Bird maneuver, the rotation of the coil-carrying instrument pod used for frequency-domain helicopter electromagnetic surveys, changes the nominal geometric relationship between the bird-coil system and the ground. These changes affect electromagnetic coupling and can introduce errors in helicopter electromagnetic, (HEM) data. We analyze these effects for a layered half-space for three coil configurations: vertical coaxial, vertical coplanar, and horizontal coplanar. Maneuver effect is shown to have two components: one that is purely geometric and another that is inductive in nature. The geometric component is significantly larger. A correction procedure is developed using an iterative approach that uses standard HEM inversion routines. The maneuver effect correction reduces inversion misfit error and produces laterally smoother cross sections than obtained from uncorrected data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1801937","usgsCitation":"Fitterman, D., and Yin, C., 2004, Effect of bird maneuver on frequency-domain helicopter EM response: Geophysics, v. 69, no. 5, p. 1203-1215, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1801937.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1203","endPage":"1215","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05c3e4b0c8380cd50f46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitterman, D.V. 0000-0001-5600-3401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5600-3401","contributorId":70386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitterman","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yin, C.","contributorId":9819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yin","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026731,"text":"70026731 - 2004 - Surface complexation model of uranyl sorption on Georgia kaolinite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:47:14","indexId":"70026731","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":828,"text":"Applied Clay Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface complexation model of uranyl sorption on Georgia kaolinite","docAbstract":"The adsorption of uranyl on standard Georgia kaolinites (KGa-1 and KGa-1B) was studied as a function of pH (3–10), total U (1 and 10 μmol/l), and mass loading of clay (4 and 40 g/l). The uptake of uranyl in air-equilibrated systems increased with pH and reached a maximum in the near-neutral pH range. At higher pH values, the sorption decreased due to the presence of aqueous uranyl carbonate complexes. One kaolinite sample was examined after the uranyl uptake experiments by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to determine the U content. It was found that uraniumwas preferentially adsorbed by Ti-rich impurity phases (predominantly anatase), which are present in the kaolinite samples. Uranyl sorption on the Georgia kaolinites was simulated with U sorption reactions on both titanol and aluminol sites, using a simple non-electrostatic surface complexation model (SCM). The relative amounts of U-binding >TiOH and >AlOH sites were estimated from the TEM/EDS results. A ternary uranyl carbonate complex on the titanol site improved the fit to the experimental data in the higher pH range. The final model contained only three optimised log K values, and was able to simulate adsorption data across a wide range of experimental conditions. The >TiOH (anatase) sites appear to play an important role in retaining U at low uranyl concentrations. As kaolinite often contains trace TiO2, its presence may need to be taken into account when modelling the results of sorption experiments with radionuclides or trace metals on kaolinite.
Volcanic hazards in Kona (i.e. the western side of the island of Hawai'i) stem primarily from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes. The former has erupted 39 times since 1832. Lava flows were emplaced in Kona during seven of these eruptions and last impacted Kona in 1950. Hualālai last erupted in ca. 1800. Society's proximity to potential eruptive sources and the potential for relatively fast-moving lava flows, coupled with relatively long time intervals since the last eruptions in Kona, are the underlying stimuli for this study of risk perception. Target populations were high-school students and adults ( n =462). Using these data, we discuss threat knowledge as an influence on risk perception, and perception as a driving mechanism for preparedness. Threat knowledge and perception of risk were found to be low to moderate. On average, fewer than two-thirds of the residents were aware of the most recent eruptions that impacted Kona, and a minority felt that Mauna Loa and Hualālai could ever erupt again. Furthermore, only about one-third were aware that lava flows could reach the coast in Kona in less than 3 h. Lava flows and ash fall were perceived to be among the least likely hazards to affect the respondent's community within the next 10 years, whereas vog (volcanic smog) was ranked the most likely. Less than 18% identified volcanic hazards as amongst the most likely hazards to affect them at home, school, or work. Not surprisingly, individual preparedness measures were found on average to be limited to simple tasks of value in frequently occurring domestic emergencies, whereas measures specific to infrequent hazard events such as volcanic eruptions were seldom adopted. Furthermore, our data show that respondents exhibit an 'unrealistic optimism bias' and infer that responsibility for community preparedness for future eruptions primarily rests with officials. We infer that these respondents may be less likely to attend to hazard information, react to warnings as directed, and undertake preparedness measures than other populations who perceive responsibility to lie with themselves. There are significant differences in hazard awareness and risk perception between students and adults, between subpopulations representing local areas, and between varying ethnicities. We conclude that long time intervals since damaging lava flows have occurred in Kona have contributed to lower levels of awareness and risk perceptions of the threat from lava flows, and that the on-going eruption at Kilauea has facilitated greater awareness and perception of risk of vog but not of other volcanic hazards. Low levels of preparedness may be explained by low perceptions of threat and risk and perhaps by the lack of a clear motivation or incentive to seek new modes of adjustment. 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsvier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00288-9","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Gregg, C., Houghton, B.F., Johnston, D., Paton, D., and Swanson, D.A., 2004, The perception of volcanic risk in Kona communities from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes, Hawai'i: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 130, no. 3-4, p. 179-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00288-9.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"196","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211021,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00288-9"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Mauna Loa volcano, Hualālai volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.287813240262167\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.287813240262167\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.287813240262167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"130","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae84e4b08c986b32415d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gregg, Chris E.","contributorId":40397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"Chris E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":413954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, David M.","contributorId":68082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"David M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paton, Douglas","contributorId":64861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paton","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swanson, D. A.","contributorId":34102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026664,"text":"70026664 - 2004 - Multimodal approach to seismic pavement testing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026664","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2327,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multimodal approach to seismic pavement testing","docAbstract":"A multimodal approach to nondestructive seismic pavement testing is described. The presented approach is based on multichannel analysis of all types of seismic waves propagating along the surface of the pavement. The multichannel data acquisition method is replaced by multichannel simulation with one receiver. This method uses only one accelerometer-receiver and a light hammer-source, to generate a synthetic receiver array. This data acquisition technique is made possible through careful triggering of the source and results in such simplification of the technique that it is made generally available. Multiple dispersion curves are automatically and objectively extracted using the multichannel analysis of surface waves processing scheme, which is described. Resulting dispersion curves in the high frequency range match with theoretical Lamb waves in a free plate. At lower frequencies there are several branches of dispersion curves corresponding to the lower layers of different stiffness in the pavement system. The observed behavior of multimodal dispersion curves is in agreement with theory, which has been validated through both numerical modeling and the transfer matrix method, by solving for complex wave numbers. ?? ASCE / JUNE 2004.