The continental scaup population (Lesser [Aythya affinis] and Greater [A. marila] combined) has declined markedly since 1978. One hypothesis for the population decline states that reproductive success has decreased because female scaup are arriving on breeding areas in poorer body condition than they did historically (i.e. spring condition hypothesis). We tested one aspect of that hypothesis by comparing body mass and nutrient reserves (lipid, protein, and mineral) of Lesser Scaup at four locations (Louisiana, Illinois, Minnesota, and Manitoba) between the 1980s and 2000s. We found that mean body mass and lipid and mineral reserves of females were 80.0, 52.5, and 3.0 g higher, respectively, in the 2000s than in the 1980s in Louisiana; similarly, body mass and lipid and mineral reserves of males were 108.8, 72.5, and 2.5 g higher, respectively. In Illinois, mean body mass and lipid reserves of females were 88.6 and 56.5 g higher, respectively, in the 2000s than in the 1980s; similarly, body mass and lipid and mineral reserves of males were 80.6, 76.0, and 2.7 g higher, respectively. Mean body mass of females were 58.5 and 58.9 g lower in the 2000s than in the 1980s in Minnesota and Manitoba, respectively; mean body mass of males, similarly, were 40.7 g lower in Minnesota. Mean lipid reserves of females in the 2000s were 28.8 and 27.8 g lower than those in the 1980s in Minnesota and Manitoba, respectively. Mean mineral reserves of females in the 2000s were 3.2 g lower than those in the 1980s in Manitoba. Consequently, females arriving to breed in Manitoba in the 2000s had accumulated lipid reserves for 4.1 fewer eggs and mineral reserves for 0.8 fewer eggs than those arriving to breed there in the 1980s. Accordingly, our results are consistent with the spring condition hypothesis and suggest that female body condition has declined, as reflected by decreases in body mass, lipids, and mineral reserves that could cause reductions in reproductive success and ultimately a population decline.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0917:NROLSA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Anteau, M., and Afton, A., 2004, Nutrient reserves of Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) during spring migration in the Mississippi Flyway: A test of the spring condition hypothesis: The Auk, v. 121, no. 3, p. 917-929, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0917:NROLSA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"917","endPage":"929","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478091,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0917:nrolsa]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6994e4b0c8380cd73dd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anteau, M.J.","contributorId":12807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anteau","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Afton, A. D.","contributorId":83467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afton","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026575,"text":"70026575 - 2004 - Changes in plant functional groups, litter quality, and soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization with sheep grazing in an Inner Mongolian Grassland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-24T16:07:24.569485","indexId":"70026575","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2441,"text":"Journal of Range Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in plant functional groups, litter quality, and soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization with sheep grazing in an Inner Mongolian Grassland","docAbstract":"This study reports on changes in plant functional group composition, litter quality, and soil C and N mineralization dynamics from a 9-year sheep grazing study in Inner Mongolia. Addressed are these questions: 1) How does increasing grazing intensity affect plant community composition? 2) How does increasing grazing intensity alter soil C and N mineralization dynamics? 3) Do changes in soil C and N mineralization dynamics relate to changes in plant community composition via inputs of the quality or quantity of litter? Grazing plots were set up near the Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station (IMGERS) with 5 grazing intensities: 1.3, 2.7, 4.0, 5.3, and 6.7 sheep ha−1·yr−1. Plant cover was lower with increasing grazing intensity, which was primarily due to a dramatic decline in grasses, Carex duriuscula, and Artemisia frigida. Changes in litter mass and percentage organic C resulted in lower total C in the litter layer at 4.0 and 5.3 sheep ha−1·yr−1 compared with 2.7 sheep ha−1·yr−1. Total litter N was lower at 5.3 sheep ha−1·yr−1 compared with 2.7 sheep ha−1·yr−1. Litter C:N ratios, an index of litter quality, were significantly lower at 4.0 sheep ha−1·yr−1 relative to 1.3 and 5.3 sheep ha−1·yr−1. Cumulative C mineralized after 16 days decreased with increasing grazing intensity. In contrast, net N mineralization (NH 4 NO−3) after a 12-day incubation increased with increasing grazing intensity. Changes in C and N mineralization resulted in a narrowing of CO2-C:net Nmin ratios with increasing grazing intensity. Grazing explained 31% of the variability in the ratio of CO2-C:net Nmin. The ratio of CO2-C:net Nmin was positively correlated with litter mass. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between litter mass and A. frigida cover. Results suggest that as grazing intensity increases, microbes become more C limited resulting in decreased microbial growth and demand for N.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0613:CIPFGL]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Barger, N., Ojima, D., Belnap, J., Shiping, W., Yanfen, W., and Chen, Z., 2004, Changes in plant functional groups, litter quality, and soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization with sheep grazing in an Inner Mongolian Grassland: Journal of Range Management, v. 57, no. 6, p. 613-619, https://doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0613:CIPFGL]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"619","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mongolia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 87.71484375,\n 49.83798245308484\n ],\n [\n 86.8359375,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n 89.6484375,\n 47.15984001304432\n ],\n [\n 90.3515625,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n 93.8671875,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n 97.3828125,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n 107.75390625,\n 41.244772343082076\n ],\n [\n 114.43359375,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n 120.58593749999999,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n 117.59765625,\n 48.574789910928864\n ],\n [\n 116.3671875,\n 50.28933925329178\n ],\n [\n 112.32421875,\n 49.61070993807422\n ],\n [\n 108.28125,\n 50.17689812200107\n ],\n [\n 104.23828125,\n 50.401515322782366\n ],\n [\n 100.37109375,\n 52.5897007687178\n ],\n [\n 97.03125,\n 50.51342652633956\n ],\n [\n 90.3515625,\n 50.401515322782366\n ],\n [\n 87.71484375,\n 49.83798245308484\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f420e4b0c8380cd4bb62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barger, N.N.","contributorId":81670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barger","given":"N.