{"pageNumber":"2716","pageRowStart":"67875","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":70026496,"text":"70026496 - 2004 - Sources of nitrate contamination and age of water in large karstic springs of Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026496","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of nitrate contamination and age of water in large karstic springs of Florida","docAbstract":"In response to concerns about the steady increase in nitrate concentrations over the past several decades in many of Florida's first magnitude spring waters (discharge ???2.8 m3/s), multiple isotopic and other chemical tracers were analyzed in water samples from 12 large springs to assess sources and timescales of nitrate contamination. Nitrate-N concentrations in spring waters ranged from 0.50 to 4.2 mg/L, and ??15N values of nitrate in spring waters ranged from 2.6 to 7.9 per mil. Most ??15N values were below 6 per mil indicating that inorganic fertilizers were the dominant source of nitrogen in these waters. Apparent ages of groundwater discharging from springs ranged from 5 to about 35 years, based on multi-tracer analyses (CFC-12, CFC-113, SF6, 3H/3He) and a piston flow assumption; however, apparent tracer ages generally were not concordant. The most reliable spring-water ages appear to be based on tritium and 3He data, because concentrations of CFCs and SF6 in several spring waters were much higher than would be expected from equilibration with modern atmospheric concentrations. Data for all tracers were most consistent with output curves for exponential and binary mixing models that represent mixtures of water in the Upper Floridan aquifer recharged since the early 1960s. Given that groundwater transit times are on the order of decades and are related to the prolonged input of nitrogen from multiple sources to the aquifer, nitrate could persist in groundwater that flows toward springs for several decades due to slow transport of solutes through the aquifer matrix.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00254-004-1061-9","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Katz, B., 2004, Sources of nitrate contamination and age of water in large karstic springs of Florida: Environmental Geology, v. 46, no. 6-7, p. 689-706, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1061-9.","startPage":"689","endPage":"706","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208338,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1061-9"},{"id":234018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9383e4b08c986b31a51b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026567,"text":"70026567 - 2004 - Seismic hazard maps of Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026567","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic hazard maps of Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America","docAbstract":"The growth of megacities in seismically active regions around the world often includes the construction of seismically unsafe buildings and infrastructures due to an insufficient knowledge of existing seismic hazard and/or economic constraints. Minimization of the loss of life, property damage, and social and economic disruption due to earthquakes depends on reliable estimates of seismic hazard. We have produced a suite of seismic hazard estimates for Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. One of the preliminary maps in this suite served as the basis for the Caribbean and Central and South America portion of the Global Seismic Hazard Map (GSHM) published in 1999, which depicted peak ground acceleration (pga) with a 10% chance of exceedance in 50 years for rock sites. Herein we present maps depicting pga and 0.2 and 1.0 s spectral accelerations (SA) with 50%, 10%, and 2% chances of exceedance in 50 years for rock sites. The seismicity catalog used in the generation of these maps adds 3 more years of data to those used to calculate the GSH Map. Different attenuation functions (consistent with those used to calculate the U.S. and Canadian maps) were used as well. These nine maps are designed to assist in global risk mitigation by providing a general seismic hazard framework and serving as a resource for any national or regional agency to help focus further detailed studies required for regional/local needs. The largest seismic hazard values in Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America generally occur in areas that have been, or are likely to be, the sites of the largest plate boundary earthquakes. High hazard values occur in areas where shallow-to-intermediate seismicity occurs frequently. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.tecto.2004.03.033","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Tanner, J., and Shedlock, K.M., 2004, Seismic hazard maps of Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America: Tectonophysics, v. 390, no. 1-4, p. 159-175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.03.033.","startPage":"159","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208374,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.03.033"},{"id":234093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"390","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b1ce4b08c986b3175da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanner, J.G.","contributorId":28030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shedlock, K. M.","contributorId":72805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026565,"text":"70026565 - 2004 - Textural, compositional, and sulfur isotope variations of sulfide minerals in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Implications for Ore Formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026565","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Textural, compositional, and sulfur isotope variations of sulfide minerals in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Implications for Ore Formation","docAbstract":"The Red Dog Zn-Pb deposits are hosted in organic-rich mudstone and shale of the Mississippian Kuna Formation. A complex mineralization history is defined by four sphalerite types or stages: (1) early brown sphalerite, (2) yellow-brown sphalerite, (3) red-brown sphalerite, and (4) late tan sphalerite. Stages 2 and 3 constitute the main ore-forming event and are volumetrically the most important. Sulfides in stages 1 and 2 were deposited with barite, whereas stage 3 largely replaces barite. Distinct chemical differences exist among the different stages of sphalerite. From early brown sphalerite to later yellow-brown sphalerite and red-brown sphalerite, Fe and Co content generally increase and Mn and Tl content generally decrease. Early brown sphalerite contains no more than 1.9 wt percent Fe and 63 ppm Co, with high Mn (up to 37 ppm) and Tl (126 ppm), whereas yellow-brown sphalerite and red-brown sphalerite contain high Fe (up to 7.3 wt %) and Co (up to 382 ppm), and low Mn (<27 ppm) and Tl (<37 ppm). Late tan sphalerite has distinctly lower Fe (< 0.9 wt %) and higher Tl (up to 355 ppm), Mn (up to 177 ppm), and Ge (426 ppm), relative to earlier sphalerite. Wide ranges in concentrations of Ag, Cu, Pb, and Sb characterize all sphalerite types, particularly yellow-brown sphalerite and red-brown sphalerite, and most likely reflect submicroscopic inclusions of galena, chalcopyrite and/or tetrahedrite in the sphalerite. In situ ion microprobe sulfur isotope analyses show a progression from extremely low ??34S values for stage 1 (as low as -37.20???) to much higher values for yellow-brown sphalerite (mean of 3.3???; n = 30) and red-brown sphalerite (mean of 3.4; n = 20). Late tan sphalerite is isotopically light (-16.4 to -27.2???). The textural, chem ical, and isotopic data indicate the following paragenesis: (1) deposition of early brown sphalerite with abundant barite, minor pyrite, and trace galena immediately beneath the sea floor in unconsolidated mud; (2) deposition of yellow-brown sphalerite during subsea-floor hydrothermal recrystallization and coarsening of preexisting barite; (3) open-space deposition of barite, red-brown sphalerite and other sulfides in veins and coeval replacement of barite; and (4) postore sulfide deposition, including the formation of late tan sphalerite breccias. Stage 1 mineralization took place in a low-temperature environment where fluids rich in Ba mixed with pore water or water-column sulfate to form barite, and metals combined with H2S derived from bacterial sulfate reduction to form sulfides. Higher temperatures and salinities and relatively oxidized ore-stage fluids (stages 2 and 3) compared with stage 1 were probably important controls on the abundances and relative amounts of metals in the fluids and the resulting sulfide chemistry. Textural observations and isotopic data show that preexisting barite was reductively dissolved, providing a source of H2S for sulfide mineral formation. In stage 3, the continued flow of hydrothermal fluids caused thermal alteration of organic-rich mudstones and a build-up of methane that led to fluid overpressuring, hydrofracturing, and vein formation. Barite, red-brown sphalerite, and other sulfides were deposited in the veins, and preexisting barite was pervasively replaced by red-brown sphalerite. Hydrothermal activity ceased until Jurassic time when thrusting and large-scale fluid flow related to the Brookian orogeny remobilized and formed late tan sphalerite in tectonic breccias. ?? 