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:6(636)","issn":"10900241","usgsCitation":"Ryden, N., Park, C., Ulriksen, P., and Miller, R., 2004, Multimodal approach to seismic pavement testing: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 130, no. 6, p. 636-645, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:6(636).","startPage":"636","endPage":"645","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208587,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:6(636)"},{"id":234422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6030e4b0c8380cd7135d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryden, N.","contributorId":23318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryden","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Park, C.B.","contributorId":21714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ulriksen, P.","contributorId":17408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulriksen","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026626,"text":"70026626 - 2004 - Wrightwood and the earthquake cycle: What a long recurrence record tells us about how faults work","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-04T15:22:54.971717","indexId":"70026626","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1728,"text":"GSA Today","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wrightwood and the earthquake cycle: What a long recurrence record tells us about how faults work","docAbstract":"The concept of the earthquake cycle is so well established that one often hears statements in the popular media like, \"the Big One is overdue\" and \"the longer it waits, the bigger it will be.\" Surprisingly, data to critically test the variability in recurrence intervals, rupture displacements, and relationships between the two are almost nonexistent. To generate a long series of earthquake intervals and offsets, we have conducted paleoseismic investigations across the San Andreas fault near the town of Wrightwood, California, excavating 45 trenches over 18 years, and can now provide some answers to basic questions about recurrence behavior of large earthquakes. To date, we have characterized at least 30 prehistoric earthquakes in a 6000-yr-long record, complete for the past 1500 yr and for the interval 3000-1500 B.C. For the past 1500 yr, the mean recurrence interval is 105 yr (31-165 yr for individual intervals) and the mean slip is 3.2 m (0.7-7 m per event). The series is slightly more ordered than random and has a notable cluster of events, during which strain was released at 3 times the long-term average rate. Slip associated with an earthquake is not well predicted by the interval preceding it, and only the largest two earthquakes appear to affect the time interval to the next earthquake. Generally, short intervals tend to coincide with large displacements and long intervals with small displacements. The most significant correlation we find is that earthquakes are more frequent following periods of net strain accumulation spanning multiple seismic cycles. The extent of paleoearthquake ruptures may be inferred by correlating event ages between different sites along the San Andreas fault. Wrightwood and other nearby sites experience rupture that could be attributed to overlap of relatively independent segments that each behave in a more regular manner. However, the data are equally consistent with a model in which the irregular behavior seen at Wrightwood typifies the entire southern San Andreas fault; more long event series will be required to definitively outline prehistoric rupture extents.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:WATECW>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Weldon, R., Scharer, K., Fumal, T., and Biasi, G., 2004, Wrightwood and the earthquake cycle: What a long recurrence record tells us about how faults work: GSA Today, v. 14, no. 9, p. 4-10, https://doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:WATECW>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487524,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:watecw>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault, Wrightwood paleoseismic site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.048095703125,\n 34.116352469972746\n ],\n [\n -117.44384765625,\n 34.116352469972746\n ],\n [\n -117.44384765625,\n 34.62868797377059\n ],\n [\n -118.048095703125,\n 34.62868797377059\n ],\n [\n -118.048095703125,\n 34.116352469972746\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd1dfe4b08c986b32f5c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weldon, R.","contributorId":99307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scharer, K.","contributorId":99345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scharer","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fumal, T.","contributorId":46692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Biasi, G.","contributorId":100583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biasi","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015249,"text":"1015249 - 2004 - Genetic methods improve accuracy of gender determination in beaver","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-26T13:04:18","indexId":"1015249","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic methods improve accuracy of gender determination in beaver","docAbstract":"Gender identification of sexually monomorphic mammals can be difficult. We used analysis of zinc-finger protein (Zfx and Zfy) DNA regions to determine gender of 96 beavers (Castor canadensis) from 3 areas and used these results to verify gender determined in the field. Gender was correctly determined for 86 (89.6%) beavers. Incorrect assignments were not attributed to errors in any one age or sex class. Although methods that can be used in the field (such as morphological methods) can provide reasonably accurate gender assignments in beavers, the genetic method might be preferred in certain situations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.1644/BPR-104.1","usgsCitation":"Williams, C., Breck, S., and Baker, B., 2004, Genetic methods improve accuracy of gender determination in beaver: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 85, no. 6, p. 1145-1148, https://doi.org/10.1644/BPR-104.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1145","endPage":"1148","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488733,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/bpr-104.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, C.L.","contributorId":27831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breck, S.W.","contributorId":15149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breck","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, B.W.","contributorId":18707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015224,"text":"1015224 - 2004 - A comparison of three fecal steroid metabolites for pregnancy detection used with single sampling in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-22T18:01:11","indexId":"1015224","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A comparison of three fecal steroid metabolites for pregnancy detection used with single sampling in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)","title":"A comparison of three fecal steroid metabolites for pregnancy detection used with single sampling in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)","docAbstract":"We compared three fecal steroid metabolite assays for their usefulness in detecting pregnancy among free-ranging Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) from Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Wyoming and Montana (USA) and captive bighorn ewes at ZooMontana in Billings, Montana. Fecal samples were collected from 11 free-ranging, radio-collared bighorn ewes in late January–May 2001 and from 20 free-ranging, radio-collared ewes in late March to mid-May 2002. Free-ranging ewes were monitored the following spring to determine whether or not they lambed. In addition, two captive ewes were studied at Zoo-Montana. With three exceptions, free-ranging bighorn ewes that produced lambs had nonspecific progesterone metabolite (iPdG) levels of >1,800 ng/g feces and iPdG levels >7,000 ng/gm feces when samples were collected between early March and mid-May Samples collected earlier in the year were inconclusive. One false negative was suspected to be the result of sample collection error. Of the captive ewes, nonspecific pregnanediol-3α–glucuronide (PdG) and iPdG followed a predictable curve over the course of the 180-day pregnancies. We conclude that estrone conjugates are not useful in diagnosing pregnancy; however, fecal steroid analysis of PdG and iPdG can be used to accurately determine pregnancy and reproductive function in bighorn sheep. This holds great potential as a noninvasive technique for understanding the role of reproductive disease in wild bighorn sheep.