{"pageNumber":"2701","pageRowStart":"67500","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":70026866,"text":"70026866 - 2004 - Geologic history of natural coal-bed fires, Powder River basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70026866","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic history of natural coal-bed fires, Powder River basin, USA","docAbstract":"Coal-bed fires ignited by natural processes have baked and fused overlying sediments to form clinker, a hard red or varicolored rock, through much of the northern Great Plains of the United States (USA). The gently dipping coal beds in the region burn when regional downwasting brings them above the local water table. The resulting clinker forms a rim along the exposed edge of the coal bed in an ongoing process through geologic time. The resistant clinker is left capping buttes and ridges after the softer unbaked strata erode away. Clinker outcrops cover more than 4100 km2 in the Powder River basin (PRB), which lies in Wyoming (WY) and Montana (MT). The clinker in place records tens of billions of tons of coal that have burned, releasing gases into the atmosphere. The amount of clinker that has eroded away was at least an order of magnitude greater than the clinker that remains in place. Fission-track and uranium-thorium/ helium ages of detrital zircon crystals in clinker, and paleomagnetic ages of clinker, show that coal beds have burned naturally during at least the past 4 million years (Ma). The oldest in-place clinker that has been dated, collected from a high, isolated, clinker-capped ridge, has a fission track age of 2.8??0.6 Ma. Evidence of erosion and downcutting is also preserved by clinker clasts in gravel terraces. One clinker boulder in a terrace 360 m above the Yellowstone River has a fission track age of 4.0??0.7 Ma. Coal-bed fires are caused by lightning, wildfires, spontaneous combustion, or human activity on coal outcrops and in mines. Miners, government agencies, and ranchers have extinguished thousands of coal bed fires, but natural ignition continues where fresh coal has access to air. At any given time, hundreds of fires, mostly small, are burning. In the Powder River basin, the total amount of coal burned by natural fires in the last 2 Ma is one to two orders of magnitude greater than the total amount of coal removed by mining in the past century. However, current annual rates of coal mining are three to four orders of magnitude greater than estimated prehistoric annual rates of coal consumption by natural fires. ?? 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2003.07.002","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Heffern, E., and Coates, D.A., 2004, Geologic history of natural coal-bed fires, Powder River basin, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 59, no. 1-2, p. 25-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.07.002.","startPage":"25","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209187,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.07.002"},{"id":235430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a197ce4b0c8380cd559e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heffern, E.L.","contributorId":76400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heffern","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coates, D. A.","contributorId":63096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"D.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026803,"text":"70026803 - 2004 - Assessing the toxicity and teratogenicity of pond water in north-central Minnesota to amphibians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T11:46:18","indexId":"70026803","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1564,"text":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the toxicity and teratogenicity of pond water in north-central Minnesota to amphibians","docAbstract":"<div id=\"Asec1\" class=\"AbstractSection\"><h3 class=\"Heading\">Background</h3><p class=\"Para\">Incidence of amphibian deformities have increased in recent years, especially in the northern region of the United States. While many factors have been proposed as being responsible for generating deformities (e.g., contaminants, ultraviolet radiation [UV], parasites), no single cause has been definitively established.</p></div><div id=\"Asec2\" class=\"AbstractSection\"><h3 class=\"Heading\">Methods</h3><p class=\"Para\">To determine whether waterborne chemicals are responsible for amphibian deformities in ponds in north-central Minnesota, we deployed semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) in an imparted and a reference site to accumulate lipophilic contaminants. We then exposed native tadpoles (northern leopard frogs;<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Rana pipiens</i>) to the SPMD extracts combined with two agricultural pesticides (atrazine, carbaryl) at two levels of UV radiation.</p></div><div id=\"Asec3\" class=\"AbstractSection\"><h3 class=\"Heading\">Results and Discussion</h3><p class=\"Para\">UV radiation alone caused a slight increase in hatching success and tadpole growth rate. Deformity rate among hatchlings was high following exposure to SPMD extracts from the reference site in the absence of UV, suggesting that chemicals present at this site are broken down by UV to less harmful forms, or become less bioavailable. Conversely, impacted site SPMD extracts caused hatchling deformities only in the presence of UV, suggesting that UV potentiates the teratogenicity of the compounds present there. Impacted site SPMD extracts significantly increased the number of bony triangles among metamorphs, a common deformity observed at this site. The incidence of skin webbings increased significantly with SPMD extracts from both sites as well as with our pesticide control containing atrazine and carbaryl alone.</p></div><div id=\"Asec4\" class=\"AbstractSection\"><h3 class=\"Heading\">Conclusions</h3><p class=\"Para\">Higher deformity rates among tadpoles reared in the presence of UV radiation and SPMD extracts from sites where deformities are common indicates a chemical compound (or compounds) in the water at this site may be causing the deformities.</p></div><div id=\"Asec5\" class=\"AbstractSection\"><h3 class=\"Heading\">Recommendations and Outlook</h3><p class=\"Para\">It is important to examine the effects of chemical stressors in the presence of other natural stressors (e.g., UV radiation) to gain a better understanding of how multiple stressors work to impact amphibians and amphibian populations.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02979631","issn":"09441344","usgsCitation":"Bridges, C.M., Little, E., Gardiner, D., Petty, J., and Huckins, J., 2004, Assessing the toxicity and teratogenicity of pond water in north-central Minnesota to amphibians: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 11, no. 4, p. 233-239, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02979631.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"239","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edf0e4b0c8380cd49b12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bridges, Christine M.","contributorId":173847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bridges","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Little, Edward","contributorId":90638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardiner, David","contributorId":175342,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardiner","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Petty, James","contributorId":175343,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petty","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Huckins, James","contributorId":175344,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huckins","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026802,"text":"70026802 - 2004 - Effects of the benthic cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula on larval recruitment of the reef corals Acropora surculosa and Pocillopora damicornis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70026802","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1338,"text":"Coral Reefs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of the benthic cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula on larval recruitment of the reef corals Acropora surculosa and Pocillopora damicornis","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coral Reefs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00338-004-0416-8","issn":"07224028","usgsCitation":"Kuffner, I., and Paul, V., 2004, Effects of the benthic cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula on larval recruitment of the reef corals Acropora surculosa and Pocillopora damicornis: Coral Reefs, v. 23, no. 3, p. 455-458, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-004-0416-8.","startPage":"455","endPage":"458","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209254,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-004-0416-8"},{"id":235532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07fee4b0c8380cd51918","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuffner, I. B.","contributorId":40328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuffner","given":"I. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paul, V.J.","contributorId":40782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paul","given":"V.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027227,"text":"70027227 - 2004 - Tectonics and metallogenesis of Proterozoic rocks of the Reading Prong","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70027227","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2304,"text":"Journal of Geodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonics and metallogenesis of Proterozoic rocks of the Reading Prong","docAbstract":"Detailed geologic mapping, petrography, and major and trace-element analyses of Proterozoic rocks from the Greenwood Lake Quadrangle, New York are compared with chemical analyses and stratigraphic information compiled for the entire Reading Prong. A persistent regional stratigraphy is evident in the mapped area whose geochemistry indicates protoliths consistent with a back-arc marginal basin sequence. The proposed marginal basin may have been floored by an older sialic basement and overlain by a basin-fill sequence consisting of a basal tholeiitic basalt, basic to intermediate volcanic or volcaniclastic rocks and carbonate sediments, a bimodal calc-alkaline volcanic sequence, and finally volcaniclastic, marine, and continental sediments. The presence of high-chlorine biotite and scapolite may indicate circulation of brine fluids or the presence of evaporite layers in the sequence. Abundant, stratabound magnetite deposits with a geologic setting very unlike that of cratonic, Proterozoic banded-iron formations are found throughout the proposed basin sequence. Associated with many of the magnetite deposits is unusual uranium and rare-earth element mineralization. It is proposed here that these deposits formed in an exhalative, volcanogenic, depositional environment within an extensional back-arc marginal basin. Such a tectonic setting is consistent with interpretations of protoliths in other portions of the Reading Prong, the Central Metasedimentary Belt of the Canadian Grenville Province, and recent interpretation of the origin of the Franklin lead-zinc deposits, suggesting a more cohesive evolving arc/back-arc tectonic model for the entire Proterozoic margin of the north-eastern portion of the North American craton. