{"pageNumber":"2710","pageRowStart":"67725","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":70026183,"text":"70026183 - 2004 - The influence of groundwater chemistry on arsenic concentrations and speciation in a quartz sand and gravel aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:10:33","indexId":"70026183","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1755,"text":"Geochemical Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of groundwater chemistry on arsenic concentrations and speciation in a quartz sand and gravel aquifer","docAbstract":"

We examined the chemical reactions influencing dissolved concentrations, speciation, and transport of naturally occurring arsenic (As) in a shallow, sand and gravel aquifer with distinct geochemical zones resulting from land disposal of dilute sewage effluent. The principal geochemical zones were: (1) the uncontaminated zone above the sewage plume [350 μM dissolved oxygen (DO), pH 5.9]; (2) the suboxic zone (5 μM DO, pH 6.2, elevated concentrations of sewage-derived phosphate and nitrate); and (3) the anoxic zone [dissolved iron(II) 100–300 μM, pH 6.5–6.9, elevated concentrations of sewage-derived phosphate]. Sediments are comprised of greater than 90% quartz but the surfaces of quartz and other mineral grains are coated with nanometer-size iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) oxides and/or silicates, which control the adsorption properties of the sediments. Uncontaminated groundwater with added phosphate (620 μM) was pumped into the uncontaminated zone while samples were collected 0.3 m above the injection point. Concentrations of As(V) increased from below detection (0.005 μM) to a maximum of 0.07 μM during breakthrough of phosphate at the sampling port; As(III) concentrations remained below detection. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that naturally occurring As(V) adsorbed to constituents of the coatings on grain surfaces was desorbed by phosphate in the injected groundwater. Also consistent with this hypothesis, vertical profiles of groundwater chemistry measured prior to the tracer test showed that dissolved As(V) concentrations increased along with dissolved phosphate from below detection in the uncontaminated zone to approximately 0.07 and 70 μM, respectively, in the suboxic zone. Concentrations of As(III) were below detection in both zones. The anoxic zone had approximately 0.07 μM As(V) but also had As(III) concentrations of 0.07–0.14 μM, suggesting that release of As bound to sediment grains occurred by desorption by phosphate, reductive dissolution of Fe oxides, and reduction of As(V) to As(III), which adsorbs only weakly to the Fe-oxide-depleted material in the coatings. Results of reductive extractions of the sediments suggest that As associated with the coatings was relatively uniformly distributed at approximately 1 nmol/g of sediment (equivalent to 0.075 ppm As) and comprised 20%-50% of the total As in the sediments, determined from oxidative extractions. Quartz sand aquifers provide high-quality drinking water but can become contaminated when naturally occurring arsenic bound to Fe and Al oxides or silicates on sediment surfaces is released by desorption and dissolution of Fe oxides in response to changing chemical conditions.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1063/1.1738211","issn":"14674866","usgsCitation":"Kent, D., and Fox, P., 2004, The influence of groundwater chemistry on arsenic concentrations and speciation in a quartz sand and gravel aquifer: Geochemical Transactions, v. 5, no. 1, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1738211.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478301,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1738211","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208736,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1738211"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad25e4b08c986b3239ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kent, D.B.","contributorId":16588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fox, P.M.","contributorId":47949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027023,"text":"70027023 - 2004 - Atmospherically transported elements and deposition in the Southeastern United States: Local or transoceanic?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70027023","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Atmospherically transported elements and deposition in the Southeastern United States: Local or transoceanic?","docAbstract":"Saharan dust is persistently transported and deposited in ecosystems of the western Atlantic Ocean. This dust is an aggregate of clay and quartz particles cemented with Fe oxides. Samples collected and analyzed from Mali (central Africa), the Azores, the Caribbean and the Eastern United States document the levels of minor and trace metals in the dust. Metal loadings, particularly the toxic elements - Hg and As, are significantly higher than average crustal rocks. Over the past decade, the focus has been to understand the cycling of Hg in south Florida, but As has received very little attention. Arsenic in the sediment deposited in the past decade in south Florida averages 14 mg/kg and appears to be correlated with Al, a proxy for dust. The largest available aerosol data set containing As is the IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) data set. The average concentrations in aerosols collected during this program range from 17 mg/kg in the Virgin Islands to 79 mg/kg at Chassahowitzka, Florida. At Chassahowitzka, most of the As appears to be associated with organic C. If it is assumed that the concentrations in Mali dust and in the aerosols in the Virgin Islands are indicative of soil dust, then the higher values at Chassahowitzka may be derived from local or regional sources. A simple calculation indicates that African dust supplies about 25% of the As deposited from aerosols in the southeastern United States. Comparison of the average yearly As concentrations measured in the Virgin Islands and Everglades shows a negative relationship with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). This relationship demonstrates the influence of climate on the transport and deposition of aerosols to the southeastern United States.","largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.01.015","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Holmes, C.W., and Miller, R., 2004, Atmospherically transported elements and deposition in the Southeastern United States: Local or transoceanic?, in Applied Geochemistry, v. 19, no. 7, p. 1189-1200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.01.015.","startPage":"1189","endPage":"1200","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209318,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.01.015"}],"volume":"19","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eec7e4b0c8380cd49f56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, C. W.","contributorId":36076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, R.","contributorId":19118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026987,"text":"70026987 - 2004 - The freshwater transport and dynamics of the western Maine coastal current","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T15:21:18","indexId":"70026987","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The freshwater transport and dynamics of the western Maine coastal current","docAbstract":"

Observations in the Gulf of Maine, USA, were used to characterize the freshwater transport, temporal variability and dynamics of the western Maine coastal current. These observations included moored measurements, multiple hydrographic surveys, and drifter releases during April–July of 1993 and 1994. There is a strong seasonal signal in salinity and along-shore velocity of the coastal current, caused by the freshwater inputs of the rivers entering the western Gulf. Surface salinity within the coastal current during the spring freshet is typically 2 psu below ambient, and along-shore currents in the surface layer are directed southwestward at speeds of 0.10–0.20 m s−1, occasionally reaching 0.50 m s−1. The plume thickness is typically 10–20 m in water depths of 50–100 m, thus it is well isolated from the bottom over most of its areal extent. The along-coast freshwater transport within the plume varies considerably due to variations in wind stress, but on time scales of weeks to months it follows the variations of riverine input, with a time lag consistent with the advective velocity. Less than half of the transport of the coastal current is explained by the baroclinic gradient; the barotropic forcing associated with the larger-scale dynamics of the Gulf of Maine accounts for about 60% of the transport. The volume of freshwater transport in the coastal current exceeds the local riverine input of fresh water by 30%, suggesting a significant contribution of freshwater transport from the St. John River, 500 km northeastward. The measurements within the western Maine coastal current, however, indicate a significant decrease in the baroclinic transport of fresh water along the coast, with an e-folding scale of approximately 200 km.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2004.04.001","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Geyer, W., Signell, R.P., Fong, D., Wang, J., Anderson, D., and Keafer, B., 2004, The freshwater transport and dynamics of the western Maine coastal current: Continental Shelf Research, v. 24, no. 12, p. 1339-1357, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.04.001.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1339","endPage":"1357","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.5484619140625,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -68,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -68,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -71.5484619140625,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -71.5484619140625,\n 44.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac2ce4b08c986b323305","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geyer, W.R.","contributorId":62355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geyer","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fong, D.A.","contributorId":27624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wang, Jingyuan","contributorId":10771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Jingyuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, D.M.","contributorId":32294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Keafer, B.A.","contributorId":77343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keafer","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026936,"text":"70026936 - 2004 - Survival estimates for Florida manatees from the photo-identification of individuals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-16T08:29:32","indexId":"70026936","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival estimates for Florida manatees from the photo-identification of individuals","docAbstract":"