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-40.2.273","usgsCitation":"Schoenecker, K., Lyda, R., and Kirkpatrick, J., 2004, A comparison of three fecal steroid metabolites for pregnancy detection used with single sampling in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis): Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 40, no. 2, p. 273-281, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.2.273.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"281","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478286,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.2.273","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0f2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoenecker, K.A.","contributorId":71120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenecker","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyda, R.O.","contributorId":99098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyda","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirkpatrick, J.","contributorId":47742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirkpatrick","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015159,"text":"1015159 - 2004 - Landsat TM inventory and assessment of waterbird habitat in the southern altiplano of South America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T10:38:50","indexId":"1015159","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3751,"text":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Landsat TM inventory and assessment of waterbird habitat in the southern altiplano of South America","title":"Landsat TM inventory and assessment of waterbird habitat in the southern altiplano of South America","docAbstract":"The diverse set of wetlands in southern altiplano of South America supports a number of endemic and migratory waterbirds. These species include endangered endemic flamingos and shorebirds that nest in North America and winter in the altiplano. This research developed maps from nine Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images (254,300 km2) to provide an inventory of aquatic waterbird habitats. Image processing software was used to produce a map with a classification of wetlands according to the habitat requirements of different types of waterbirds. A hierarchical procedure was used to, first, isolate the bodies of water within the TM image; second, execute an unsupervised classification on the subsetted image to produce 300 signatures of cover types, which were further subdivided as necessary. Third, each of the classifications was examined in the light of field data and personal experience for relevance to the determination of the various habitat types. Finally, the signatures were applied to the entire image and other adjacent images to yield a map depicting the location of the various waterbird habitats in the southern altiplano. The data sets referenced with a global positioning system receiver were used to test the classification system. Multivariate analysis of the bird communities censused at each lake by individual habitats indicated a salinity gradient, and then the depth of the water separated the birds. Multivariate analysis of the chemical and physical data from the lakes showed that the variation in lakes were significantly associated with difference in depth, transparency, latitude, elevation, and pH. The presence of gravel bottoms was also one of the qualities distinguishing a group of lakes. This information will be directly useful to the Flamingo Census Project and serve as an element for risk assessment for future development.
Because of high numbers of animals killed on Paynes Prairie State Preserve, Alachua County, Florida, the Florida Department of Transportation constructed a barrier wall-culvert system to reduce wildlife mortality yet allow for passage of some animals across the highway. During a one year study following construction, we counted only 158 animals, excluding hylid treefrogs, killed in the same area where 2411 road kills were recorded in the 12 months prior to the construction of the barrier wall-culvert system. Within the survey area lying directly in Paynes Prairie basin, mortality was reduced 65% if hylid treefrogs are included, and 93.5% with hylid treefrogs excluded. Sixty-four percent of the wildlife kills observed along the barrier wall-culvert system occurred at a maintenance road access point and along 300 m of type-A fence bordering private property. The 24 h kill rate during the post-construction survey was 4.9 compared with 13.5 during the pre-construction survey. We counted 1891 dead vertebrates within the entire area surveyed, including the ecotone between the surrounding uplands and prairie basin which did not include the barrier wall and culverts. Approximately 73% of the nonhylid road kills occurred in the 400 m section of road beyond the extent of the barrier wall-culvert system. We detected 51 vertebrate species, including 9 fish, using the 8 culverts after the construction of the barrier wall-culvert system, compared with 28 vertebrate species in the 4 existing culverts prior to construction. Capture success in culverts increased 10-fold from the pre-construction survey to the post-construction survey. Barrier wall trespass was facilitated by overhanging vegetation, maintenance road access, and by the use of the type-A fence. Additional problems resulted from siltation, water holes, and human access. These problems could be corrected using design modifications and by routine, periodic maintenance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.011","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C., Barichivich, W., and Smith, L.L., 2004, The effectiveness of a barrier wall and underpasses in reducing wildlife mortality on a heavily traveled highway in Florida: Biological Conservation, v. 118, p. 619-631, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.011.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"619","endPage":"631","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":132079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6675ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barichivich, W.J. 0000-0003-1103-6861","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1103-6861","contributorId":91435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barichivich","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, L. L.","contributorId":6791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008377,"text":"1008377 - 2004 - Species boundaries, phylogeography, and conservation genetics of the red-legged frog (Rana aurora/draytonii) complex","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-27T14:55:53","indexId":"1008377","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Species boundaries, phylogeography, and conservation genetics of the red-legged frog (Rana aurora/draytonii) complex","docAbstract":"The red-legged frog, Rana aurora, has been recognized as both a single, polytypic species and as two distinct species since its original description 150 years ago. It is currently recognized as one species with two geographically contiguous subspecies, aurora and draytonii; the latter is protected under the US Endangered Species Act. We present the results of a survey of 50 populations of red-legged frogs from across their range plus four outgroup species for variation in a phylogenetically informative, ∼400 base pairs (bp) fragment of the mitochondrial cytochromeb gene. Our mtDNA analysis points to several major results. (1) In accord with several other lines of independent evidence, aurora and draytonii are each diagnosably distinct, evolutionary lineages; the mtDNA data indicate that they do not constitute a monophyletic group, but rather that aurora and R. cascadae from the Pacific northwest are sister taxa; (2) the range of thedraytonii mtDNA clade extends about 100 km further north in coastal California than was previously suspected, and corresponds closely with the range limits or phylogeographical breaks of several codistributed taxa; (3) a narrow zone of overlap exists in southern Mendocino County between aurora and draytonii haplotypes, rather than a broad intergradation zone; and (4) the critically endangered population of draytonii in Riverside County, CA forms a distinct clade with frogs from Baja California, Mexico. The currently available evidence favours recognition of auroraand draytonii as separate species with a narrow zone of overlap in northern California.