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.012","issn":"02643707","usgsCitation":"Gundersen, L., 2004, Tectonics and metallogenesis of Proterozoic rocks of the Reading Prong: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 37, no. 3-5, p. 361-379, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.012.","startPage":"361","endPage":"379","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209298,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.012"},{"id":235597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba485e4b08c986b3203e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gundersen, L.C.S.","contributorId":24501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gundersen","given":"L.C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026911,"text":"70026911 - 2004 - A high resolution record of chlorine-36 nuclear-weapons-tests fallout from Central Asia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026911","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A high resolution record of chlorine-36 nuclear-weapons-tests fallout from Central Asia","docAbstract":"The Inilchek Glacier, located in the Tien Shan Mountains, central Asia, is unique among mid-latitude glaciers because of its relatively large average annual accumulation. In July 2000, two ice cores of 162 and 167 meters (m) in length were collected from the Inilchek Glacier for (chlorine-36) 36Cl analysis a part of a collaborative international effort to study the environmental changes archived in mid-latitude glaciers worldwide. The average annual precipitation at the collection site was calculated to be 1.6 m. In contrast, the reported average annual accumulations at the high-latitude Dye-3 glacial site, Greenland, the mid-latitude Guliya Ice Cap, China, and the mid-latitude Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, USA, were 0.52, 0.16 and 0.76 m, respectively. The resolution of the 36Cl record in one of the Inilchek ice cores was from 2 to 10 times higher than the resolution of the records at these other sites and could provide an opportunity for detailed study of environmental changes that have occurred over the past 150 years. Despite the differences in accumulation among these various glacial sites, the 36Cl profile and peak concentrations for the Inilchek ice core were remarkably similar in shape and magnitude to those for ice cores from these other sites. The 36Cl peak concentration from 1958, the year during the mid-1900s nuclear-weapons-tests period when 36Cl fallout was largest, was preserved in the Inilchek core at a depth of 90.56 m below the surface of the glacier (74.14-m-depth water equivalent) at a concentration of 7.7 ?? 105 atoms of 36Cl/gram (g) of ice. Peak 36Cl concentrations from Dye-3, Guliya and the Upper Fremont glacial sites were 7.1 ?? 105, 5.4 ?? 105 and 0.7 ?? 105 atoms of 36Cl/g of ice, respectively. Measurements of 36Cl preserved in ice cores improve estimates of historical worldwide atmospheric deposition of this isotope and allow the sources of 36Cl in ground water to be better identified. ?? 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkTitle":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.157","issn":"0168583X","usgsCitation":"Green, J., Cecil, L., Synal, H., Santos, J., Kreutz, K., and Wake, C., 2004, A high resolution record of chlorine-36 nuclear-weapons-tests fallout from Central Asia, <i>in</i> Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, v. 223-224, no. SPEC. ISS., p. 854-857, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.157.","startPage":"854","endPage":"857","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209260,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.157"},{"id":235542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"223-224","issue":"SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e41de4b0c8380cd46407","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, J.R.","contributorId":31146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cecil, L.D.","contributorId":62616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Synal, H.-A.","contributorId":78501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Synal","given":"H.-A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Santos, J.","contributorId":7060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santos","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kreutz, K.J.","contributorId":46712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreutz","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wake, C.P.","contributorId":85353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wake","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026797,"text":"70026797 - 2004 - Character change of New England snow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70026797","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1112,"text":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","onlineIssn":"1520-0477","printIssn":"0003-0007","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Character change of New England snow","docAbstract":"The annual ratio of snow to total precipitation (S/P) for 11 out of 21 US Historical Climatology Network (USHCN) sites in New England decreased significantly from 1949 through 2000. One possible explanation for the observed decrease in S/P ratio is that their temperature increased in New England during the 20th century. The results are consistent with published reports indicating lengthening of the growing season in New England.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00030007","usgsCitation":"Huntington, T., Hodgkins, G., Keim, B., and Dudley, R.W., 2004, Character change of New England snow: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 85, no. 8, p. 1055-1056.","startPage":"1055","endPage":"1056","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f488e4b0c8380cd4bd85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntington, T.G. 0000-0002-9427-3530","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":64675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"T.G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hodgkins, G.A.","contributorId":14022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgkins","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keim, B.D.","contributorId":72988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keim","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dudley, R. W.","contributorId":90780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026868,"text":"70026868 - 2004 - Geophysical modeling of the northern Appalachian Brompton-Cameron, Central Maine, and Avalon terranes under the New Jersey Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026868","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2304,"text":"Journal of Geodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical modeling of the northern Appalachian Brompton-Cameron, Central Maine, and Avalon terranes under the New Jersey Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"A regional terrane map of the New Jersey Coastal Plain basement was constructed using seismic, drilling, gravity and magnetic data. The Brompton-Cameron and Central Maine terranes were coalesced as one volcanic island arc terrane before obducting onto Laurentian, Grenville age, continental crust in the Taconian orogeny [Rankin, D.W., 1994. Continental margin of the eastern United States: past and present. In: Speed, R.C., (Ed.), Phanerozoic Evolution of North American Continent-Ocean Transitions. DNAG Continent-Ocean Transect Volume. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 129-218]. Volcanic island-arc rocks of the Avalon terrane are in contact with Central Maine terrane rocks in southern Connecticut where the latter are overthrust onto the Brompton-Cameron terrane, which is thrust over Laurentian basement. Similarities of these allochthonous island arc terranes (Brompton-Cameron, Central Maine, Avalon) in lithology, fauna and age suggest that they are faulted segments of the margin of one major late Precambrian to early Paleozoic, high latitude peri-Gondwana island arc designated as \"Avalonia\", which collided with Laurentia in the early to middle Paleozoic. The Brompton Cameron, Central Maine, and Avalon terranes are projected as the basement under the eastern New Jersey Coastal Plain based on drill core samples of metamorphic rocks of active margin/magmatic arc origin. A seismic reflection profile across the New York Bight traces the gentle dipping (approximately 20 degrees) Cameron's Line Taconian suture southeast beneath allochthonous Avalon and other terranes to a 4 sec TWTT depth (approximately 9 km) where the Avalonian rocks are over Laurentian crust. Gentle up-plunge (approximately 5 degrees) projections to the southwest bring the Laurentian Grenville age basement and the drift-stage early Paleozoic cover rocks to windows in Burlington Co. at approximately 1 km depth and Cape May Co. at approximately 2 km depths. The antiformal Shellburne Falls and Chester domes and Chain Lakes-Pelham dome-Bronson Hill structural trends, and the synformal Connecticut Valley-Gaspe structural trend can be traced southwest into the New Jersey Coastal Plain basement. A Mesozoic rift basin, the \"Sandy Hook basin\", and associated eastern boundary fault is identified, based upon gravity modeling, in the vicinity of Sandy Hook, New Jersey. The thickness of the rift-basin sedimentary rocks contained within the \"Sandy Hook basin\" is approximately 4.7 km, with the basin extending offshore to the east of the New Jersey coast. Gravity modeling indicates a deep rift basin and the magnetic data indicates a shallow magnetic basement caused by magnetic diabase sills and/or basalt flows contained within the rift-basin sedimentary rocks. The igneous sills and/or flows may be the eastward continuation of the Watchung and Palisades bodies. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.016","issn":"02643707","usgsCitation":"Maguire, T., Sheridan, R.E., and Volkert, R., 2004, Geophysical modeling of the northern Appalachian Brompton-Cameron, Central Maine, and Avalon terranes under the New Jersey Coastal Plain: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 37, no. 3-5, p. 457-485, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.016.","startPage":"457","endPage":"485","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209214,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.016"},{"id":235467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2863e4b0c8380cd5a0a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maguire, T.J.","contributorId":82512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maguire","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheridan, R. E.","contributorId":36681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheridan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Volkert, R.A.","contributorId":90799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volkert","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026833,"text":"70026833 - 2004 - Killer clays! Natural antibacterial clay minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70026833","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2750,"text":"Mineralogical Society Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Killer clays! Natural antibacterial clay minerals","docAbstract":"The clay chemical properties that may be important in medicine were investigated. It was found that natural clay minerals can have striking and very specific effects on microbial populations. The effects can range from potentially enhanced microbial growth to complete sterilization. This paper presents evidence that natural clay minerals can be effective antimicrobial agents.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralogical Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02639513","usgsCitation":"Williams, L., Holland, M., Eberl, D.D., Brunet, T., and De Courrsou, L.B., 2004, Killer clays! Natural antibacterial clay minerals: Mineralogical Society Bulletin, no. 139, p. 3-8.","startPage":"3","endPage":"8","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"139","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4093e4b0c8380cd64e84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, L.B.","contributorId":7892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holland, M.","contributorId":17380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brunet, T.","contributorId":104687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brunet","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"De Courrsou, L. B.","contributorId":86548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Courrsou","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027297,"text":"70027297 - 2004 - Hydrothermal alteration, ore fluid characteristics, and gold depositional processes along a trondhjemite-komatiite contact at Tarmoola, Western Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70027297","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal alteration, ore fluid characteristics, and gold depositional processes along a trondhjemite-komatiite contact at Tarmoola, Western Australia","docAbstract":"Tarmoola is a structurally controlled Archean orogenic gold deposit hosted in greenschist facies metamorphosed komatiite and trondhjemite in the Leonora district of the Eastern Goldfields province, Yilgarn craton. High-grade (>1 g/t Au) orebodies are located in komatiite wall rock adjacent to the eastern and northeastern margins of the asymmetrical, north-south-striking, Tarmoola trondhjemite intrusion. Gold-bearing veins post-date trondhjemite emplacement (ca. 2700 Ma), quartz diorite dikes (ca. 2667 Ma), and regional greenschist facies metamorphism. Textures and crosscutting relationships in gold-bearing veins indicate two stages of hydrothermal fluid infiltration associated with a single gold-related hydrothermal event: a volumetrically dominant, but gold-poor, stage I fluid and a gold-rich stage II fluid. Gold-bearing veins contain stage I milky quartz and pyrite that are overprinted by stage II quartz-ankerite-muscovite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite-galena-gold-tellurides ?? albite ?? chlorite ?? fuchsite ?? epidote ?? scheelite. Stage I hydrothermal alteration assemblages are different in trondhjemite and komatiite due to contrasting reactions between a common ore fluid and disparate wall-rock chemistry. Stage II fluid-wall rock interaction was minor compared to stage I and is indicated by the overprinting of stage I mineral assemblages by stage II microveins. Wall-rock alteration proximal to veins in trondhjemite is characterized by replacement of igneous plagioclase, amphibole, biotite, and metamorphic chlorite by hydrothermal quartz, muscovite, ankerite, calcite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, tellurides, and gold, whereas in proximal alteration in komatiite, metamorphic chlorite and talc are replaced by ankerite, quartz, muscovite, albite, chlorite, fuchsite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, tellurides, and gold. The stage II fluid was enriched in H2O, CO2, Si, Ca, K, Na, S, Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, W, Bi, As, Mo, Zn, and Te. Based on fluid inclusion studies and stage II mineral equilibria, gold deposited from a homogeneous, neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 5.1-5.5), reduced, low-salinity (<5.5 wt % NaCl equiv) fluid that had a bulk composition of 78 mole percent H2O and 21 mole percent CO2, and trace amounts of CH4, C2H6, H2, Ar, H2S, and He. Gold deposition occurred at 300?? ?? 50??C and 0.5 to 3.0 kbars. Assuming lithostatic fluid pressures, gold precipitated at a 2- to 10-km depth. Stage II gray quartz ??18Ofluid values range from 5.9 to 7.5 per mil, whereas ??Dfluid values calculated from the dehydration of muscovite grains and measured directly from bulk fluid inclusion analyses of stage II gray quartz have ranges of -9 to -35 and -27 to -28 per mil, respectively. Hydrothermal ore fluids were transported from greater crustal depths to the site of gold deposition during the district-scale D3 event by shallowly W dipping, reverse brittle-ductile shear zones in supracrustal rock and along the steeply east dipping trondhjemite contact. Associated subhorizontal east-west shortening caused the reactivation of the eastern trondhjemite margin and subparallel foliation, which facilitated the transport of hydrothermal fluids and the generation of gold-bearing veins and hydrothermal alteration zones in komatiite. East-west-striking fractures in trondhjemite aided the lateral migration of ore fluids away from trondhjemite margins and the formation of east-west-striking gold-bearing veins and broad alteration zones. Gold was most likely transported in the stage II fluid as bisulfide complexes. The sulfidation of trondhjemite and komatiite wall rock by the stage II fluid caused the destabilization of An bisulfide complexes and gold deposition. Potassium, Ca, and CO2 metasomatism of komatiite wall rock may have enhanced gold deposition via the acidification of the stage II fluid. The physicochemical characteristics of the Tarmoola ore fluid and relative timing of gold mineralization are consistent with the Yilgarn-wide, ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/99.3.423","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Duuring, P., Hagemann, S., Cassidy, K., and Johnson, C.A., 2004, Hydrothermal alteration, ore fluid characteristics, and gold depositional processes along a trondhjemite-komatiite contact at Tarmoola, Western Australia: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 3, p. 423-451, https://doi.org/10.2113/99.3.423.","startPage":"423","endPage":"451","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209252,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/99.3.423"},{"id":235527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3799e4b0c8380cd60fd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duuring, P.","contributorId":23321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duuring","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hagemann, S.G.","contributorId":95647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagemann","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cassidy, K.F.","contributorId":45497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cassidy","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, C. A. 0000-0002-1334-2996","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":27492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027075,"text":"70027075 - 2004 - Changes in crustal seismic deformation rates associated with the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-01T22:54:52.764816","indexId":"70027075","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in crustal seismic deformation rates associated with the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake","docAbstract":"<p><span>We calculated seismic moment rates from crustal earthquake information for the upper Cook Inlet region, including Anchorage, Alaska, for the 30 yr prior to and 36 yr following the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake. Our results suggest over a factor of 1000 decrease in seismic moment rate (in units of dyne centimeters per year) following the 1964 mainshock. We used geologic information on structures within the Cook Inlet basin to estimate a regional geologic moment rate, assuming the structures extend to 30 km depth and have near-vertical dips. The geologic moment rates could underestimate the true rates by up to 70% since it is difficult determine the amount of horizontal offset that has occurred along many structures within the basin. Nevertheless, the geologic moment rate is only 3-7 times lower than the pre-1964 seismic moment rate, suggesting the 1964 mainshock has significantly slowed regional crustal deformation. If we compare the geologic moment rate to the post-1964 seismic moment rate, the moment rate deficit over the past 36 yr is equivalent to a moment magnitude 6.6-7.0 earthquake. These observed differences in moment rates highlight the difficulty in using seismicity in the decades following a large megathrust earthquake to adequately characterize long-term crustal deformation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120030096","usgsCitation":"Doser, D.I., Ratchkovski, N.A., Haeussler, P.J., and Saltus, R., 2004, Changes in crustal seismic deformation rates associated with the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 1, p. 320-325, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030096.