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ojima, D.S.","contributorId":49549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojima","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shiping, W.","contributorId":42396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shiping","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yanfen, W.","contributorId":41628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yanfen","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chen, Z.","contributorId":26117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026576,"text":"70026576 - 2004 - The application of an integrated biogeochemical model (PnET-BGC) to five forested watersheds in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70026576","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The application of an integrated biogeochemical model (PnET-BGC) to five forested watersheds in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of New York","docAbstract":"PnET-BGC is an integrated biogeochemical model formulated to simulate the response of soil and surface waters in northern forest ecosystems to changes in atmospheric deposition and land disturbances. In this study, the model was applied to five intensive study sites in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of New York. Four were in the Adirondacks: Constable Pond, an acid-sensitive watershed; Arbutus Pond, a relatively insensitive watershed; West Pond, an acid-sensitive watershed with extensive wetland coverage; and Willy's Pond, an acid-sensitive watershed with a mature forest. The fifth was Catskills: Biscuit Brook, an acid-sensitive watershed. Results indicated model-simulated surface water chemistry generally agreed with the measured data at all five sites. Model-simulated internal fluxes of major elements at the Arbutus watershed compared well with previously published measured values. In addition, based on the simulated fluxes, element and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) budgets were developed for each site. Sulphur budgets at each site indicated little retention of inputs of sulphur. The sites also showed considerable variability in retention of NO3-. Land-disturbance history and in-lake processes were found to be important in regulating the output of NO3- via surface waters. Deposition inputs of base cations were generally similar at these sites. Various rates of base cation outputs reflected differences in rates of base cation supply at these sites. Atmospheric deposition was found to be the largest source of acidity, and cation exchange, mineral weathering and in-lake processes served as sources of ANC. ?? 2004 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.5571","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"LiJun, C., Driscoll, C.T., Gbondo-Tugbawa, S., Mitchell, M., and Murdoch, P., 2004, The application of an integrated biogeochemical model (PnET-BGC) to five forested watersheds in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of New York: Hydrological Processes, v. 18, no. 14, p. 2631-2650, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5571.","startPage":"2631","endPage":"2650","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208455,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5571"}],"volume":"18","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9c3e4b08c986b3224cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LiJun, Chen","contributorId":95241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LiJun","given":"Chen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driscoll, C. T.","contributorId":47530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gbondo-Tugbawa, S.","contributorId":84546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gbondo-Tugbawa","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitchell, M.J.","contributorId":72940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026577,"text":"70026577 - 2004 - Geothermal resources of California sedimentary basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026577","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geothermal resources of California sedimentary basins","docAbstract":"The 2004 Department of Energy (DOE) Strategic Plan for geothermal energy calls for expanding the geothermal resource base of the United States to 40,000 MW of electric power generating potential. This will require advances in technologies for exploiting unconventional geothermal resources, including Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) and geopressured geothermal. An investigation of thermal conditions in California sedimentary basins through new temperature and heat flow measurements reveals significant geothermal potential in some areas. In many of the basins, the combined cooling effects of recent tectonic and sedimentary processes result in relatively low (<60 mW/m2) heat flow and geothermal gradients. For example, temperatures in the upper 3 km of San Joaquin, Sacramento and Ventura basins are typically less than 125??C and do not reach 200??c by 5 km. By contrast, in the Cuyama, Santa Maria and western Los Angeles basins, heat flow exceeds 80 mW/m2 and temperatures near or above 200??C occur at 4 to 5 km depth, which represents thermal conditions equivalent to or hotter than those encountered at the Soultz EGS geothermal site in Europe. Although the extractable geothermal energy contained in these basins is not large relative to the major California producing geothermal fields at The Geysers or Salton Sea, the collocation in the Los Angeles basin of a substantial petroleum extraction infrastructure and a major metropolitan area may make it attractive for eventual geothermal development as EGS technology matures.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"Geothermal Energy: The Reliable Renewable - Geothermal Resources Council 2004 Annual Meeting, GRC","conferenceDate":"29 August 2004 through 1 September 2004","conferenceLocation":"Indian Wells, CA","language":"English","issn":"01935933","usgsCitation":"Williams, C., Grubb, F., and Galanis, S., 2004, Geothermal resources of California sedimentary basins, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 28, Indian Wells, CA, 29 August 2004 through 1 September 2004, p. 379-383.","startPage":"379","endPage":"383","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28d7e4b0c8380cd5a46d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, C.F. 0000-0003-2196-5496","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-5496","contributorId":20401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"C.F.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":410080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grubb, F.V.","contributorId":76750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubb","given":"F.