Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen has been cited as a major factor in the nitrogen saturation of forests in the north-eastern United States and as a contributor to the eutrophication of coastal waters, including the Gulf of Mexico near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Sources of nitrogen emissions and the resulting spatial patterns of nitrogen deposition within the Mississippi River Basin, however, have not been fully documented. An assessment of atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin was therefore conducted in 1998-1999 to: (1) evaluate the forms in which nitrogen is deposited from the atmosphere; (2) quantify the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition throughout the basin; and (3) relate locations of emission sources to spatial deposition patterns to evaluate atmospheric transport. Deposition data collected through the NADP/NTN (National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network) and CASTNet (Clean Air Status and Trends Network) were used for this analysis. NO(x) Tier 1 emission data by county was obtained for 1992 from the US Environmental Protection Agency (Emissions Trends Viewer CD, 1985-1995, version 1.0, September 1996) and NH3 emissions data was derived from the 1992 Census of Agriculture (US Department of Commerce. Census of Agriculture, US Summary and County Level Data, US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Geographic Area series, 1995:1b) or the National Agricultural Statistics Service (US Department of Agriculture. National Agricultural Statistics Service Historical Data. Accessed 7/98 at URL, 1998. http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/hisdata.htm). The highest rates of wet deposition of NO3- were in the north-eastern part of the basin, downwind of electric utility plants and urban areas, whereas the highest rates of wet deposition of NH4+ were in Iowa, near the center of intensive agricultural activities in the Midwest. The lowest rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition were on the western (windward) side of the basin, which suggests that most of the nitrogen deposited within the basin is derived from internal sources. Atmospheric transport eastward across the basin boundary is greater for NO3- than NH4+, but a significant amount of NH4+ is likely to be transported out of the basin through the formation of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 particles - a process that greatly increases the atmospheric residence time of NH4+. This process is also a likely factor in the atmospheric transport of nitrogen from the Midwest to upland forest regions in the North-East, such as the western Adirondack region of New York, where NH4+ constitutes 38% of the total wet deposition of N.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, G., Goolsby, D.A., Battaglin, W., and Stensland, G., 2000, Atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin: Amissions, deposition and transport: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 87-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208185,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eec4e4b0c8380cd49f3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stensland, G.J.","contributorId":62096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stensland","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023105,"text":"70023105 - 2000 - Figurines, flint clay sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian acquisition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T17:50:07.927071","indexId":"70023105","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":700,"text":"American Antiquity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Figurines, flint clay sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian acquisition","docAbstract":"At the pinnacle of Eastern Woodlands’ prehistoric cultural development, Cahokia has been interpreted as a political and economic power participating in prestige-goods exchanges and trade networks stretching from the Great Plains to the South Atlantic. Among the more spectacular of the Cahokian elite artifacts were stone pipes and figurines made from a distinctive red stone previously identified as Arkansas bauxite. In this research, we used a combination of X-ray diffraction, sequential acid dissolution, and inductively coupled plasma analyses to establish the source of the raw material used in the manufacture of the red figurines and pipes that epitomize the Cahokian-style. Our research demonstrates that these objects were made of locally available flint clays. This finding, in conjunction with other evidence, indicate Cahokian exploitation of many mineral and stone resources focuses on the northern Ozark Highlands to the exclusion of other areas. These findings indicate that we must reassess the direction, extent, and role of Cahokian external contacts and trade in elite goods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.2307/2694809","issn":"00027316","usgsCitation":"Emerson, T., and Hughes, R., 2000, Figurines, flint clay sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian acquisition: American Antiquity, v. 65, no. 1, p. 79-101, https://doi.org/10.2307/2694809.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Cahokia, Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.07973670959473,\n 38.64503125499879\n ],\n [\n -90.05450248718262,\n 38.647913759372194\n ],\n [\n -90.04729270935059,\n 38.64777969197263\n ],\n [\n -90.04703521728516,\n 38.66560845398337\n ],\n [\n -90.05484580993652,\n 38.66580950493899\n ],\n [\n -90.06617546081543,\n 38.662726661586646\n ],\n [\n -90.08025169372559,\n 38.662592621908466\n ],\n [\n -90.07973670959473,\n 38.64503125499879\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1005e4b0c8380cd53ad2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emerson, T.E.","contributorId":30785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hughes, R.E.","contributorId":84497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023107,"text":"70023107 - 2000 - Late-glacial environmental changes south of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine in the Eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70023107","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late-glacial environmental changes south of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine in the Eastern United States","docAbstract":"Palynological analyses of two sediment cores, one 2.4 m long from northern Delaware, dated about 16,300 to 14,700 14C yr B.P., and one 1.8 m long from New Jersey just south of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine and dated about 13,600 to 12,500 14C yr B.P., give the first detailed evidence of vegetation in this area during these periods. The overall assemblages are similar to each other, with Picea and Pinus dominating the arboreal pollen and Poaceae and Cyperaceae the herbaceous flora. Nonarboreal pollen contributes about 30-50% of the total, indicating a very open vegetation or a mix of forest patches and open areas. Especially in Delaware, there is a diversity of other herbaceous pollen, including members of the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Ranunculaceae. The assemblages do not resemble current North American tundra or boreal forest assemblages; rather, they resemble assemblages characteristic of tundra on recently exposed land surfaces north of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine. The persistence of the assemblages for 1500-2000 years in late-glacial time suggests stable and cold climate during this time of glacier retreat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2103","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Russell, E., and Stanford, S., 2000, Late-glacial environmental changes south of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine in the Eastern United States: Quaternary Research, v. 53, no. 1, p. 105-113, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2103.","startPage":"105","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208176,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2103"},{"id":233696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4568e4b0c8380cd672be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, E.W.B.","contributorId":26849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"E.W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanford, S.D.","contributorId":79932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanford","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023115,"text":"70023115 - 2000 - Influence of net freshwater supply on salinity in Florida Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T16:37:06","indexId":"70023115","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of net freshwater supply on salinity in Florida Bay","docAbstract":"An annual water budget for Florida Bay, the large, seasonally hypersaline estuary in the Everglades National Park, was constructed using physically based models and long‐term (31 years) data on salinity, hydrology, and climate. Effects of seasonal and interannual variations of the net freshwater supply (runoff plus rainfall minus evaporation) on salinity variation within the bay were also examined. Particular attention was paid to the effects of runoff, which are the focus of ambitious plans to restore and conserve the Florida Bay ecosystem. From 1965 to 1995 the annual runoff from the Everglades into the bay was less than one tenth of the annual direct rainfall onto the bay, while estimated annual evaporation slightly exceeded annual rainfall. The average net freshwater supply to the bay over a year was thus approximately zero, and interannual variations in salinity appeared to be affected primarily by interannual fluctuations in rainfall. At the annual scale, runoff apparently had little effect on the bay as a whole during this period. On a seasonal basis, variations in rainfall, evaporation, and runoff were not in phase, and the net freshwater supply to the bay varied between positive and negative values, contributing to a strong seasonal pattern in salinity, especially in regions of the bay relatively isolated from exchanges with the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean. Changes in runoff could have a greater effect on salinity in the bay if the seasonal patterns of rainfall and evaporation and the timing of the runoff are considered. One model was also used to simulate spatial and temporal patterns of salinity responses expected to result from changes in net freshwater supply. Simulations in which runoff was increased by a factor of 2 (but with no change in spatial pattern) indicated that increased runoff will lower salinity values in eastern Florida Bay, increase the variability of salinity in the South Region, but have little effect on salinity in the Central and West Regions.