2004 by Economic Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/99.7.1509","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Kelley, K., Leach, D.L., Johnson, C.A., Clark, J., Fayek, M., Slack, J.F., Anderson, V., Ayuso, R., and Ridley, W., 2004, Textural, compositional, and sulfur isotope variations of sulfide minerals in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Implications for Ore Formation: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1509-1532, https://doi.org/10.2113/99.7.1509.","startPage":"1509","endPage":"1532","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208355,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/99.7.1509"},{"id":234056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba601e4b08c986b320e0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, K.D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":75157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, C. A. 0000-0002-1334-2996","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":27492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, J.L.","contributorId":32708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fayek, M.","contributorId":58061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fayek","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Anderson, V.M.","contributorId":36334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"V.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ayuso, R. A. 0000-0002-8496-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":27079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ridley, W.I.","contributorId":72122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridley","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70026564,"text":"70026564 - 2004 - Vertical hydraulic conductivity measurements in the Denver Basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026564","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical hydraulic conductivity measurements in the Denver Basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Denver Basin is a structural basin on the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountain Front Range, Colorado, containing approximately 3000 ft of sediments that hold a critical groundwater resource supplying many thousands of households with water. Managing this groundwater resource requires understanding how water gets into and moves through water-bearing layers in a complex multiple-layered sedimentary sequence. The Denver Basin aquifer system consists of permeable sandstone interbedded with impermeable shale that has been subdivided into four principle aquifers named, in ascending order, the Laramie-Fox Hills, Arapahoe, Denver, and Dawson aquifers. Although shale can dominate the stratigraphic interval containing the aquifers, there is very little empirical data regarding the hydrogeologic properties of the shale layers that control groundwater flow in the basin. The amount of water that flows vertically within the basin is limited by the vertical hydraulic conductivity through the confining shale layers. Low vertical flow volumes translate to low natural recharge rates and can have a profound negative impact on long-term well yields and the economic viability of utilizing the resource. To date, direct measurements of vertical hydraulic conductivity from cores of fine-grained sediments have been published from only five locations; and the data span a wide range from 1??10-3 to 1??10-11 cm/sec. This range may be attributable, in part, to differences in sample handling and analytical methods; however, it may also reflect subtle differences in the lithologic characteristics of the fine-grained sediments such as grain-size, clay mineralogy, and compaction that relate to position in the basin. These limited data certainly call for the collection of additional data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Barkmann, P., 2004, Vertical hydraulic conductivity measurements in the Denver Basin, Colorado: Mountain Geologist, v. 41, no. 4, p. 169-183.","startPage":"169","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc23ae4b08c986b32a9e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barkmann, P.E.","contributorId":14613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barkmann","given":"P.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026519,"text":"70026519 - 2004 - Cassini observations of Io's visible aurorae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026519","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cassini observations of Io's visible aurorae","docAbstract":"More than 500 images of Io in eclipse were acquired by the Cassini spacecraft in late 2000 and early 2001 as it passed through the jovian system en route to Saturn (Porco et al., 2003, Science 299, 1541-1547). Io's bright equatorial glows were detected in Cassini's near-ultraviolet filters, supporting the interpretation that the visible emissions are predominantly due to molecular SO2. Detailed comparisons of laboratory SO2 spectra with the Cassini observations indicate that a mixture of gases contribute to the equatorial emissions. Potassium is suggested by new detections of the equatorial glows at near-infrared wavelengths from 730 to 800 nm. Neutral atomic oxygen and sodium are required to explain the brightness of the glows at visible wavelengths. The molecule S2 is postulated to emit most of the glow intensity in the wavelength interval from 390 to 500 nm. The locations of the visible emissions vary in response to the changing orientation of the external magnetic field, tracking the tangent points of the jovian magnetic field lines. Limb glows distinct from the equatorial emissions were observed at visible to near-infrared wavelengths from 500 to 850 nm, indicating that atomic O, Na, and K are distributed across Io's surface. Stratification of the atmosphere is demonstrated by differences in the altitudes of emissions at various wavelengths: SO2 emissions are confined to a region close to Io's surface, whereas neutral oxygen emissions are seen at altitudes that reach up to 900 km, or half the radius of the satellite. Pre-egress brightening demonstrates that light scattered into Jupiter's shadow by gases or aerosols in the giant planet's upper atmosphere contaminates images of Io taken within 13 minutes of entry into or emergence from Jupiter's umbra. Although partial atmospheric collapse is suggested by the longer timescale for post-ingress dimming than pre-egress brightening, Io's atmosphere must be substantially supported by volcanism to retain auroral emissions throughout the duration of eclipse. ?? 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2004.01.008","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Geissler, P., McEwen, A., Porco, C., Strobel, D., Saur, J., Ajello, J., and West, R., 2004, Cassini observations of Io's visible aurorae: Icarus, v. 172, no. 1 SPEC.ISS., p. 127-140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.01.008.","startPage":"127","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208579,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.01.008"},{"id":234414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"172","issue":"1 SPEC.ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f38ee4b0c8380cd4b89c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geissler, P.","contributorId":45662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEwen, A.","contributorId":39105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Porco, C.","contributorId":78515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porco","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strobel, D.","contributorId":49151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strobel","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Saur, J.","contributorId":20520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saur","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ajello, J.","contributorId":39559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ajello","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"West, R.","contributorId":26996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70026563,"text":"70026563 - 2004 - Is climate change affecting wolf populations in the high arctic?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-05T09:26:18","indexId":"70026563","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Is climate change affecting wolf populations in the high arctic?","docAbstract":"<p><span>Gobal climate change may affect wolves in Canada’s High Arctic (80° N) acting through three trophic levels (vegetation, herbivores, and wolves). A wolf pack dependent on muskoxen and arctic hares in the Eureka area of Ellesmere Island denned and produced pups most years from at least 1986 through 1997. However, when summer snow covered vegetation in 1997 and 2000 for the first time since records were kept, halving the herbivore nutrition-replenishment period, muskox and hare numbers dropped drastically, and the area stopped supporting denning wolves through 2003. The unusual weather triggering these events was consistent with global-climate-change phenomena.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10584-004-7093-z","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Mech, L.D., 2004, Is climate change affecting wolf populations in the high arctic?: Climatic Change, v. 67, no. 1, p. 86-93, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-004-7093-z.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"93","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f26e4b0c8380cd642d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":410027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026562,"text":"70026562 - 2004 - Land use change and terrestrial carbon stocks in Senegal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:45:14","indexId":"70026562","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land use change and terrestrial carbon stocks in Senegal","docAbstract":"<p><span>Environmental degradation resulting from long-term drought and land use change has affected terrestrial carbon (C) stocks within Africa's Sahel. We estimated Senegal's terrestrial carbon stocks in 1965, 1985, and 2000 using an inventory procedure involving satellite images revealing historical land use change, and recent field measurements of standing carbon stocks occurring in soil and plants. Senegal was divided into eight ecological zones containing 11 land uses. In 2000, savannas, cultivated lands, forests, and steppes were the four largest land uses in Senegal, occupying 70, 22, 2.7, and 2.3 percent of Senegal's 199,823&nbsp;km</span><sup>2</sup><span>. System C stocks ranged from 9&nbsp;t&nbsp;C&nbsp;ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span> in degraded savannas in the north, to 113&nbsp;t&nbsp;C&nbsp;ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span> in the remnant forests of the Senegal River Valley. This approach resulted in estimated total C stocks of 1019 and 727&nbsp;MT&nbsp;C between 1965 and 2000, respectively, indicating a loss of 292&nbsp;MT&nbsp;C over 35 years. The proportion of C residing in biomass decreased with time, from 55 percent in 1965 to 38 percent in 2000. Calculated terrestrial C flux for 1993 was −7.5&nbsp;MT&nbsp;C&nbsp;year</span><sup>−1</sup><span> and had declined by 17 percent over the previous 18 years. Most of the terrestrial C flux in 1993 was attributed to biomass C reduction. Human disturbance accounted for only 22 percent of biomass C loss in 1993, suggesting that the effects of long-term Sahelian drought continue to play an overriding role in ecosystem change. Some carbon mitigation strategies for Senegal were investigated, including potential C sequestration levels. Opportunities for C mitigation exist but are constrained by available knowledge and access to resources.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.025","issn":"01401963","usgsCitation":"Woomer, P., Tieszen, L., Tappan, G., Toure, A., and Sall, M., 2004, Land use change and terrestrial carbon stocks in Senegal: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 59, no. 3, p. 625-642, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.025.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"625","endPage":"642","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208316,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.025"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4385e4b0c8380cd663d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woomer, P.L.","contributorId":7883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woomer","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tieszen, L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tappan, G. 0000-0002-2240-6963","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2240-6963","contributorId":26859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappan","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Toure, A.","contributorId":98920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toure","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sall, M.","contributorId":83711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sall","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026510,"text":"70026510 - 2004 - Stratal order in Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026510","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratal order in Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Discussion","docAbstract":"In summation, the attempt by Wilkinson et al. (2003) to statistically test for the presence of high-frequency, terrestrial to marine sequences in the cyclothem \"type section\" in western Illinois may have been hindered by the absence of the marine components of the cyclothems. Because of the lack of marine strata, as shown by Wanless's (1957) descriptions, the presence of some bias in the database, and problems of classifying marine strata, the conclusion that glacioeustatic processes had no apparent effect on the western Illinois succession is not persuasive The conclusion of Wilkinson et al. 2003 that the importance of stochastic depositional processes in western Illinois has been underappreciated is probably correct, although Wanless (1964) recognized that some cyclothemic strata demonstrate the presence of stochastic processes. This study has strengthened my conviction that the ten unit \"ideal\" cyclothem is not very representative of the cyclothems of western Illinois or of any cyclothemic strata of the Pennsylvanian in the Illinois Basin. Perhaps a more representative and less complex succession based on the most commonly occurring cyclothem beds (Wartless, 1957) is more suitable for studies of cyclothems: basal sandstone, underclay units, coal, marine units (fossiliferous gray shale, limestone, black shale, or various combinations thereof), and upper shale. ?? 2004 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B25597","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Weibel, C., Wilkinson, B., Merrill, G., and Kivett, S., 2004, Stratal order in Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Discussion: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 11-12, p. 1545-1550, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25597.","startPage":"1545","endPage":"1550","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208496,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25597"},{"id":234271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b989ee4b08c986b31c0d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weibel, C.P.","contributorId":33851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weibel","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilkinson, B.H.","contributorId":12239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkinson","given":"B.