We estimated adult survival probabilities for the endangered Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in four regional populations using photo-identification data and open-population capture-recapture statistical models. The mean annual adult survival probability over the most recent 10-yr period of available estimates was as follows: Northwest - 0.956 (SE 0.007), Upper St. Johns River - 0.960 (0.011), Atlantic Coast - 0.937 (0.008), and Southwest - 0.908 (0.019). Estimates of temporal variance independent of sampling error, calculated from the survival estimates, indicated constant survival in the Upper St. Johns River, true temporal variability in the Northwest and Atlantic Coast, and large sampling variability obscuring estimates for the Southwest. Calf and subadult survival probabilities were estimated for the Upper St. Johns River from the only available data for known-aged individuals: 0.810 (95% CI 0.727-0.873) for 1st year calves, 0.915 (0.827-0.960) for 2nd year calves, and 0.969 (0.946-0.982) for manatee 3 yr or older. These estimates of survival probabilities and temporal variance, in conjunction with estimates of reproduction probabilities from photoidentification data can be used to model manatee population dynamics, estimate population growth rates, and provide an integrated measure of regional status.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01171.x","issn":"08240469","usgsCitation":"Langtimm, C., Beck, C., Edwards, H., Fick-Child, K.J., Ackerman, B., Barton, S., and Hartley, W., 2004, Survival estimates for Florida manatees from the photo-identification of individuals: Marine Mammal Science, v. 20, no. 3, p. 438-463, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01171.x.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"438","endPage":"463","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478222,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01171.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2bde4b08c986b31f90a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langtimm, C.A. 0000-0001-8499-5743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5743","contributorId":71133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Langtimm","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beck, C.A. 0000-0002-5388-5418","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5388-5418","contributorId":78674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, H.H.","contributorId":99924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fick-Child, K. J.","contributorId":34698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fick-Child","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ackerman, B.B.","contributorId":31698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barton, S.L.","contributorId":73964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hartley, W.C.","contributorId":97462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartley","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70026990,"text":"70026990 - 2004 - Evaluation of cage micro-environment of mice housed on various types of bedding materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026990","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1332,"text":"Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of cage micro-environment of mice housed on various types of bedding materials","docAbstract":"A variety of environmental factors can affect the outcomes of studies using laboratory rodents. One such factor is bedding. Several new bedding materials and processing methods have been introduced to the market in recent years, but there are few reports of their performance. In the studies reported here, we have assessed the cage micro-environment (in-cage ammonia levels, temperature, and humidity) of mice housed on various kinds of bedding and their combinations. We also compared results for bedding supplied as Nestpaks versus loose bedding. We studied C57BL/6J mice (commonly used) and NOD/LtJ mice (heavy soilers) that were maintained, except in one study, in static duplex cages. In general, we observed little effect of bedding type on in-cage temperature or humidity; however, there was considerable variation in ammonia concentrations. The lowest ammonia concentrations occurred in cages housing mice on hardwood bedding or a mixture of corncob and alpha cellulose. In one experiment comparing the micro-environments of NOD/LtJ male mice housed on woodpulp fiber bedding in static versus ventilated caging, we showed a statistically significant decrease in ammonia concentrations in ventilated cages. Therefore, our data show that bedding type affects the micro-environment in static cages and that effects may differ for ventilated cages, which are being used in vivaria with increasing frequency.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10600558","usgsCitation":"Smith, E., Stockwell, J., Schweitzer, I., Langley, S., and Smith, A.L., 2004, Evaluation of cage micro-environment of mice housed on various types of bedding materials: Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science, v. 43, no. 4, p. 12-17.","startPage":"12","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c62e4b0c8380cd52b0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, E.","contributorId":75267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stockwell, J.D.","contributorId":19678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockwell","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweitzer, I.","contributorId":85382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Langley, S.H.","contributorId":33105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langley","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, A. L.","contributorId":15336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026315,"text":"70026315 - 2004 - Migration of dispersive GPR data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026315","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Migration of dispersive GPR data","docAbstract":"Electrical conductivity and dielectric and magnetic relaxation phenomena cause electromagnetic propagation to be dispersive in earth materials. Both velocity and attenuation may vary with frequency, depending on the frequency content of the propagating energy and the nature of the relaxation phenomena. A minor amount of velocity dispersion is associated with high attenuation. For this reason, measuring effects of velocity dispersion in ground penetrating radar (GPR) data is difficult. With a dispersive forward model, GPR responses to propagation through materials with known frequency-dependent properties have been created. These responses are used as test data for migration algorithms that have been modified to handle specific aspects of dispersive media. When either Stolt or Gazdag migration methods are modified to correct for just velocity dispersion, the results are little changed from standard migration. For nondispersive propagating wavefield data, like deep seismic, ensuring correct phase summation in a migration algorithm is more important than correctly handling amplitude. However, the results of migrating model responses to dispersive media with modified algorithms indicate that, in this case, correcting for frequency-dependent amplitude loss has a much greater effect on the result than correcting for proper phase summation. A modified migration is only effective when it includes attenuation recovery, performing deconvolution and migration simultaneously.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR 2004","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR 2004","conferenceDate":"21 June 2004 through 24 June 2004","conferenceLocation":"Delft","language":"English","isbn":"9090179593","usgsCitation":"Powers, M., and Oden, C., 2004, Migration of dispersive GPR data, in Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR 2004, v. 1, Delft, 21 June 2004 through 24 June 2004, p. 333-336.","startPage":"333","endPage":"336","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233967,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5707e4b0c8380cd6d9d6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Slob E.Yarovoy A.Rhebergen J.B.","contributorId":128406,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Slob E.Yarovoy A.Rhebergen J.B.","id":536592,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Powers, M.H.","contributorId":40352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oden, C.P.","contributorId":13413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oden","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027044,"text":"70027044 - 2004 - Chondrichthyans from the Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Naco Formation of central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-16T11:09:08","indexId":"70027044","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2491,"text":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chondrichthyans from the Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Naco Formation of central Arizona","docAbstract":"

Teeth, spines, and dermal denticles of chondrichthyans are reported from the Middle Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Naco Formation of central Arizona. The most common elements are crushing teeth of the cochliodont Deltodus angularis, less common are teeth of D. sublaevis, Venustodus leidyi, Lagarodus angustus, “Cladodus” occidentalis, Petalodus ohioensis, Orodus sp., and Hybodontoidea. Fin spines of Acondylacanthus sp., Amelacanthus sp., and Physonemus sp., and the dermal denticle Petrodus patelliformis are also present. The material of Venustodus leidyi shows for the first time that this animal was heterodont, having arched anterior teeth with a v-shaped profile grading posteriorly into lower crescentic, and finally flattened teeth. Lagarodus angustus is shown to have at least three tooth morphotypes, and a new tooth arrangement is proposed in which small anterior teeth are replaced posteriorly by large crushing teeth arranged in whorls.