Glassy bubble-wall fragments, morphologically similar to littoral limu o Pele, have been found in volcanic sands erupted on Lō'ihi Seamount and along the submarine east rift zone of Kīlauea Volcano. The limu o Pele fragments are undegassed with respect to H2O and S and formed by mild steam explosions. Angular glass sand fragments apparently form at similar, and greater, depths by cooling-contraction granulation. The limu o Pele fragments from Lō'ihi Seamount are dominantly tholeiitic basalt containing 6.25–7.25% MgO. None of the limu o Pele samples from Lō'ihi Seamount contains less than 5.57% MgO, suggesting that higher viscosity magmas do not form lava bubbles. The dissolved CO2 and H2O contents of 7 of the limu o Pele fragments indicate eruption at 1200±300 m depth (120±30 bar). These pressures exceed that generally thought to limit steam explosions. We conclude that hydrovolcanic eruptions are possible, with appropriate pre-mixing conditions, at pressures as great as 120 bar.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/PL00008910","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., Davis, A.S., Bischoff, J.L., Dixon, J., and Geyer, R., 2000, Lava bubble-wall fragments formed by submarine hydrovolcanic explosions on Lō'ihi Seamount and Kīlauea Volcano: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 61, no. 7, p. 437-449, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00008910.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"449","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano, Lō'ihi Seamount","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.2749252319336,\n 19.393420210896526\n ],\n [\n -155.2665138244629,\n 19.402163734150218\n ],\n [\n -155.2587890625,\n 19.407021044033193\n ],\n [\n -155.25466918945312,\n 19.409449644577496\n ],\n [\n -155.25054931640625,\n 19.410421074639856\n ],\n [\n -155.24780273437497,\n 19.408963927370102\n ],\n [\n -155.24110794067383,\n 19.409449644577496\n ],\n [\n -155.23921966552734,\n 19.41139249889879\n ],\n [\n -155.23956298828125,\n 19.413497231549684\n ],\n [\n -155.24127960205078,\n 19.41414483611448\n ],\n [\n -155.24351119995117,\n 19.41900178811697\n ],\n [\n -155.24831771850586,\n 19.42321102911835\n ],\n [\n -155.25535583496094,\n 19.428715256672362\n ],\n [\n -155.26016235351562,\n 19.43049599624706\n ],\n [\n -155.2690887451172,\n 19.43049599624706\n ],\n [\n -155.27320861816406,\n 19.43195295046888\n ],\n [\n -155.27990341186523,\n 19.4303341116379\n ],\n [\n -155.28745651245117,\n 19.421915889653373\n ],\n [\n -155.29518127441403,\n 19.41673522857577\n ],\n [\n -155.29552459716797,\n 19.41317342829992\n ],\n [\n -155.29809951782227,\n 19.411716305695418\n ],\n [\n -155.29294967651367,\n 19.39860161472401\n ],\n [\n -155.28470993041992,\n 19.397306279233554\n ],\n [\n -155.2749252319336,\n 19.393420210896526\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.3631591796875,\n 18.872503842809966\n ],\n [\n -155.2045440673828,\n 18.872503842809966\n ],\n [\n -155.2045440673828,\n 19.0082426940534\n ],\n [\n -155.3631591796875,\n 19.0082426940534\n ],\n [\n -155.3631591796875,\n 18.872503842809966\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a458be4b0c8380cd673ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dixon, J.E.","contributorId":53093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Geyer, R.","contributorId":10960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geyer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023174,"text":"70023174 - 2000 - Triggered surface slips in the Coachella Valley area associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and Landers, California, Earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T18:30:32.663565","indexId":"70023174","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Triggered surface slips in the Coachella Valley area associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and Landers, California, Earthquakes","docAbstract":"T
he Coachella Valley area was strongly shaken by the 1992 Joshua Tree (23 April) and Landers (28 June) earthquakes, and both events caused triggered slip on active faults within the area. Triggered slip associated with the Joshua Tree earthquake was on a newly recognized fault, the East Wide Canyon fault, near the southwestern edge of the Little San Bernardino Mountains. Slip associated with the Landers earthquake formed along the San Andreas fault in the southeastern Coachella Valley.
Surface fractures formed along the East Wide Canyon fault in association with the Joshua Tree earthquake. The fractures extended discontinuously over a 1.5-km stretch of the fault, near its southern end. Sense of slip was consistently right-oblique, west side down, similar to the long-term style of faulting. Measured offset values were small, with right-lateral and vertical components of slip ranging from 1 to 6 mm and 1 to 4 mm, respectively. This is the first documented historic slip on the East Wide Canyon fault, which was first mapped only months before the Joshua Tree earthquake. Surface slip associated with the Joshua Tree earthquake most likely developed as triggered slip given its 5 km distance from the Joshua Tree epicenter and aftershocks. As revealed in a trench investigation, slip formed in an area with only a thin (<3 m thick) veneer of alluvium in contrast to earlier documented triggered slip events in this region, all in the deep basins of the Salton Trough.
A paleoseismic trench study in an area of 1992 surface slip revealed evidence of two and possibly three surface faulting events on the East Wide Canyon fault during the late Quaternary, probably latest Pleistocene (first event) and mid- to late Holocene (second two events).