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02285.x","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, H., Fellers, G.M., Voss, S.R., Oliver, J.C., and Pauly, G.B., 2004, Species boundaries, phylogeography, and conservation genetics of the red-legged frog (Rana aurora/draytonii) complex: Molecular Ecology, v. 13, no. 9, p. 2667-2677, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02285.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2667","endPage":"2677","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e6123","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaffer, H. Bradley","contributorId":71051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"H. Bradley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voss, S. Randal","contributorId":104334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randal","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oliver, J. C.","contributorId":174955,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oliver","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pauly, Gregory B.","contributorId":174956,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pauly","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1008329,"text":"1008329 - 2004 - Effects of invasive alien plants on fire regimes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T19:17:07","indexId":"1008329","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of invasive alien plants on fire regimes","docAbstract":"Plant invasions are widely recognized as significant threats to biodiversity conservation worldwide. One way invasions can affect native ecosystems is by changing fuel properties, which can in turn affect fire behavior and, ultimately, alter fire regime characteristics such as frequency, intensity, extent, type, and seasonality of fire. If the regime changes subsequently promote the dominance of the invaders, then an invasive plant–fire regime cycle can be established. As more ecosystem components and interactions are altered, restoration of preinvasion conditions becomes more difficult. Restoration may require managing fuel conditions, fire regimes, native plant communities, and other ecosystem properties in addition to the invaders that caused the changes in the first place. We present a multiphase model describing the interrelationships between plant invaders and fire regimes, provide a system for evaluating the relative effects of invaders and prioritizing them for control, and recommend ways to restore pre-invasion fire regime properties.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0677:EOIAPO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Brooks, M., D’Antonio, C.M., Richardson, D., DiTomaso, J., Grace, J., Hobbs, R., Keeley, J., Pellant, M., and Pyke, D., 2004, Effects of invasive alien plants on fire regimes: BioScience, v. 54, no. 7, p. 677-688, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0677:EOIAPO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"677","endPage":"688","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478065,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0677:eoiapo]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611dfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, M.L.","contributorId":70322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D’Antonio, C. M.","contributorId":90419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Antonio","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richardson, D.M.","contributorId":26660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DiTomaso, J.M.","contributorId":25406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiTomaso","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hobbs, R.J.","contributorId":77491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbs","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pellant, M.","contributorId":54062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellant","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Pyke, D.","contributorId":57567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":1003726,"text":"1003726 - 2004 - Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-15T16:33:43.363512","indexId":"1003726","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan","docAbstract":"The Oriental white-backed vulture (OWBV; Gyps bengalensis) was once one of the most common raptors in the Indian subcontinent1. A population decline of >95%, starting in the 1990s, was first noted at Keoladeo National Park, India2. Since then, catastrophic declines, also involving Gyps indicus and Gyps tenuirostris, have continued to be reported across the subcontinent3. Consequently these vultures are now listed as critically endangered by BirdLife International4. In 2000, the Peregrine Fund initiated its Asian Vulture Crisis Project with the Ornithological Society of Pakistan, establishing study sites at 16 OWBV colonies in the Kasur, Khanewal and Muzaffargarh–Layyah Districts of Pakistan to measure mortality at over 2,400 active nest sites5. Between 2000 and 2003, high annual adult and subadult mortality (5–86%) and resulting population declines (34–95%) (ref. 5 and M.G., manuscript in preparation) were associated with renal failure and visceral gout. Here, we provide results that directly correlate residues of the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac with renal failure. Diclofenac residues and renal disease were reproduced experimentally in OWBVs by direct oral exposure and through feeding vultures diclofenac-treated livestock. We propose that residues of veterinary diclofenac are responsible for the OWBV decline.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/nature02317","usgsCitation":"Oaks, J., Gilbert, M., Virani, M., Watson, R., Meteyer, C., Rideout, B., Shivaprasad, H.L., Ahmed, S., Chaudhry, M., Arshad, M., Mahmood, S., Ali, A., and Khan, A., 2004, Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan: Nature, v. 427, no. 6975, p. 630-633, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02317.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"630","endPage":"633","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India, 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J.L.","contributorId":72768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oaks","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilbert, M.","contributorId":57810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Virani, M.Z.","contributorId":43318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virani","given":"M.Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watson, R.T.","contributorId":44893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meteyer, C.U. 0000-0002-4007-3410","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-3410","contributorId":74327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meteyer","given":"C.U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rideout, B.A.","contributorId":26664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rideout","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shivaprasad, H. L.","contributorId":101616,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shivaprasad","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ahmed, S.","contributorId":35705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahmed","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Chaudhry, M.J.I.","contributorId":59000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaudhry","given":"M.J.