</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and an apparently didactyl<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Utahraptor</i><span>-like dromeosaurid. Sauropod tracks indicate a wide-gauge morphotype (cf.<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Brontopodus</i><span>). Ornithischian tracks suggest the presence of an iguandontid-like ornithopod and a large ankylosaur. Dinosaur track diversity is high in comparison with other early Cretaceous vertebrate ichnofaunas, and it correlates well with faunal lists derived from skeletal remains, thus providing a convincing census of the known fauna.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10420940490428742","usgsCitation":"Lockley, M.G., White, D.K., Kirkland, J.I., and Santucci, V.L., 2004, Dinosaur tracks from the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Arches National Park, Utah: Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces, v. 11, no. 3-4, p. 285-293, https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940490428742.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"293","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Arches National Park","volume":"11","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01a4e4b0c8380cd4fcaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockley, Martin G.","contributorId":22428,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lockley","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Diane K.","contributorId":85830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirkland, James I.","contributorId":173915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirkland","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":17626,"text":"Utah Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":409847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Santucci, Vincent L.","contributorId":192886,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Santucci","given":"Vincent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026439,"text":"70026439 - 2004 - Frequency spectral analysis of GPR data over a crude oil spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-10T16:56:50","indexId":"70026439","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Frequency spectral analysis of GPR data over a crude oil spill","docAbstract":"A multi-offset ground penetrating radar (GPR) dataset was acquired by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) at a crude oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota, USA. The dataset consists of two, parallel profiles, each with 17 transmitter-receiver offsets ranging from 0.60 to 5.15m. One profile was acquired over a known oil pool floating on the water table, and the other profile was acquired over an uncontaminated area. The data appear to be more attenuated, or at least exhibit less reflectivity, in the area over the oil pool. In an attempt to determine the frequency dependence of this apparent attenuation, several attributes of the frequency spectra of the data were analyzed after accounting for the effects on amplitude of the radar system (radiation pattern), changes in antenna-ground coupling, and spherical divergence. The attributes analyzed were amplitude spectra peak frequency, 6 dB down, or half-amplitude, spectrum width, and the low and high frequency slopes between the 3 and 9 dB down points. The most consistent trend was observed for Fourier transformed full traces at offsets 0.81, 1.01, and 1.21m which displayed steeper low frequency slopes over the area corresponding to the oil pool. The Fourier-transformed time-windowed traces, where each window was equal to twice the airwave wavelet length, exhibited weakly consistent attribute trends from offset to offset and from window to window. The fact that strong, consistent oil indicators are not seen in this analysis indicates that another mechanism due to the presence of the oil, such as a gradient in the electromagnetic properties, may simply suppress reflections over the contaminated zone.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR 2004","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR 2004","conferenceDate":"June 21-24, 2004","language":"English","isbn":"9090179593","usgsCitation":"Burton, B., Olhoeft, G., and Powers, M., 2004, Frequency spectral analysis of GPR data over a crude oil spill, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR 2004, v. 1, June 21-24, 2004, p. 267-270.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13d4e4b0c8380cd547c4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Slob E.Yarovoy A.Rhebergen J.B.","contributorId":128406,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Slob E.Yarovoy A.Rhebergen J.B.","id":536603,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Burton, B.L.","contributorId":93983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olhoeft, G.R.","contributorId":10405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olhoeft","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powers, M.H.","contributorId":40352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003632,"text":"1003632 - 2004 - Retrospective pathology survey of green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis in the Hawaiian Islands, 1993-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T13:22:47","indexId":"1003632","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Retrospective pathology survey of green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis in the Hawaiian Islands, 1993-2003","docAbstract":"<p>We necropsied 255 stranded green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis (FP) from the Hawaiian Islands, North Pacific, from August 1993 through May 2003. Of these, 214 (84%) were euthanized due to advanced FP and the remainder were found dead in fresh condition. Turtles were assigned a standardized tumor severity score ranging from 1 (lightly tumored) to 3 (heavily tumored). Tumors were counted and measured and categorized as external, oral, or internal and tissues evaluated by light microscopy. Turtles in tumor score 2 and 3 categories predominated, and tumor score 3 turtles were significantly larger than the other 2 categories. More juveniles stranded than subadults or adults. Total cross-sectional area of tumors increased significantly with straight carapace length (SCL). Frequency distribution of total number of external tumors per turtle was significantly skewed to the right, and there were significantly more tumors at the front than rear of turtles. Eighty percent of turtles had oral tumors, and 51% of turtles with oral tumors had tumors in the glottis. Thirty-nine percent of turtles had internal tumors, most of them in the lung, kidney and heart. Fibromas predominated in lung, kidney and musculoskeletal system whereas myxofibromas were more common in intestines and spleen. Fibrosarcomas of low-grade malignancy were most frequent in the heart, and heart tumors had a predilection for the right atrium. Turtles with FP had significant additional complications including inflammation with vascular flukes, bacterial infections, poor body condition, and necrosis of salt gland. Turtles with oral tumors were more likely to have secondary complications such as pneumonia. Most turtles came from the island of Oahu (74%) followed by Maui (20%), Hawaii, Molokai, and Lanai (&lt;3% each). On Oahu, significantly more turtles we necropsied stranded along the northwestern and northeastern shores.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao062163","usgsCitation":"Work, T.M., Balazs, G.H., Rameyer, R., and Morris, R., 2004, Retrospective pathology survey of green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis in the Hawaiian Islands, 1993-2003: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 62, no. 1-2, p. 163-176, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao062163.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478167,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao062163","text":"Publisher Index 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,{"id":1001776,"text":"1001776 - 2004 - First record of Graphoderus liberus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T10:06:55","indexId":"1001776","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First record of Graphoderus liberus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.<br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Prairie Naturalist","usgsCitation":"Hanson, B., Euliss, N., and Mushet, D., 2004, First record of Graphoderus liberus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in North Dakota: Prairie Naturalist, v. 36, p. 67-69.