This fauna is similar to others in New Mexico, Colorado, and Ohio and constitutes a western extension of such faunas in North America. In addition, the presence of Deltodus sublaevis and Lagarodus angustus documents a range extension from a known European distribution, reinforcing the cosmopolitan nature of chondrichthyan faunas at this time.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology","doi":"10.1671/1978","issn":"02724634","usgsCitation":"Elliott, D., Irmis, R., Hansen, M.C., and Olson, T., 2004, Chondrichthyans from the Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Naco Formation of central Arizona: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 24, no. 2, p. 268-280, https://doi.org/10.1671/1978.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"268","endPage":"280","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5d6e4b0c8380cd4c458","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, D.K.","contributorId":40088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irmis, R.B.","contributorId":13498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irmis","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hansen, Michael C.","contributorId":67612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":16232,"text":"Ohio Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Olson, T.J.","contributorId":31269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027098,"text":"70027098 - 2004 - Use of medium-range numerical weather prediction model output to produce forecasts of streamflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-22T15:27:56.250143","indexId":"70027098","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of medium-range numerical weather prediction model output to produce forecasts of streamflow","docAbstract":"

This paper examines an archive containing over 40 years of 8-day atmospheric forecasts over the contiguous United States from the NCEP reanalysis project to assess the possibilities for using medium-range numerical weather prediction model output for predictions of streamflow. This analysis shows the biases in the NCEP forecasts to be quite extreme. In many regions, systematic precipitation biases exceed 100% of the mean, with temperature biases exceeding 3°C. In some locations, biases are even higher. The accuracy of NCEP precipitation and 2-m maximum temperature forecasts is computed by interpolating the NCEP model output for each forecast day to the location of each station in the NWS cooperative network and computing the correlation with station observations. Results show that the accuracy of the NCEP forecasts is rather low in many areas of the country. Most apparent is the generally low skill in precipitation forecasts (particularly in July) and low skill in temperature forecasts in the western United States, the eastern seaboard, and the southern tier of states. These results outline a clear need for additional processing of the NCEP Medium-Range Forecast Model (MRF) output before it is used for hydrologic predictions. Techniques of model output statistics (MOS) are used in this paper to downscale the NCEP forecasts to station locations. Forecasted atmospheric variables (e.g., total column precipitable water, 2-m air temperature) are used as predictors in a forward screening multiple linear regression model to improve forecasts of precipitation and temperature for stations in the National Weather Service cooperative network. This procedure effectively removes all systematic biases in the raw NCEP precipitation and temperature forecasts. MOS guidance also results in substantial improvements in the accuracy of maximum and minimum temperature forecasts throughout the country. For precipitation, forecast improvements were less impressive. MOS guidance increases he accuracy of precipitation forecasts over the northeastern United States, but overall, the accuracy of MOS-based precipitation forecasts is slightly lower than the raw NCEP forecasts. Four basins in the United States were chosen as case studies to evaluate the value of MRF output for predictions of streamflow. Streamflow forecasts using MRF output were generated for one rainfall-dominated basin (Alapaha River at Statenville, Georgia) and three snowmelt-dominated basins (Animas River at Durango, Colorado: East Fork of the Carson River near Gardnerville, Nevada: and Cle Elum River near Roslyn, Washington). Hydrologic model output forced with measured-station data were used as \"truth\" to focus attention on the hydrologic effects of errors in the MRF forecasts. Eight-day streamflow forecasts produced using the MOS-corrected MRF output as input (MOS) were compared with those produced using the climatic Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) technique. MOS-based streamflow forecasts showed increased skill in the snowmelt-dominated river basins, where daily variations in streamflow are strongly forced by temperature. In contrast, the skill of MOS forecasts in the rainfall-dominated basin (the Alapaha River) were equivalent to the skill of the ESP forecasts. Further improvements in streamflow forecasts require more accurate local-scale forecasts of precipitation and temperature, more accurate specification of basin initial conditions, and more accurate model simulations of streamflow. 

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Culann-Tohil region of Io from Galileo imaging data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-06T11:47:29","indexId":"70027181","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping of the Culann-Tohil region of Io from Galileo imaging data","docAbstract":"

We have used Galileo spacecraft data to produce a geomorphologic map of the Culann–Tohil region of Io's antijovian hemisphere. This region includes a newly discovered shield volcano, Tsũi Goab Tholus and a neighboring bright flow field, Tsũi Goab Fluctus, the active Culann Patera and the enigmatic Tohil Mons-Radegast Patera–Tohil Patera complex. Analysis of Voyager global color and Galileo Solid-State Imaging (SSI) high-resolution, regional (50–330 m/pixel), and global color (1.4 km/pixel) images, along with available Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) data, suggests that 16 distinct geologic units can be defined and characterized in this region, including 5 types of diffuse deposits. Tsũi Goab Fluctus is the center of a low-temperature hotspot detected by NIMS late during the Galileo mission, and could represent the best case for active effusive sulfur volcanism detected by Galileo. The Culann volcanic center has produced a range of explosive and effusive deposits, including an outer yellowish ring of enhanced sulfur dioxide (SO2), an inner red ring of SO2with short-chain sulfur (S3–S4) contaminants, and two irregular green diffuse deposits (one in Tohil Patera) apparently produced by the interaction of dark, silicate lava flows with sulfurous contaminants ballistically-emplaced from Culann's eruption plume(s). Fresh and red-mantled dark lava flows west of the Culann vent can be contrasted with unusual red–brown flows east of the vent. These red–brown flows have a distinct color that is suggestive of a compositional difference, although whether this is due to surface alteration or distinct lava compositions cannot be determined. The main massif of Tohil Mons is covered with ridges and grooves, defining a unit of tectonically disrupted crustal materials. Tohil Mons also contains a younger unit of mottled crustal materials that were displaced by mass wasting processes. Neighboring Radegast Patera contains a NIMS hotspot and a young lava lake of dark silicate flows, whereas the southwest portion of Tohil Patera contains white flow-like units, perhaps consisting of ‘ponds’ of effusively emplaced SO2. From 0°–15° S the hummocky bright plains unit away from volcanic centers contains scarps, grooves, pits, graben, and channel-like features, some of which have been modified by erosion. Although the most active volcanic centers appear to be found in structural lows (as indicated by mapping of scarps), DEMs derived from stereo images show that, with the exception of Tohil Mons, there is less than 1 km of relief in the Culann–Tohil region. There is no discernable correlation between centers of active volcanism and topography.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2003.08.024","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Williams, D., Schenk, P., Moore, J., Keszthelyi, L., Turtle, E.P., Jaeger, W.L., Radebaugh, J., Milazzo, M.P., Lopes, R., and Greeley, R., 2004, Mapping of the Culann-Tohil region of Io from Galileo imaging data: Icarus, v. 169, no. 1, p. 80-97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2003.08.024.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209173,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2003.08.024"},{"id":235412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"169","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a506ae4b0c8380cd6b6a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, D.A.","contributorId":98048,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7114,"text":"Arizona State Unviersity","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schenk, Paul M.","contributorId":66946,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schenk","given":"Paul M.","affiliations":[{"id":12445,"text":"Lunar and Planetary Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, Jeffrey M.","contributorId":102585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Jeffrey M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Turtle, Elizabeth P.","contributorId":45443,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turtle","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jaeger, Windy L.","contributorId":61679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaeger","given":"Windy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Radebaugh, Jani","contributorId":101792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radebaugh","given":"Jani","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Milazzo, Moses P. 0000-0002-9101-2191 moses@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-2191","contributorId":4811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milazzo","given":"Moses","email":"moses@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lopes, Rosaly","contributorId":210492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopes","given":"Rosaly","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Greeley, Ronald","contributorId":20833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70026985,"text":"70026985 - 2004 - Revisiting the 23 February 1892 Laguna Salada earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026985","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Revisiting the 23 February 1892 Laguna Salada earthquake","docAbstract":"According to some compilations, the Laguna Salada, Baja California, earthquake of 23 February 1892 ranks among the largest earthquakes in California and Baja California in historic times. Although surface rupture was not documented at the time of the earthquake, recent geologic investigations have identified and mapped a rupture on the Laguna Salada fault that can be associated with high probability with the 1892 event (Mueller and Rockwell, 1995). The only intensity-based magnitude estimate for the earthquake, M 7.8, was made by Strand (1980) based on an interpretation of macroseismic effects and a comparison of isoseismal areas with those from instrumentally recorded earthquakes. In this study we reinterpret original accounts of the Laguna Salada earthquake. We assign modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) values in keeping with current practice, focusing on objective descriptions of damage rather than subjective human response and not assigning MMI values to effects that are now known to be poor indicators of shaking level, such as liquefaction and rockfalls. The reinterpreted isoseismal contours and the estimated magnitude are both significantly smaller than those obtained earlier. Using the method of Bakun and Wentworth (1997) we obtain a magnitude estimate of M 7.2 and an optimal epicenter less than 15 km from the center of the mapped Laguna Salada rupture. The isoseismal contours are elongated toward the northwest, which is qualitatively consistent with a directivity effect, assuming that the fault ruptured from southeast to northwest. We suggest that the elongation may also thus reflect wave propagation effects, with more efficient propagation of crustal surface (Lg) waves in the direction of the overall regional tectonic fabric.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/012003244","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., and Elliot, A., 2004, Revisiting the 23 February 1892 Laguna Salada earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 4, p. 1571-1578, https://doi.org/10.1785/012003244.","startPage":"1571","endPage":"1578","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478241,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1235799","text":"External Repository"},{"id":209264,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/012003244"},{"id":235547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad2be4b0c8380cd86e48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliot, A.","contributorId":38339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliot","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026606,"text":"70026606 - 2004 - Rupture models with dynamically determined breakdown displacement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026606","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rupture models with dynamically determined breakdown displacement","docAbstract":"The critical breakdown displacement, Dc, in which friction drops to its sliding value, can be made dependent on event size by specifying friction to be a function of variables other than slip. Two such friction laws are examined here. The first is designed to achieve accuracy and smoothness in discrete numerical calculations. Consistent resolution throughout an evolving rupture is achieved by specifying friction as a function of elapsed time after peak stress is reached. Such a time-weakening model produces Dc and fracture energy proportional to the square root of distance rupture has propagated in the case of uniform stress drop. The second friction law is more physically motivated. Energy loss in a damage zone outside the slip zone has the effect of increasing Dc and limiting peak slip velocity (Andrews, 1976). This article demonstrates a converse effect, that artificially limiting slip velocity on a fault in an elastic medium has a toughening effect, increasing fracture energy and Dc proportionally to rupture propagation distance in the case of uniform stress drop. Both the time-weakening and the velocity-toughening models can be used in calculations with heterogeneous stress drop.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120030142","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Andrews, D., 2004, Rupture models with dynamically determined breakdown displacement: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 3, p. 769-775, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030142.","startPage":"769","endPage":"775","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208357,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120030142"},{"id":234060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaed5e4b0c8380cd87244","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, D.J.","contributorId":7416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027017,"text":"70027017 - 2004 - Radon (222Rn) in ground water of fractured rocks: A diffusion/ion exchange model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:55:57","indexId":"70027017","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radon (222Rn) in ground water of fractured rocks: A diffusion/ion exchange model","docAbstract":"