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Arshad, M.","contributorId":56614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arshad","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mahmood, S.","contributorId":100344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahmood","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Ali, A.","contributorId":56191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ali","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Khan, A.A.","contributorId":48526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khan","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":1001081,"text":"1001081 - 2004 - Burrowing mayflies as indicators of ecosystem health: Status of populations in two western Lake Superior embayments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T12:49:27","indexId":"1001081","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Burrowing mayflies as indicators of ecosystem health: Status of populations in two western Lake Superior embayments","docAbstract":"The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Environment Canada are supporting the development of indicators of ecosystem health that can be used to report on progress in restoring and maintaining the Great Lakes ecosystem, as called for in the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada. One indicator under development for Great Lakes mesotrophic environments is based on burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia: Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). In this paper, we report the results of a benthic survey in spring 2002 to determine the status of nymphal populations of Hexagenia in two western Lake Superior embayments, the St. Louis River estuary, an area with significant water-use impairments, and Chequamegon Bay, an area with no known water-use impairments. Ponar grab samples collected throughout these embayments showed nymphs were generally abundant in finely particulate, cohesive substrate (clay or mixtures of clay and sand) in both embayments. However, in the St. Louis River estuary nymphs were absent in those preferred substrates at 11 stations in the eastern portion of St. Louis Bay and the adjoining northwestern portion of the Duluth-Superior Harbor, where the sediments were variously contaminated with visible amounts of taconite pellets, paint chips, oil, or combusted coal waste (clinkers). Our results suggest that human activities have rendered those portions of the St. Louis River estuary unsuitable for habitation by Hexagenia nymphs and we recommend that trend monitoring of the nymphal population there be conducted to permit reporting on progress in restoring and maintaining the health and integrity of this Great Lakes ecosystem embayment, consistent with the intent of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/14634980490513346","usgsCitation":"Edsall, T.A., Gorman, O.T., and Evrard, L.M., 2004, Burrowing mayflies as indicators of ecosystem health: Status of populations in two western Lake Superior embayments: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 7, no. 4, p. 507-513, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980490513346.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"507","endPage":"513","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133726,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior","volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f991c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":310428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorman, Owen T. 0000-0003-0451-110X otgorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0451-110X","contributorId":2888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorman","given":"Owen","email":"otgorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evrard, Lori M. 0000-0001-8582-5818 levrard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8582-5818","contributorId":2720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evrard","given":"Lori","email":"levrard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027552,"text":"70027552 - 2004 - Titanic exploration with GIS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:47","indexId":"70027552","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1747,"text":"GeoSpatial Solutions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Titanic exploration with GIS","docAbstract":"To help teachers and students investigate one of the world's most famous historical events using the geographic perspective and GIS tools and methods, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) created a set of educational lessons based on the RMS Titanic's April 1912 sailing. With these lessons, student researchers can learn about latitude and longitude, map projections, ocean currents, databases, maps, and images through the analysis of the route, warnings, sinking, rescue, and eventual discovery of the submerged ocean liner in 1985. They can also consider the human and physical aspects of the maiden voyage in the North Atlantic Ocean at a variety of scales, from global to regional to local. Likewise, their investigations can reveal how the sinking of the Titanic affected future shipping routes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GeoSpatial Solutions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"15297403","usgsCitation":"Kerski, J., 2004, Titanic exploration with GIS: GeoSpatial Solutions, v. 14, no. 3, p. 32-35.","startPage":"32","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb420e4b08c986b3261cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kerski, J.J.","contributorId":41212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerski","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027276,"text":"70027276 - 2004 - Non-double-couple microearthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California, provide evidence for hydraulic fracturing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-17T10:43:55","indexId":"70027276","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Non-double-couple microearthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California, provide evidence for hydraulic fracturing","docAbstract":"Most of 26 small (0.4≲M≲3.1) microearthquakes at Long Valley caldera in mid-1997, analyzed using data from a dense temporary network of 69 digital three-component seismometers, have significantly non-double-couple focal mechanisms, inconsistent with simple shear faulting. We determined their mechanisms by inverting P- and S-wave polarities and amplitude ratios using linear-programming methods, and tracing rays through a three-dimensional Earth model derived using tomography. More than 80% of the mechanisms have positive (volume increase) isotropic components and most have compensated linear-vector dipole components with outward-directed major dipoles. The simplest interpretation of these mechanisms is combined shear and extensional faulting with a volume-compensating process, such as rapid flow of water, steam, or CO2 into opening tensile cracks. Source orientations of earthquakes in the south moat suggest extensional faulting on ESE-striking subvertical planes, an orientation consistent with planes defined by earthquake hypocenters. The focal mechanisms show that clearly defined hypocentral planes in different locations result from different source processes. One such plane in the eastern south moat is consistent with extensional faulting, while one near Casa Diablo Hot Springs reflects en echelon right-lateral shear faulting. Source orientations at Mammoth Mountain vary systematically with location, indicating that the volcano influences the local stress field. Events in a ‘spasmodic burst’ at Mammoth Mountain have practically identical mechanisms that indicate nearly pure compensated tensile failure and high fluid mobility. Five earthquakes had mechanisms involving small volume decreases, but these may not be significant. No mechanisms have volumetric moment fractions larger than that of a force dipole, but the reason for this fact is unknown.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00420-7","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Foulger, G., Julian, B., Hill, D., Pitt, A., Malin, P., and Shalev, E., 2004, Non-double-couple microearthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California, provide evidence for hydraulic fracturing: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 132, no. 1, p. 45-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00420-7.