About two months after the Joshua Tree earthquake, the Landers earthquake then triggered slip on many faults, including the San Andreas fault in the southeastern Coachella Valley. Surface fractures associated with this event formed discontinuous breaks over a 54-km-long stretch of the fault, from the Indio Hills southeastward to Durmid Hill. Sense of slip was right-lateral; only locally was there a minor (∼1 mm) vertical component of slip. Measured dextral displacement values ranged from 1 to 20 mm, with the largest amounts found in the Mecca Hills where large slip values have been measured following past triggered-slip events.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0119980130","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Rymer, M.J., 2000, Triggered surface slips in the Coachella Valley area associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and Landers, California, Earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 4, p. 832-848, https://doi.org/10.1785/0119980130.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"832","endPage":"848","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coachella Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.0980224609375,\n 33.410809551114305\n ],\n [\n -116.0211181640625,\n 33.394759218577995\n ],\n [\n -116.04034423828125,\n 33.458942753687644\n ],\n [\n -116.05682373046875,\n 33.47727218776036\n ],\n [\n -116.026611328125,\n 33.50475906922609\n ],\n [\n -115.95794677734375,\n 33.51391942394942\n ],\n [\n -115.83160400390626,\n 33.44060944370356\n ],\n [\n -115.87554931640624,\n 33.5459730276919\n ],\n [\n -115.894775390625,\n 33.612331963363935\n ],\n [\n -115.97167968750001,\n 33.69006708322201\n ],\n [\n -116.0980224609375,\n 33.80197351806589\n ],\n [\n -116.21063232421875,\n 33.884097379274905\n ],\n [\n -116.34246826171874,\n 33.93652406150093\n ],\n [\n -116.45507812500001,\n 33.98664113654014\n ],\n [\n -116.58416748046875,\n 34.016241889667015\n ],\n [\n -116.64184570312501,\n 33.957030069982316\n ],\n [\n -116.68579101562499,\n 33.957030069982316\n ],\n [\n -116.69677734375,\n 33.91373381431625\n ],\n [\n -116.60888671874999,\n 33.87269600798948\n ],\n [\n -116.57592773437499,\n 33.8362013852728\n ],\n [\n -116.54022216796875,\n 33.758598560812004\n ],\n [\n -116.51550292968749,\n 33.78371305547283\n ],\n [\n -116.4715576171875,\n 33.770015152780125\n ],\n [\n -116.4111328125,\n 33.71977077483141\n ],\n [\n -116.4111328125,\n 33.678639851675555\n ],\n [\n -116.34796142578125,\n 33.715201644740844\n ],\n [\n -116.32049560546875,\n 33.71291698851023\n ],\n [\n -116.31500244140626,\n 33.660353121928814\n ],\n [\n -116.28753662109375,\n 33.65806700735442\n ],\n [\n -116.290283203125,\n 33.5963189611327\n ],\n [\n -116.2298583984375,\n 33.56199537293026\n ],\n [\n -116.1968994140625,\n 33.48185394054361\n ],\n [\n -116.0980224609375,\n 33.410809551114305\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb852e4b08c986b3277cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rymer, M. J.","contributorId":90694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023188,"text":"70023188 - 2000 - Bottom currents and sediment transport in Long Island Sound: A modeling study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T11:02:06","indexId":"70023188","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bottom currents and sediment transport in Long Island Sound: A modeling study","docAbstract":"A high resolution (300-400 m grid spacing), process oriented modeling study was undertaken to elucidate the physical processes affecting the characteristics and distribution of sea-floor sedimentary environments in Long Island Sound. Simulations using idealized forcing and high-resolution bathymetry were performed using a three-dimensional circulation model ECOM (Blumberg and Mellor, 1987) and a stationary shallow water wave model HISWA (Holthuijsen et al., 1989). The relative contributions of tide-, density-, wind- and wave-driven bottom currents are assessed and related to observed characteristics of the sea-floor environments, and simple bedload sediment transport simulations are performed. The fine grid spacing allows features with scales of several kilometers to be resolved. The simulations clearly show physical processes that affect the observed sea-floor characteristics at both regional and local scales. Simulations of near-bottom tidal currents reveal a strong gradient in the funnel-shaped eastern part of the Sound, which parallels an observed gradient in sedimentary environments from erosion or nondeposition, through bedload transport and sediment sorting, to fine-grained deposition. A simulation of estuarine flow driven by the along-axis gradient in salinity shows generally westward bottom currents of 2-4 cm/s that are locally enhanced to 6-8 cm/s along the axial depression of the Sound. Bottom wind-driven currents flow downwind along the shallow margins of the basin, but flow against the wind in the deeper regions. These bottom flows (in opposition to the wind) are strongest in the axial depression and add to the estuarine flow when winds are from the west. The combination of enhanced bottom currents due to both estuarine circulation and the prevailing westerly winds provide an explanation for the relatively coarse sediments found along parts of the axial depression. Climatological simulations of wave-driven bottom currents show that frequent high-energy events occur along the shallow margins of the Sound, explaining the occurrence of relatively coarse sediments in these regions. Bedload sediment transport calculations show that the estuarine circulation coupled with the oscillatory tidal currents result in a net westward transport of sand in much of the eastern Sound. Local departures from this regional westward trend occur around topographic and shoreline irregularities, and there is strong predicted convergence of bedload transport over most of the large, linear sand ridges in the eastern Sound, providing a mechanism which prevents their decay. The strong correlation between the near-bottom current intensity based on the model results and the sediment response, as indicated by the distribution of sedimentary environments, provides a framework for predicting the long-term effects of anthropogenic activities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., List, J.H., and Farris, A., 2000, Bottom currents and sediment transport in Long Island Sound: A modeling study: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 551-566.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"551","endPage":"566","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345057,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4300070"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":" Long Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.5,\n 40.51797520038851\n ],\n [\n -71.5,\n 40.51797520038851\n ],\n [\n -71.5,\n 41.226183305514596\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 41.226183305514596\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 40.51797520038851\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f227e4b0c8380cd4b036","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farris, A.S.","contributorId":98477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023196,"text":"70023196 - 2000 - A new ichnospecies of Nereites from carboniferous tidal-flat facies of eastern Kansas, USA: Implications for the Nereites-Neonereites debate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-30T16:43:26.557719","indexId":"70023196","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A new ichnospecies of Nereites from carboniferous tidal-flat facies of eastern Kansas, USA: Implications for the Nereites-Neonereites debate","title":"A new ichnospecies of Nereites from carboniferous tidal-flat facies of eastern Kansas, USA: Implications for the Nereites-Neonereites debate","docAbstract":"Predominantly horizontal, gently curved to slightly sinuous traces constituting uniserial rows of imbricated, subspherical sediment pads occur in Pennsylvanian tidal-flat facies of eastern Kansas. These traces exhibit a complex, actively filled internal structure. The presence of a median tunnel enveloped by overlapping pads of reworked sediment indicates that these biogenic structures should be included in the ichnogenus Nereites MacLeay in Murchison, 1839. A new ichnospecies, N. imbricata, is erected. Externally, Nereites imbricata differs from the other Nereites ichnospecies by the large, tightly packed, imbricated pads that commonly result in an annulated appearance on bedding-planes. Internally, obliquely arranged, arcuate laminae envelope the median tunnel and tend to follow the outline of the external semispherical pads. Additionally, the behavioral pattern reflected by N. imbricata is less specialized than that of the other Nereites ichnospecies. Eione monoliformis Tate, 1859 resembles N. imbricata in general appearence, but lack the diagnostic Nereites internal structure, and is invariably preserved as positive epireliefs. Occurrence of Nereites imbricata as both median tunnels surrounded by reworked sediment (Nereites preservation) and uniserial rows of imbricated sediment pads (Neonereites preservation) supports the notion that Neonereites Seilacher, 1960 is a preservational variant of Nereites. The ichnogenus Nereites is an eurybathic form and is a common component of Paleozoic shallow-marine facies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<0149:ANIONF>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Mangano, M., Buatois, L., Maples, C., and West, R., 2000, A new ichnospecies of Nereites from carboniferous tidal-flat facies of eastern Kansas, USA: Implications for the Nereites-Neonereites debate: Journal of Paleontology, v. 74, no. 1, p. 149-157, https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<0149:ANIONF>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"157","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.54736328125,\n 39.99395569397331\n ],\n [\n -98.50341796875,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -94.6142578125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -94.58129882812499,\n 39.18969082109678\n ],\n [\n -94.779052734375,\n 39.2832938689385\n ],\n [\n -95.042724609375,\n 39.554883059924016\n ],\n [\n -94.866943359375,\n 39.757879992021756\n ],\n [\n -94.910888671875,\n 39.90130858574735\n ],\n [\n -95.33935546875,\n 40.019201307686785\n ],\n [\n -98.54736328125,\n 39.99395569397331\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a3e4b0c8380cd467c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangano, M.G.","contributorId":7432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangano","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buatois, L.A.","contributorId":40740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buatois","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maples, C.G.","contributorId":7425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maples","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"West, R.R.","contributorId":37491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023207,"text":"70023207 - 2000 - New Lower Mississippian Trilobites from the Chouteau Group of Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70023207","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":790,"text":"Annals of Carnegie Museum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New Lower Mississippian Trilobites from the Chouteau Group of Missouri","docAbstract":"Reexamination of existing trilobite collections from the Kinderhookian (Lower Mississippian) Chouteau Group of central and northeastern Missouri indicates that two different suites of trilobites are present in these two areas of the state. Moreover, the study of these collections has led to the erection of a new genus and four new species. The new genus, Ameropiltonia, is based on a new species, A. lauradanae. This genus and species is commonly confused with Breviphillipsia sampsoni (Vogdes). Elliptophillipsia rotundus, n. sp., differs from the type species of this genus by possessing a rounded frontal lobe to the glabella. The other new species, Perexigupyge chouteauensis and Richterella hessleri, are present in the Compton Limestone of Marion and Ralls counties of northeastern Missouri. Variations in trilobite species found in the Compton Limestone of central Missouri and the northeastern part of the state are interpreted to be environmentally related. It appears that the lime mudstone and wackestone lithologies characteristic of the Compton Limestone of central Missouri were deposited in a low-energy, subtidal shelf setting. The lime packstone-grainstone strata of northeastern Missouri are interpreted to have formed as a tidal sand belt on the eastern margin of the Burlington shelf.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of Carnegie Museum","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00974463","usgsCitation":"Brezinski, D., 2000, New Lower Mississippian Trilobites from the Chouteau Group of Missouri: Annals of Carnegie Museum, v. 69, no. 2, p. 135-144.","startPage":"135","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6521e4b0c8380cd72b12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brezinski, D. K.","contributorId":39010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brezinski","given":"D. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023224,"text":"70023224 - 2000 - Preliminary report on the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector mine, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T17:22:05.36156","indexId":"70023224","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary report on the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector mine, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"The Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake occurred at 9:46 GMT on 16 October 1999. The event caused minimal damage because it was located in a remote, sparsely populated part of the Mojave Desert, approximately 47 miles east-southeast of Barstow, with epicentral coordinates 34.59°N 116.27°W and a hypocentral depth of 5 ± 3 km. Twelve foreshocks, M 1.9-3.8, preceded the mainshock during the previous twelve hours. All of these events were located close to the hypocenter of the mainshock.
The Hector Mine earthquake occurred within the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ). By virtue of its remote location, the societal impact of the Hector Mine earthquake was, fortunately, minimal in spite of the event's appreciable size. The ECSZ is characterized by high seismicity, a high tectonic strain rate, and a broad, distributed zone of north-northwest-trending faults (ECSZ; Figure 1; Dokka and Travis, 1990; Sauber et al., 1986; Sauber et al., 1994; Sieh et al., 1993). Data regarding the slip rates of faults within the ECSZ suggest that on the order of 15% of the Pacific-North American plate motion occurs along this zone (Sauber et al., 1986; Wesnousky, 1986). Most of the faults in the ECSZ have low slip rates and long repeat times for major earthquakes, on the order of several thousands to tens of thousands of years. The occurrence of the Hector Mine earthquake within seven years and only about 30 km east of the 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers earthquake suggests that the closely spaced surface faults in the ECSZ are mechanically related.
The Hector Mine event involved rupture on two previously mapped fault zones—the Bullion Fault and an unnamed, more northerly-trending fault that is informally referred to in this paper as the Lavic Lake Fault (Dibblee, 1966, 1967a,b). Traces of the Bullion Fault exhibit evidence of Holocene displacement and were zoned as active in 1988 under California's Mquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (Hart and Bryant, 1997). The pattern of rupture along more than one named fault was also observed from the 1992 Landers earthquake (Hauksson et al., 1993; Sieh et al., 1994).
Much of the fault zone that produced the Hector Mine earthquake had been buried by relatively young stream deposits, and the fault scarps in bedrock have a subdued morphology. It appears that these faults have not experienced significant offset for perhaps 10,000 years or more (Hart, 1987). Planned future investigations will refine the age of the last event on these faults. The portion of the Lavic Lake Fault that ruptured between the northern end of the Bullion Mountains and Lavic Lake had not previously been mapped. However, our field investigations have identified ancient, subdued fault scarps along portions of the 1999 rupture zone in this area. It thus appears that the entire segment of the Lavic Lake Fault that was involved in the 1999 event had ruptured in the past. As is typical for most faults within the Eastern California Shear Zone, the rate of movement along the Lavic Lake Fault may be quite slow (<1 mm/yr) and should produce earthquakes only infrequently. This event is a reminder that faults that have ruptured in late Quaternary time, but that lack evidence of Holocene displacement, can still produce earthquakes in this low-slip-rate tectonic setting.
Additionally, the Hector Mine earthquake is noteworthy for a couple of other reasons. First, it clearly produced triggered seismicity over much of southern California, from the rupture zone toward the south-southwest in particular. Second, as we will discuss, the event may provide new data and insight into recently developed paradigms concerning earthquake interactions and the role of static stress changes.
Questions such as these will, of course, be the subject of extensive detailed analyses in years to come. Fortunately, the Hector Mine sequence will provide one of the best data sets obtained to date for a significant earthquake in the United States. Because it occurred when major upgrades to both the regional seismic network (TriNet) and the regional geodetic network (SCIGN) were well underway, the Earth science community will have abundant high-quality data with which to explore the important and interesting questions that have been raised. In this paper, we present and discuss the basic data and preliminary results from the Hector Mine earthquake.