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"69","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f487f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, B.A.","contributorId":40553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Euliss, N.H. Jr.","contributorId":54917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mushet, D.M. 0000-0002-5910-2744","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":59377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026564,"text":"70026564 - 2004 - Vertical hydraulic conductivity measurements in the Denver Basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026564","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical hydraulic conductivity measurements in the Denver Basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Denver Basin is a structural basin on the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountain Front Range, Colorado, containing approximately 3000 ft of sediments that hold a critical groundwater resource supplying many thousands of households with water. Managing this groundwater resource requires understanding how water gets into and moves through water-bearing layers in a complex multiple-layered sedimentary sequence. The Denver Basin aquifer system consists of permeable sandstone interbedded with impermeable shale that has been subdivided into four principle aquifers named, in ascending order, the Laramie-Fox Hills, Arapahoe, Denver, and Dawson aquifers. Although shale can dominate the stratigraphic interval containing the aquifers, there is very little empirical data regarding the hydrogeologic properties of the shale layers that control groundwater flow in the basin. The amount of water that flows vertically within the basin is limited by the vertical hydraulic conductivity through the confining shale layers. Low vertical flow volumes translate to low natural recharge rates and can have a profound negative impact on long-term well yields and the economic viability of utilizing the resource. To date, direct measurements of vertical hydraulic conductivity from cores of fine-grained sediments have been published from only five locations; and the data span a wide range from 1??10-3 to 1??10-11 cm/sec. This range may be attributable, in part, to differences in sample handling and analytical methods; however, it may also reflect subtle differences in the lithologic characteristics of the fine-grained sediments such as grain-size, clay mineralogy, and compaction that relate to position in the basin. These limited data certainly call for the collection of additional data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Barkmann, P., 2004, Vertical hydraulic conductivity measurements in the Denver Basin, Colorado: Mountain Geologist, v. 41, no. 4, p. 169-183.","startPage":"169","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc23ae4b08c986b32a9e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barkmann, P.E.","contributorId":14613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barkmann","given":"P.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026376,"text":"70026376 - 2004 - Cassini VIMS observations of the Galilean satellites including the VIMS calibration procedure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026376","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cassini VIMS observations of the Galilean satellites including the VIMS calibration procedure","docAbstract":"The Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) observed the Galilean satellites during the Cassini spacecraft's 2000/2001 flyby of Jupiter, providing compositional and thermal information about their surfaces. The Cassini spacecraft approached the jovian system no closer than about 126 Jupiter radii, about 9 million kilometers, at a phase angle of < 90 ??, resulting in only sub-pixel observations by VIMS of the Galilean satellites. Nevertheless, most of the spectral features discovered by the Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) aboard the Galileo spacecraft during more than four years of observations have been identified in the VIMS data analyzed so far, including a possible 13C absorption. In addition, VIMS made observations in the visible part of the spectrum and at several new phase angles for all the Galilean satellites and the calculated phase functions are presented. In the process of analyzing these data, the VIMS radiometric and spectral calibrations were better determined in preparation for entry into the Saturn system. Treatment of these data is presented as an example of the VIMS data reduction, calibration and analysis process and a detailed explanation is given of the calibration process applied to the Jupiter data. ?? 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.001","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"McCord, T.B., Coradini, A., Hibbitts, C.A., Capaccioni, F., Hansen, G.B., Filacchione, G., Clark, R.N., Cerroni, P., Brown, R.H., Baines, K.H., Bellucci, G., Bibring, J., Buratti, B.J., Bussoletti, E., Combes, M., Cruikshank, D.P., Drossart, P., Formisano, V., Jaumann, R., Langevin, Y., Matson, D.L., Nelson, R., Nicholson, P.D., Sicardy, B., and Sotin, C., 2004, Cassini VIMS observations of the Galilean satellites including the VIMS calibration procedure: Icarus, v. 172, no. 1 SPEC.ISS., p. 104-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.001.","startPage":"104","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208598,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.001"},{"id":234439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"172","issue":"1 SPEC.ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f38ee4b0c8380cd4b896","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCord, T. B.","contributorId":69695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCord","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coradini, A.","contributorId":34679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coradini","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hibbitts, C. A.","contributorId":21703,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hibbitts","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Capaccioni, F.","contributorId":90900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capaccioni","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hansen, G. B.","contributorId":98478,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Filacchione, G.","contributorId":48740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filacchione","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cerroni, P.","contributorId":7869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cerroni","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Brown, R. H.","contributorId":19931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Baines, K. H.","contributorId":37868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Bellucci, G.","contributorId":46256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bellucci","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Bibring, J.-P.","contributorId":86083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bibring","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Buratti, B. J.","contributorId":69280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Bussoletti, E.","contributorId":108277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bussoletti","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Combes, M.","contributorId":66892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Combes","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Cruikshank, D. P.","contributorId":51434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cruikshank","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Drossart, P.","contributorId":29574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drossart","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Formisano, V.","contributorId":44694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Formisano","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Jaumann, R.","contributorId":81232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Langevin, Y.","contributorId":24900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Matson, D. L.","contributorId":59940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Nelson, R.M.","contributorId":38316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Nicholson, P. D.","contributorId":54330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Sicardy, B.","contributorId":57622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sicardy","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25}]}}