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209009,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00420-7"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.96545410156251,\n 37.62075814551956\n ],\n [\n -118.60427856445311,\n 37.62075814551956\n ],\n [\n -118.60427856445311,\n 37.79350762410675\n ],\n [\n -118.96545410156251,\n 37.79350762410675\n ],\n [\n -118.96545410156251,\n 37.62075814551956\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"132","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6740e4b0c8380cd73245","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pitt, A.D.","contributorId":41440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Malin, P.E.","contributorId":108104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malin","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shalev, E.","contributorId":95659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shalev","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026990,"text":"70026990 - 2004 - Evaluation of cage micro-environment of mice housed on various types of bedding materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026990","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1332,"text":"Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of cage micro-environment of mice housed on various types of bedding materials","docAbstract":"A variety of environmental factors can affect the outcomes of studies using laboratory rodents. One such factor is bedding. Several new bedding materials and processing methods have been introduced to the market in recent years, but there are few reports of their performance. In the studies reported here, we have assessed the cage micro-environment (in-cage ammonia levels, temperature, and humidity) of mice housed on various kinds of bedding and their combinations. We also compared results for bedding supplied as Nestpaks versus loose bedding. We studied C57BL/6J mice (commonly used) and NOD/LtJ mice (heavy soilers) that were maintained, except in one study, in static duplex cages. In general, we observed little effect of bedding type on in-cage temperature or humidity; however, there was considerable variation in ammonia concentrations. The lowest ammonia concentrations occurred in cages housing mice on hardwood bedding or a mixture of corncob and alpha cellulose. In one experiment comparing the micro-environments of NOD/LtJ male mice housed on woodpulp fiber bedding in static versus ventilated caging, we showed a statistically significant decrease in ammonia concentrations in ventilated cages. Therefore, our data show that bedding type affects the micro-environment in static cages and that effects may differ for ventilated cages, which are being used in vivaria with increasing frequency.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10600558","usgsCitation":"Smith, E., Stockwell, J., Schweitzer, I., Langley, S., and Smith, A.L., 2004, Evaluation of cage micro-environment of mice housed on various types of bedding materials: Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science, v. 43, no. 4, p. 12-17.","startPage":"12","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c62e4b0c8380cd52b0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, E.","contributorId":75267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stockwell, J.D.","contributorId":19678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockwell","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweitzer, I.","contributorId":85382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Langley, S.H.","contributorId":33105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langley","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, A. L.","contributorId":15336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026998,"text":"70026998 - 2004 - Pedogenic silica accumulation in chronosequence soils, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T17:09:59.524864","indexId":"70026998","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pedogenic silica accumulation in chronosequence soils, southern California","docAbstract":"Chronosequential analysis of soil properties has proven to be a valuable approach for estimating ages of geomorphic surfaces where no independent age control exists. In this study we examined pedogenic silica as an indicator of relative ages of soils and geomorphic surfaces, and assessed potential sources of the silica. Pedogenic opaline silica was quantified by tiron (4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene-disulfonic acid [disodium salt], C6H4Na2O8S2) extraction for pedons in two different chronosequences in southern California, one in the San Timoteo Badlands and one in Cajon Pass. The soils of both of these chronosequences are developed in arkosic sediments and span 11.5 to 500 ka. The amount of pedogenic silica increases with increasing duration of pedogenesis, and the depth of the maximum silica accumulation generally coincides with the maximum expression of the argillic horizon. Pedogenic silica has accumulated in all of the soils, ranging from 1.2% tiron-extractable Si (Sitn) in the youngest soil to 4.6% in the oldest. Primary Si decreases with increasing duration of weathering, particularly in the upper horizons, where weathering conditions are most intense. The loss of Si coincides with the loss of Na and K, implicating the weathering of feldspars as the likely source of Si loss. The quantity of Si lost in the upper horizons is adequate to account for the pedogenic silica accumulation in the subsoil. Pedogenic silica was equally effective as pedogenic Fe oxides as an indicator of relative soil age in these soils.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj2004.1295","usgsCitation":"Kendrick, K., and Graham, R., 2004, Pedogenic silica accumulation in chronosequence soils, southern California: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 68, no. 4, p. 1295-1303, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.1295.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1295","endPage":"1303","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Timoteo Badlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.24609374999999,\n 33.94905609818093\n ],\n [\n -117.06756591796875,\n 33.94905609818093\n ],\n [\n -117.06756591796875,\n 34.0219331594475\n ],\n [\n -117.24609374999999,\n 34.0219331594475\n ],\n [\n -117.24609374999999,\n 33.94905609818093\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a762de4b0c8380cd77f84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendrick, K.J. 0000-0002-9839-6861","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9839-6861","contributorId":48595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendrick","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graham, R.C.","contributorId":33740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027058,"text":"70027058 - 2004 - Analysis of modern and Pleistocene hydrologic exchange between Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and the Saginaw Lowlands area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-25T16:08:08.572647","indexId":"70027058","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of modern and Pleistocene hydrologic exchange between Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and the Saginaw Lowlands area","docAbstract":"Two numerical models, one simulating present groundwater flow conditions and one simulating ice-induced hydraulic loading from the Port Huron ice advance, were used to characterize both modern and Pleistocene groundwater exchange between the Michigan Basin and near-surface water systems of Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and the surrounding Saginaw Lowlands area. These models were further used to constrain the origin of saline, isotopically light groundwater, and porewater from the study area. Output from the groundwater-flow model indicates that, at present conditions, head in the Marshall aquifer beneath Saginaw Bay exceeds the modern lake elevation by as much as 21 m. Despite this potential for flow, simulated ground-water discharge through the Saginaw Bay floor constitutes only 0.028 m3 s−1 (∼1 cfs). Bedrock lithology appears to regulate the rate of groundwater discharge, as the portion of the Saginaw Bay floor underlain by the Michigan confining unit exhibits an order of magnitude lower flux than the portion underlain by the Saginaw aquifer. The calculated shoreline discharge of groundwater to Saginaw Bay is also relatively small (1.13 m3 s−1 or ∼40 cfs) because of low gradients across the Saginaw Lowlands area and the low hydraulic conductivities of lodgement tills and glacial-lake clays surrounding the bay.