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galanis, S.P. Jr.","contributorId":55005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galanis","given":"S.P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013572,"text":"1013572 - 2004 - Duration of the Arctic sea ice melt season: Regional and interannual variability, 1979-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T12:01:50","indexId":"1013572","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Duration of the Arctic sea ice melt season: Regional and interannual variability, 1979-2001","docAbstract":"Melt onset dates, freeze onset dates, and melt season duration were estimated over Arctic sea ice, 1979–2001, using passive microwave satellite imagery and surface air temperature data. Sea ice melt duration for the entire Northern Hemisphere varied from a 104-day minimum in 1983 and 1996 to a 124-day maximum in 1989. Ranges in melt duration were highest in peripheral seas, numbering 32, 42, 44, and 51 days in the Laptev, Barents-Kara, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas, respectively. In the Arctic Ocean, average melt duration varied from a 75-day minimum in 1987 to a 103-day maximum in 1989. On average, melt onset in annual ice began 10.6 days earlier than perennial ice, and freeze onset in perennial ice commenced 18.4 days earlier than annual ice. Average annual melt dates, freeze dates, and melt durations in annual ice were significantly correlated with seasonal strength of the Arctic Oscillation (AO). Following high-index AO winters (January–March), spring melt tended to be earlier and autumn freeze later, leading to longer melt season durations. The largest increases in melt duration were observed in the eastern Siberian Arctic, coincident with cyclonic low pressure and ice motion anomalies associated with high-index AO phases. Following a positive AO shift in 1989, mean annual melt duration increased 2–3 weeks in the northern East Siberian and Chukchi Seas. Decreasing correlations between consecutive-year maps of melt onset in annual ice during 1979–2001 indicated increasing spatial variability and unpredictability in melt distributions from one year to the next. Despite recent declines in the winter AO index, recent melt distributions did not show evidence of reestablishing spatial patterns similar to those observed during the 1979–88 low-index AO period. Recent freeze distributions have become increasingly similar to those observed during 1979–88, suggesting a recurrent spatial pattern of freeze chronology under low-index AO conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0067:DOTASI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Belchansky, G., Douglas, D., and Platonov, N.G., 2004, Duration of the Arctic sea ice melt season: Regional and interannual variability, 1979-2001: Journal of Climate, v. 17, no. 1, p. 67-80, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0067:DOTASI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"80","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478284,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0067:dotasi>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a041ae4b0c8380cd507b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belchansky, G. I.","contributorId":24301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belchansky","given":"G. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Platonov, Nikita G.","contributorId":8791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Platonov","given":"Nikita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013549,"text":"1013549 - 2004 - Detecting denning polar bears with Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T21:55:24","indexId":"1013549","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detecting denning polar bears with Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) imagery","docAbstract":"Polar bears give birth in snow dens in midwinter and remain in dens until early spring. The survival and development of cubs is dependent on a stable environment within the maternal den. To mitigate potential disruption of polar bear denning by existing and proposed petroleum activities, we used forward-looking infrared (FLIR) viewing to try to detect heat rising from dens.We flew transects over dens of radio-collared females with\r\nFLIR imager-equipped aircraft, recorded weather conditions at each observation, and noted whether the den was detected.We surveyed 23 dens on 67 occasions (1 to 7 times each). Nine dens were always detected, and 10 dens visited more than once were detected on some flights but not on others. Four dens were never detected (17 percent), but three of those were visited only under marginal conditions. The odds of detecting a den were 4.8 times greater when airborne moisture (snow, blowing snow, fog, etc.) was absent than when it was present, and they increased 3-fold for every 1?C increase in temperature-dew point spread. The estimated probability of detecting dens in sunlight was 0. Data suggested that FLIR surveys conducted during optimal conditions for detection can produce detection rates approaching 90 percent and thus can be an important management\r\nand mitigation tool.\r\npolar bear, infrared imagery, maternal denning, human impacts, management","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0337:DDPBWF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., York, G., McDonald, T.L., Nielson, R., and Simac, K.S., 2004, Detecting denning polar bears with Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) imagery: BioScience, v. 54, no. 4, p. 337-344, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0337:DDPBWF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"344","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478182,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0337:ddpbwf]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667c8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"York, G.","contributorId":80223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"York","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, T. L.","contributorId":101211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nielson, R.","contributorId":23889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Simac, Kristin S. 0000-0002-4072-1940 ksimac@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4072-1940","contributorId":131096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simac","given":"Kristin","email":"ksimac@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1013530,"text":"1013530 - 2004 - Foraging depths of sea otters and implications to coastal marine communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-13T12:11:18","indexId":"1013530","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foraging depths of sea otters and implications to coastal marine communities","docAbstract":"