Pesticide occurrence and concentrations were evaluated in the San Joaquin River Basin to determine potential sources and mode of transport. Land use in the basin is mainly agricultural. Spatial variations in pesticide occurrence were evaluated in relation to pesticide application and cropping patterns in three contrasting subbasins and at the mouth of the basin. Temporal variability in pesticide occurrence was evaluated by fixed interval sampling and by sampling across the hydrograph during winter storms. Four herbicides (simazine, metolachlor, dacthal, and EPTC) and two insecticides (diazinon and chlorpyrifos) were detected in more than 50 percent of the samples. Temporal, and to a lesser extent spatial, variation in pesticide occurrence is usually consistent with pesticide application and cropping patterns. Diazinon concentrations changed rapidly during winter storms, and both eastern and western tributaries contributed diazinon to the San Joaquin River at concentrations toxic to the water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia at different times during the hydrograph. During these storms, toxic concentrations resulted from the transport of only a very small portion of the applied diazinon.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Agrochemical fate and movement","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/bk-2000-0751.ch020","issn":"00976156","usgsCitation":"Dubrovsky, N.M., Kratzer, C.R., Panshin, S.Y., Gronberg, J.M., and Kuivila, K., 2000, Pesticide transport in the San Joaquin River Basin, in Agrochemical fate and movement, v. 751, p. 306-322, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0751.ch020.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"306","endPage":"322","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.531005859375,\n 36.328402729422656\n ],\n [\n -119.83886718750001,\n 36.69485094156225\n ],\n [\n -119.36645507812499,\n 36.99816565700228\n ],\n [\n -119.54223632812501,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 37.60987994374712\n ],\n [\n -119.9102783203125,\n 37.896530447543\n ],\n [\n -119.90478515625,\n 38.238180119798635\n ],\n [\n -120.25634765624999,\n 38.52668162061619\n ],\n [\n -120.56396484375,\n 38.66835610151506\n ],\n [\n -120.39916992187499,\n 38.8824811975508\n ],\n [\n -120.794677734375,\n 39.049052206453524\n ],\n [\n -121.497802734375,\n 38.59970036588819\n ],\n [\n -122.10205078125,\n 38.53097889440024\n ],\n [\n -122.08007812499999,\n 38.28993659801203\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 37.84883250647402\n ],\n [\n -121.76696777343749,\n 37.74465712069939\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 37.63163475580643\n ],\n [\n -121.40991210937499,\n 37.47921744485059\n ],\n [\n -121.19018554687499,\n 37.09900294387622\n ],\n [\n -121.1517333984375,\n 36.76969233214548\n ],\n [\n -120.948486328125,\n 36.76529191711624\n ],\n [\n -120.97595214843749,\n 36.58465761247169\n ],\n [\n -120.531005859375,\n 36.328402729422656\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"751","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7722e4b0c8380cd78429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dubrovsky, Neil M. 0000-0001-7786-1149 nmdubrov@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-1149","contributorId":1799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"Neil","email":"nmdubrov@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kratzer, Charles R.","contributorId":30619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Panshin, Sandra Y.","contributorId":46126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panshin","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gronberg, JoAnn M. 0000-0003-4822-7434 jmgronbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-7434","contributorId":3548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gronberg","given":"JoAnn","email":"jmgronbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kuivila, Kathryn M. 0000-0001-7940-489X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-489X","contributorId":260408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"Kathryn M.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022108,"text":"70022108 - 2000 - Coordinated strike-slip and normal faulting in the Southern Ozark dome of Northern Arkansas: Deformation in a late Paleozoic foreland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-21T16:38:06.303947","indexId":"70022108","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coordinated strike-slip and normal faulting in the Southern Ozark dome of Northern Arkansas: Deformation in a late Paleozoic foreland","docAbstract":"Structures that formed on the southern flank of the Ozark dome, in the foreland of the late Paleozoic Ouachita orogeny, have received little modern study. New mapping of the western Buffalo River region of northern Arkansas identifies diversely oriented faults and monoclinal folds that displace the generally flat lying Mississippian Boone Formation over a 180 m elevation range. Kinematic measurements and spatial relations reveal the presence of both east-striking normal faults and broader northeast-striking dextral strike-slip fault zones that acted in a coordinated fashion to accommodate constrictional strain, in which north-south extension was balanced by vertical and east-directed shortening. North-south extension in the Buffalo River region probably reflects Pennsylvanian-Early Permian deformation within the flexural forebulge of the developing Ouachita orogeny, which closed progressively westward along the southern margin of the craton.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<511:CSANFI>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Hudson, M., 2000, Coordinated strike-slip and normal faulting in the Southern Ozark dome of Northern Arkansas: Deformation in a late Paleozoic foreland: Geology, v. 28, no. 6, p. 511-514, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<511:CSANFI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"511","endPage":"514","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Ozark dome, Ozark Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.63623046875,\n 36.518465989675875\n ],\n [\n -94.449462890625,\n 35.45172093634465\n ],\n [\n -92.16430664062499,\n 35.44277092585766\n ],\n [\n -92.120361328125,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -94.63623046875,\n 36.518465989675875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbece4b0c8380cd4e037","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, M.R.","contributorId":68317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022116,"text":"70022116 - 2000 - Late Albian Kiowa-Skull Creek marine transgression, lower Dakota Formation, eastern margin of Western Interior Seaway, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T20:00:30.130018","indexId":"70022116","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Albian Kiowa-Skull Creek marine transgression, lower Dakota Formation, eastern margin of Western Interior Seaway, U.S.A","docAbstract":"An integrated geochemical-sedimentological project is studying the paleoclimatic and paleogeographic characteristics of the mid-Cretaceous greenhouse world of western North America. A critical part of this project, required to establish a temporal framework, is a stratigraphic study of depositional relationships between the Albian-Cenomanian Dakota and the Upper Albian Kiowa formations of the eastern margin of the Western Interior Seaway (WIS). Palynostratigraphic and sedimentologic analyses provide criteria for the Dakota Formation to be divided into three sedimentary sequences bounded by unconformities (D0, D1, and D2) that are recognized from western Iowa to westernmost Kansas. The lowest of these sequences, defined by unconformities D0 and D1, is entirely Upper Albian, and includes the largely nonmarine basal Dakota (lower part of the Nishnabotna Member) strata in western Iowa and eastern Nebraska and the marine Kiowa Formation to the southwest in Kansas. The gravel-rich fluvial deposits of the basal part of the Nishnabotna Member of the Dakota Formation correlate with transgressive marine shales of the Kiowa Formation. This is a critical relationship to establish because of the need to correlate between marine and nonmarine strata that contain both geochronologic and paleoclimatic proxy data.
The basal gravel facies (up to 40 m thick in western Iowa) aggraded in incised valleys during the Late Albian Kiowa-Skull Creek marine transgression. In southeastern Nebraska, basal gravels intertongue with carbonaceous mudrocks that contain diverse assemblages of Late Albian palynomorphs, including marine dinoflagellates and acritarchs. This palynomorph assemblage is characterized by occurrences of palynomorph taxa not known to range above the Albian Kiowa-Skull Creek depositional cycle elsewhere in the Western Interior, and correlates to the lowest of four generalized palynostratographic units that are comparable to other palynological sequences elsewhere in North America.