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merrill, G.K.","contributorId":32250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merrill","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kivett, S.J.","contributorId":18149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kivett","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026550,"text":"70026550 - 2004 - Sensitivity analysis of seismic hazard for the northwestern portion of the state of Gujarat, India","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026550","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity analysis of seismic hazard for the northwestern portion of the state of Gujarat, India","docAbstract":"We test the sensitivity of seismic hazard to three fault source models for the northwestern portion of Gujarat, India. The models incorporate different characteristic earthquake magnitudes on three faults with individual recurrence intervals of either 800 or 1600 years. These recurrence intervals imply that large earthquakes occur on one of these faults every 266-533 years, similar to the rate of historic large earthquakes in this region during the past two centuries and for earthquakes in intraplate environments like the New Madrid region in the central United States. If one assumes a recurrence interval of 800 years for large earthquakes on each of three local faults, the peak ground accelerations (PGA; horizontal) and 1-Hz spectral acceleration ground motions (5% damping) are greater than 1 g over a broad region for a 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years' hazard level. These probabilistic PGAs at this hazard level are similar to median deterministic ground motions. The PGAs for 10% in 50 years' hazard level are considerably lower, generally ranging between 0.2 g and 0.7 g across northwestern Gujarat. Ground motions calculated from our models that consider fault interevent times of 800 years are considerably higher than other published models even though they imply similar recurrence intervals. These higher ground motions are mainly caused by the application of intraplate attenuation relations, which account for less severe attenuation of seismic waves when compared to the crustal interplate relations used in these previous studies. For sites in Bhuj and Ahmedabad, magnitude (M) 7 3/4 earthquakes contribute most to the PGA and the 0.2- and 1-s spectral acceleration ground motion maps at the two considered hazard levels. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.tecto.2003.06.004","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M., Rastogi, B., Schweig, E., Harmsen, S.C., and Gomberg, J., 2004, Sensitivity analysis of seismic hazard for the northwestern portion of the state of Gujarat, India: Tectonophysics, v. 390, no. 1-4, p. 105-115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2003.06.004.","startPage":"105","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208535,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2003.06.004"},{"id":234344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"390","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d24e4b08c986b31828f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, M.D.","contributorId":51319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petersen","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rastogi, B.K.","contributorId":23145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rastogi","given":"B.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweig, E.S.","contributorId":34538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweig","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harmsen, S. C.","contributorId":59039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gomberg, J.S.","contributorId":102095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026548,"text":"70026548 - 2004 - Chemical constituents in the Peedee and Castle Hayne aquifers: Porters Neck area, New Hanover County, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-30T10:25:30","indexId":"70026548","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3443,"text":"Southeastern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical constituents in the Peedee and Castle Hayne aquifers: Porters Neck area, New Hanover County, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Concerns about overuse and potential contamination of major aquifers in the southeastern part of North Carolina resulted in the initiation of a subsurface water quality study in February 2001. The focus of this study was to examine variations in nutrients (NO3-, TRP, SO42- Cl-, NH4+) and total dissolved Fe in the Cretaceous Peedee and Tertiary Castle Hayne Limestone aquifers of northeastern New Hanover County. Water samples were collected monthly for one year from sixteen wells located in the Porters Neck area (west of the Intracoastal Waterway and south of Futch Creek) and four springs located on the south side of Futch Creek. Variations in selective nutrient concentrations were measured between and within each aquifer. Concentrations of NH4+ and Fe increased in the Peedee sandstone aquifer during the warmer summer and early fall months. In late summer to early fall, Fe, NO 3-, NH4+, and TRP concentrations in the Castle Hayne Limestone aquifer were significantly higher than in the spring and winter months. Chloride and SO 42- concentrations for the Castle Hayne Limestone aquifer both increased during the warmer months, probably as a result of saltwater intrusion. Factors considered for nutrient and Fe variance include: temperature variation, anaerobic conditions, subsurface stratigraphy/structure, recharge locations, site location and surface fertilization. The shallower Castle Hayne Limestone aquifer showed seasonal variability in the study area, whereas the Peedee sandstone aquifer showed little to no seasonal variability. Increases in NO3- and TRP lagged slightly behind periods of high fertilization and were more prevalent down-dip of a major golf course. Nutrient content and seasonal variation of Futch Creek springs indicated that they originate from the Castle Hayne Limestone aquifer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00383678","usgsCitation":"Roberts, T., and Harris, W., 2004, Chemical constituents in the Peedee and Castle Hayne aquifers: Porters Neck area, New Hanover County, North Carolina: Southeastern Geology, v. 43, no. 2, p. 81-102.","startPage":"81","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"New Hanover County","otherGeospatial":"Porters Neck area","volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f56de4b0c8380cd4c20b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, T.L.","contributorId":93254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, W.B.","contributorId":6635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026432,"text":"70026432 - 2004 - Bioturbation depths, rates and processes in Massachusetts Bay sediments inferred from modeling of 210Pb and 239 + 240Pu profiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T12:03:13","indexId":"70026432","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioturbation depths, rates and processes in Massachusetts Bay sediments inferred from modeling of 210Pb and 239 + 240Pu profiles","docAbstract":"Profiles of <sup>210</sup>Pb and <sup>239 + <240</sup>Pu from sediment cores collected throughout Massachusetts Bay (water depths of 36-192 m) are interpreted with the aid of a numerical sediment-mixing model to infer bioturbation depths, rates and processes. The nuclide data suggest extensive bioturbation to depths of 25-35 cm. Roughly half the cores have <sup>210</sup>Pb and <sup>239 + 240</sup>Pu profiles that decrease monotonically from the surface and are consistent with biodiffusive mixing. Bioturbation rates are reasonably well constrained by these profiles and vary from ~0.7 to ~40 cm<sup>2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. As a result of this extensive reworking, however, sediment ages cannot be accurately determined from these radionuclides and only upper limits on sedimentation rates (of ~0.3 cm yr<sup>-1</sup>) can be inferred. The other half of the radionuclide profiles are characterized by subsurface maxima in each nuclide, which cannot be reproduced by biodiffusive mixing models. A numerical model is used to demonstrate that mixing caused by organisms that feed at the sediment surface and defecate below the surface can cause the subsurface maxima, as suggested by previous work. The deep penetration depths of excess <sup>210</sup>Pb and <sup>239 + 240</sup>Pu suggest either that the organisms release material over a range of >15 cm depth or that biodiffusive mixing mediated by other organisms is occurring at depth. Additional constraints from surficial sediment <sup>234</sup>Th data suggest that in this half of the cores, the vast majority of the present-day flux of recent, nuclide-bearing material to these core sites is transported over a timescale of a month or more to a depth of a few centimeters below the sediment surface. As a consequence of the complex mixing processes, surface sediments include material spanning a range of ages and will not accurately record recent changes in contaminant deposition.