We visually observed 1,251 dives, of 14 sea otters instrumented with TDRs in southeast Alaska, and used attribute values from observed dives to classify 180,848 recorded dives as foraging (0.64), or traveling (0.36). Foraging dives were significantly deeper, with longer durations, bottom times, and postdive surface intervals, and greater descent and ascent rates, compared to traveling dives. Most foraging occurred in depths between 2 and 30 m (0.84), although 0.16 of all foraging was between 30 and 100 m. Nine animals, including all five males, demonstrated bimodal patterns in foraging depths, with peaks between 5 and 15 m and 30 and 60 m, whereas five of nine females foraged at an average depth of 10 m. Mean shallow foraging depth was 8 m, and mean deep foraging depth was 44 m. Maximum foraging depths averaged 61 m (54 and 82 for females and males, respectively) and ranged from 35 to 100 m. Female sea otters dove to depths ≤20 m on 0.85 of their foraging dives while male sea otters dove to depths ≥45 m on 0.50 of their foraging dives. Less than 0.02 of all foraging dives were >55 m, suggesting that effects of sea otter foraging on nearshore marine communities should diminish at greater depths. However, recolonization of vacant habitat by high densities of adult male sea otters may result in initial reductions of some prey species at depths >55 m.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01159.x","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., Esslinger, G.G., and Monson, D., 2004, Foraging depths of sea otters and implications to coastal marine communities: Marine Mammal Science, v. 20, no. 2, p. 305-321, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01159.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"321","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e486ae4b07f02db50a37d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Esslinger, George G. 0000-0002-3459-0083 gesslinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3459-0083","contributorId":131009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esslinger","given":"George","email":"gesslinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":318741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013518,"text":"1013518 - 2004 - A quantitative approach to identifying predators from nest remains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-20T20:56:03","indexId":"1013518","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A quantitative approach to identifying predators from nest remains","docAbstract":"Nesting success of Dusky Canada Geese (Branta canadensis occidentalis) has declined greatly since a major earthquake affected southern Alaska in 1964. To identify nest predators, we collected predation data at goose nests and photographs of predators at natural nests containing artificial eggs in 1997-2000. To document feeding behavior by nest predators, we compiled the evidence from destroyed nests with known predators on our\r\nstudy site and from previous studies. We constructed a profile for each predator group and compared the evidence from 895 nests with unknown predators to our predator profiles using mixture-model analysis. This analysis indicated that 72% of destroyed nests were depredated by Bald Eagles and 13% by brown bears, and also yielded\r\nthe probability that each nest was correctly assigned to a predator group based on model fit. Model testing using simulations indicated that the proportion estimated for eagle predation was unbiased and the proportion for bear predation was slightly overestimated. This approach may have application whenever there are adequate data on nests destroyed by known predators and predators exhibit different feeding behavior at nests.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1648/0273-8570-75.1.40","usgsCitation":"Anthony, R.M., Grand, J., Fondell, T., and Manly, B., 2004, A quantitative approach to identifying predators from nest remains: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 75, no. 1, p. 40-48, https://doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-75.1.40.","productDescription":"pp. 40-48","startPage":"40","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8759","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, R. Michael","contributorId":54535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grand, J.B.","contributorId":11150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fondell, T.F.","contributorId":11154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fondell","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manly, B.F.","contributorId":94252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manly","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013488,"text":"1013488 - 2004 - Remote sensing of vegetation and land-cover change in Arctic Tundra Ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T12:37:09","indexId":"1013488","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing of vegetation and land-cover change in Arctic Tundra Ecosystems","docAbstract":"The objective of this paper is to review research conducted over the past decade on the application of multi-temporal remote sensing for monitoring changes of Arctic tundra lands. Emphasis is placed on results from the National Science Foundation Land–Air–Ice Interactions (LAII) program and on optical remote sensing techniques. Case studies demonstrate that ground-level sensors on stationary or moving track platforms and wide-swath imaging sensors on polar orbiting satellites are particularly useful for capturing optical remote sensing data at sufficient frequency to study tundra vegetation dynamics and changes for the cloud prone Arctic. Less frequent imaging with high spatial resolution instruments on aircraft and lower orbiting satellites enable more detailed analyses of land cover change and calibration/validation of coarser resolution observations.
The strongest signals of ecosystem change detected thus far appear to correspond to expansion of tundra shrubs and changes in the amount and extent of thaw lakes and ponds. Changes in shrub cover and extent have been documented by modern repeat imaging that matches archived historical aerial photography. NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) time series provide a 20-year record for determining changes in greenness that relates to photosynthetic activity, net primary production, and growing season length. The strong contrast between land materials and surface waters enables changes in lake and pond extent to be readily measured and monitored.