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"320","endPage":"325","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154.2919921875,\n              59.108308258604964\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.6669921875,\n              59.108308258604964\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.6669921875,\n              61.8665112570728\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.2919921875,\n              61.8665112570728\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.2919921875,\n              59.108308258604964\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f40fe4b0c8380cd4bafe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doser, D. I.","contributorId":93256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ratchkovski, N. A.","contributorId":53995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratchkovski","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saltus, R.","contributorId":107040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027074,"text":"70027074 - 2004 - Systematic variation in the depths of slabs beneath arc volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70027074","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Systematic variation in the depths of slabs beneath arc volcanoes","docAbstract":"The depths to the tops of the zones of intermediate-depth seismicity beneath arc volcanoes are determined using the hypocentral locations of Engdahl et al. These depths are constant, to within a few kilometres, within individual arc segments, but differ by tens of kilometres from one arc segment to another. The range in depths is from 65 km to 130 km, inconsistent with the common belief that the volcanoes directly overlie the places where the slabs reach a critical depth that is roughly constant for all arcs. The depth to the top of the intermediate-depth seismicity beneath volcanoes correlates neither with age of the descending ocean floor nor with the thermal parameter of the slab. This depth does, however, exhibit an inverse correlation with the descent speed of the subducting plate, which is the controlling factor both for the thermal structure of the wedge of mantle above the slab and for the temperature at the top of the slab. We interpret this result as indicating that the location of arc volcanoes is controlled by a process that depends critically upon the temperature at the top of the slab, or in the wedge of mantle, immediately below the volcanic arc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02132.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"England, P., Engdahl, R., and Thatcher, W., 2004, Systematic variation in the depths of slabs beneath arc volcanoes: Geophysical Journal International, v. 156, no. 2, p. 377-408, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02132.x.","startPage":"377","endPage":"408","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478093,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2003.02132.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209123,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02132.x"},{"id":235330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"156","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba370e4b08c986b31fcd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"England, P.","contributorId":42005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"England","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engdahl, R.","contributorId":28014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027073,"text":"70027073 - 2004 - Effects of fault dip and slip rake angles on near-source ground motions: Why rupture directivity was minimal in the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-13T10:22:08.170066","indexId":"70027073","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of fault dip and slip rake angles on near-source ground motions: Why rupture directivity was minimal in the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake","docAbstract":"<p>We study how the fault dip and slip rake angles affect near-source ground velocities and displacements as faulting transitions from strike-slip motion on a vertical fault to thrust motion on a shallow-dipping fault. Ground motions are computed for five fault geometries with different combinations of fault dip and rake angles and common values for the fault area and the average slip. The nature of the shear-wave directivity is the key factor in determining the size and distribution of the peak velocities and displacements. Strong shear-wave directivity requires that (1) the observer is located in the direction of rupture propagation and (2) the rupture propagates parallel to the direction of the fault slip vector. We show that predominantly along-strike rupture of a thrust fault (geometry similar in the Chi-Chi earthquake) minimizes the area subjected to large-amplitude velocity pulses associated with rupture directivity, because the rupture propagates perpendicular to the slip vector; that is, the rupture propagates in the direction of a node in the shear-wave radiation pattern. In our simulations with a shallow hypocenter, the maximum peak-to-peak horizontal velocities exceed 1.5 m/sec over an area of only 200 km2 for the <span>30°-dipping</span> fault (geometry similar to the Chi-Chi earthquake), whereas for the <span>60°- and 75°-dipping</span> faults this velocity is exceeded over an area of 2700 km2 . These simulations indicate that the area subjected to large-amplitude long-period ground motions would be larger for events of the same size as Chi-Chi that have different styles of faulting or a deeper hypocenter.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120030053","usgsCitation":"Aagaard, B.T., Hall, J.F., and Heaton, T.H., 2004, Effects of fault dip and slip rake angles on near-source ground motions: Why rupture directivity was minimal in the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 1, p. 155-170, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030053.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"170","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478150,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20121212-153925352","text":"External Repository"},{"id":235293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Taiwan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              120.03662109374999,\n              23.674712836608773\n            ],\n            [\n              120.0146484375,\n              22.715390019335942\n            ],\n            [\n              120.5419921875,\n              22.105998799750566\n            ],\n            [\n              120.860595703125,\n              21.759499730719817\n            ],\n            [\n              121.10229492187501,\n              22.11617714721062\n            ],\n            [\n              121.22314453124999,\n              22.53285370752713\n            ],\n            [\n              121.78344726562501,\n              23.845649887659352\n            ],\n            [\n              122.14599609375001,\n              25.13533901613099\n            ],\n            [\n              121.46484375,\n              25.383735254706867\n            ],\n            [\n              120.95947265624999,\n              25.175116531621764\n            ],\n            [\n              120.03662109374999,\n              23.674712836608773\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06eae4b0c8380cd5149c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aagaard, Brad T. 0000-0002-8795-9833 baagaard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-9833","contributorId":192869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aagaard","given":"Brad","email":"baagaard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, J. F.","contributorId":41606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heaton, T. H.","contributorId":64671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027070,"text":"70027070 - 2004 - Chronology of sediment deposition in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T11:24:38","indexId":"70027070","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology of sediment deposition in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"A combination of tephrochronology and 14C, 210Pb, and 137Cs measurements provides a robust chronology for sedimentation in Upper Klamath Lake during the last 45 000 years. Mixing of surficial sediments and possible mobility of the radio-isotopes limit the usefulness of the 137Cs and 210Pb data, but 210Pb profiles provide reasonable average sediment accumulation rates for the last 100-150 years. Radiocarbon ages near the top of the core are somewhat erratic and are too old, probably as a result of detrital organic carbon, which may have become a more common component in recent times as surrounding marshes were drained. Below the tops of the cores, radiocarbon ages in the center of the basin appear to be about 400 years too old, while those on the margin appear to be accurate, based on comparisons with tephra layers of known age. Taken together, the data can be combined into reasonable age models for each site. Sediments have accumulated at site K1, near the center of the basin, about 2 times faster than at site CM2, on the margin of the lake. The rates are about 0.10 and 0.05 cm/yr, respectively. The chronological data also indicate that accumulation rates were slower during the early to middle Holocene than during the late Holocene, consistent with increasing wetness in the late Holocene.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Paleolimnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/B:JOPL.0000019234.05899.ea","issn":"09212728","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Bradbury, J., McGeehin, J., Holmes, C.W., Edginton, D., and Sarna-Wojcicki, A., 2004, Chronology of sediment deposition in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 31, no. 2, p. 139-149, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOPL.0000019234.05899.ea.