,{"id":70026528,"text":"70026528 - 2004 - Carbon dioxide and methane sorption in high volatile bituminous coals from Indiana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026528","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon dioxide and methane sorption in high volatile bituminous coals from Indiana, USA","docAbstract":"Samples of coals from several coalbeds in Indiana were analyzed for CO2 and CH4 sorption capacity using a high-pressure adsorption isotherm technique. Coal quality and petrographic composition of the coals were determined to study their relationships to the volume of CO2 and CH4 that could be sorbed into the coal. At the temperature of 17 ??C and 400 psi (??? 2.8 MPa), the coals can sorb (on dry ash-free basis) from 4 to 6.3 m3/ton (128-202 scf/ton) of CH4 and 19.5-24.6 m3/ton4 (624 to 788 scf/ton) of CO2. The ratio of CO2/CH4 at these conditions ranges from 3.5 to 5.3 and decreases with an increasing pressure for all coals. The coals studied are of a very similar coal rank (Ro from 0.48 to 0.62%) but of varying petrographic composition, and CO2 sorption volumes appear to be positively correlated to the content of maceral telocollinite. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2004.04.001","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Mastalerz, M., Gluskoter, H.J., and Rupp, J., 2004, Carbon dioxide and methane sorption in high volatile bituminous coals from Indiana, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 60, no. 1, p. 43-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2004.04.001.","startPage":"43","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208313,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2004.04.001"},{"id":233980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f35ee4b0c8380cd4b75d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gluskoter, Harold J. halg@usgs.gov","contributorId":21319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gluskoter","given":"Harold","email":"halg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":259,"text":"Energy Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":409898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rupp, J.","contributorId":78128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupp","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027494,"text":"70027494 - 2004 - Evaluation of Field Measurements of the American Alligator for Use in Morphometric Studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:15","indexId":"70027494","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1898,"text":"Herpetological Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of Field Measurements of the American Alligator for Use in Morphometric Studies","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetological Review","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0018084X","usgsCitation":"Zweig, C.L., Mazzotti, F., Rice, K., Brandt, L., and Abercrombie, C., 2004, Evaluation of Field Measurements of the American Alligator for Use in Morphometric Studies: Herpetological Review, v. 35, no. 1, p. 43-44.","startPage":"43","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c12e4b0c8380cd52a12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zweig, Christa L.","contributorId":99767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zweig","given":"Christa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mazzotti, F.J.","contributorId":10136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazzotti","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rice, K.G. 0000-0001-8282-1088","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8282-1088","contributorId":41949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"K.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brandt, L.A.","contributorId":67690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abercrombie, C.L.","contributorId":35423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abercrombie","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026535,"text":"70026535 - 2004 - Permeability-porosity data sets for sandstones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-01T22:56:58.831679","indexId":"70026535","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2610,"text":"Leading Edge (Tulsa, OK)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Permeability-porosity data sets for sandstones","docAbstract":"<p><strong>P</strong><span>ermeability-porosity relations vary from formation to formation, so it is desirable to obtain core and determine permeability (</span><i>k</i><span>) and porosity (φ) on core plugs in the laboratory for the formation of interest. If core data are not available, one might resort to data obtained in formations with similar properties. Analog data are not easy to find, however, and for this reason a catalog of&nbsp;</span><i>k</i><span>&nbsp;versus φ data sets has been compiled and made available on a Web site (see suggested reading). The catalog cites relevant observations such as depositional environment, depth, age of formation, field name, and petrographic description as well as complete references to data sources. Examples from the catalog are shown here to illustrate some aspects of&nbsp;</span><i>k</i><span>&nbsp;versus φ dependencies.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","usgsCitation":"Nelson, P.H., 2004, Permeability-porosity data sets for sandstones: Leading Edge (Tulsa, OK), v. 23, no. 11, p. 1143-1144.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1143","endPage":"1144","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":397939,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/tle/article/23/11/1143/59702/Permeability-porosity-data-sets-for-sandstones"}],"volume":"23","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a76b5e4b0c8380cd7828c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, P. H.","contributorId":42238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026493,"text":"70026493 - 2004 - Stock-specific migration timing of adult spring-summer Chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026493","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stock-specific migration timing of adult spring-summer Chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin","docAbstract":"An understanding of the migration timing patterns of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss is important for managing complex mixed-stock fisheries and preserving genetic and life history diversity. We examined adult return timing for 3,317 radio-tagged fish from 38 stocks of Columbia River basin spring-summer Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha over 5 years. Stock composition varied widely within and between years depending on the strength of influential populations. Most individual stocks migrated at similar times each year relative to overall runs, supporting the hypotheses that run timing is predictable, is at least partially due to genetic adaptation, and can be used to differentiate between some conspecific populations. Arrival timing of both aggregated radio-tagged stocks and annual runs was strongly correlated with river discharge; stocks arrived earlier at Bonneville Dam and at upstream dams in years with low discharge. Migration timing analyses identified many between-stock and between-year differences in anadromous salmonid return behavior and should and managers interested in protection and recovery of evolutionary significant populations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M03-170.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Keefer, M., Peery, C., Jepson, M., Tolotti, K., Bjornn, T., and Stuehrenberg, L., 2004, Stock-specific migration timing of adult spring-summer Chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 4, p. 1145-1162, https://doi.org/10.1577/M03-170.1.","startPage":"1145","endPage":"1162","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208311,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M03-170.1"},{"id":233977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9858e4b08c986b31bfb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keefer, M.L.","contributorId":52762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peery, C.A.","contributorId":74176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peery","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jepson, M.A.","contributorId":32336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jepson","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tolotti, K.R.","contributorId":7882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tolotti","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bjornn, T.C.","contributorId":9033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjornn","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stuehrenberg, L.C.","contributorId":46722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuehrenberg","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1003799,"text":"1003799 - 2004 - Effects of lead-contaminated sediment and nutrition on mallard duckling brain growth and biochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-24T12:25:17.117464","indexId":"1003799","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of lead-contaminated sediment and nutrition on mallard duckling brain growth and biochemistry","docAbstract":"<p>Day-old mallard (<i>Anas platyryhnchos</i>) ducklings received either a clean sediment (24%) supplemented control diet, Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho (CDARB) sediment (<span>3449</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>μg/g lead</span>) supplemented diets at 12% or 24%, or a positive control diet (24% clean sediment with equivalent lead acetate to the 24% CDARB diet) for 6 weeks. The 12% CDARB diet resulted in a geometric mean concentration of 396 ppb (WW) brain lead with decreased brain protein and ATP concentrations but increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) relative to the control diet. The 24% CDARB diet resulted in a concentration of 485 ppb brain lead with lower brain weight and ATP concentration than controls but higher concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) and calcium. Lead acetate accumulated twice as well as CDARB derived lead and resulted in histopathological lesions of the brain. With a combination of a suboptimal diet and 24% CDARB, brain lead concentration was higher (594 ppb) than with 24% CDARB in the standard diet, histopathological lesions became apparent and GSH was higher than suboptimal diet controls.