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2004.07.005","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Crusius, J., Bothner, M., and Sommerfield, C.K., 2004, Bioturbation depths, rates and processes in Massachusetts Bay sediments inferred from modeling of 210Pb and 239 + 240Pu profiles: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 61, no. 4, p. 643-655, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2004.07.005.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"643","endPage":"655","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478204,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/1606","text":"External Repository"},{"id":234198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Massachusetts Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.864609,42.273564 ], [ -70.864609,42.350644 ], [ -70.755238,42.350644 ], [ -70.755238,42.273564 ], [ -70.864609,42.273564 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"61","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1a5e4b0c8380cd4ad6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crusius, John 0000-0003-2554-0831 jcrusius@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-0831","contributorId":2155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crusius","given":"John","email":"jcrusius@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":409510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sommerfield, Christopher K.","contributorId":9820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommerfield","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026431,"text":"70026431 - 2004 - Assessment of uncertainty in ROLO lunar irradiance for on-orbit calibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026431","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Assessment of uncertainty in ROLO lunar irradiance for on-orbit calibration","docAbstract":"A system to provide radiometric calibration of remote sensing imaging instruments on-orbit using the Moon has been developed by the US Geological Survey RObotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) project. ROLO has developed a model for lunar irradiance which treats the primary geometric variables of phase and libration explicitly. The model fits hundreds of data points in each of 23 VNIR and 9 SWIR bands; input data are derived from lunar radiance images acquired by the project's on-site telescopes, calibrated to exoatmospheric radiance and converted to disk-equivalent reflectance. Experimental uncertainties are tracked through all stages of the data processing and modeling. Model fit residuals are ???1% in each band over the full range of observed phase and libration angles. Application of ROLO lunar calibration to SeaWiFS has demonstrated the capability for long-term instrument response trending with precision approaching 0.1% per year. Current work involves assessing the error in absolute responsivity and relative spectral response of the ROLO imaging systems, and propagation of error through the data reduction and modeling software systems with the goal of reducing the uncertainty in the absolute scale, now estimated at 5-10%. This level is similar to the scatter seen in ROLO lunar irradiance comparisons of multiple spacecraft instruments that have viewed the Moon. A field calibration campaign involving NASA and NIST has been initiated that ties the ROLO lunar measurements to the NIST (SI) radiometric scale.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Earth Observing Systems IX","conferenceDate":"2 August 2004 through 6 August 2004","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.560236","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Stone, T., and Kieffer, H.H., 2004, Assessment of uncertainty in ROLO lunar irradiance for on-orbit calibration, <i>in</i> Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 5542, Denver, CO, 2 August 2004 through 6 August 2004, p. 300-310, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.560236.","startPage":"300","endPage":"310","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208447,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.560236"}],"volume":"5542","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee6ce4b0c8380cd49d54","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Barnes, W.L.","contributorId":112262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508868,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butler, J.J. Jr.","contributorId":12194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"J.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508867,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Stone, T.C.","contributorId":74874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026530,"text":"70026530 - 2004 - Field-based evaluation of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive air samplers of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026530","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field-based evaluation of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive air samplers of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)","docAbstract":"Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) have been used as passive air samplers of semivolatile organic compounds in a range of studies. However, due to a lack of calibration data for polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), SPMD data have not been used to estimate air concentrations of target PAHs. In this study, SPMDs were deployed for 32 days at two sites in a major metropolitan area in Australia. High-volume active sampling systems (HiVol) were co-deployed at both sites. Using the HiVol air concentration data from one site, SPMD sampling rates were measured for 12 US EPA Priority Pollutant PAHs and then these values were used to determine air concentrations at the second site from SPMD concentrations. Air concentrations were also measured at the second site with co-deployed HiVols to validate the SPMD results. PAHs mostly associated with the vapour phase (Fluorene to Pyrene) dominated both the HiVol and passive air samples. Reproducibility between replicate passive samplers was satisfactory (CV<20%) for the majority of compounds. Sampling rates ranged between 0.6 and 6.1 m3 d-1. SPMD-based air concentrations were calculated at the second site for each compound using these sampling rates and the differences between SPMD-derived air concentrations and those measured using a HiVol were, on average, within a factor of 1.5. The dominant processes for the uptake of PAHs by SPMDs were also assessed. Using the SPMD method described herein, estimates of particulate sorbed airborne PAHs with five rings or greater were within 1.8-fold of HiVol measured values. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.036","issn":"13522310","usgsCitation":"Bartkow, M., Huckins, J., and Muller, J., 2004, Field-based evaluation of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive air samplers of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Atmospheric Environment, v. 38, no. 35, p. 5983-5990, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.036.","startPage":"5983","endPage":"5990","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208339,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.036"},{"id":234019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"35","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fede4b0c8380cd53a7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartkow, M.E.","contributorId":47126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartkow","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huckins, J.N.","contributorId":62553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckins","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muller, J.F.","contributorId":43144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026521,"text":"70026521 - 2004 - Petroleum generation and migration in the Mesopotamian Basin and Zagros Fold Felt of Iraq: Results from a basin-modeling study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-01T16:26:26.065566","indexId":"70026521","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1744,"text":"GeoArabia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petroleum generation and migration in the Mesopotamian Basin and Zagros Fold Felt of Iraq: Results from a basin-modeling study","docAbstract":"A regional 3-D total petroleum-system model was developed to evaluate petroleum generation and migration histories in the Mesopotamian Basin and Zagros fold belt in Iraq. The modeling was undertaken in conjunction with Middle East petroleum assessment studies conducted by the USGS. Regional structure maps, isopach and facies maps, and thermal maturity data were used as input to the model. The oil-generation potential of Jurassic source-rocks, the principal known source of the petroleum in Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary reservoirs in these regions, was modeled using hydrous pyrolysis (Type II-S) kerogen kinetics. Results showed that oil generation in source rocks commenced in the Late Cretaceous in intrashelf basins, peak expulsion took place in the late Miocene and Pliocene when these depocenters had expanded along the Zagros foredeep trend, and generation ended in the Holocene when deposition in the foredeep ceased. The model indicates that, at present, the majority of Jurassic source rocks in Iraq have reached or exceeded peak oil generation and most rocks have completed oil generation and expulsion. Flow-path simulations demonstrate that virtually all oil and gas fields in the Mesopotamian Basin and Zagros fold belt overlie mature Jurassic source rocks (vertical migration dominated) and are situated on, or close to, modeled migration pathways. Fields closest to modeled pathways associated with source rocks in local intrashelf basins were charged earliest from Late Cretaceous through the middle Miocene, and other fields filled later when compression-related traps were being formed. Model results confirm petroleum migration along major, northwest-trending folds and faults, and oil migration loss at the surface.","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/geoarabia090441","usgsCitation":"Pitman, J.K., Steinshouer, D., and Lewan, M.D., 2004, Petroleum generation and migration in the Mesopotamian Basin and Zagros Fold Felt of Iraq: Results from a basin-modeling study: GeoArabia, v. 9, no. 4, p. 41-72, https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia090441.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478061,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia090441","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iraq","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              41.1767578125,\n              36.27970720524017\n            ],\n            [\n              41.0009765625,\n              34.63320791137959\n            ],\n            [\n              38.62792968750001,\n              33.211116472416855\n            ],\n            [\n              39.067382812500014,\n              32.21280106801518\n            ],\n            [\n              40.473632812500014,\n              31.653381399664\n            ],\n            [\n              41.39648437499999,\n              31.12819929911196\n            ],\n            [\n              43.06640625,\n              30.259067203213018\n            ],\n            [\n              44.9560546875,\n              29.11377539511439\n            ],\n            [\n              46.58203125,\n              28.9600886880068\n            ],\n            [\n              47.4169921875,\n              29.80251790576445\n            ],\n            [\n              47.98828124999999,\n              31.98944183792288\n            ],\n            [\n              46.318359375,\n              33.17434155100208\n            ],\n            [\n              45.791015625,\n              33.8339199536547\n            ],\n            [\n              45.703125,\n              36.10237644873644\n            ],\n            [\n              44.78027343749999,\n              37.3002752813443\n            ],\n            [\n              41.87988281249999,\n              37.125286284966805\n            ],\n            [\n              41.1767578125,\n              36.27970720524017\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a77c6e4b0c8380cd7858a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X jpitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet","email":"jpitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinshouer, D.","contributorId":39986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinshouer","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewan, M. D.","contributorId":46540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026528,"text":"70026528 - 2004 - Carbon dioxide and methane sorption in high volatile bituminous coals from Indiana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026528","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon dioxide and methane sorption in high volatile bituminous coals from Indiana, USA","docAbstract":"Samples of coals from several coalbeds in Indiana were analyzed for CO2 and CH4 sorption capacity using a high-pressure adsorption isotherm technique. Coal quality and petrographic composition of the coals were determined to study their relationships to the volume of CO2 and CH4 that could be sorbed into the coal. At the temperature of 17 ??C and 400 psi (??? 2.8 MPa), the coals can sorb (on dry ash-free basis) from 4 to 6.3 m3/ton (128-202 scf/ton) of CH4 and 19.5-24.6 m3/ton4 (624 to 788 scf/ton) of CO2. The ratio of CO2/CH4 at these conditions ranges from 3.5 to 5.3 and decreases with an increasing pressure for all coals. The coals studied are of a very similar coal rank (Ro from 0.48 to 0.62%) but of varying petrographic composition, and CO2 sorption volumes appear to be positively correlated to the content of maceral telocollinite. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2004.04.001","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Mastalerz, M., Gluskoter, H.J., and Rupp, J., 2004, Carbon dioxide and methane sorption in high volatile bituminous coals from Indiana, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 60, no. 1, p. 43-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2004.04.001.","startPage":"43","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208313,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2004.04.001"},{"id":233980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f35ee4b0c8380cd4b75d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gluskoter, Harold J. halg@usgs.gov","contributorId":21319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gluskoter","given":"Harold","email":"halg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":259,"text":"Energy Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":409898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rupp, J.","contributorId":78128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupp","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026527,"text":"70026527 - 2004 - Use of qualitative and quantitative information in neural networks for assessing agricultural chemical contamination of domestic wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T07:35:41","indexId":"70026527","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of qualitative and quantitative information in neural networks for assessing agricultural chemical contamination of domestic wells","docAbstract":"<p>A