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"149","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science 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Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradbury, J.P.","contributorId":14431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGeehin, J. P. 0000-0002-5320-6091","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5320-6091","contributorId":48593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holmes, C. W.","contributorId":36076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Edginton, D.","contributorId":73795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edginton","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":104022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70027065,"text":"70027065 - 2004 - Erosion by flowing lava: Geochemical evidence in the Cave Basalt, Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027065","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Erosion by flowing lava: Geochemical evidence in the Cave Basalt, Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"We sampled basaltic lava flows and underlying dacitic tuff deposits in or near lava tubes of the Cave Basalt, Mount St. Helens, Washington to determine whether the Cave Basalt lavas contain geochemical evidence of substrate contamination by lava erosion. The samples were analyzed using a combination of wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results indicate that the oldest, outer lava tube linings in direct contact with the dacitic substrate are contaminated, whereas the younger, inner lava tube linings are uncontaminated and apparently either more evolved or enriched in residual liquid. The most heavily contaminated lavas occur closer to the vent and in steeper parts of the tube system, and the amount of contamination decreases with increasing distance downstream. These results suggest that erosion by lava and contamination were limited to only the initially emplaced flows and that erosion was localized and enhanced by vigorous laminar flow over steeper slopes. After cooling, the initial Cave Basalt lava flows formed an insulating lining within the tubes that prevented further erosion by later flows. This interpretation is consistent with models of lava erosion that predict higher erosion rates closer to sources and over steeper slopes. A greater abundance of xenoliths and xenocrysts relative to xenomelts in hand samples indicates that mechanical erosion rather than thermal erosion was the dominant erosional process in the Cave Basalt, but further sampling and petrographic analyses must be performed to verify this hypothesis. ?? Springer-Verlag 2003.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00445-003-0301-2","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Williams, D., Kadel, S., Greeley, R., Lesher, C., and Clynne, M., 2004, Erosion by flowing lava: Geochemical evidence in the Cave Basalt, Mount St. Helens, Washington: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, no. 2, p. 168-181, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-003-0301-2.","startPage":"168","endPage":"181","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209001,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-003-0301-2"}],"volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a39e4b0c8380cd52261","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, D.A.","contributorId":98048,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7114,"text":"Arizona State Unviersity","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kadel, S.D.","contributorId":93676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kadel","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lesher, C.M.","contributorId":76083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lesher","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027062,"text":"70027062 - 2004 - A hydrogeologic model of stratiform copper mineralization in the Midcontinent Rift System, Northern Michigan, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-23T17:07:07.051902","indexId":"70027062","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1765,"text":"Geofluids","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A hydrogeologic model of stratiform copper mineralization in the Midcontinent Rift System, Northern Michigan, USA","docAbstract":"This paper presents a suite of two-dimensional mathematical models of basin-scale groundwater flow and heat transfer for the middle Proterozoic Midcontinent Rift System. The models were used to assess the hydrodynamic driving mechanisms responsible for main-stage stratiform copper mineralization of the basal Nonesuch Formation during the post-volcanic/pre-compressional phase of basin evolution. Results suggest that compaction of the basal aquifer (Copper Harbor Formation), in response to mechanical loading during deposition of the overlying Freda Sandstone, generated a pulse of marginward-directed, compaction-driven discharge of cupriferous brines from within the basal aquifer. The timing of this pulse is consistent with the radiometric dates for the timing of mineralization. Thinning of the basal aquifer near White Pine, Michigan, enhanced stratiform copper mineralization. Focused upward leakage of copper-laden brines into the lowermost facies of the pyrite-rich Nonesuch Formation resulted in copper sulfide mineralization in response to a change in oxidation state. Economic-grade mineralization within the White Pine ore district is a consequence of intense focusing of compaction-driven discharge, and corresponding amplification of leakage into the basal Nonesuch Formation, where the basal aquifer thins dramatically atop the Porcupine Mountains volcanic structure. Equilibrium geochemical modeling and mass-balance calculations support this conclusion. We also assessed whether topography and density-driven flow systems could have caused ore genesis at White Pine. Topography-driven flow associated with the Ottawan orogeny was discounted because it post-dates main-stage ore genesis and because recent seismic interpretations of basin inversion indicates that basin geometry would not be conductive to ore genesis. Density-driven flow systems did not produce focused discharge in the vicinity of the White Pine ore district.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-8123.2004.00062.x","usgsCitation":"Swenson, J., Person, M., Raffensperger, J.P., Cannon, W., Woodruff, L.G., and Berndt, M., 2004, A hydrogeologic model of stratiform copper mineralization in the Midcontinent Rift System, Northern Michigan, USA: Geofluids, v. 4, no. 1, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2004.00062.x.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Northern Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.6162109375,\n              44.5278427984555\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.7041015625,\n              43.866218006556394\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.66015624999999,\n              43.229195113965005\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.44140625,\n              43.29320031385282\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6171875,\n              44.43377984606822\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.0126953125,\n              44.933696389694674\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.27636718749999,\n              45.460130637921004\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.111328125,\n              45.82879925192134\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.990234375,\n              45.79816953017265\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.7373046875,\n              45.521743896993634\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.6162109375,\n              44.5278427984555\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e429e4b0c8380cd4645b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, J.B.","contributorId":46842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Person, M.","contributorId":20876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raffensperger, Jeff P. 0000-0001-9275-6646 jpraffen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-6646","contributorId":199119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raffensperger","given":"Jeff","email":"jpraffen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cannon, W.F. 0000-0002-2699-8118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":70382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"W.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Woodruff, L. G.","contributorId":46999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Berndt, M.E.","contributorId":78487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70027061,"text":"70027061 - 2004 - Development, evaluation, and application of sediment quality targets for assessing and managing contaminated sediments in Tampa Bay, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-30T16:10:04.316081","indexId":"70027061","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development, evaluation, and application of sediment quality targets for assessing and managing contaminated sediments in Tampa Bay, Florida","docAbstract":"<p><span>Tampa Bay is a large, urban estuary that is located in west central Florida. Although water quality conditions represent an important concern in this estuary, information from numerous sources indicates that sediment contamination also has the potential to adversely affect aquatic organisms, aquatic-dependent wildlife, and human health. As such, protecting relatively uncontaminated areas of the bay from contamination and reducing the amount of toxic chemicals in contaminated sediments have been identified as high-priority sediment management objectives for Tampa Bay. To address concerns related to sediment contamination in the bay, an ecosystem-based framework for assessing and managing sediment quality conditions was developed that included identification of sediment quality issues and concerns, development of ecosystem goals and objectives, selection of ecosystem health indicators, establishment of metrics and targets for key indicators, and incorporation of key indicators, metrics, and targets into watershed management plans and decision-making processes. This paper describes the process that was used to select and evaluate numerical sediment quality targets (SQTs) for assessing and managing contaminated sediments. These SQTs included measures of sediment chemistry, whole-sediment and pore-water toxicity, and benthic invertebrate community structure. In addition, the paper describes how the SQTs were used to develop site-specific concentration-response models that describe how the frequency of adverse biological effects changes with increasing concentrations of chemicals of potential concern. Finally, a key application of the SQTs for defining sediment management areas is discussed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00244-003-2270-z","usgsCitation":"MacDonald, D., Carr, R., Eckenrod, D., Greening, H., Grabe, S., Ingersoll, C., Janicki, S., Janicki, T., Lindskoog, R., Long, E., Pribble, R., Sloane, G., and Smorong, D., 2004, Development, evaluation, and application of sediment quality targets for assessing and managing contaminated sediments in Tampa Bay, Florida: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 46, no. 2, p. 147-161, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-003-2270-z.