Ground waters from fractured igneous and high‐grade sialic metamorphic rocks frequently have elevated activity of dissolved radon (222Rn). A chemically based model is proposed whereby radium (226Ra) from the decay of uranium (238U) diffuses through the primary porosity of the rock to the water‐transmitting fracture where it is sorbed on weathering products. Sorption of 226Ra on the fracture surface maintains an activity gradient in the rock matrix, ensuring a continuous supply of 226Ra to fracture surfaces. As a result of the relatively long half‐life of 226Ra (1601 years), significant activity can accumulate on fracture surfaces. The proximity of this sorbed 226Ra to the active ground water flow system allows its decay progeny 222Rn to enter directly into the water. Laboratory analyses of primary porosity and diffusion coefficients of the rock matrix, radon emanation, and ion exchange at fracture surfaces are consistent with the requirements of a diffusion/ion‐exchange model. A dipole‐brine injection/withdrawal experiment conducted between bedrock boreholes in the high‐grade metamorphic and granite rocks at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States (42°56′N, 71°43′W) shows a large activity of 226Ra exchanged from fracture surfaces by a magnesium brine. The 226Ra activity removed by the exchange process is 34 times greater than that of 238U activity. These observations are consistent with the diffusion/ion‐exchange model. Elutriate isotopic ratios of 223Ra/226Ra and 238U/226Ra are also consistent with the proposed chemically based diffusion/ion‐exchange model.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02624.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., Kraemer, T.F., and Shapiro, A., 2004, Radon (222Rn) in ground water of fractured rocks: A diffusion/ion exchange model: Ground Water, v. 42, no. 4, p. 552-567, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02624.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"552","endPage":"567","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209265,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02624.x"}],"volume":"42","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9433e4b0c8380cd8126e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraemer, T. F.","contributorId":63400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraemer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shapiro, A.","contributorId":8268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026676,"text":"70026676 - 2004 - Mechanisms of electron acceptor utilization: Implications for simulating anaerobic biodegradation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026676","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanisms of electron acceptor utilization: Implications for simulating anaerobic biodegradation","docAbstract":"Simulation of biodegradation reactions within a reactive transport framework requires information on mechanisms of terminal electron acceptor processes (TEAPs). In initial modeling efforts, TEAPs were approximated as occurring sequentially, with the highest energy-yielding electron acceptors (e.g. oxygen) consumed before those that yield less energy (e.g., sulfate). Within this framework in a steady state plume, sequential electron acceptor utilization would theoretically produce methane at an organic-rich source and Fe(II) further downgradient, resulting in a limited zone of Fe(II) and methane overlap. However, contaminant plumes often display much more extensive zones of overlapping Fe(II) and methane. The extensive overlap could be caused by several abiotic and biotic processes including vertical mixing of byproducts in long-screened monitoring wells, adsorption of Fe(II) onto aquifer solids, or microscale heterogeneity in Fe(III) concentrations. Alternatively, the overlap could be due to simultaneous utilization of terminal electron acceptors. Because biodegradation rates are controlled by TEAPs, evaluating the mechanisms of electron acceptor utilization is critical for improving prediction of contaminant mass losses due to biodegradation. Using BioRedox-MT3DMS, a three-dimensional, multi-species reactive transport code, we simulated the current configurations of a BTEX plume and TEAP zones at a petroleum- contaminated field site in Wisconsin. Simulation results suggest that BTEX mass loss due to biodegradation is greatest under oxygen-reducing conditions, with smaller but similar contributions to mass loss from biodegradation under Fe(III)-reducing, sulfate-reducing, and methanogenic conditions. Results of sensitivity calculations document that BTEX losses due to biodegradation are most sensitive to the age of the plume, while the shape of the BTEX plume is most sensitive to effective porosity and rate constants for biodegradation under Fe(III)-reducing and methanogenic conditions. Using this transport model, we had limited success in simulating overlap of redox products using reasonable ranges of parameters within a strictly sequential electron acceptor utilization framework. Simulation results indicate that overlap of redox products cannot be accurately simulated using the constructed model, suggesting either that Fe(III) reduction and methanogenesis are occurring simultaneously in the source area, or that heterogeneities in Fe(III) concentration and/or mineral type cause the observed overlap. Additional field, experimental, and modeling studies will be needed to address these questions. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2004.01.004","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Schreiber, M., Carey, G., Feinstein, D.T., and Bahr, J., 2004, Mechanisms of electron acceptor utilization: Implications for simulating anaerobic biodegradation: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 73, no. 1-4, p. 99-127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2004.01.004.","startPage":"99","endPage":"127","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208410,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2004.01.004"},{"id":234144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a536ee4b0c8380cd6ca9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schreiber, M.E.","contributorId":35920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiber","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carey, G.R.","contributorId":18938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carey","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feinstein, D. T.","contributorId":47328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinstein","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bahr, J.M.","contributorId":62346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahr","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026866,"text":"70026866 - 2004 - Geologic history of natural coal-bed fires, Powder River basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70026866","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic history of natural coal-bed fires, Powder River basin, USA","docAbstract":"Coal-bed fires ignited by natural processes have baked and fused overlying sediments to form clinker, a hard red or varicolored rock, through much of the northern Great Plains of the United States (USA). The gently dipping coal beds in the region burn when regional downwasting brings them above the local water table. The resulting clinker forms a rim along the exposed edge of the coal bed in an ongoing process through geologic time. The resistant clinker is left capping buttes and ridges after the softer unbaked strata erode away. Clinker outcrops cover more than 4100 km2 in the Powder River basin (PRB), which lies in Wyoming (WY) and Montana (MT). The clinker in place records tens of billions of tons of coal that have burned, releasing gases into the atmosphere. The amount of clinker that has eroded away was at least an order of magnitude greater than the clinker that remains in place. Fission-track and uranium-thorium/ helium ages of detrital zircon crystals in clinker, and paleomagnetic ages of clinker, show that coal beds have burned naturally during at least the past 4 million years (Ma). The oldest in-place clinker that has been dated, collected from a high, isolated, clinker-capped ridge, has a fission track age of 2.8??0.6 Ma. Evidence of erosion and downcutting is also preserved by clinker clasts in gravel terraces. One clinker boulder in a terrace 360 m above the Yellowstone River has a fission track age of 4.0??0.7 Ma. Coal-bed fires are caused by lightning, wildfires, spontaneous combustion, or human activity on coal outcrops and in mines. Miners, government agencies, and ranchers have extinguished thousands of coal bed fires, but natural ignition continues where fresh coal has access to air. At any given time, hundreds of fires, mostly small, are burning. In the Powder River basin, the total amount of coal burned by natural fires in the last 2 Ma is one to two orders of magnitude greater than the total amount of coal removed by mining in the past century. However, current annual rates of coal mining are three to four orders of magnitude greater than estimated prehistoric annual rates of coal consumption by natural fires. ?? 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2003.07.002","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Heffern, E., and Coates, D.A., 2004, Geologic history of natural coal-bed fires, Powder River basin, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 59, no. 1-2, p. 25-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.07.002.","startPage":"25","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209187,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.07.002"},{"id":235430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a197ce4b0c8380cd559e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heffern, E.L.","contributorId":76400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heffern","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coates, D. A.","contributorId":63096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"D.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027045,"text":"70027045 - 2004 - Modelling effects of discharge on habitat quality and dispersal of juvenile humpback chub (Gila cypha) in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70027045","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling effects of discharge on habitat quality and dispersal of juvenile humpback chub (Gila cypha) in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model was applied to seven study reaches in the Colorado River within Grand Canyon to examine how operation of Glen Canyon Dam has affected availability of suitable shoreline habitat and dispersal of juvenile humpback chub (Gila cypha). Suitable shoreline habitat typically declined with increasing discharges above 226-425 m3/s, although the response varied among modelled reaches and was strongly dependent on local morphology. The area of suitable shoreline habitat over cover types that are preferred by juvenile humpback chub, however, stayed constant, and in some reaches, actually increased with discharge. In general, changes in discharge caused by impoundment tended to decrease availability of suitable shoreline habitat from September to February, but increased habitat availability in spring (May-June). Hourly variation in discharge from Glen Canyon Dam substantially reduced the amount of persistent shoreline habitat at all reaches. Changes in suitable shoreline habitat with discharge were shown to potentially bias historical catch per unit effort indices of native fish abundance up to fourfold. Physical retention of randomly placed particles simulating the movement of juvenile humpback chub in the study reaches tended to decline with increasing discharge, but the pattern varied considerably due to differences in the local morphology among reaches and the type of swimming behaviour modelled. Implications of these results to current hypotheses about the effects of Glen Canyon Dam on juvenile humpback chub survival in the mainstern Colorado River are discussed. ?? 2004 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"River Research and Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/rra.749","issn":"15351459","usgsCitation":"Korman, J., Wiele, S., and Torizzo, M., 2004, Modelling effects of discharge on habitat quality and dispersal of juvenile humpback chub (Gila cypha) in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon: River Research and Applications, v. 20, no. 4, p. 379-400, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.749.","startPage":"379","endPage":"400","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209166,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.749"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c68e4b0c8380cd6fc8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Korman, J.","contributorId":99925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korman","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiele, S.M.","contributorId":100027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiele","given":"S.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Torizzo, M.","contributorId":97685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torizzo","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1016277,"text":"1016277 - 2004 - Spatial and temporal patterns of debris flow deposition in the Oregon Coast Range, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-03T12:31:30","indexId":"1016277","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2311,"text":"Journal of Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of debris flow deposition in the Oregon Coast Range, USA","docAbstract":"