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0269-7491(04)00100-9","usgsCitation":"Douglas-Stroebel, E., Hoffman, D.J., Brewer, G.L., and Sileo, L., 2004, Effects of lead-contaminated sediment and nutrition on mallard duckling brain growth and biochemistry: Environmental Pollution, v. 131, no. 2, p. 215-222, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(04)00100-9.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"222","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur d'Alene River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.01538085937499,\n              47.3220687602135\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.47705078125,\n              47.3220687602135\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.47705078125,\n              47.73193447949174\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.01538085937499,\n              47.73193447949174\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.01538085937499,\n              47.3220687602135\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"131","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611cd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Douglas-Stroebel, E.","contributorId":27406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas-Stroebel","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brewer, G. L.","contributorId":76271,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brewer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sileo, L.","contributorId":46895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026536,"text":"70026536 - 2004 - Molecular characterization of birnaviruses isolated from wild marine fishes at the Flemish Cap (Newfoundland)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-09T16:24:09.921879","indexId":"70026536","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular characterization of birnaviruses isolated from wild marine fishes at the Flemish Cap (Newfoundland)","docAbstract":"<p>Several isolates of aquatic birnaviruses were recovered from different species of wild fish caught in the Flemish Cap, a Newfoundland fishery close to the Atlantic coast of Canada. The nucleotide sequence of a region of the NS gene was identical among the isolates and was most similar to the Dry Mills and West Buxton reference strains of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence of a region of the VP2 gene demonstrated that the isolates were most closely aligned with the American strains of IPNV serotype Al. Electron microscopy of virus structures clarified and concentrated from cultures of infected chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214) cells revealed a majority of typical IPNV-like icosahedral particles, as well as a low proportion of type I tubules having a diameter of approximately 55 nm and a variable length of up to 2 <span>µm</span>. The tubules could be propagated in cell cultures, but always in the presence of low proportions of icosahedral particles. Cloning of selected isolates by serial dilution yielded preparations with a high proportion of the tubular structures with a density in CsCl gradients of approximately <span>1.30 g cm</span><sup>-3</sup>. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the material in the band was composed of the IPNV pVP2 and VP2 proteins.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao061001","usgsCitation":"Romero-Brey, I., Batts, W., Bandin, I., Winton, J., and Dopazo, C., 2004, Molecular characterization of birnaviruses isolated from wild marine fishes at the Flemish Cap (Newfoundland): Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 61, no. 1-2, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao061001.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488651,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao061001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Newfoundland","otherGeospatial":"Flemish Cap","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -58.97460937499999,\n              49.724479188712984\n            ],\n            [\n              -59.67773437500001,\n              47.66538735632654\n            ],\n            [\n              -59.150390625,\n              47.42808726171425\n            ],\n            [\n              -55.107421875,\n              46.46813299215554\n            ],\n            [\n              -51.9873046875,\n              46.5286346952717\n            ],\n            [\n              -52.3828125,\n              49.38237278700955\n            ],\n            [\n              -55.107421875,\n              50.0923932109388\n            ],\n            [\n              -55.107421875,\n              51.86292391360244\n            ],\n            [\n              -57.041015625,\n              51.590722643120145\n            ],\n            [\n              -58.97460937499999,\n              49.724479188712984\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cfce4b0c8380cd700a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Romero-Brey, I.","contributorId":93252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romero-Brey","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batts, W.N. 0000-0002-6469-9004","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-9004","contributorId":51043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batts","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bandin, I.","contributorId":44717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bandin","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dopazo, C.P.","contributorId":61993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dopazo","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026563,"text":"70026563 - 2004 - Is climate change affecting wolf populations in the high arctic?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-05T09:26:18","indexId":"70026563","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Is climate change affecting wolf populations in the high arctic?","docAbstract":"<p><span>Gobal climate change may affect wolves in Canada’s High Arctic (80° N) acting through three trophic levels (vegetation, herbivores, and wolves). A wolf pack dependent on muskoxen and arctic hares in the Eureka area of Ellesmere Island denned and produced pups most years from at least 1986 through 1997. However, when summer snow covered vegetation in 1997 and 2000 for the first time since records were kept, halving the herbivore nutrition-replenishment period, muskox and hare numbers dropped drastically, and the area stopped supporting denning wolves through 2003. The unusual weather triggering these events was consistent with global-climate-change phenomena.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10584-004-7093-z","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Mech, L.D., 2004, Is climate change affecting wolf populations in the high arctic?: Climatic Change, v. 67, no. 1, p. 86-93, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-004-7093-z.