neural network analysis of agrichemical occurrence in groundwater was conducted using data from a pilot study of 192 small-diameter drilled and driven wells and 115 dug and bored wells in Illinois, a regional reconnaissance network of 303 wells across 12 Midwestern states, and a study of 687 domestic wells across Iowa. Potential factors contributing to well contamination (e.g., depth to aquifer material, well depth, and distance to cropland) were investigated. These contributing factors were available in either numeric (actual or categorical) or descriptive (yes or no) format. A method was devised to use the numeric and descriptive values simultaneously. Training of the network was conducted using a standard backpropagation algorithm. Approximately 15% of the data was used for testing. Analysis indicated that training error was quite low for most data. Testing results indicated that it was possible to predict the contamination potential of a well with pesticides. However, predicting the actual level of contamination was more difficult. For pesticide occurrence in drilled and driven wells, the network predictions were good. The performance of the network was poorer for predicting nitrate occurrence in dug and bored wells. Although the data set for Iowa was large, the prediction ability of the trained network was poor, due to descriptive or categorical input parameters, compared with smaller data sets such as that for Illinois, which contained more numeric information.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:6(502)","issn":"10840699","usgsCitation":"Mishra, A., Ray, C., and Kolpin, D., 2004, Use of qualitative and quantitative information in neural networks for assessing agricultural chemical contamination of domestic wells: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 9, no. 6, p. 502-511, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:6(502).","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"502","endPage":"511","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208312,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:6(502)"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.185546875,\n              49.095452162534826\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.87109375,\n              49.03786794532644\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.31054687499999,\n              48.3416461723746\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.24414062499999,\n              48.574789910928864\n            ],\n            [\n              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C.","contributorId":40758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026522,"text":"70026522 - 2004 - Estimation of hydraulic conductivity in an alluvial system using temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:54:54","indexId":"70026522","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of hydraulic conductivity in an alluvial system using temperatures","docAbstract":"Well water temperatures are often collected simultaneously with water levels; however, temperature data are generally considered only as a water quality parameter and are not utilized as an environmental tracer. In this paper, water levels and seasonal temperatures are used to estimate hydraulic conductivities in a stream-aquifer system. To demonstrate this method, temperatures and water levels are analyzed from six observation wells along an example study site, the Russian River in Sonoma County, California. The range in seasonal ground water temperatures in these wells varied from < 0.2??C in two wells to ???8??C in the other four wells from June to October 2000. The temperature probes in the six wells are located at depths between 3.5 and 7.1 m relative to the river channel. Hydraulic conductivities are estimated by matching simulated ground water temperatures to the observed ground water temperatures. An anisotropy of 5 (horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity) generally gives the best fit to the observed temperatures. Estimated conductivities vary over an order of magnitude in the six locations analyzed. In some locations, a change in the observed temperature profile occurred during the study, most likely due to deposition of fine-grained sediment and organic matter plugging the streambed. A reasonable fit to this change in the temperature profile is obtained by decreasing the hydraulic conductivity in the simulations. This study demonstrates that seasonal ground water temperatures monitored in observation wells provide an effective means of estimating hydraulic conductivities in alluvial aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.t01-7-.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Su, G., Jasperse, J., Seymour, D., and Constantz, J., 2004, Estimation of hydraulic conductivity in an alluvial system using temperatures: Ground Water, v. 42, no. 6, p. 890-901, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.t01-7-.x.","productDescription":"12 ","startPage":"890","endPage":"901","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b92e4b0c8380cd527a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Su, G.W.","contributorId":23314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Su","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jasperse, James","contributorId":64857,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jasperse","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seymour, D.","contributorId":61610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Constantz, J.","contributorId":29953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026520,"text":"70026520 - 2004 - Re-Os sulfide geochronology of the Red Dog sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026520","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Re-Os sulfide geochronology of the Red Dog sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, Brooks Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Red Dog sediment-hosted deposit in the De Long Mountains of northern Alaska is the largest Zn producer in the world. Main stage mineralization is characterized by massive sulfide ore and crosscutting subvertical veins. Although the vein mineralization is clearly younger than the massive ore, the exact temporal relationship between the two is unclear. Re-Os geochronology of pyrite is used to determine the absolute age of main stage ore at Red Dog. A 10-point isochron on both massive and vein pyrite yields an age of 338.3 ?? 5.8 Ma and is interpreted to represent the age of main stage ore. The Re-Os data indicate that both massive and vein ore types are coeval within the resolution of the technique. Formation of the Red Dog deposit was associated with extension along a passive continental margin, and therefore the Re-Os age of main stage ore constrains the timing of rifting as well as the age of the host sedimentary rocks. Sphalerite from both massive and vein ore yields imprecise ages and shows a high degree of scatter compared to pyrite. We suggest that the Re-Os systematics of sphalerite can be disturbed and that this mineral is not reliable for Re-Os geochronology. ?? 