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"161","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Tampa Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.68310546875,\n              27.800209937418252\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.320556640625,\n              27.800209937418252\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.320556640625,\n              28.057438520876673\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.68310546875,\n              28.057438520876673\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.68310546875,\n              27.800209937418252\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a007fe4b0c8380cd4f785","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacDonald, D.D.","contributorId":41986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, R.S.","contributorId":31353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eckenrod, D.","contributorId":16286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckenrod","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Greening, H.","contributorId":58530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greening","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grabe, S.","contributorId":52052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grabe","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Janicki, S.","contributorId":43239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janicki","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Janicki, T.","contributorId":38861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janicki","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lindskoog, R.A.","contributorId":91659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindskoog","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Long, E.R.","contributorId":83695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Pribble, R.","contributorId":55705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pribble","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Sloane, G.","contributorId":64117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloane","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Smorong, D.E.","contributorId":31155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smorong","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":70027060,"text":"70027060 - 2004 - Electrofishing injury and short-term mortality in hatchery-reared rainbow trout stocked into an Ozark stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70027060","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electrofishing injury and short-term mortality in hatchery-reared rainbow trout stocked into an Ozark stream","docAbstract":"We conducted an electrofishing injury study to evaluate potential effects of sampling procedures on survival and health of hatchery rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (187-307 mm total length) stocked into an Ozark stream. We assessed two groups of trout: one group had acclimated to stream conditions for 1 month; the other group was handled and transported just before the study. Each group was sampled by electro-fishing (boat-mounted, 60-Hz AC) and seining (controls), resulting in four treatment groups (N = 21). We held fish for 48 h to evaluate mortalities in that period, then euthanized all fish and examined them for hemorrhages and spinal damage. No fish died during the 48-h holding period, indicating that our procedures did not cause significant sampling-related mortality among stocked trout in Brush Creek. Spinal damage was observed in 5% of fish collected with electrofishing but in none of the control fish. We found hemorrhages in 90% of electrofished trout but none in control fish, and recently handled and hauled trout had a greater occurrence and severity of hemorrhaging.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M03-002","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Walsh, M.G., Winkelman, D., and Bahr, R., 2004, Electrofishing injury and short-term mortality in hatchery-reared rainbow trout stocked into an Ozark stream: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 1, p. 316-321, https://doi.org/10.1577/M03-002.","startPage":"316","endPage":"321","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208960,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M03-002"},{"id":235089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08a1e4b0c8380cd51bd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, M. G.","contributorId":72172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winkelman, D.L. 0000-0002-5247-0114","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5247-0114","contributorId":48739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winkelman","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bahr, R.J.","contributorId":54385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahr","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027058,"text":"70027058 - 2004 - Analysis of modern and Pleistocene hydrologic exchange between Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and the Saginaw Lowlands area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-25T16:08:08.572647","indexId":"70027058","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of modern and Pleistocene hydrologic exchange between Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and the Saginaw Lowlands area","docAbstract":"<p>Two numerical models, one simulating present groundwater flow conditions and one simulating ice-induced hydraulic loading from the Port Huron ice advance, were used to characterize both modern and Pleistocene groundwater exchange between the Michigan Basin and near-surface water systems of Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and the surrounding Saginaw Lowlands area. These models were further used to constrain the origin of saline, isotopically light groundwater, and porewater from the study area. Output from the groundwater-flow model indicates that, at present conditions, head in the Marshall aquifer beneath Saginaw Bay exceeds the modern lake elevation by as much as 21 m. Despite this potential for flow, simulated ground-water discharge through the Saginaw Bay floor constitutes only 0.028 m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(∼1 cfs). Bedrock lithology appears to regulate the rate of groundwater discharge, as the portion of the Saginaw Bay floor underlain by the Michigan confining unit exhibits an order of magnitude lower flux than the portion underlain by the Saginaw aquifer. The calculated shoreline discharge of groundwater to Saginaw Bay is also relatively small (1.13 m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>or ∼40 cfs) because of low gradients across the Saginaw Lowlands area and the low hydraulic conductivities of lodgement tills and glacial-lake clays surrounding the bay.</p><p>In contrast to the present groundwater flow conditions, the Port Huron ice-induced hydraulic-loading model generates a groundwater-flow reversal that is localized to the region of a Pleistocene ice sheet and proglacial lake. This area of reversed vertical gradient is largely commensurate with the distribution of isotopically light groundwater presently found in the study area. Mixing scenarios, constrained by chloride concentrations and δ<sup>18</sup>O values in porewater samples, demonstrate that a mixing event involving subglacial recharge could have produced the groundwater chemistry currently observed in the Saginaw Lowlands area. The combination of models and mixing scenarios indicates that structural control is a major influence on both the present and Pleistocene flow systems.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/B25290.1","usgsCitation":"Hoaglund, J., Kolak, J., Long, D., and Larson, G., 2004, Analysis of modern and Pleistocene hydrologic exchange between Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and the Saginaw Lowlands area: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 1-2, p. 3-15, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25290.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Saginaw Bay, Saginaw Lowlands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.7322998046875,\n              44.12308489306967\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.968505859375,\n              43.909765943908\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.0399169921875,\n              43.61619382369185\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.91357421875,\n              43.520671902437606\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.6553955078125,\n              43.55651037504758\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.375244140625,\n              43.73538317799622\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.18298339843749,\n              43.92559366355069\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.891845703125,\n              44.05601169578525\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.1170654296875,\n              44.25700308645885\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.6279296875,\n              44.33956524809713\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7322998046875,\n              44.12308489306967\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb21e4b0c8380cd48c3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoaglund, J. R. III","contributorId":58423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoaglund","given":"J. R.