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"93","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f26e4b0c8380cd642d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":410027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026699,"text":"70026699 - 2004 - Alum amendment effects on phosphorus release and distribution in poultry litter-amended sandy soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-01T18:06:43.250672","indexId":"70026699","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alum amendment effects on phosphorus release and distribution in poultry litter-amended sandy soils","docAbstract":"<p><span>Increased poultry production has contributed to excess nutrient problems in Atlantic Coastal Plain soils due to land application of poultry litter (PL). Aluminum sulfate [alum, Al</span><sub>2</sub><span>(SO</span><sub>4</sub><span>)</span><sub>3</sub><span>·14H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O] amendment of PL effectively reduces soluble phosphorus (P) in the PL; however, the effects of these litters when added to acidic, sandy soils are not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of alum-amended poultry litter in reducing P release from three Delaware Coastal Plain soils: Evesboro loamy sand (Ev; excessively drained, mesic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments), Rumford loamy sand (Ru; well drained, coarse-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults), and Pocomoke sandy loam (Pm; very poorly drained, coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Typic Umbraquults). Long-term (25 d) and short-term (24 h) desorption studies were conducted, in addition to chemical extractions and kinetic modeling, to observe the changes that alum-amended versus unamended PL caused in the soils. The Ev, Ru, and Pm soils were incubated with 9 Mg ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;of alum-amended or unamended PL. Long-term desorption (25 d) of the incubated material resulted in approximately 13.5% (Ev), 12.7% (Ru), and 13.3% (Pm) reductions in cumulative P desorbed when comparing soil treated with unamended and alum-amended PL. In addition, the P release from the soil treated with alum-amended litter was not significantly different from the control (soil alone). Short-term desorption (24 h) showed 7.3% (Ev), 15.4% (Ru), and 20% (Pm) reductions. The overall implication from this study is that the use of alum as a PL amendment is useful in coarse-textured soils of the Coastal Plain. With increased application of alum-amended PL, more significant decreases may be possible with little or no effect on soil quality.</span>textured soils of the Coastal Plain. With increased application of alum-amended PL, more significant decreases may be possible with little or no effect on soil quality.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq2004.1904","usgsCitation":"Staats, K., Arai, Y., and Sparks, D., 2004, Alum amendment effects on phosphorus release and distribution in poultry litter-amended sandy soils: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 33, no. 5, p. 1904-1911, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.1904.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1904","endPage":"1911","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70026419,"text":"70026419 - 2004 - DEM generation and tidal deformation detection for Sulzberger Ice Shelf, West Antarctica using SAR interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-13T16:42:15.509265","indexId":"70026419","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"DEM generation and tidal deformation detection for Sulzberger Ice Shelf, West Antarctica using SAR interferometry","docAbstract":"In this study we generated a relative Digital Elevation Model (DEM) over the Sulzberger Ice Shelf, West Antarctica using ERS1/2 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry data. Four repeat pass differential interferograms are used to find the grounding zone and to classify the study area. An interferometrically derived DEM is compared with laser altimetry profile from ICESat. Standard deviation of the relative height difference is 5.12 m and 1.34 m in total length of the profile and at the center of the profile respectively. The magnitude and the direction of tidal changes estimated from interferogram are compared with those predicted tidal differences from four ocean tide models. Tidal deformation measured in InSAR is -16.7 cm and it agrees well within 3 cm with predicted ones from tide models.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 60th annual meeting of the Institute of Navigation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"60th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Navigation","conferenceDate":"Jun 7-9, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Dayton, OH","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Navigation","usgsCitation":"Baek, S., Kwoun, O., Bassler, M., Lu, Z., Shum, C., and Dietrich, R., 2004, DEM generation and tidal deformation detection for Sulzberger Ice Shelf, West Antarctica using SAR interferometry, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 60th annual meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Dayton, OH, Jun 7-9, 2004, p. 424-430.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"424","endPage":"430","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400626,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ion.org/publications/browse.cfm?proceedingsID=3"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Sulzberger Ice Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154.105224609375,\n              -77.65299700291865\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.094970703125,\n              -77.65299700291865\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.094970703125,\n              -76.92309950187344\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.105224609375,\n              -76.92309950187344\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.105224609375,\n              -77.65299700291865\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd3fe4b0c8380cd4e6fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baek, S.","contributorId":39557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baek","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kwoun, Oh-Ig","contributorId":41945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwoun","given":"Oh-Ig","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bassler, M.","contributorId":71736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassler","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shum, C. K.","contributorId":85373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shum","given":"C. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dietrich, R.","contributorId":28412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietrich","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026565,"text":"70026565 - 2004 - Textural, compositional, and sulfur isotope variations of sulfide minerals in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Implications for Ore Formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026565","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Textural, compositional, and sulfur isotope variations of sulfide minerals in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Implications for Ore Formation","docAbstract":"The Red Dog Zn-Pb deposits are hosted in organic-rich mudstone and shale of the Mississippian Kuna Formation. A complex mineralization history is defined by four sphalerite types or stages: (1) early brown sphalerite, (2) yellow-brown sphalerite, (3) red-brown sphalerite, and (4) late tan sphalerite. Stages 2 and 3 constitute the main ore-forming event and are volumetrically the most important. Sulfides in stages 1 and 2 were deposited with barite, whereas stage 3 largely replaces barite. Distinct chemical differences exist among the different stages of sphalerite. From early brown sphalerite to later yellow-brown sphalerite and red-brown sphalerite, Fe and Co content generally increase and Mn and Tl content generally decrease. Early brown sphalerite contains no more than 1.9 wt percent Fe and 63 ppm Co, with high Mn (up to 37 ppm) and Tl (126 ppm), whereas yellow-brown sphalerite and red-brown sphalerite contain high Fe (up to 7.3 wt %) and Co (up to 382 ppm), and low Mn (<27 ppm) and Tl (<37 ppm). Late tan sphalerite has distinctly lower Fe (< 0.9 wt %) and higher Tl (up to 355 ppm), Mn (up to 177 ppm), and Ge (426 ppm), relative to earlier sphalerite. Wide ranges in concentrations of Ag, Cu, Pb, and Sb characterize all sphalerite types, particularly yellow-brown sphalerite and red-brown sphalerite, and most likely reflect submicroscopic inclusions of galena, chalcopyrite and/or tetrahedrite in the sphalerite. In situ ion microprobe sulfur isotope analyses show a progression from extremely low ??34S values for stage 1 (as low as -37.20???) to much higher values for yellow-brown sphalerite (mean of 3.3???; n = 30) and red-brown sphalerite (mean of 3.4; n = 20). Late tan sphalerite is isotopically light (-16.4 to -27.2???). The textural, chem ical, and isotopic data indicate the following paragenesis: (1) deposition of early brown sphalerite with abundant barite, minor pyrite, and trace galena immediately beneath the sea floor in unconsolidated mud; (2) deposition of yellow-brown sphalerite during subsea-floor hydrothermal recrystallization and coarsening of preexisting barite; (3) open-space deposition of barite, red-brown sphalerite and other sulfides in veins and coeval replacement of barite; and (4) postore sulfide deposition, including the formation of late tan sphalerite breccias. Stage 1 mineralization took place in a low-temperature environment where fluids rich in Ba mixed with pore water or water-column sulfate to form barite, and metals combined with H2S derived from bacterial sulfate reduction to form sulfides. Higher temperatures and salinities and relatively oxidized ore-stage fluids (stages 2 and 3) compared with stage 1 were probably important controls on the abundances and relative amounts of metals in the fluids and the resulting sulfide chemistry. Textural observations and isotopic data show that preexisting barite was reductively dissolved, providing a source of H2S for sulfide mineral formation. In stage 3, the continued flow of hydrothermal fluids caused thermal alteration of organic-rich mudstones and a build-up of methane that led to fluid overpressuring, hydrofracturing, and vein formation. Barite, red-brown sphalerite, and other sulfides were deposited in the veins, and preexisting barite was pervasively replaced by red-brown sphalerite. Hydrothermal activity ceased until Jurassic time when thrusting and large-scale fluid flow related to the Brookian orogeny remobilized and formed late tan sphalerite in tectonic breccias. ?? 