Recent 16S rDNA studies have focused on detecting uncultivated bacteria associated with Caribbean reef corals in an effort to address the ecological roles of coral-associated microbes. Reports of Archaea associated with fishes and marine invertebrates raised the question of whether Archaea might also be part of the coral-associated microbial community. DNA analysis of mucus from 3 reef-building species of Caribbean corals, Montastraea annularis complex, Diploria strigosa and D. labyrinthiformis in the US Virgin Islands yielded 34 groups of archaeal 16S ribotypes (defined at the level of 97% similarity). The majority (75%) was most closely matched by BLAST searches to sequences derived from marine water column samples, whereas the remaining ribotypes were most similar to sequences isolated from anoxic environments (15%) and hydrothermal vents (9%). Unlike previous 16S studies of coral-associated Bacteria, the results do not suggest specific associations between particular archaeal sequences and individual coral species. Marine Archaea (Groups I, II and III) in addition to Thermoplasma-like, methanogen, and marine benthic crenarchaeote phylotypes, were detected in the mucus of tropical corals. The finding of sequences from coral-associated Archaea that are closely related to strict and facultative anaerobes, as well as to uncultivated Archaea from other types of anoxic environments, suggests that anaerobic micro-niches may exist in coral mucus layers. Archaea, with their unique biogeochemical capabilities, broaden the scope of possible interactions between corals and their associated microbial communities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps273081","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, C., 2004, Tropical Archaea: Diversity associated with the surface microlayer of corals: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 273, p. 81-88, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps273081.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"88","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489128,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps273081","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United Kingdom, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -65.23681640625,\n 17.570720568038833\n ],\n [\n -64.215087890625,\n 17.570720568038833\n ],\n [\n -64.215087890625,\n 18.599395202198725\n ],\n [\n -65.23681640625,\n 18.599395202198725\n ],\n [\n -65.23681640625,\n 17.570720568038833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"273","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb892e4b08c986b32792d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellogg, C.A.","contributorId":13408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026946,"text":"70026946 - 2004 - Fine-scale structure of the San Andreas fault zone and location of the SAFOD target earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-04T15:42:40.236072","indexId":"70026946","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fine-scale structure of the San Andreas fault zone and location of the SAFOD target earthquakes","docAbstract":"We present results from the tomographic analysis of seismic data from the Parkfield area using three different inversion codes. The models provide a consistent view of the complex velocity structure in the vicinity of the San Andreas, including a sharp velocity contrast across the fault. We use the inversion results to assess our confidence in the absolute location accuracy of a potential target earthquake. We derive two types of accuracy estimates, one based on a consideration of the location differences from the three inversion methods, and the other based on the absolute location accuracy of “virtual earthquakes.” Location differences are on the order of 100–200 m horizontally and up to 500 m vertically. Bounds on the absolute location errors based on the “virtual earthquake” relocations are ∼50 m horizontally and vertically. The average of our locations places the target event epicenter within about 100 m of the SAF surface trace.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003GL019398","usgsCitation":"Thurber, C., Roecker, S., Zhang, H., Baher, S., and Ellsworth, W., 2004, Fine-scale structure of the San Andreas fault zone and location of the SAFOD target earthquakes: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31, no. 12, L12S02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019398.","productDescription":"L12S02, 4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478062,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl019398","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.6353759765625,\n 35.337533782800946\n ],\n [\n -119.38568115234374,\n 35.337533782800946\n ],\n [\n -119.38568115234374,\n 36.26531407324164\n ],\n [\n -120.6353759765625,\n 36.26531407324164\n ],\n [\n -120.6353759765625,\n 35.337533782800946\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1028e4b0c8380cd53b5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurber, C.","contributorId":107046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurber","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roecker, S.","contributorId":10173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roecker","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, H.","contributorId":50311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baher, S.","contributorId":36710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baher","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.","contributorId":59967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026918,"text":"70026918 - 2004 - Pacific and Atlantic Ocean influences on multidecadal drought frequency in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70026918","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pacific and Atlantic Ocean influences on multidecadal drought frequency in the United States","docAbstract":"More than half (52%) of the spatial and temporal variance in multidecadal drought frequency over the conterminous United States is attributable to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). An additional 22% of the variance in drought frequency is related to a complex spatial pattern of positive and negative trends in drought occurrence possibly related to increasing Northern Hemisphere temperatures or some other unidirectional climate trend. Recent droughts with broad impacts over the conterminous U.S. (1996, 1999-2002) were associated with North Atlantic warming (positive AMO) and north-eastern and tropical Pacific cooling (negative PDO). Much of the long-term predictability of drought frequency may reside in the multidecadal behavior of the North Atlantic Ocean. Should the current positive AMO (warm North Atlantic) conditions persist into the upcoming decade, we suggest two possible drought scenarios that resemble the continental-scale patterns of the 1930s (positive PDO) and 1950s (negative PDO) drought.