Patterns of debris-flow occurrence were investigated in 125 headwater basins in the Oregon Coast Range. Time since the previous debris-flows was established using dendrochronology, and recurrence interval estimates ranged from 98 to 357 years. Tributary basins with larger drainage areas had a greater abundance of potential landslide source areas and a greater frequency of scouring events compared to smaller basins. The flux rate of material delivered to the confluence with a larger river influenced the development of small-scale debris-flow fans. Fans at the mouths of tributary basins with smaller drainage areas had a higher likelihood of being eroded by the mainstem river in the interval between debris-flows, compared to bigger basins that had larger, more persistent fans. Valley floor width of the receiving channel also influenced fan development because it limited the space available to accommodate fan formation. Of 63 recent debris-flows, 52% delivered sediment and wood directly to the mainstem river, 30% were deposited on an existing fan before reaching the mainstem, and 18% were deposited within the confines of the tributary valley before reaching the confluence. Spatial variation in the location of past and present depositional surfaces indicated that sequential debris-flow deposits did not consistently form in the same place. Instead of being spatially deterministic, results of this study suggest that temporally variable and stochastic factors may be important for predicting the runout length of debris-flows.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00086-2","usgsCitation":"May, C.L., and Gresswell, R., 2004, Spatial and temporal patterns of debris flow deposition in the Oregon Coast Range, USA: Journal of Geomorphology, v. 57, no. 3-4, p. 135-149, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00086-2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"149","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Coast Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.00244140625,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -121.33300781249999,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -121.33300781249999,\n 45.78284835197676\n ],\n [\n -125.00244140625,\n 45.78284835197676\n ],\n [\n -125.00244140625,\n 42.032974332441405\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698053","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"May, Christine L.","contributorId":79440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gresswell, Robert E.","contributorId":13194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gresswell","given":"Robert E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027014,"text":"70027014 - 2004 - Effects of natal departure and water level on survival of juvenile snail kites (Rostrhamus sociabilis) in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T08:43:32","indexId":"70027014","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of natal departure and water level on survival of juvenile snail kites (Rostrhamus sociabilis) in Florida","docAbstract":"Survival rate from fledging to breeding, or juvenile survival, is an important source of variation in lifetime reproductive success in birds. Therefore, determining the relationship between juvenile survival and environmental factors is essential to understanding fitness consequences of reproduction in many populations. With increases in density of individuals and depletion of food resources, quality of most habitats deteriorates during the breeding season. Individuals respond by dispersing in search of food resources. Therefore, to understand the influence of environmental factors on juvenile survival, it is also necessary to know how natal dispersal influences survival of juveniles. We examined effects of various environmental factors and natal dispersal behavior on juvenile survival of endangered Snail Kites (Rostrhamus sociabilis) in central and southern Florida, using a generalized estimating equations (GEEs) approach and model selection criteria. Our results suggested yearly effects and an influence of age and monthly minimum hydrologic levels on juvenile Snail Kite survival. Yearly variation in juvenile survival has been reported by other studies, and other reproductive components of Snail Kites also exhibit such variation. Age differences in juvenile survival have also been seen in other species during the juvenile period. Our results demonstrate a positive relationship between water levels and juvenile survival. We suggest that this is not a direct linear relationship, such that higher water means higher juvenile survival. The juvenile period is concurrent with onset of the wet season in the ecosystem we studied, and rainfall increases as juveniles age. For management purposes, we believe that inferences suggesting increasing water levels during the fledging period will increase juvenile survival may have short-term benefits but lead to long-term declines in prey abundance and possibly wetland vegetation structure.","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0894:EONDAW]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Dreitz, V., Kitchens, W., and DeAngelis, D., 2004, Effects of natal departure and water level on survival of juvenile snail kites (Rostrhamus sociabilis) in Florida: The Auk, v. 121, no. 3, p. 894-903, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0894:EONDAW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"894","endPage":"903","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235476,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0766e4b0c8380cd5169b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dreitz, V.J.","contributorId":65432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreitz","given":"V.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kitchens, W.M.","contributorId":87647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026983,"text":"70026983 - 2004 - Nutrient reserves of Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) during spring migration in the Mississippi Flyway: A test of the spring condition hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T13:57:40","indexId":"70026983","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrient reserves of Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) during spring migration in the Mississippi Flyway: A test of the spring condition hypothesis","docAbstract":"