2004 by Economic Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/99.7.1509","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Kelley, K., Leach, D.L., Johnson, C.A., Clark, J., Fayek, M., Slack, J.F., Anderson, V., Ayuso, R., and Ridley, W., 2004, Textural, compositional, and sulfur isotope variations of sulfide minerals in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Implications for Ore Formation: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1509-1532, https://doi.org/10.2113/99.7.1509.","startPage":"1509","endPage":"1532","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208355,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/99.7.1509"},{"id":234056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba601e4b08c986b320e0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, K.D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":75157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, D. 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,{"id":70026418,"text":"70026418 - 2004 - Delineation and evaluation of hydrologic-landscape regions in the United States using geographic information system tools and multivariate statistical analyses.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T16:33:51","indexId":"70026418","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delineation and evaluation of hydrologic-landscape regions in the United States using geographic information system tools and multivariate statistical analyses.","docAbstract":"<p><span>Hydrologic-landscape regions in the United States were delineated by using geographic information system (GIS) tools combined with principal components and cluster analyses. The GIS and statistical analyses were applied to land-surface form, geologic texture (permeability of the soil and bedrock), and climate variables that describe the physical and climatic setting of 43,931 small (approximately 200 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>) watersheds in the United States. (The term “watersheds” is defined in this paper as the drainage areas of tributary streams, headwater streams, and stream segments lying between two confluences.) The analyses grouped the watersheds into 20 noncontiguous regions based on similarities in land-surface form, geologic texture, and climate characteristics. The percentage of explained variance (R-squared value) in an analysis of variance was used to compare the hydrologic-landscape regions to 19 square geometric regions and the 21 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency level-II ecoregions. Hydrologic-landscape regions generally were better than ecoregions at delineating regions of distinct land-surface form and geologic texture. Hydrologic-landscape regions and ecoregions were equally effective at defining regions in terms of climate, land cover, and water-quality characteristics. For about half of the landscape, climate, and water-quality characteristics, the R-squared values of square geometric regions were as high as hydrologic-landscape regions or ecoregions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-5077-9","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D.M., Winter, T.C., and McMahon, G., 2004, Delineation and evaluation of hydrologic-landscape regions in the United States using geographic information system tools and multivariate statistical analyses.: Environmental Management, v. 34, p. S71-S88, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-5077-9.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"S71","endPage":"S88","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269301,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-5077-9"}],"volume":"34","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe64e4b0c8380cd4ecf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMahon, Gerard 0000-0001-7675-777X gmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7675-777X","contributorId":191488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Gerard","email":"gmcmahon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":565,"text":"Southeast Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026562,"text":"70026562 - 2004 - Land use change and terrestrial carbon stocks in Senegal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:45:14","indexId":"70026562","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land use change and terrestrial carbon stocks in Senegal","docAbstract":"<p><span>Environmental degradation resulting from long-term drought and land use change has affected terrestrial carbon (C) stocks within Africa's Sahel. We estimated Senegal's terrestrial carbon stocks in 1965, 1985, and 2000 using an inventory procedure involving satellite images revealing historical land use change, and recent field measurements of standing carbon stocks occurring in soil and plants. Senegal was divided into eight ecological zones containing 11 land uses. In 2000, savannas, cultivated lands, forests, and steppes were the four largest land uses in Senegal, occupying 70, 22, 2.7, and 2.3 percent of Senegal's 199,823&nbsp;km</span><sup>2</sup><span>. System C stocks ranged from 9&nbsp;t&nbsp;C&nbsp;ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span> in degraded savannas in the north, to 113&nbsp;t&nbsp;C&nbsp;ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span> in the remnant forests of the Senegal River Valley. This approach resulted in estimated total C stocks of 1019 and 727&nbsp;MT&nbsp;C between 1965 and 2000, respectively, indicating a loss of 292&nbsp;MT&nbsp;C over 35 years. The proportion of C residing in biomass decreased with time, from 55 percent in 1965 to 38 percent in 2000. Calculated terrestrial C flux for 1993 was −7.5&nbsp;MT&nbsp;C&nbsp;year</span><sup>−1</sup><span> and had declined by 17 percent over the previous 18 years. Most of the terrestrial C flux in 1993 was attributed to biomass C reduction. Human disturbance accounted for only 22 percent of biomass C loss in 1993, suggesting that the effects of long-term Sahelian drought continue to play an overriding role in ecosystem change. Some carbon mitigation strategies for Senegal were investigated, including potential C sequestration levels. Opportunities for C mitigation exist but are constrained by available knowledge and access to resources.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.025","issn":"01401963","usgsCitation":"Woomer, P., Tieszen, L., Tappan, G., Toure, A., and Sall, M., 2004, Land use change and terrestrial carbon stocks in Senegal: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 59, no. 3, p. 625-642, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.025.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"625","endPage":"642","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208316,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.025"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4385e4b0c8380cd663d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woomer, P.L.","contributorId":7883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woomer","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tieszen, L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tappan, G. 0000-0002-2240-6963","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2240-6963","contributorId":26859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappan","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Toure, A.","contributorId":98920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toure","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sall, M.","contributorId":83711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sall","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026527,"text":"70026527 - 2004 - Use of qualitative and quantitative information in neural networks for assessing agricultural chemical contamination of domestic wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T07:35:41","indexId":"70026527","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of qualitative and quantitative information in neural networks for assessing agricultural chemical contamination of domestic wells","docAbstract":"<p>A neural network analysis of agrichemical occurrence in groundwater was conducted using data from a pilot study of 192 small-diameter drilled and driven wells and 115 dug and bored wells in Illinois, a regional reconnaissance network of 303 wells across 12 Midwestern states, and a study of 687 domestic wells across Iowa. Potential factors contributing to well contamination (e.g., depth to aquifer material, well depth, and distance to cropland) were investigated. These contributing factors were available in either numeric (actual or categorical) or descriptive (yes or no) format. A method was devised to use the numeric and descriptive values simultaneously. Training of the network was conducted using a standard backpropagation algorithm. Approximately 15% of the data was used for testing. Analysis indicated that training error was quite low for most data. Testing results indicated that it was possible to predict the contamination potential of a well with pesticides. However, predicting the actual level of contamination was more difficult. For pesticide occurrence in drilled and driven wells, the network predictions were good. The performance of the network was poorer for predicting nitrate occurrence in dug and bored wells. Although the data set for Iowa was large, the prediction ability of the trained network was poor, due to descriptive or categorical input parameters, compared with smaller data sets such as that for Illinois, which contained more numeric information.