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0306738101","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G., Palecki, M., and Betancourt, J., 2004, Pacific and Atlantic Ocean influences on multidecadal drought frequency in the United States: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 101, no. 12, p. 4136-4141, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306738101.","startPage":"4136","endPage":"4141","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478128,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/384707","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208952,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306738101"},{"id":235079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7390e4b0c8380cd770f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, G.J. 0000-0002-9258-2997","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":12961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palecki, M.A.","contributorId":74489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palecki","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026916,"text":"70026916 - 2004 - Assessing rarity of species with low detectability: Lichens in Pacific Northwest forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-11T16:55:04.870702","indexId":"70026916","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing rarity of species with low detectability: Lichens in Pacific Northwest forests","docAbstract":"We show how simple statistical analyses of systematically collected inventory data can be used to provide reliable information about the distribution and habitat associations of rare species. Using an existing design-based sampling grid on which epiphytic macrolichens had been inventoried in the Northwest Forest Plan area of the U.S. Pacific Northwest, we (1) estimate frequencies and standard errors for each of 25 lichen species having special management designation (i.e., Survey and Manage), (2) assess the probability that individual species were associated with specific land allocation and forest stand age classifications, and (3) provide estimates of sample sizes necessary to ensure sufficient detections for these analyses. We conclude with a discussion of management and conservation information needs that extant data can satisfy and identify advantages and limitations of random vs. nonrandom sampling strategies. Combining design-assisted and model-assisted approaches can overcome some of the limitations of either single strategy.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/02-5236","usgsCitation":"Edwards, T., Cutler, D., Geiser, L., Alegria, J., and McKenzie, D., 2004, Assessing rarity of species with low detectability: Lichens in Pacific Northwest forests: Ecological Applications, v. 14, no. 2, p. 414-424, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-5236.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"414","endPage":"424","costCenters":[{"id":609,"text":"Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.62890625,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -124.892578125,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 38.06539235133249\n ],\n [\n -123.04687499999999,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n -122.08007812499999,\n 37.64903402157866\n ],\n [\n -121.201171875,\n 44.08758502824516\n ],\n [\n -120.9375,\n 49.095452162534826\n ],\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 49.095452162534826\n ],\n [\n -124.62890625,\n 46.92025531537451\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eddee4b0c8380cd49a76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, T.C. Jr. 0000-0002-0773-0909","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-0909","contributorId":76486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"T.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cutler, D.R.","contributorId":89684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cutler","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geiser, L.","contributorId":23498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geiser","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alegria, J.","contributorId":97683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alegria","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKenzie, D.","contributorId":34093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026915,"text":"70026915 - 2004 - Direct-push geochemical profiling for assessment of inorganic chemical heterogeneity in aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026915","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direct-push geochemical profiling for assessment of inorganic chemical heterogeneity in aquifers","docAbstract":"Discrete-depth sampling of inorganic groundwater chemistry is essential for a variety of site characterization activities. Although the mobility and rapid sampling capabilities of direct-push techniques have led to their widespread use for evaluating the distribution of organic contaminants, complementary methods for the characterization of spatial variations in geochemical conditions have not been developed. In this study, a direct-push-based approach for high-resolution inorganic chemical profiling was developed at a site where sharp chemical contrasts and iron-reducing conditions had previously been observed. Existing multilevel samplers (MLSs) that span a fining-upward alluvial sequence were used for comparison with the direct-push profiling. Chemical profiles obtained with a conventional direct-push exposed-screen sampler differed from those obtained with an adjacent MLS because of sampler reactivity and mixing with water from previous sampling levels. The sampler was modified by replacing steel sampling components with stainless-steel and heat-treated parts, and adding an adapter that prevents mixing. Profiles obtained with the modified approach were in excellent agreement with those obtained from an adjacent MLS for all constituents and parameters monitored (Cl, NO3, Fe, Mn, DO, ORP, specific conductance and pH). Interpretations of site redox conditions based on field-measured parameters were supported by laboratory analysis of dissolved Fe. The discrete-depth capability of this approach allows inorganic chemical variations to be described at a level of detail that has rarely been possible. When combined with the mobility afforded by direct-push rigs and on-site methods of chemical analysis, the new approach is well suited for a variety of interactive site-characterization endeavors. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2003.08.002","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Schulmeister, M., Healey, J., Butler, J., and McCall, G., 2004, Direct-push geochemical profiling for assessment of inorganic chemical heterogeneity in aquifers: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 69, no. 3-4, p. 215-232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2003.08.002.","startPage":"215","endPage":"232","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209312,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2003.08.002"},{"id":235615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01b5e4b0c8380cd4fd15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulmeister, M.K.","contributorId":24526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulmeister","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healey, J.M.","contributorId":61199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healey","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butler, J.J. Jr.","contributorId":12194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"J.