The continental scaup population (Lesser [Aythya affinis] and Greater [A. marila] combined) has declined markedly since 1978. One hypothesis for the population decline states that reproductive success has decreased because female scaup are arriving on breeding areas in poorer body condition than they did historically (i.e. spring condition hypothesis). We tested one aspect of that hypothesis by comparing body mass and nutrient reserves (lipid, protein, and mineral) of Lesser Scaup at four locations (Louisiana, Illinois, Minnesota, and Manitoba) between the 1980s and 2000s. We found that mean body mass and lipid and mineral reserves of females were 80.0, 52.5, and 3.0 g higher, respectively, in the 2000s than in the 1980s in Louisiana; similarly, body mass and lipid and mineral reserves of males were 108.8, 72.5, and 2.5 g higher, respectively. In Illinois, mean body mass and lipid reserves of females were 88.6 and 56.5 g higher, respectively, in the 2000s than in the 1980s; similarly, body mass and lipid and mineral reserves of males were 80.6, 76.0, and 2.7 g higher, respectively. Mean body mass of females were 58.5 and 58.9 g lower in the 2000s than in the 1980s in Minnesota and Manitoba, respectively; mean body mass of males, similarly, were 40.7 g lower in Minnesota. Mean lipid reserves of females in the 2000s were 28.8 and 27.8 g lower than those in the 1980s in Minnesota and Manitoba, respectively. Mean mineral reserves of females in the 2000s were 3.2 g lower than those in the 1980s in Manitoba. Consequently, females arriving to breed in Manitoba in the 2000s had accumulated lipid reserves for 4.1 fewer eggs and mineral reserves for 0.8 fewer eggs than those arriving to breed there in the 1980s. Accordingly, our results are consistent with the spring condition hypothesis and suggest that female body condition has declined, as reflected by decreases in body mass, lipids, and mineral reserves that could cause reductions in reproductive success and ultimately a population decline.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0917:NROLSA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Anteau, M., and Afton, A., 2004, Nutrient reserves of Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) during spring migration in the Mississippi Flyway: A test of the spring condition hypothesis: The Auk, v. 121, no. 3, p. 917-929, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0917:NROLSA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"917","endPage":"929","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478091,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0917:nrolsa]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6994e4b0c8380cd73dd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anteau, M.J.","contributorId":12807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anteau","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Afton, A. D.","contributorId":83467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afton","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027541,"text":"70027541 - 2004 - Mycobacterium-Inducible Nramp in Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70027541","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1987,"text":"Infection and Immunity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mycobacterium-Inducible Nramp in Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis)","docAbstract":"In mammals, the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 gene, Nramp1, plays a major role in resistance to mycobacterial infections. Chesapeake Bay striped bass (Morone saxatilis) is currently experiencing an epizootic of mycobacteriosis that threatens the health of this ecologically and economically important species. In the present study, we characterized an Nramp gene in this species and obtained evidence that there is induction following Mycobacterium exposure. The striped bass Nramp gene (MsNramp) and a 554-amino-acid sequence contain all the signal features of the Nramp family, including a topology of 12 transmembrane domains (TM), the transport protein-specific binding-protein-dependent transport system inner membrane component signature, three N-linked glycosylation sites between TM 7 and TM 8, sites of casein kinase and protein kinase C phosphorylation in the amino and carboxy termini, and a tyrosine kinase phosphorylation site between TM 6 and TM 7. Phylogenetic analysis most closely grouped MsNramp with other teleost Nramp genes and revealed high sequence similarity with mammalian Nramp2. MsNramp expression was present in all tissues assayed by reverse transcription-PCR. Within 1 day of injection of Mycobacterium marinum, MsNramp expression was highly induced (17-fold higher) in peritoneal exudate (PE) cells compared to the expression in controls. The levels of MsNramp were three- and sixfold higher on days 3 and 15, respectively. Injection of Mycobacterium shottsii resulted in two-, five-, and threefold increases in gene expression in PE cells over the time course. This report is the first report of induction of an Nramp gene by mycobacteria in a poikilothermic vertebrate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Infection and Immunity","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1128/IAI.72.3.1626-1636.2004","issn":"00199567","usgsCitation":"Burge, E., Gauthier, D.T., Ottinger, C., and Van Veld, P., 2004, Mycobacterium-Inducible Nramp in Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis): Infection and Immunity, v. 72, no. 3, p. 1626-1636, https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.3.1626-1636.2004.","startPage":"1626","endPage":"1636","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487552,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/356044","text":"External Repository"},{"id":210996,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.3.1626-1636.2004"},{"id":238128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60e8e4b0c8380cd71747","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burge, E.J.","contributorId":47569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burge","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gauthier, David T.","contributorId":42762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gauthier","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ottinger, C. A. 0000-0003-2551-1985","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-1985","contributorId":8796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Van Veld, P.A.","contributorId":77729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Veld","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026988,"text":"70026988 - 2004 - Ichthyophoniasis: An emerging disease of Chinook salmon in the Yukon River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-29T12:44:53","indexId":"70026988","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ichthyophoniasis: An emerging disease of Chinook salmon in the Yukon River","docAbstract":"