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolak, J.J.","contributorId":46246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolak","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Long, D.T.","contributorId":67930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Larson, G.J.","contributorId":89680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027050,"text":"70027050 - 2004 - Development of a passive, in situ, integrative sampler for hydrophilic organic contaminants in aquatic environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-10T15:33:43","indexId":"70027050","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a passive, in situ, integrative sampler for hydrophilic organic contaminants in aquatic environments","docAbstract":"<p><span>Increasingly it is being realized that a holistic hazard assessment of complex environmental contaminant mixtures requires data on the concentrations of hydrophilic organic contaminants including new generation pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and many chemicals associated with household, industrial, and agricultural wastes. To address this issue, we developed a passive in situ sampling device (the polar organic chemical integrative sampler [POCIS]) that integratively concentrates trace levels of complex mixtures of hydrophilic environmental contaminants, enables the determination of their time-weighted average water concentrations, and provides a method of estimating the potential exposure of aquatic organisms to the complex mixture of waterborne contaminants. Using a prototype sampler, linear uptake of selected herbicides and pharmaceuticals with log </span><i>K</i><sub>ow</sub><span>S &lt; 4.0 was observed for up to 56 d. Estimation of the ambient water concentrations of chemicals of interest is achieved by using appropriate uptake models and determination of POCIS sampling rates for appropriate exposure conditions. Use of POCIS in field validation studies targeting the herbicide diuron in the United Kingdom resulted in the detection of the chemical at estimated concentrations of 190 to 600 ng/L. These values are in agreement with reported levels found in traditional grab samples taken concurrently.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1897/03-603","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Alvarez, D., Petty, J.D., Huckins, J., Jones-Lepp, T., Getting, D., Goddard, J., and Manahan, S., 2004, Development of a passive, in situ, integrative sampler for hydrophilic organic contaminants in aquatic environments: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 23, no. 7, p. 1640-1648, https://doi.org/10.1897/03-603.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1640","endPage":"1648","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478272,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1236397","text":"External Repository"},{"id":235479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209222,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/03-603"}],"volume":"23","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0040e4b0c8380cd4f683","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alvarez, D.A.","contributorId":39481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvarez","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petty, J. D.","contributorId":86722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petty","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huckins, J.N.","contributorId":62553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckins","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones-Lepp, T. L.","contributorId":11806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones-Lepp","given":"T. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Getting, D.T.","contributorId":26122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Getting","given":"D.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Goddard, J.P.","contributorId":35929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Manahan, S.E.","contributorId":102667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manahan","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70027048,"text":"70027048 - 2004 - Historical channel-bed elevation change as a result of multiple disturbances, Soldier Creek, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-18T16:25:22.947388","indexId":"70027048","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3059,"text":"Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical channel-bed elevation change as a result of multiple disturbances, Soldier Creek, Kansas","docAbstract":"<p>Historical information on stream stage/discharge relations from eight U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow-gaging stations was used to analyze channel-bed elevation change along Soldier Creek, a stream affected by multiple disturbances in northeast Kansas. The analysis provided information on the spatial (location, type, magnitude) and temporal (timing, duration, trend, rate) dimensions of channel change. Channel changes determined for Soldier Creek included extensive changes resulting from channelization and changes of relatively limited extent following a flood. The results were used to document channel changes, partly reconstruct historical channel conditions, infer the causes of channel change, and estimate the occurrence of future channel changes.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Online","doi":"10.2747/0272-3646.25.4.269","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., 2004, Historical channel-bed elevation change as a result of multiple disturbances, Soldier Creek, Kansas: Physical Geography, v. 25, no. 4, p. 269-290, https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3646.25.4.269.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"290","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Soldier Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.56982421875,\n              39.01064750994083\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.5810546875,\n              38.92522904714054\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.5703125,\n              38.95940879245423\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.09765625,\n              39.99395569397331\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.65771484375,\n              40.01078714046552\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.56982421875,\n              39.01064750994083\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3186e4b0c8380cd5dfc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, K. E. 0000-0002-2102-8980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":44570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70027273,"text":"70027273 - 2004 - Reach-scale isotope tracer experiment to quantify denitrification and related processes in a nitrate-rich stream, midcontinent United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T09:17:17","indexId":"70027273","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reach-scale isotope tracer experiment to quantify denitrification and related processes in a nitrate-rich stream, midcontinent United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>We conducted an in-stream tracer experiment with Br and </span><sup>15</sup><span>N-enriched NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span> to determine the rates of denitrification and related processes in a gaining NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span> -rich stream in an agricultural watershed in the upper Mississippi basin in September 2001. We determined reach-averaged rates of N fluxes and reactions from isotopic analyses of NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span>, NO</span><sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup><span>, N</span><sub>2</sub><span>, and suspended particulate N in conjunction with other data in a 1.2-km reach by using a forward time-stepping numerical simulation that included groundwater discharge, denitrification, nitrification, assimilation, and air-water gas exchange with changing temperature. Denitrification was indicated by a systematic downstream increase in the d15N values of dissolved N</span><sub>2</sub><span>. The reach-averaged rate of denitrification of surface-water NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span> indicated by the isotope tracer was approximately 120 ± 20 µmol m</span><sup>-2</sup><span> h</span><sup>-1</sup><span> (corresponding to zero- and first-order rate constants of 0.63 µmol L</span><sup>-1</sup><span> h</span><sup>-1</sup><span> and 0.009 h</span><sup>-1</sup><span>, respectively). The overall rate of NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span> loss by processes other than denitrification (between 0 and about 200 µmol m</span><sup>-2</sup><span> h</span><sup>-1</sup><span>) probably was less than the denitrification rate but had a large relative uncertainty because the NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span> load was large and was increasing through the reach. The rates of denitrification and other losses would have been sufficient to reduce the stream NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span> load substantially in the absence of NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span> sources, but the losses were more than offset by nitrification and groundwater NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span> inputs at a combined rate of about 500-700 µmol m</span><sup>-2</sup><span> h</span><sup>-1</sup><span>. Despite the importance of denitrification, the overall mass fluxes of N</span><sub>2</sub><span> were dominated by discharge of denitrified groundwater and air-water gas exchange in response to changing temperature, whereas the flux of N</span><sub>2</sub><span> attributed to denitrification was relatively small. The in-stream isotope tracer experiment provided a sensitive direct reach-scale measurement of denitrification and related processes in a NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span> -rich stream where other mass-balance methods were not suitable because of insufficient sensitivity or offsetting sources and sinks. Despite the increasing NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span> load in the experimental reach, the isotope tracer data indicate that denitrification was a substantial permanent sink for N leaving this agricultural watershed during low-flow conditions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASLO","doi":"10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0821","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Böhlke, J., Harvey, J., and Voytek, M., 2004, Reach-scale isotope tracer experiment to quantify denitrification and related processes in a nitrate-rich stream, midcontinent United States: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 49, no. 3, p. 821-838, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0821.