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCall, G.W.","contributorId":35096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCall","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026913,"text":"70026913 - 2004 - Association between atmospheric circulation patterns and firn-ice core records from the Inilchek glacierized area, central Tien Shan, Asia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026913","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Association between atmospheric circulation patterns and firn-ice core records from the Inilchek glacierized area, central Tien Shan, Asia","docAbstract":"Glacioclimatological research in the central Tien Shan was performed in the summers of 1998 and 1999 on the South Inilchek Glacier at 5100-5460 m. A 14.36 m firn-ice core and snow samples were collected and used for stratigraphic, isotopic, and chemical analyses. The firn-ice core and snow records were related to snow pit measurements at an event scale and to meteorological data and synoptic indices of atmospheric circulation at annual and seasonal scales. Linear relationships between the seasonal air temperature and seasonal isotopic composition in accumulated precipitation were established. Changes in the ??18O air temperature relationship, in major ion concentration and in the ratios between chemical species, were used to identify different sources of moisture and investigate changes in atmospheric circulation patterns. Precipitation over the central Tien Shan is characterized by the lowest ionic content among the Tien Shan glaciers and indicates its mainly marine origin. In seasons of minimum precipitation, autumn and winter, water vapor was derived from the and and semiarid regions in central Eurasia and contributed annual maximal solute content to snow accumulation in Tien Shan. The lowest content of major ions was observed in spring and summer layers, which represent maximum seasonal accumulation when moisture originates over the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean and Black Seas. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003JD003894","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Aizen, V., Aizen, E., Melack, J., Kreutz, K., and Cecil, L., 2004, Association between atmospheric circulation patterns and firn-ice core records from the Inilchek glacierized area, central Tien Shan, Asia: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 109, no. 8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003894.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209284,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003894"},{"id":235578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee8ee4b0c8380cd49e0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aizen, V.B.","contributorId":24972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aizen","given":"V.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aizen, E.M.","contributorId":90091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aizen","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melack, J.M.","contributorId":59164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melack","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kreutz, K.J.","contributorId":46712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreutz","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cecil, L.D.","contributorId":62616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1008518,"text":"1008518 - 2004 - Nests and nest habitats of the invasive catfish Hoplosternum littorale in Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida: A novel association with non-native Hydrilla Verticillata","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-16T08:52:59","indexId":"1008518","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3444,"text":"Southeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nests and nest habitats of the invasive catfish Hoplosternum littorale in Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida: A novel association with non-native Hydrilla Verticillata","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time
","language":"English","publisher":"Eagle Hill Institute","usgsCitation":"Nico, L., and Muench, A., 2004, Nests and nest habitats of the invasive catfish Hoplosternum littorale in Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida: A novel association with non-native Hydrilla Verticillata: Southeastern Naturalist, v. 3, no. 3, p. 451-466.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"466","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":312347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3878073"},{"id":130899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697b7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nico, L.G. 0000-0002-4488-7737","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4488-7737","contributorId":83052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nico","given":"L.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muench, A.M.","contributorId":43711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muench","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008517,"text":"1008517 - 2004 - Amphibians and fire in longleaf pine ecosystems: Response to Schurbon and Fauth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-16T08:49:13","indexId":"1008517","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Amphibians and fire in longleaf pine ecosystems: Response to Schurbon and Fauth","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00017.x","usgsCitation":"Means, D., Dodd, C., Johnson, S., and Palis, J., 2004, Amphibians and fire in longleaf pine ecosystems: Response to Schurbon and Fauth: Conservation Biology, v. 18, p. 1149-1153, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00017.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1149","endPage":"1153","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":130898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686774","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Means, D.B.","contributorId":39316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Means","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, S. A.","contributorId":53723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Palis, J.G.","contributorId":79429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palis","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008514,"text":"1008514 - 2004 - A simple technique for trapping Siren lacertian, Amphiuma means, and other aquatic vertebrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-03T17:10:19.633475","indexId":"1008514","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A simple technique for trapping Siren lacertian, Amphiuma means, and other aquatic vertebrates","title":"A simple technique for trapping Siren lacertian, Amphiuma means, and other aquatic vertebrates","docAbstract":"We describe a commercially-available funnel trap for sampling aquatic vertebrates. The traps can be used in heavily vegetated wetlands and can be set in water up to 60 cm deep without concern for drowning the animals. They were especially useful for capturing the aquatic salamanders Siren lacertina and Amphiuma means, which have been difficult to capture with traditional sampling methods. They also were effective for sampling small fishes, particularly centrarchids, and larval anurans. In total, 14 species of amphibians, nine species of aquatic reptiles, and at least 32 fish species were captured. The trap we describe differs significantly from traditional funnel traps (e.g., minnow traps) and holds great promise for studies of small, aquatic vertebrates, in particular Siren and Amphiuma species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Online","doi":"10.1080/02705060.2004.9664540","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S., and Barichivich, W., 2004, A simple technique for trapping Siren lacertian, Amphiuma means, and other aquatic vertebrates: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 19, no. 2, p. 263-269, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2004.9664540.