In contrast to the present groundwater flow conditions, the Port Huron ice-induced hydraulic-loading model generates a groundwater-flow reversal that is localized to the region of a Pleistocene ice sheet and proglacial lake. This area of reversed vertical gradient is largely commensurate with the distribution of isotopically light groundwater presently found in the study area. Mixing scenarios, constrained by chloride concentrations and δ18O values in porewater samples, demonstrate that a mixing event involving subglacial recharge could have produced the groundwater chemistry currently observed in the Saginaw Lowlands area. The combination of models and mixing scenarios indicates that structural control is a major influence on both the present and Pleistocene flow systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/B25290.1","usgsCitation":"Hoaglund, J., Kolak, J., Long, D., and Larson, G., 2004, Analysis of modern and Pleistocene hydrologic exchange between Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and the Saginaw Lowlands area: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 1-2, p. 3-15, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25290.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Saginaw Bay, Saginaw Lowlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.7322998046875,\n 44.12308489306967\n ],\n [\n -83.968505859375,\n 43.909765943908\n ],\n [\n -84.0399169921875,\n 43.61619382369185\n ],\n [\n -83.91357421875,\n 43.520671902437606\n ],\n [\n -83.6553955078125,\n 43.55651037504758\n ],\n [\n -83.375244140625,\n 43.73538317799622\n ],\n [\n -83.18298339843749,\n 43.92559366355069\n ],\n [\n -82.891845703125,\n 44.05601169578525\n ],\n [\n -83.1170654296875,\n 44.25700308645885\n ],\n [\n -83.6279296875,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n -83.7322998046875,\n 44.12308489306967\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb21e4b0c8380cd48c3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoaglund, J. R. III","contributorId":58423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoaglund","given":"J. R.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolak, J.J.","contributorId":46246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolak","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Long, D.T.","contributorId":67930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Larson, G.J.","contributorId":89680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027060,"text":"70027060 - 2004 - Electrofishing injury and short-term mortality in hatchery-reared rainbow trout stocked into an Ozark stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70027060","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electrofishing injury and short-term mortality in hatchery-reared rainbow trout stocked into an Ozark stream","docAbstract":"We conducted an electrofishing injury study to evaluate potential effects of sampling procedures on survival and health of hatchery rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (187-307 mm total length) stocked into an Ozark stream. We assessed two groups of trout: one group had acclimated to stream conditions for 1 month; the other group was handled and transported just before the study. Each group was sampled by electro-fishing (boat-mounted, 60-Hz AC) and seining (controls), resulting in four treatment groups (N = 21). We held fish for 48 h to evaluate mortalities in that period, then euthanized all fish and examined them for hemorrhages and spinal damage. No fish died during the 48-h holding period, indicating that our procedures did not cause significant sampling-related mortality among stocked trout in Brush Creek. Spinal damage was observed in 5% of fish collected with electrofishing but in none of the control fish. We found hemorrhages in 90% of electrofished trout but none in control fish, and recently handled and hauled trout had a greater occurrence and severity of hemorrhaging.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M03-002","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Walsh, M.G., Winkelman, D., and Bahr, R., 2004, Electrofishing injury and short-term mortality in hatchery-reared rainbow trout stocked into an Ozark stream: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 1, p. 316-321, https://doi.org/10.1577/M03-002.","startPage":"316","endPage":"321","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208960,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M03-002"},{"id":235089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08a1e4b0c8380cd51bd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, M. G.","contributorId":72172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winkelman, D.L. 0000-0002-5247-0114","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5247-0114","contributorId":48739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winkelman","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bahr, R.J.","contributorId":54385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahr","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027109,"text":"70027109 - 2004 - Subsurface fate of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons in continuous permafrost","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70027109","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1264,"text":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface fate of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons in continuous permafrost","docAbstract":"Accidental releases of approximately 2000 m3 of fuel have resulted in subsurface contamination adjacent to Imikpuk Lake, a drinking-water source near Barrow, AK. This paper presents a conceptual model of the distribution and transport of subsurface free-phase hydrocarbons at this site. The mean annual temperature in Barrow is -13 ??C, and average monthly temperatures exceed 0 ??C only during the months of June, July, and August. As a result, the region is underlain by areally continuous permafrost that extends to depths of up to 300 m and constrains subsurface hydrologic processes to a shallow zone that temporarily thaws each summer. During the 1993 and 1994 thaw seasons, the measured depth of thaw varied across the site from approximately 0.5 to 2 m. However, exploratory borings in 1995 showed that free-phase hydrocarbons were present at depths greater than 3 m, indicating that permafrost at this site is not a barrier to the vertical migration of nonaqueous-phase liquids. In 1996, a subsurface containment barrier was installed to prevent lateral movement of contaminated water to Imikpuk Lake, and a recovery trench was excavated upgradient of the barrier to facilitate removal of free-phase hydrocarbons. Free-phase hydrocarbons were recovered from the trench during 1996, 1997, and 1998. Recovery rates diminished over this time, and in 1999, no further product was recovered and the recovery operation was halted. Subsequent exploratory borings in 2001 and 2002 have revealed that some product remains in the subsurface. Data indicate that this remaining product exists in small discrete pockets or very thin layers of hydrocarbon floating on brine. These small reservoirs appear to be isolated from one another by relatively impermeable permafrost. Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0165-232X(03)00062-4","issn":"0165232X","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K., Walker, L., and Vigoren, L., 2004, Subsurface fate of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons in continuous permafrost: Cold Regions Science and Technology, v. 38, no. 1, p. 43-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(03)00062-4.","startPage":"43","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209149,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(03)00062-4"},{"id":235372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d64e4b08c986b31d80d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, K.","contributorId":48287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, L.","contributorId":80469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vigoren, L.","contributorId":60423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vigoren","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027117,"text":"70027117 - 2004 - Carbonate sediment deposits on the reef front around Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70027117","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2669,"text":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbonate sediment deposits on the reef front around Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Large sediment deposits on the reff front around Oahu are a possible resource for replenishing eroded beaches. High-resolution subbottom profiles clearly depict the deposits in three study areas: Kailua Bay off the windward coast, Makua to Kahe Point off the leeward coast, and Camp Erdman to Waimea off the north coast. Most of the sediment is in water depths between 20 and 100 m, resting on submerged shelves created during lowstands of sea level. The mapped deposits have a volume of about 4 ?? 