Tidal rhythmites in mudrocks at the Ash Grove Cement Quarry in Louisville (Cass County), Nebraska record well-developed diurnal and semimonthly tidal cycles, and moderately well developed semiannual cycles. These tidal rhythmites are interpreted to have accumulated during rising sea level at the head of a paleoestuary that experienced at least occasional mesotidal conditions. This scenario places the gravel-bearing lower part of the Nishnabotna Member of the Dakota Formation in the mouth of an incised valley of an Upper Albian transgressive systems tract deposited along a tidally influenced coast. Furthermore, it provides a depositional setting consistent with the biostratigraphic correlation of the lower part of the Nishnabotna Member of the Dakota Formation to the marine Kiowa Formation of Kansas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.1306/2DC4093E-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D","issn":"15271404","usgsCitation":"Brenner, R.L., Ludvigson, G.A., Witzke, B., Zawistoski, A., Kvale, E., Ravn, R., and Joeckel, R.M., 2000, Late Albian Kiowa-Skull Creek marine transgression, lower Dakota Formation, eastern margin of Western Interior Seaway, U.S.A: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 70, no. 4, p. 868-878, https://doi.org/10.1306/2DC4093E-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"868","endPage":"878","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.41326904296874,\n 42.48222557002593\n ],\n [\n -95.21026611328125,\n 42.48425110546248\n ],\n [\n -95.21575927734375,\n 43.50274467820439\n ],\n [\n -96.60552978515625,\n 43.50075243569041\n ],\n [\n -96.59454345703125,\n 43.48082639482503\n ],\n [\n -96.61651611328125,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -96.60552978515625,\n 43.43497155337347\n ],\n [\n -96.580810546875,\n 43.42898792344155\n ],\n [\n -96.5478515625,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -96.52862548828125,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -96.53411865234375,\n 43.345154990451135\n ],\n [\n -96.53411865234375,\n 43.31118965238512\n ],\n [\n -96.59454345703125,\n 43.313188139196406\n ],\n [\n -96.59454345703125,\n 43.27320591705845\n ],\n [\n -96.5643310546875,\n 43.25520534158046\n ],\n [\n -96.580810546875,\n 43.241201214257885\n ],\n [\n -96.57257080078125,\n 43.22118973298753\n ],\n [\n -96.53961181640625,\n 43.22118973298753\n ],\n [\n -96.51214599609375,\n 43.2151850073567\n ],\n [\n -96.48468017578125,\n 43.22118973298753\n ],\n [\n -96.47369384765625,\n 43.159112387154174\n ],\n [\n -96.45172119140624,\n 43.12905229628564\n ],\n [\n -96.48193359375,\n 43.09897742494981\n ],\n [\n -96.46270751953125,\n 43.08293145035436\n ],\n [\n -96.52862548828125,\n 43.052833917627936\n ],\n [\n -96.50665283203124,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -96.536865234375,\n 42.98656732912335\n ],\n [\n -96.52587890625,\n 42.96446257387128\n ],\n [\n -96.55059814453125,\n 42.93430692117159\n ],\n [\n -96.55059814453125,\n 42.896088552971065\n ],\n [\n -96.56982421875,\n 42.84777884235988\n ],\n [\n -96.61102294921875,\n 42.80144655484334\n ],\n [\n -96.64947509765625,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -96.6412353515625,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -96.6522216796875,\n 42.73087427928485\n ],\n [\n -96.62750244140625,\n 42.696567309696974\n ],\n [\n -96.59454345703125,\n 42.68041629144619\n ],\n [\n -96.53961181640625,\n 42.62991729384455\n ],\n [\n -96.5093994140625,\n 42.5733097370664\n ],\n [\n -96.49566650390625,\n 42.54296310520116\n ],\n [\n -96.50665283203124,\n 42.51867517417283\n ],\n [\n -96.48193359375,\n 42.49032731830467\n ],\n [\n -96.41326904296874,\n 42.48222557002593\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4544e4b0c8380cd67188","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brenner, Richard L.","contributorId":94457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brenner","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13387,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game - Commercial Fisheries, P.O. Box 669, Cordova, AK 99574","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludvigson, Greg A.","contributorId":80803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludvigson","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Witzke, B.J.","contributorId":12976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzke","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zawistoski, A.N.","contributorId":76901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zawistoski","given":"A.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kvale, E.P.","contributorId":76076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvale","given":"E.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ravn, R.L.","contributorId":39155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ravn","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Joeckel, R. M.","contributorId":37103,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Joeckel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70022145,"text":"70022145 - 2000 - Potential seismic hazards and tectonics of the upper Cook Inlet basin, Alaska, based on analysis of Pliocene and younger deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-08T17:00:17.093999","indexId":"70022145","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential seismic hazards and tectonics of the upper Cook Inlet basin, Alaska, based on analysis of Pliocene and younger deformation","docAbstract":"The Cook Inlet basin is a northeast-trending forearc basin above the Aleutian subduction zone in southern Alaska. Folds in Cook Inlet are complex, discontinuous structures with variable shape and vergence that probably developed by right-transpressional deformation on oblique-slip faults extending downward into Mesozoic basement beneath the Tertiary basin. The most recent episode of deformation may have began as early as late Miocene time, but most of the deformation occurred after deposition of much of the Pliocene Sterling Formation. Deformation continued into Quaternary time, and many structures are probably still active. One structure, the Castle Mountain fault, has Holocene fault scarps, an adjacent anticline with flower structure, and historical seismicity. If other structures in Cook Inlet are active, blind faults coring fault-propagation folds may generate Mw 6–7+ earthquakes. Dextral transpression of Cook Inlet appears to have been driven by coupling between the North American and Pacific plates along the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone, and by lateral escape of the forearc to the southwest, due to collision and indentation of the Yakutat terrane 300 km to the east of the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1414:PSHATO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Haeussler, P.J., Bruhn, R.L., and Pratt, T.L., 2000, Potential seismic hazards and tectonics of the upper Cook Inlet basin, Alaska, based on analysis of Pliocene and younger deformation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 9, p. 1414-1429, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1414:PSHATO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1414","endPage":"1429","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.5,\n 60\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 60\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -152.5,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -152.5,\n 60\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f5de4b0c8380cd7aab1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruhn, Ronald L.","contributorId":179363,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bruhn","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13028,"text":"Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pratt, Thomas L. 0000-0003-3131-3141 tpratt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-3141","contributorId":3279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thomas","email":"tpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022185,"text":"70022185 - 2000 - Paleogene strata of the Eastern Los Angeles basin, California: Paleogeography and constraints on neogene structural evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T13:33:32.014754","indexId":"70022185","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleogene strata of the Eastern Los Angeles basin, California: Paleogeography and constraints on neogene structural evolution","docAbstract":"Post-Paleogene dextral slip of 8–9 km is demonstrated for the southeastern part of the Whittier fault zone in the eastern Los Angeles basin area of southern California. A linear axis of greatest thickness for the combined upper Paleocene and lower to lower-middle Eocene clastic formations intersects the fault zone and is offset by it to give the new measure. Fragmentary evidence hints that the Whittier structural zone may have exerted control on bathymetric-topographic relief and sedimentation even in latest Paleocene (ca. 54 Ma). A clear topographic influence was exerted by 20–17 Ma. Strike-slip and present deformational style is younger than ca. 8 Ma.
Our Paleogene isopach map extends as far west as long 117°58′W and is a foundation for companion zonal maps of predominant lithology and depositional environments. Integration of new palynological data with published biostratigraphic results and both new and published lithologic and sedimentological interpretations support the zonal maps. Reconstruction of marine-nonmarine facies and fragmented basin margins yields a model for the northeastern corner of a Paleogene coastal basin.