Before 1985, Ichthyophonus was unreported among Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. from the Yukon River; now it infects more than 40% of returning adult Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha. Overall infection prevalence reached about 45% in the Yukon River and about 30% in the Tanana River between 1999 and 2003. Mean infection prevalence was greater in females than males in the main-stem Yukon River during each of the 5 years of the study, but the infection prevalence in males increased each year until the difference was no longer significant. Clinical signs of ichthyophoniasis (presence of visible punctate white lesions in internal organs) were least at the mouth of the Yukon River (∼10%) but increased to 29% when fish reached the middle Yukon River and was 22% at the upper Tanana River. However, clinical signs increased each year from 7% in 1999 to 27% in 2003 at the mouth of the river. As fish approached the upper reaches of the Yukon River (Canada) and the spawning areas of the Chena and Salcha rivers (Alaska), infection prevalence dropped significantly to less than 15% in females on the Yukon River and less than 10% for both sexes in the Chena and Salcha rivers, presumably because of mortality among infected prespawn fish. Age was not a factor in infection prevalence, nor was the position of fish within the run. The source of infection was not determined, but Ichthyophonus was not found in 400 Pacific herring Clupea pallasi from the Bering Sea or in 120 outmigrating juvenile Chinook salmon from two drainages in Alaska and Canada. Freshwater burbot Lota lota from the middle Yukon River were subclinically infected with Ichthyophonus, but the origin and relationship of this agent to the Chinook salmon isolate is unknown.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/H03-068.1","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Kocan, R., Hershberger, P., and Winton, J., 2004, Ichthyophoniasis: An emerging disease of Chinook salmon in the Yukon River: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 16, no. 2, p. 58-72, https://doi.org/10.1577/H03-068.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235618,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Yukon River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -134.747314453125,\n 60.68931752009121\n ],\n [\n -136.142578125,\n 62.431074232920906\n ],\n [\n -138.62548828125,\n 63.29293924364835\n ],\n [\n -139.691162109375,\n 64.46805896629253\n ],\n [\n -142.459716796875,\n 65.63109034100295\n ],\n [\n -145.008544921875,\n 66.56574650920786\n ],\n [\n -145.79956054687497,\n 66.73556274968628\n ],\n [\n -148.29345703124997,\n 66.36835146313003\n ],\n [\n -148.985595703125,\n 66.09826847519165\n ],\n [\n -150.194091796875,\n 65.87921475410938\n ],\n [\n -151.094970703125,\n 65.5129625532949\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 65.21068278245275\n ],\n [\n -156.02783203124997,\n 64.95146502589559\n ],\n [\n -158.00537109375,\n 64.89558934777301\n ],\n [\n -159.45556640625,\n 64.41592147626879\n ],\n [\n -160.42236328125,\n 62.935234870604695\n ],\n [\n -160.94970703125,\n 61.907926072709756\n ],\n [\n -164.3994140625,\n 62.935234870604695\n ],\n [\n -165.1904296875,\n 62.60345318745799\n ],\n [\n -164.81689453125,\n 62.1655019058381\n ],\n [\n -161.16943359375,\n 61.25966921642908\n ],\n [\n -159.27978515625,\n 62.186013857194254\n ],\n [\n -158.466796875,\n 64.10100652652665\n ],\n [\n -152.55615234375,\n 64.71787992684128\n ],\n [\n -145.04150390625,\n 63.78248603116502\n ],\n [\n -141.767578125,\n 64.4348920430406\n ],\n [\n -140.82275390625,\n 63.04500101542009\n ],\n [\n -139.04296875,\n 61.40723633876356\n ],\n [\n -134.75830078125,\n 60.359564131824214\n ],\n [\n -134.747314453125,\n 60.68931752009121\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3800e4b0c8380cd6136b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kocan, R.","contributorId":95665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocan","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hershberger, P.","contributorId":64826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winton, J.","contributorId":55627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027093,"text":"70027093 - 2004 - The effect of fire on mercury cycling in the soils of forested watersheds: Acadia National Park, Maine, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T08:45:06","indexId":"70027093","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of fire on mercury cycling in the soils of forested watersheds: Acadia National Park, Maine, U.S.A","docAbstract":"This study compares mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) distribution in the soils of two forested stream watersheds at Acadia National Park, Maine, U.S.A. Cadillac Brook watershed, which burned in 1947, has thin soils and predominantly deciduous vegetation. It was compared to the unburned Hadlock Brook watershed, with thicker soil and predominantly coniferous vegetation. Soils in both watersheds were primarily well drained. The fire had a significant impact on the Cadillac watershed, by raising the soil pH, altering the vegetation, and reducing carbon and Hg pools. Total Hg content was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Hadlock soils (0.18 kg Hg ha-1) compared to Cadillac soils (0. 13 kg Hg ha-1). Hadlock O horizon had an average Hg concentration of 134??48 ng Hg g-1 dry weight, compared to 103??23 ng Hg g-1 dry weight in Cadillac O horizon. Soil pH was significantly higher in all soil horizons at Cadillac compared to Hadlock soils. This difference was especially significant in the O horizon, where Cadillac soils had an average pH of 3.41??0.22 compared to Hadlock soils with an average pH of 2.99??0.13. To study the mobilization potential of Hg in the O horizons of the two watersheds, batch adsorption experiments were conducted, and the results were modeled using surface complexation modeling. The results of Hg adsorption experiments indicated that the dissolved Hg concentration was controlled by the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. The adsorption isotherms suggest that Hg is more mobile in the O horizon of the unburned Hadlock watershed because of higher solubility of organic carbon resulting in higher DOC concentrations in that watershed. Methylmercury concentrations, however, were consistently higher in the burned Cadillac O horizon (0.20??0.13 ng Hg g-1 dry weight) than in the unburned Hadlock O horizon (0.07??0.07 ng Hg g-1 dry weight). Similarly, Cadillac soils possessed a higher MeHg content (0.30 g MeHg ha-1) than Hadlock soils (0.16 g MeHg ha-1). The higher MeHg concentrations in Cadillac soils may reflect generally faster rates of microbial metabolism due to more rapid nutrient cycling and higher soil pH in the deciduous forest. In this research, we have shown that the amount of MeHg is not a function of the total pool of Hg in the watershed. Indeed, MeHg was inversely proportional to total Hg, suggesting that landscape factors such as soil pH, vegetation type, or land use history (e.g., fire) may be the determining factors for susceptibility to high Hg in biota. ?? 2004 Kluwer Academic Publisher. Printed in the Netherlands.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:WATE.0000015369.02804.15","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Amirbahman, A., Ruck, P., Fernandez, I., Haines, T., and Kahl, J.S., 2004, The effect of fire on mercury cycling in the soils of forested watersheds: Acadia National Park, Maine, U.S.A: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 152, no. 1-4, p. 313-331, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WATE.0000015369.02804.15.","startPage":"313","endPage":"331","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267623,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:WATE.0000015369.02804.15"}],"volume":"152","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab28e4b08c986b322c70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amirbahman, A.","contributorId":25111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amirbahman","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruck, P.L.","contributorId":98091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruck","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fernandez, I.J.","contributorId":61221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"I.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haines, T.A.","contributorId":83062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kahl, J. S.","contributorId":77885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kahl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027075,"text":"70027075 - 2004 - Changes in crustal seismic deformation rates associated with the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-01T22:54:52.764816","indexId":"70027075","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in crustal seismic deformation rates associated with the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake","docAbstract":"

We calculated seismic moment rates from crustal earthquake information for the upper Cook Inlet region, including Anchorage, Alaska, for the 30 yr prior to and 36 yr following the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake. Our results suggest over a factor of 1000 decrease in seismic moment rate (in units of dyne centimeters per year) following the 1964 mainshock. We used geologic information on structures within the Cook Inlet basin to estimate a regional geologic moment rate, assuming the structures extend to 30 km depth and have near-vertical dips. The geologic moment rates could underestimate the true rates by up to 70% since it is difficult determine the amount of horizontal offset that has occurred along many structures within the basin. Nevertheless, the geologic moment rate is only 3-7 times lower than the pre-1964 seismic moment rate, suggesting the 1964 mainshock has significantly slowed regional crustal deformation. If we compare the geologic moment rate to the post-1964 seismic moment rate, the moment rate deficit over the past 36 yr is equivalent to a moment magnitude 6.6-7.0 earthquake. These observed differences in moment rates highlight the difficulty in using seismicity in the decades following a large megathrust earthquake to adequately characterize long-term crustal deformation.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120030096","usgsCitation":"Doser, D.I., Ratchkovski, N.A., Haeussler, P.J., and Saltus, R., 2004, Changes in crustal seismic deformation rates associated with the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 1, p. 320-325, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030096.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"320","endPage":"325","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.2919921875,\n 59.108308258604964\n ],\n [\n -148.6669921875,\n 59.108308258604964\n ],\n [\n -148.6669921875,\n 61.8665112570728\n ],\n [\n -154.2919921875,\n 61.8665112570728\n ],\n [\n -154.2919921875,\n 59.108308258604964\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f40fe4b0c8380cd4bafe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doser, D. I.","contributorId":93256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ratchkovski, N. A.","contributorId":53995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratchkovski","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saltus, R.","contributorId":107040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027212,"text":"70027212 - 2004 - Decompression experiments identify kinetic controls on explosive silicic eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-23T09:59:12","indexId":"70027212","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decompression experiments identify kinetic controls on explosive silicic eruptions","docAbstract":"

Eruption intensity is largely controlled by decompression‐induced release of water‐rich gas dissolved in magma. It is not simply the amount of gas that dictates how forcefully magma is propelled upwards during an eruption, but also the rate of degassing, which is partly a function of the supersaturation pressure (ΔPcritical) triggering gas bubble nucleation. High temperature and pressure decompression experiments using rhyolite and dacite melt reveal compositionally‐dependent differences in the ΔPcritical of degassing that may explain why rhyolites have fueled some of the most explosive eruptions on record.