108 m3 in water depths less than 100 m, being thickest off the mouth of channels carved into the modern insular shelf, from which most of the sediment issues. Vibracore samples contain various amounts of sediment of similar size to the sand on Oahu beaches, with the most compatible prospects located off Makaha, Haleiwa, and Camp Erdman, and the least compatible ones located in Kailua Bay. Laboratory tests show a positive correlation of abrasion with Halimeda content: samples from Kailua Bay suffered high amounts of attrition, but others were comparable to tested beach samples. The common gray color of the offshore sediment, aesthetically undesirable for sand on popular tourist beaches, was diminished in the laboratory by soaking in heated hydrogen peroxide. ?? Taylor and Francis Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/10641190490473407","issn":"1064119X","usgsCitation":"Hampton, M.A., Blay, C., and Murray, C., 2004, Carbonate sediment deposits on the reef front around Oahu, Hawaii: Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, v. 22, no. 1-2, p. 65-102, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641190490473407.","startPage":"65","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209242,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641190490473407"},{"id":235516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f370e4b0c8380cd4b7fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampton, M. A.","contributorId":103271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blay, C.T.","contributorId":24540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blay","given":"C.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, C.J.","contributorId":84120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027165,"text":"70027165 - 2004 - Cormorant predation and the population dynamics of walleye and yellow perch in Oneida Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-11T15:58:38.188055","indexId":"70027165","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cormorant predation and the population dynamics of walleye and yellow perch in Oneida Lake","docAbstract":"Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) increased dramatically in North America during the 1990s, providing the opportunity to study the effects of an increase of a top predator on an existing predator-prey system. In Oneida Lake, New York, USA, Double-crested Cormorants were first observed nesting in 1984 and had increased to over 360 nesting pairs by 2000. Concomitant with this increase in piscivorous birds was a decrease in the adult walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) populations. Analysis of a 40-yr data series shows higher mortality of subadults (age 1-2 yr perch and age 1-3 yr walleye) for both species in the 1990s compared to the previous three decades. Cormorant diet was investigated from 1995 to 2000 using a combination of cast pellets, regurgitants, and stomach analysis. Walleye and yellow perch were a major portion of the cormorant diet during these years (40-82% by number). The number of subadult walleye and yellow perch consumed by cormorants suggests that the increase in subadult mortality can be explained by predation from cormorants. Mean mortality rates of adult percids attributed to cormorant predation were 1.1% per year for walleye and 7.7% per year for yellow perch. Our analysis suggests that predation by cormorants on subadult percids is a major factor contributing to the decline in both the walleye and the yellow perch populations in Oneida Lake. Other ecosystem changes (zebra mussels, lower nutrient loading, decrease in alternate prey) are not likely explanations because the potential mechanisms involved are not consistent with auxiliary data from the lake and would not affect subadult mortality. The likely impact of bird predation on percid populations in Oneida Lake occurs because cormorants feed on larger fish that are beyond the size range where compensatory mechanisms are important.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/03-5010","usgsCitation":"Rudstam, L.G., VanDeValk, A., Adams, C., Coleman, J., Forney, J., and Richmond, M.E., 2004, Cormorant predation and the population dynamics of walleye and yellow perch in Oneida Lake: Ecological Applications, v. 14, no. 1, p. 149-163, https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5010.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"163","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Oneida Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.14898681640625,\n 43.23319741022136\n ],\n [\n -76.12701416015624,\n 43.2151850073567\n ],\n [\n -76.03363037109374,\n 43.167125915000284\n ],\n [\n -75.8770751953125,\n 43.13907396889933\n ],\n [\n -75.7177734375,\n 43.153101551466385\n ],\n [\n -75.71502685546875,\n 43.19916951473751\n ],\n [\n -75.7232666015625,\n 43.24520272203356\n ],\n [\n -75.80841064453125,\n 43.2432020009995\n ],\n [\n -75.92926025390625,\n 43.257205668363206\n ],\n [\n -76.15447998046875,\n 43.257205668363206\n ],\n [\n -76.14898681640625,\n 43.23319741022136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc1ce4b0c8380cd4e10f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rudstam, L. G.","contributorId":24720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudstam","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"VanDeValk, A.J.","contributorId":51071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanDeValk","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, C.M.","contributorId":36483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coleman, J.T.H.","contributorId":86156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"J.T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Forney, J.L.","contributorId":47133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forney","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Richmond, M. E.","contributorId":22729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70027166,"text":"70027166 - 2004 - The relationship between gorgonian coral (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea) diseases and African dust storms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027166","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":667,"text":"Aerobiologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between gorgonian coral (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea) diseases and African dust storms","docAbstract":"The number of reports of coral diseases has increased throughout the world in the last 20 years. Aspergillosis, which primarily affects Gorgonia ventalina and G. flabellum, is one of the few diseases to be characterized. This disease is caused by Aspergillus sydowii, a terrestrial fungus with a worldwide distribution. Upon infection, colonies may lose tissue, and ultimately, mortality may occur if the infection is not sequestered. The spores of A. sydowii are <5 ??m, small enough to be easily picked up by winds and dispersed over great distances. Aspergillosis is prevalent in the Caribbean, and it appears that this primarily terrestrial fungus has adapted to a marine environment. It has been proposed that dust storms originating in Africa may be one way in which potential coral pathogens are distributed and deposited into the marine environments of the Caribbean. To test the hypothesis that African dust storms transport and deposit pathogens, we collected air samples from both dust storms and periods of nondust in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Because we focused on fungal pathogens and used A. sydowii as a model, we isolated and cultured fungi on various types of media. Fungi including Aspergillus spp. were isolated from air samples taken from dust events and non-dust events. Twenty-three separate cultures and seven genera were isolated from dust event samples whereas eight cultures from five genera were isolated from non-dust air samples. Three isolates from the Virgin Islands dust event samples morphologically identified as Aspergillus spp. produced signs of aspergillosis in seafans, and the original pathogens were re-isolated from those diseased seafans fulfilling Koch's Postulates. This research supports the hypothesis that African dust storms transport across the Atlantic Ocean and deposit potential coral pathogens in the Caribbean.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aerobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/B:AERO.0000032949.14023.3a","issn":"03935965","usgsCitation":"Weir-Brush, J.R., Garrison, V., Smith, G., and Shinn, E., 2004, The relationship between gorgonian coral (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea) diseases and African dust storms: Aerobiologia, v. 20, no. 2, p. 119-126, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AERO.0000032949.14023.3a.","startPage":"119","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209005,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:AERO.0000032949.14023.3a"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf16e4b08c986b324538","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weir-Brush, J. R.","contributorId":23734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weir-Brush","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garrison, V.H.","contributorId":70731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrison","given":"V.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, G.W.","contributorId":6561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shinn, E.A.","contributorId":38610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}