Palinspastic adjustment for the Neogene–Quaternary Whittier fault offset and a reasoned westerly extension of the northern edge of the basin model yield a reconstruction of Paleogene paleogeography-paleoceanography. Our reconstruction is based partly on the absence of both Paleocene and Eocene deposits beneath the unconformable base of the middle Miocene Topanga Group in a region nowhere less than 15 km wide between the Raymond–Sierra Madre–Cucamonga fault zone and the northern edge of the Paleocene basin. Thus, Paleogene strata of the Santa Monica Mountains could not have been offset from the northern extension of the Santa Ana Mountains by sinistral slip on those boundary faults. Structural rearrangements needed to accommodate the clockwise rotation of the western Transverse Ranges from the early Miocene starting position are thereby fixed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1155:PSOTEL>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"McCulloh, T.H., Beyer, L.A., and Enrico, R., 2000, Paleogene strata of the Eastern Los Angeles basin, California: Paleogeography and constraints on neogene structural evolution: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 8, p. 1155-1178, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1155:PSOTEL>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1155","endPage":"1178","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Los Angeles basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.641357421875,\n 33.08693925905123\n ],\n [\n -117.1746826171875,\n 33.08693925905123\n ],\n [\n -117.1746826171875,\n 34.42503613021332\n ],\n [\n -118.641357421875,\n 34.42503613021332\n ],\n [\n -118.641357421875,\n 33.08693925905123\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73eae4b0c8380cd7730d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCulloh, T. H.","contributorId":106494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloh","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beyer, L. A.","contributorId":63403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Enrico, R.J.","contributorId":40372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enrico","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022231,"text":"70022231 - 2000 - Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T13:57:35.832482","indexId":"70022231","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912","docAbstract":"In June 1912, the world's largest twentieth century eruption broke out through flat-lying sedimentary rocks of Jurassic age near the base of Trident volcano on the Alaska Peninsula. The 60 h ash-flow and Plinian eruptive sequence excavated and subsequently backfilled with ejecta a flaring funnel-shaped vent since called Novarupta. The vent is adjacent to a cluster of late Quaternary stratocones and domes that have released about 140 km3 of magma in the past 150 k.y. Although the 1912 vent is closest to the Trident group and is also close to Mageik and Griggs volcanoes, it was the summit of Mount Katmai, 10 km east of Novarupta, that collapsed during the eruption to form a 5.5 km3 caldera. Many earthquakes, including 14 in the range M 6−7, took place during and after the eruption, releasing 250 times more seismic energy than the 1991 caldera-forming eruption of the Philippine volcano, Pinatubo. The contrast in seismic behavior may reflect the absence of older caldera faults at Mount Katmai, lack of upward (subsidence opposing) magma flow owing to lateral magma withdrawal in 1912, and the horizontally stratified structure of the thick shale-rich Mesozoic basement. The Katmai caldera compensates for only 40% of the 13 km3 of 1912 magma erupted, which included 7–8 km3 of slightly zoned high-silica rhyolite and 4.5 km3 of crystal-rich dacite that grades continuously into 1 km3 of crystal-rich andesite. We have now mapped, sampled, and studied the products of all 20 components of the Katmai volcanic cluster. Pyroxene dacite and silicic andesite predominate at all of them, and olivine andesite is also common at Griggs, Katmai, and Trident volcanoes, but basalt and rhyodacite have erupted only at Mount Katmai. Rhyolite erupted only in 1912 and is otherwise absent among Quaternary products of the cluster. Pleistocene products of Mageik and Trident and all products of Griggs are compositionally distinguishable from those of 1912 at Novarupta. Holocene products of Mount Martin and Trident are closer in composition to the andesite-dacite array of 1912, but they reveal consistent differences. The affinity of the 1912 suite is closest with the array of products erupted by the Southwest Katmai cone, the edifice that had produced the only pre-1912 rhyodacite as well as the largest prehistoric Plinian eruption in the cluster. It is doubtful that any 1912 magma had been stored beneath Novarupta or Trident, and there is no evidence that more than one magma chamber erupted in 1912. Despite a compositional gap separating the aphyric rhyolite from the very crystal-rich andesite-dacite continuum, isotopic and chemical affinities linking all the 1912 ejecta and the continuity of all those ejecta in magmatic temperature and oxygen fugacity suggest that the rhyolite originated principally by incremental upward expulsion of interstitial melt from subjacent andesite-dacite mush. A large reservoir of such hot crystal mush is required both as the residue of rhyolitic melt separation and as a proximate heat source to thermally sustain the nearly aphyric condition of the overlying rhyolite. A model is presented for a unitary zoned chamber beneath Mount Katmai.
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We compare Manatee feeding behaviour in these two regions, examine the ecological effects of Manatee grazing on a seagrass community in the Indian River Lagoon, describe the utility of aerial surveys, radio tracking, and seagrass mapping to study Manatee feeding patterns, and develop hypotheses on sirenian feeding strategies in temperate and tropical seagrass communities. In both the Indian River Lagoon and Puerto Rico, Manatees were typically observed grazing in water depths = 2.0 m and more frequently on the most abundant seagrasses present in the community: Halodule wrightii in the Indian River Lagoon and Thalassia testudinum in eastern Puerto Rico. Where both H. wrightii and Syringodium filiforme were consumed in the Indian River Lagoon, Manatees tended to remove more S. filiforme than H. wrightii rhizome + root biomass. Even though 80 to 95% of the short-shoot biomass and 50 to 67% of the rhizome + root biomass were removed, grazed patches of H. wrightii and S. filiforme recovered significantly between February and August. H. wrightii may be both more resistant and resilient than S. filiforme to the impacts of Manatee grazing. Despite the significantly greater abundance of T. testudinum in Puerto Rico, Manatees exhibited selective feeding by returning to specific sites with abundant H. wrightii. They also appeared to feed selectively on T. testudinum shoots associated with clumps of the calcareous alga Halimeda opuntia. We hypothesize that Florida Manatees are less specialized seagrass grazers than Manatees in tropical regions like Puerto Rico. Continued research on Manatee grazing ecology in temperate to tropical seagrass communities will enable better protection and management of these vital and unique marine resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/PC000289","issn":"10382097","usgsCitation":"Lefebvre, L., Reid, J., Kenworthy, W., and Powell, J.A., 2000, Characterizing Manatee habitat use and seagrass grazing in Florida and Puerto Rico: Implications for conservation and management: Pacific Conservation Biology, v. 5, no. 4, p. 289-298, https://doi.org/10.1071/PC000289.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"298","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230862,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Indian River Lagoon, Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.24685502704206,\n 27.659995443096804\n ],\n [\n -80.28320524463025,\n 25.358280112331073\n ],\n [\n -67.4486017620163,\n 17.582914321540265\n ],\n [\n -67.28439393987686,\n 17.93611074683737\n ],\n [\n -71.81768691494513,\n 24.630470200343936\n ],\n [\n -80.24685502704206,\n 27.659995443096804\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4ede4b0c8380cd4bfe4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lefebvre, L.W.","contributorId":78268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lefebvre","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, J.P. 0000-0002-8497-1132","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-1132","contributorId":59372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kenworthy, W.J.","contributorId":79656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenworthy","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Powell, J. A.","contributorId":69916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022555,"text":"70022555 - 2000 - Global characteristics of stream flow seasonality and variability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-30T17:50:10.704218","indexId":"70022555","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global characteristics of stream flow seasonality and variability","docAbstract":"Monthly stream flow series from 1345 sites around the world are used to characterize geographic differences in the seasonality and year-to-year variability of stream flow. Stream flow seasonality varies regionally, depending on the timing of maximum precipitation, evapotranspiration, and contributions from snow and ice. Lags between peaks of precipitation and stream flow vary smoothly from long delays in high-latitude and mountainous regions to short delays in the warmest sectors. Stream flow is most variable from year to year in dry regions of the southwest United States and Mexico, the Sahel, and southern continents, and it varies more (relatively) than precipitation in the same regions. Tropical rivers have the steadiest flows. El Niño variations are correlated with stream flow in many parts of the Americas, Europe, and Australia. Many stream flow series from North America, Europe, and the Tropics reflect North Pacific climate, whereas series from the eastern United States, Europe, and tropical South America and Africa reflect North Atlantic climate