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:6(502)","issn":"10840699","usgsCitation":"Mishra, A., Ray, C., and Kolpin, D., 2004, Use of qualitative and quantitative information in neural networks for assessing agricultural chemical contamination of domestic wells: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 9, no. 6, p. 502-511, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:6(502).","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"502","endPage":"511","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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,{"id":1003645,"text":"1003645 - 2004 - Impacts of West Nile Virus on wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-22T13:02:26","indexId":"1003645","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3014,"text":"Park Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of West Nile Virus on wildlife","docAbstract":"<p>The recent epidemic of West Nile virus in the United States proved to be unexpectedly active and was the largest epidemic of the virus ever recorded. Much remains to be discovered about the ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus in the United States, including which species are important in maintaining the virus in nature, why some species are more susceptible to lethal infection, and what environmental factors are important in predicting future epidemics. These factors will likely vary regionally, depending on local ecological characteristics. Until scientists better understand the virus and factors influencing its activity, predicting its effects for future seasons is impossible. 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,{"id":70026441,"text":"70026441 - 2004 - Estimating functional connectivity of wildlife habitat and its relevance to ecological risk assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T12:34:49","indexId":"70026441","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5339,"text":"ASTM Selected Technical Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"seriesNumber":"STP1458","title":"Estimating functional connectivity of wildlife habitat and its relevance to ecological risk assessment","docAbstract":"<p><span>Habitat fragmentation is a major threat to the viability of wildlife populations and the maintenance of biodiversity. Fragmentation relates to the sub-division of habitat into disjunct patches. Usually coincident with fragmentation&nbsp;</span><i>per se</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>is loss of habitat, a reduction in the size of the remnant patches, and increasing distance between patches. Natural and anthropogenic processes leading to habitat fragmentation occur at many spatial scales, and their impacts on wildlife depend on the scales at which species interact with the landscape. The concept of functional connectivity captures this organism-based view of the relative ease of movement or degree of exchange between physically disjunct habitat patches. Functional connectivity of a given habitat arrangement for a given wildlife species depends on details of the organism's life history and behavioral ecology, but, for broad categories of species, quantities such as home range size and dispersal distance scale allometrically with body mass. These relationships can be incorporated into spatial analyses of functional connectivity, which can be quantified by indices or displayed graphically in maps. We review indices and GIS-based approaches to estimating functional connectivity, presenting examples from the literature and our own work on mammalian distributions. Such analyses can be readily incorporated within an ecological risk framework. Estimates of functional connectivity may be useful in a screening-level assessment of the impact of habitat fragmentation relative to other stressors, and may be crucial in detailed population modeling and viability analysis.</span></p>","largerWorkTitle":"Landscape ecology and wildlife habitat evaluation: Critical information for ecological risk assessment, land-use management activities, and biodiversity enhancement","conferenceTitle":"Landscape ecology and wildlife habitat evaluation: Critical information for ecological risk assessment, land-use management activities, and biodiversity enhancement","conferenceDate":"April 7-9, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Kansas City, MO","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM International","doi":"10.1520/STP11941S","issn":"10403094","isbn":"978-0-8031-3476-8","usgsCitation":"Johnson, A., Allen, C.R., and Simpson, K., 2004, Estimating functional connectivity of wildlife habitat and its relevance to ecological risk assessment, <i>in</i> Landscape ecology and wildlife habitat evaluation: Critical information for ecological risk assessment, land-use management activities, and biodiversity enhancement, Kansas City, MO, April 7-9, 2003, p. 41-55, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP11941S.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"55","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b1ee4b0c8380cd5259f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kapustka, Lawrence","contributorId":178433,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kapustka","given":"Lawrence","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725484,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biddinger, Gregory R.","contributorId":111662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biddinger","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725485,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luxon, Matthew","contributorId":40886,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luxon","given":"Matthew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725486,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Galbraith, Hector","contributorId":197459,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Galbraith","given":"Hector","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725487,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, A.R.","contributorId":72176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simpson, K.A.N.","contributorId":84957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"K.A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026442,"text":"70026442 - 2004 - Overwintered Bullfrog tadpoles negatively affect Salamanders and Anurans in native amphibian communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-12T15:46:53.173772","indexId":"70026442","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overwintered Bullfrog tadpoles negatively affect Salamanders and Anurans in native amphibian communities","docAbstract":"<p>We examined the interactive effects of overwintered Bullfrog (<i>Rana catesbeiana</i>) tadpoles and pond hydroperiod on a community of larval amphibians in outdoor mesocosms including American Toads (<i>Bufo americanus</i>), Southern Leopard Frogs (<i>Rana sphenocephala</i>), and Spotted Salamanders (<i>Ambystoma maculatum</i>) - species within the native range of Bullfrogs. Spotted Salamanders and Southern Leopard Frogs were negatively influenced by the presence of overwintered Bullfrogs. Spotted Salamanders had shorter larval periods and slightly smaller masses at metamorphosis, and Southern Leopard Frogs had smaller masses at metamorphosis when reared with Bullfrogs than without. Presence of overwintered Bullfrogs, however, did not significantly affect American Toads. Longer pond hydroperiods resulted in greater survival, greater size at metamorphosis, longer larval periods, and later time until emergence of the first metamorphs for Southern Leopard Frog tadpoles and Spotted Salamander larvae. Our study demonstrated that overwintered Bullfrog tadpoles can respond to changing pond hydroperiods and can negatively impact metamorphosis of native amphibians.