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"269","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 31.27855085894653\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 30.939924331023445\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 30.524413269923986\n ],\n [\n -86.2646484375,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -85.1220703125,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n -84.0673828125,\n 29.954934549656144\n ],\n [\n -82.9248046875,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -82.8369140625,\n 27.72243591897343\n ],\n [\n -82.30957031249999,\n 26.43122806450644\n ],\n [\n -82.001953125,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 25.363882272740256\n ],\n [\n -80.8154296875,\n 25.085598897064752\n ],\n [\n -80.2001953125,\n 24.966140159912975\n ],\n [\n -79.8486328125,\n 27.254629577800063\n ],\n [\n -80.37597656249999,\n 28.07198030177986\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 28.92163128242129\n ],\n [\n -81.2548828125,\n 30.486550842588485\n ],\n [\n -80.9912109375,\n 31.615965936476076\n ],\n [\n -80.9912109375,\n 32.43561304116276\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 31.27855085894653\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a64e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, S. 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Such crusts are well developed on the steep lava slopes of the Hawaiian Ridge and have been sampled during dredging and submersible dives. The crusts also occur on fragments detached from bedrock by mass wasting, on submerged coral reefs, and on poorly lithified sedimentary rocks. The thickness of the crusts was measured on samples collected since 1965 on the Hawaiian Ridge from 140 dive or dredge localities. Fifty-nine (42%) of the sites were collected in 2001 by remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). The thinner crusts on many samples apparently result from postdepositional breakage, landsliding, and intermittent burial of outcrops by sediment. The maximum crust thickness was selected from each dredge or dive site to best represent crusts on the original rock surface at that site. The measurements show an irregular progressive thickening of the crusts toward the northwest—i.e., progressive thickening toward the older volcanic features with increasing distance from the Hawaiian hotspot. Comparison of the maximum crust thickness with radiometric ages of related subaerial features supports previous studies that indicate a crust-growth rate of about 2.5 mm/m.y. The thickness information not only allows a comparison of the relative exposure ages of two or more features offshore from different volcanoes, but also provides specific age estimates of volcanic and landslide deposits. The data indicate that some of the landslide blocks within the south Kona landslide are the oldest exposed rock on Mauna Loa, Kilauea, or Loihi volcanoes. Crusts on the floors of submarine canyons off Kohala and East Molokai volcanoes indicate that these canyons are no longer serving as channelways for downslope, sediment-laden currents. Mahukona volcano was approximately synchronous with Hilo Ridge, both being younger than Hana Ridge. The Nuuanu landslide is considerably older than the Wailau landslide. The Waianae landslide southwest of Oahu has yielded samples with the greatest manganese-iron oxide crusts (9.5 mm thick) and therefore apparently represents the oldest submarine material yet found in the study area. The submarine volcanic field 100 km southwest of Oahu is apparently younger than the Waianae landslide.
Because of high numbers of animals killed on Paynes Prairie State Preserve, Alachua County, Florida, the Florida Department of Transportation constructed a barrier wall-culvert system to reduce wildlife mortality yet allow for passage of some animals across the highway. During a one year study following construction, we counted only 158 animals, excluding hylid treefrogs, killed in the same area where 2411 road kills were recorded in the 12 months prior to the construction of the barrier wall-culvert system. Within the survey area lying directly in Paynes Prairie basin, mortality was reduced 65% if hylid treefrogs are included, and 93.5% with hylid treefrogs excluded. Sixty-four percent of the wildlife kills observed along the barrier wall-culvert system occurred at a maintenance road access point and along 300 m of type-A fence bordering private property. The 24 h kill rate during the post-construction survey was 4.9 compared with 13.5 during the pre-construction survey. We counted 1891 dead vertebrates within the entire area surveyed, including the ecotone between the surrounding uplands and prairie basin which did not include the barrier wall and culverts. Approximately 73% of the nonhylid road kills occurred in the 400 m section of road beyond the extent of the barrier wall-culvert system. We detected 51 vertebrate species, including 9 fish, using the 8 culverts after the construction of the barrier wall-culvert system, compared with 28 vertebrate species in the 4 existing culverts prior to construction. Capture success in culverts increased 10-fold from the pre-construction survey to the post-construction survey. Barrier wall trespass was facilitated by overhanging vegetation, maintenance road access, and by the use of the type-A fence. Additional problems resulted from siltation, water holes, and human access. These problems could be corrected using design modifications and by routine, periodic maintenance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.011","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C., Barichivich, W., and Smith, L.L., 2004, The effectiveness of a barrier wall and underpasses in reducing wildlife mortality on a heavily traveled highway in Florida: Biological Conservation, v. 118, p. 619-631, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.011.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"619","endPage":"631","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":132079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6675ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barichivich, W.J. 0000-0003-1103-6861","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1103-6861","contributorId":91435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barichivich","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, L. L.","contributorId":6791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}