","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004GL019509","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Mangan, M.T., Sisson, T.W., and Hankins, W., 2004, Decompression experiments identify kinetic controls on explosive silicic eruptions: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31, no. 8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019509.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487483,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019509","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209128,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019509"}],"volume":"31","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe16e4b0c8380cd4eaf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangan, M. T.","contributorId":10438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, T. W.","contributorId":108120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hankins, W.B.","contributorId":8626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hankins","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026288,"text":"70026288 - 2004 - Triggered deformation and seismic activity under Mammoth Mountain in Long Valley caldera by the 3 November 2002 Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-20T11:32:15.632267","indexId":"70026288","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Triggered deformation and seismic activity under Mammoth Mountain in Long Valley caldera by the 3 November 2002 Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake","docAbstract":"The 3 November 2002 Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake triggered deformational offsets and microseismicity under Mammoth Mountain (MM) on the rim of Long Valley caldera, California, some 3460 km from the earthquake. Such strain offsets and microseismicity were not recorded at other borehole strain sites along the San Andreas fault system in California. The Long Valley offsets were recorded on borehole strainmeters at three sites around the western part of the caldera that includes Mammoth Mountain - a young volcano on the southwestern rim of the caldera. The largest recorded strain offsets were -0.1 microstrain at PO on the west side of MM, 0.05 microstrain at MX to the southeast of MM, and -0.025 microstrain at BS to the northeast of MM with negative strain extensional. High sample rate strain data show initial triggering of the offsets began at 22:30 UTC during the arrival of the first Rayleigh waves from the Alaskan earthquake with peak-to-peak dynamic strain amplitudes of about 2 microstrain corresponding to a stress amplitude of about 0.06 MPa. The strain offsets grew to their final values in the next 10 min. The associated triggered seismicity occurred beneath the south flank of MM and also began at 22:30 UTC and died away over the next 15 min. This relatively weak seismicity burst included some 60 small events with magnitude all less than M = 1. While poorly constrained, these strain observations are consistent with triggered slip and intrusive opening on a north-striking normal fault centered at a depth of 8 km with a moment of l016 N m, or the equivalent of a M 4.3 earthquake. The cumulative seismic moment for the associated seismicity burst was more than three orders of magnitude smaller. These observations and this model resemble those for the triggered deformation and slip that occurred beneath the north side of MM following the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake. However, in this case, we see little post-event slip decay reflected in the strain data after the Rayleigh-wave arrivals from the Denali fault earthquake and onset of triggered seismicity did not lag the triggered deformation by 20 min. These observations are also distinctly different from the more widespread and energetic seismicity and deformation triggered by the 1992 M 7.3 Landers earthquake in the Long Valley caldera. Thus, each of the three instances of remotely triggered unrest in Long Valley caldera recorded to date differ. In each case, however, the deformation moment inferred from the strain meter data was more than an order of magnitude larger than the cumulative moment for the associated triggered seismicity.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040603","usgsCitation":"Johnston, M., Prejean, S., and Hill, D., 2004, Triggered deformation and seismic activity under Mammoth Mountain in Long Valley caldera by the 3 November 2002 Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. S360-S369, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040603.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"S360","endPage":"S369","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.91017913818358,\n 37.707998069120265\n ],\n [\n -118.85730743408203,\n 37.707998069120265\n ],\n [\n -118.85730743408203,\n 37.73271097867418\n ],\n [\n -118.91017913818358,\n 37.73271097867418\n ],\n [\n -118.91017913818358,\n 37.707998069120265\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"6B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb84ee4b08c986b3277b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prejean, S. G. 0000-0003-0510-1989","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0510-1989","contributorId":18935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prejean","given":"S. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027468,"text":"70027468 - 2004 - Potential sources of hydrogel stabilization of Florida Bay lime mud sediments and implications for organic matter preservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:47","indexId":"70027468","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential sources of hydrogel stabilization of Florida Bay lime mud sediments and implications for organic matter preservation","docAbstract":"The fine grained carbonate mud sediments of central Florida Bay are resuspended quite easily. However, this disturbance is usually limited to the surficial ('floc') layer, as the underlying sediments appear to be stabilized by an hydrogelation involving the bulk organic matter. That gelation has occurred within these sediments is suggested from their physical behavior and an observed mathematical relationship between the percentages of organic carbon (C org) and water. Specifically, when extruded from a core barrel, the sediment maintains its integrity and has the consistency of a fine spackling compound. However, upon homogenization, as with a stirring rod prior to sieving, these sediments break into two distinct phases, 1/2-2/3 milky water and 1/3-1/2 sediment grains, by volume. The relationship observed between Corg and water was modeled as both linear (% water = (0.0777) Corg + 0.2984, R2 = 0.8664) and logarithmic (% water = 0.2489 Ln Corg + 0.2842, R2 = 0.9455) functions. As this relationship tends to be asymptotic at higher Corg (>3.5% dry)/water values (>60%) and given an higher correlation, the relationship appears better modeled as a logarithmic function. Values of C org from 1.2 to over 6.5%dry wt. and water contents from 30 to over 70%wt. were observed. The calculated intercept revealed that, without organic carbon (viz. hydrogel formation), these carbonates would likely contain only ???30% water by weight ('m' from linear model). This gelation is proposed to involve exopolymeric substances (EPS), likely polysaccharides, derived from diatoms and cyanobacteria of the microphytobenthos. A cyanobacterial-diatomaceous biofilm/mat underlain by purple sulfur bacteria was shown, by pigment based chemotaxonomy, to form the main components of the microphytobenthos. Additional water column detrital biomass, also mainly cyanobacteria and diatoms, is admixed with the living microphytobenthos in a flocculent/nephloid layer above the sediments prior to final incorporation into the gel-stabilized sediment column. Loss of seagrass cover appears to have allowed higher energy wave induced effects to reach the water-(nephloid)-sediment interface and increase overall turbidity in the bay. The effects of these gelatinized organics upon sediment stability, pore water chemistry and dissolved species flux in/out of the sediments are discussed as areas for future research which takes this (hydro-) gelation phenomenon into account.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2112/1551-5036(2004)020[0448:PSOHSO]2.0.CO;2","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Louda, J., Loitz, J., Melisiotis, A., and Orem, W., 2004, Potential sources of hydrogel stabilization of Florida Bay lime mud sediments and implications for organic matter preservation: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 20, no. 2, p. 448-463, https://doi.org/10.2112/1551-5036(2004)020[0448:PSOHSO]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"448","endPage":"463","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210994,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2112/1551-5036(2004)020[0448:PSOHSO]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":238124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f60e4b0c8380cd7aac7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Louda, J.W.","contributorId":58085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Louda","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loitz, J.W.","contributorId":35113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loitz","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melisiotis, A.","contributorId":96893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melisiotis","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}