variations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0289:GCOSFS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"1525755X","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., and Diaz, H.F., 2000, Global characteristics of stream flow seasonality and variability: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 1, no. 4, p. 289-310, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0289:GCOSFS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"310","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479248,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0289:gcosfs>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a293de4b0c8380cd5a7a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":394065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diaz, Henry F.","contributorId":68476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6341,"text":"pp1609 - 2000 - Diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Upper Mississippian Aux Vases Sandstone, Illinois Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-14T22:52:38.948613","indexId":"pp1609","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1609","title":"Diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Upper Mississippian Aux Vases Sandstone, Illinois Basin","docAbstract":"Conventional reservoir quality data for more than 300 wells provided by the Illinois and Indiana state geological surveys were analyzed to determine the factors governing porosity and permeability in the Upper Mississippian Aux Vases Sandstone, an important hydrocarbon-producing unit in the Illinois Basin. In addition, approximately 150 samples of the Aux Vases Sandstone were collected for mineralogical and geochemical analysis to reconstruct the burial and diagenetic history and to establish the timing of diagenesis relative to the entrapment of hydrocarbons. One aspect of the study involved linking inorganic and organic diagenesis to late Paleozoic tectonism and hydrothermal fluid-flow events in the region.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1609","usgsCitation":"Pitman, J.K., Henry, M.E., and Leetaru, H.E., 2000, Diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Upper Mississippian Aux Vases Sandstone, Illinois Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1609, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1609.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395962,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22656.htm"},{"id":33681,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1609/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1609/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Illinois River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 38.57393751557591\n ],\n [\n -87.769775390625,\n 38.57393751557591\n ],\n [\n -87.769775390625,\n 41.69752591075902\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 41.69752591075902\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 38.57393751557591\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dc38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X jpitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet","email":"jpitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":152545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henry, Mitchell E.","contributorId":57447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Mitchell","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leetaru, Hannes E.","contributorId":75909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leetaru","given":"Hannes","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6326,"text":"pp1605 - 2000 - Are North Slope surface alluvial fans pre-Holocene relicts?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-14T19:24:09.21735","indexId":"pp1605","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1605","title":"Are North Slope surface alluvial fans pre-Holocene relicts?","docAbstract":"The surface morphology of the northern slope of the Brooks Range (North Slope) from the Canning River, Alaska, eastward is dominated by a series of large alluvial fans and braided streams floored by coarse alluvium. On the basis of our studies, we conclude that the fans are not prograding now nor have they been prograding at any time during the Holocene. During the latest transgression and the following sea-level highstand, the North Slope depositional environment and climate probably differed greatly from the present ones.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1605","usgsCitation":"Reimnitz, E., and Wolf, S.C., 2000, Are North Slope surface alluvial fans pre-Holocene relicts? (Online Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1605, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1605.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9266,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1605/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":139536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp1605.gif"},{"id":279117,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1605/pp1605.pdf"},{"id":395908,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80743.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -146.75,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -139,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -139,\n 70.15\n ],\n [\n -146.75,\n 70.15\n ],\n [\n -146.75,\n 69.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Online Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db6742e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimnitz, Erk","contributorId":17963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimnitz","given":"Erk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolf, Stephen C.","contributorId":38148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27807,"text":"wri004172 - 2000 - Simulation of the recharge area for Frederick Springs, Dane County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T13:23:32","indexId":"wri004172","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4172","title":"Simulation of the recharge area for Frederick Springs, Dane County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The Pheasant Branch watershed in Dane County is expected to undergo development. There are concerns that this development will adversely affect water resources, including Frederick Springs, a large spring complex in the watershed. The spring's recharge area was delineated using a telescopic mesh refinement (TMR) model constructed from an existing regional-scale ground-water flow model, and further refined by adding nearby surface-water features, a refined recharge array based on a surface-water model, and increasing the vertical leakage between the deep aquifers. This TMR model was formally optimized using the parameter estimation code UCODE. The results of optimization demonstrated that the best fit to measured heads and fluxes was obtained by using a horizontal hydraulic conductivity two times that of the original regional model for layer 2 and 80 percent smaller for layer 3. This range of parameter values was formally considered using a stochastic Monte Carlo approach.
\nTwo-hundred model runs used uniformly distributed, randomly sampled, horizontal hydraulic conductivity values within the range given by the TMR optimized values and the previously constructed regional model. A probability distribution of particles captured by the spring, or a probabilistic capture zone' was calculated from the realistic Monte Carlo results (136 runs of 200). In addition to portions of the local surface watershed, the capture zone encompassed distant areas in the North Fork of the Pheasant Branch watershed and areas entirely outside of the Pheasant Branch - demonstrating that the ground-watershed and surface watershed do not coincide.
\nAnalysis of samples from the springs and a nearby municipal well identified large contrasts in chemistry, even for springs within 50 feet of one another. The differences were stable over time, were present in both ion and isotope analyses, and showed a distinct gradation from high nitrate, high calcium, Ordovician-carbonate dominated water in western spring vents to low nitrate, lower calcium, Cambrian-sandstone influenced water in eastern spring vents. The difference in chemistry was attributed to distinctive bedrock geology as demonstrated by overlaying the 50 percent probability capture zone over a bedrock geology map for the area. This finding gives additional confidence to the capture zone calculated by the ground-water flow model.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004172","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Middleton, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., and Steuer, J.J., 2000, Simulation of the recharge area for Frederick Springs, Dane County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4172, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004172.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4172/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56639,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4172/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2149,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wrir-00-4172/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","otherGeospatial":"Frederick Springs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.59796905517578,\n 43.021466606767234\n ],\n [\n -89.59796905517578,\n 43.14984543526719\n ],\n [\n -89.48501586914062,\n 43.14984543526719\n ],\n [\n -89.48501586914062,\n 43.021466606767234\n ],\n [\n -89.59796905517578,\n 43.021466606767234\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1fdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steuer, J. J.","contributorId":12430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steuer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":42963,"text":"ofr9920C - 2000 - Stratigraphic sections and equivalent uranium (eU), Meade Peak phosphatic shale member of Permian Phosphoria Formation, east-central part of Rasmussen Ridge, Caribou County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T21:14:39.107965","indexId":"ofr9920C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-20","chapter":"C","title":"Stratigraphic sections and equivalent uranium (eU), Meade Peak phosphatic shale member of Permian Phosphoria Formation, east-central part of Rasmussen Ridge, Caribou County, Idaho","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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