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1643/CE-03-229R1","usgsCitation":"Boone, M., Little, E.E., and Semlitsch, R.D., 2004, Overwintered Bullfrog tadpoles negatively affect Salamanders and Anurans in native amphibian communities: Copeia, no. 3, p. 683-690, https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-03-229R1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"690","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Boone County","city":"Columbia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.449951171875,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.10937499999999,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.10937499999999,\n              38.993572058209466\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.449951171875,\n              38.993572058209466\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.449951171875,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7255e4b0c8380cd76a2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boone, M.D.","contributorId":31157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boone","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":409537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Semlitsch, R. D.","contributorId":22522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Semlitsch","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026417,"text":"70026417 - 2004 - Effects of housing density and cage floor space on C57BL/6J mice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70026417","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1297,"text":"Comparative Medicine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of housing density and cage floor space on C57BL/6J mice","docAbstract":"The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (the Guide) is widely accepted as the housing standard by most Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees. The recommendations are based on best professional judgment rather than experimental data. Current efforts are directed toward replacing these guidelines with data-driven, species-appropriate standards. Our studies were undertaken to determine the optimum housing density for C57BL/6J mice, the most commonly used inbred mouse strain. Four-week-old mice were housed for 8 weeks at four densities (the recommended ???12 in2 [ca. 77.4 cm 2]/mouse down to 5.6 in2 [ca. 36.1 cm2]/mouse) in three cage types with various amounts of floor space. Housing density did not affect a variety of physiologic parameters but did affect certain micro-environmental parameters, although these remained within accepted ranges. A second study was undertaken housing C57BL/6J mice with as little as 3.2 in2/mouse (ca. 20.6 cm2). The major effect was elevated ammonia concentrations that exceeded limits acceptable in the workplace at increased housing densities; however, the nasal passages and eyeballs of the mice remained microscopically normal. On the basis of these results, we conclude that C57BL/6J mice as large as 29 g may be housed with 5.6 in2 of floor space per mouse. This area is approximately half the floor space recommended in the Guide. The role of the Guide is to ensure that laboratory animals are well treated and housed in a species-appropriate manner. Our data suggest that current policies could be altered in order to provide the optimal habitation conditions matched to this species' social needs. Copyright 2004 by the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Comparative Medicine","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"15320820","usgsCitation":"Smith, A.L., Mabus, S., Stockwell, J., and Muir, C., 2004, Effects of housing density and cage floor space on C57BL/6J mice: Comparative Medicine, v. 54, no. 6, p. 656-663.","startPage":"656","endPage":"663","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0719e4b0c8380cd51562","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, A. L.","contributorId":15336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mabus, S.L.","contributorId":73380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mabus","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stockwell, J.D.","contributorId":19678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockwell","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Muir, C.","contributorId":9818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muir","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026395,"text":"70026395 - 2004 - Radiated energy and the rupture process of the Denali fault earthquake sequence of 2002 from broadband teleseismic body waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-13T10:29:46.553962","indexId":"70026395","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiated energy and the rupture process of the Denali fault earthquake sequence of 2002 from broadband teleseismic body waves","docAbstract":"<p>Displacement, velocity, and velocity-squared records of P and SH body waves recorded at teleseismic distances are analyzed to determine the rupture characteristics of the Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake of 3 November 2002 (<i>M</i><sub>W</sub><span>&nbsp;7.9,&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>e</sub><span>&nbsp;8.1</span>). Three episodes of rupture can be identified from broadband (<span>∼0.1–5.0 Hz</span>) waveforms. The Denali fault earthquake started as a <span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>W</sub><span>&nbsp;7.3</span> thrust event. Subsequent right-lateral strike-slip rupture events with centroid depths of 9 km occurred about 22 and 49 sec later. The teleseismic <i>P</i> waves are dominated by energy at intermediate frequencies (0.1-1 Hz) radiated by the thrust event, while the <i>SH</i> waves are dominated by energy at lower frequencies (0.05-0.2 Hz) radiated by the strike-slip events. The strike-slip events exhibit strong directivity in the teleseismic <i>SH</i> waves. Correcting the recorded <i>P</i>-wave acceleration spectra for the effect of the free surface yields an estimate of <span>2.8 × 10</span><sup>15</sup> N m for the energy radiated by the thrust event. Correcting the recorded <i>SH</i>-wave acceleration spectra similarly yields an estimate of <span>3.3 × 10</span><sup>16</sup> N m for the energy radiated by the two strike-slip events. The average rupture velocity for the strike-slip rupture process is <span>1.1</span><i>β</i><span>–1.2</span><i>β</i>. The strike-slip events were located 90 and 188 km east of the epicenter. The rupture length over which significant or resolvable energy is radiated is, thus, far shorter than the 340-km fault length over which surface displacements were observed. However, the seismic moment released by these three events, <span>4 × 10</span><sup>20</sup> N m, was approximately half the seismic moment determined from very low-frequency analyses of the earthquake. The difference in seismic moment can be reasonably attributed to slip on fault segments that did not radiate significant or coherent seismic energy. These results suggest that very large and great strike-slip earthquakes can generate stress pulses that rapidly produce substantial slip with negligible stress drop and little discernible radiated energy on fault segments distant from the initial point of nucleation. The existence of this energy-deficient rupture mode has important implications for the evaluation of the seismic hazard of very large strike-slip earthquakes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040605","usgsCitation":"Choy, G.L., and Boatwright, J., 2004, Radiated energy and the rupture process of the Denali fault earthquake sequence of 2002 from broadband teleseismic body waves: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. S269-S277, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040605.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"S269","endPage":"S277","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.26953125,\n              61.18562468142281\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.4892578125,\n              59.265880628258095\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.228515625,\n              59.44507509904714\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.26171875,\n              63.450509218001095\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.8212890625,\n              63.80189351770543\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.6884765625,\n              63.6267446447533\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.26953125,\n              63.15435519659187\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.26953125,\n              61.18562468142281\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"6B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9392e4b0c8380cd80ee3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boatwright, J.","contributorId":87297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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