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"821","endPage":"838","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478216,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0821","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a957ae4b0c8380cd81a38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, J. W. 0000-0002-2654-9873","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":39725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voytek, M.A.","contributorId":44272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027046,"text":"70027046 - 2004 - Comparison of litter decomposition in a natural versus coal-slurry pond reclaimed as a wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70027046","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2597,"text":"Land Degradation and Development","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of litter decomposition in a natural versus coal-slurry pond reclaimed as a wetland","docAbstract":"Decomposition is a key function in reclaimed wetlands, and changes in its rate have ramifications for organic-matter accumulation, nutrient cycling, and production. The purpose of this study was to compare leaf litter decomposition rates in coal-slurry ponds vs. natural wetlands on natural floodplain wetlands in Illinois, USA. The rate of decomposition was slower in the natural wetland vs. the coal pond (k=0.0043??0.0008 vs. 0.0066??0.0011, respectively); the soil of the natural wetland was more acidic than the coal pond in this study (pH=5.3 vs. 7.9, respectively). Similarly, higher organic matter levels were related to lower pH levels, and organic matter levels were seven-times higher in the natural wetland than in the coal pond. The coal slurry pond was five years old at the time of the study, while the natural oxbow wetland was older (more than 550 years). The coal-slurry pond was originally a floodplain wetland (slough); the downstream end was blocked with a stoplog structure and the oxbow filled with slurry. The pattern of decomposition for all species in the coal pond was the same as in the natural pond; Potomogeton nodosus decomposed more quickly than Phragmites australis, and both of these species decomposed more quickly than either Typha latifolia or Cyperus erythrorhizos (k=0.0121??0.0008, 0.0051??0.0006, 0.0024??0.0001, 0-0024??0.0004, respectively). Depending on how open or closed the system is to outside inputs, decomposition rate regulates other functions such as production, nutrient cycling, organic-layer accumulation in the soil, and the timing and nature of delivery of detritus to the food chain. ?? 2004 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Land Degradation and Development","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/ldr.625","issn":"10853278","usgsCitation":"Taylor, J., and Middleton, B., 2004, Comparison of litter decomposition in a natural versus coal-slurry pond reclaimed as a wetland: Land Degradation and Development, v. 15, no. 4, p. 439-446, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.625.","startPage":"439","endPage":"446","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209167,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.625"},{"id":235404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f86fe4b0c8380cd4d0d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, J.","contributorId":86138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Middleton, B.A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":89108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"B.A.","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027200,"text":"70027200 - 2004 - Coal facies studies in the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70027200","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coal facies studies in the eastern United States","docAbstract":"Coals in the eastern United States (east of the Mississippi River) have been the subject of a number of coal facies studies, going back to the 19th century. Such studies would not necessarily fall within a strict modern classification of coal facies studies, but if a study encompassed some aspects of paleobotany, palynology, petrology, geochemistry, or sedimentology, we assumed that some data and interpretations may be of use in evaluations of the facies. References are presented, as a guide for further research, with annotation in the tables. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2003.03.001","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Hower, J., and Eble, C., 2004, Coal facies studies in the eastern United States: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 58, no. 1-2, p. 3-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.03.001.","startPage":"3","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208987,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.03.001"},{"id":235137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f689e4b0c8380cd4c7f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027045,"text":"70027045 - 2004 - Modelling effects of discharge on habitat quality and dispersal of juvenile humpback chub (Gila cypha) in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70027045","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling effects of discharge on habitat quality and dispersal of juvenile humpback chub (Gila cypha) in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model was applied to seven study reaches in the Colorado River within Grand Canyon to examine how operation of Glen Canyon Dam has affected availability of suitable shoreline habitat and dispersal of juvenile humpback chub (Gila cypha). Suitable shoreline habitat typically declined with increasing discharges above 226-425 m3/s, although the response varied among modelled reaches and was strongly dependent on local morphology. The area of suitable shoreline habitat over cover types that are preferred by juvenile humpback chub, however, stayed constant, and in some reaches, actually increased with discharge. In general, changes in discharge caused by impoundment tended to decrease availability of suitable shoreline habitat from September to February, but increased habitat availability in spring (May-June). Hourly variation in discharge from Glen Canyon Dam substantially reduced the amount of persistent shoreline habitat at all reaches. Changes in suitable shoreline habitat with discharge were shown to potentially bias historical catch per unit effort indices of native fish abundance up to fourfold. Physical retention of randomly placed particles simulating the movement of juvenile humpback chub in the study reaches tended to decline with increasing discharge, but the pattern varied considerably due to differences in the local morphology among reaches and the type of swimming behaviour modelled. Implications of these results to current hypotheses about the effects of Glen Canyon Dam on juvenile humpback chub survival in the mainstern Colorado River are discussed. ?? 2004 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"River Research and Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/rra.749","issn":"15351459","usgsCitation":"Korman, J., Wiele, S., and Torizzo, M., 2004, Modelling effects of discharge on habitat quality and dispersal of juvenile humpback chub (Gila cypha) in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon: River Research and Applications, v. 20, no. 4, p. 379-400, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.749.","startPage":"379","endPage":"400","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209166,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.749"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c68e4b0c8380cd6fc8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Korman, J.","contributorId":99925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korman","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiele, S.M.","contributorId":100027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiele","given":"S.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Torizzo, M.","contributorId":97685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torizzo","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027044,"text":"70027044 - 2004 - Chondrichthyans from the Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Naco Formation of central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-16T11:09:08","indexId":"70027044","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2491,"text":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chondrichthyans from the Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Naco Formation of central Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>Teeth, spines, and dermal denticles of chondrichthyans are reported from the Middle Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Naco Formation of central Arizona. The most common elements are crushing teeth of the cochliodont <i>Deltodus angularis</i>, less common are teeth of <i>D. sublaevis</i>, <i>Venustodus leidyi</i>, <i>Lagarodus angustus</i>, “<i>Cladodus</i>” <i>occidentalis</i>, <i>Petalodus ohioensis</i>, <i>Orodus</i> sp., and Hybodontoidea. Fin spines of <i>Acondylacanthus</i> sp., <i>Amelacanthus</i> sp., and <i>Physonemus</i> sp., and the dermal denticle <i>Petrodus patelliformis</i> are also present. The material of <i>Venustodus leidyi</i> shows for the first time that this animal was heterodont, having arched anterior teeth with a v-shaped profile grading posteriorly into lower crescentic, and finally flattened teeth. <i>Lagarodus angustus</i> is shown to have at least three tooth morphotypes, and a new tooth arrangement is proposed in which small anterior teeth are replaced posteriorly by large crushing teeth arranged in whorls.</p><p class=\"last\">This fauna is similar to others in New Mexico, Colorado, and Ohio and constitutes a western extension of such faunas in North America. In addition, the presence of <i>Deltodus sublaevis</i> and <i>Lagarodus angustus</i> documents a range extension from a known European distribution, reinforcing the cosmopolitan nature of chondrichthyan faunas at this time.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology","doi":"10.1671/1978","issn":"02724634","usgsCitation":"Elliott, D., Irmis, R., Hansen, M.C., and Olson, T., 2004, Chondrichthyans from the Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Naco Formation of central Arizona: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 24, no. 2, p. 268-280, https://doi.org/10.1671/1978.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"268","endPage":"280","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5d6e4b0c8380cd4c458","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, D.K.","contributorId":40088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irmis, R.B.","contributorId":13498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irmis","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hansen, Michael C.","contributorId":67612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":16232,"text":"Ohio Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Olson, T.J.","contributorId":31269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}