2004 by Economic Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/99.7.1569","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Morelli, R., Creaser, R., Selby, D., Kelley, K., Leach, D.L., and King, A., 2004, Re-Os sulfide geochronology of the Red Dog sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1569-1576, https://doi.org/10.2113/99.7.1569.","startPage":"1569","endPage":"1576","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208580,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/99.7.1569"},{"id":234415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a956be4b0c8380cd819d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morelli, R.M.","contributorId":89703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morelli","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Creaser, R.A.","contributorId":50319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creaser","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Selby, D.","contributorId":57623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selby","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kelley, K.D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":75157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"King, A.R.","contributorId":94828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026699,"text":"70026699 - 2004 - Alum amendment effects on phosphorus release and distribution in poultry litter-amended sandy soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-01T18:06:43.250672","indexId":"70026699","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alum amendment effects on phosphorus release and distribution in poultry litter-amended sandy soils","docAbstract":"<p><span>Increased poultry production has contributed to excess nutrient problems in Atlantic Coastal Plain soils due to land application of poultry litter (PL). Aluminum sulfate [alum, Al</span><sub>2</sub><span>(SO</span><sub>4</sub><span>)</span><sub>3</sub><span>·14H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O] amendment of PL effectively reduces soluble phosphorus (P) in the PL; however, the effects of these litters when added to acidic, sandy soils are not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of alum-amended poultry litter in reducing P release from three Delaware Coastal Plain soils: Evesboro loamy sand (Ev; excessively drained, mesic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments), Rumford loamy sand (Ru; well drained, coarse-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults), and Pocomoke sandy loam (Pm; very poorly drained, coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Typic Umbraquults). Long-term (25 d) and short-term (24 h) desorption studies were conducted, in addition to chemical extractions and kinetic modeling, to observe the changes that alum-amended versus unamended PL caused in the soils. The Ev, Ru, and Pm soils were incubated with 9 Mg ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;of alum-amended or unamended PL. Long-term desorption (25 d) of the incubated material resulted in approximately 13.5% (Ev), 12.7% (Ru), and 13.3% (Pm) reductions in cumulative P desorbed when comparing soil treated with unamended and alum-amended PL. In addition, the P release from the soil treated with alum-amended litter was not significantly different from the control (soil alone). Short-term desorption (24 h) showed 7.3% (Ev), 15.4% (Ru), and 20% (Pm) reductions. The overall implication from this study is that the use of alum as a PL amendment is useful in coarse-textured soils of the Coastal Plain. With increased application of alum-amended PL, more significant decreases may be possible with little or no effect on soil quality.</span>textured soils of the Coastal Plain. With increased application of alum-amended PL, more significant decreases may be possible with little or no effect on soil quality.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq2004.1904","usgsCitation":"Staats, K., Arai, Y., and Sparks, D., 2004, Alum amendment effects on phosphorus release and distribution in poultry litter-amended sandy soils: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 33, no. 5, p. 1904-1911, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.1904.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1904","endPage":"1911","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70027138,"text":"70027138 - 2004 - Numerical analysis of the mobility of the Palos Verdes debris avalanche, California, and its implication for the generation of tsunamis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70027138","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Numerical analysis of the mobility of the Palos Verdes debris avalanche, California, and its implication for the generation of tsunamis","docAbstract":"Analysis of morphology, failure and post-failure stages of the Palos Verdes debris avalanche reveals that it may have triggered a significant tsunami wave. Our analysis of the failure itself indicates that the slope is stable under aseismic conditions but that a major earthquake (with a magnitude around 7) could have triggered the slide. A post-failure analysis, considering the debris avalanche as a bi-linear flow, shows that peak velocities of up to 45 m/s could have been reached and that the initial movement involved a mass of rock less than 10 km wide, 1 km long and about 50-80 m thick. Initial wave height estimates vary from 10 to 50 m. Tsunami waves propagating to the local shoreline would be significantly smaller. Such a range demonstrates our lack of proper knowledge of the transition from failure to post-failure behavior related to mass movements. Further investigations and analyses of terrestrial and submarine evidence are required for a proper hazard assessment related to tsunami generation in the Los Angeles area. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00310-4","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Locat, J., Lee, H., Locat, P., and Imran, J., 2004, Numerical analysis of the mobility of the Palos Verdes debris avalanche, California, and its implication for the generation of tsunamis, <i>in</i> Marine Geology, v. 203, no. 3-4, p. 269-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00310-4.","startPage":"269","endPage":"280","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209073,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00310-4"},{"id":235264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"203","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a68e8e4b0c8380cd73a79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Locat, J.","contributorId":56392,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Locat","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25484,"text":"Université Laval, Québec City, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, H.J.","contributorId":96693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Locat, P.","contributorId":64112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locat","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Imran, J.","contributorId":44322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imran","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027683,"text":"70027683 - 2004 - Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in western North America under a 'business as usual' climate change scenario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:58:03","indexId":"70027683","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in western North America under a 'business as usual' climate change scenario","docAbstract":"<p>Spring snowmelt is the most important contribution of many rivers in western North America. If climate changes, this contribution may change. A shift in the timing of springtime snowmelt towards earlier in the year already is observed during 1948-2000 in many western rivers. Streamflow timing changes for the 1995-2099 period are projected using regression relations between observed streamflow-timing responses in each river, measured by the temporal centroid of streamflow (CT) each year, and local temperature (TI) and precipitation (PI) indices. Under 21st century warming trends predicted by the Parallel Climate Model (PCM) under business-as-usual greenhouse-gas emissions, streamflow timing trends across much of western North America suggest even earlier springtime snowmelt than observed to date. Projected CT changes are consistent with observed rates and directions of change during the past five decades, and are strongest in the Pacific Northwest, Sierra Nevada, and Rocky Mountains, where many rivers eventually run 30-40 days earlier. The modest PI changes projected by PCM yield minimal CT changes. The responses of CT to the simultaneous effects of projected TI and PI trends are dominated by the TI changes. Regression-based CT projections agree with those from physically-based simulations of rivers in the Pacific Northwest and Sierra Nevada.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013702.22656.e8","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Stewart, I., Cayan, D., and Dettinger, M.D., 2004, Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in western North America under a 'business as usual' climate change scenario: Climatic Change, v. 62, no. 1-3, p. 217-232, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013702.22656.e8.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"232","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210939,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013702.22656.e8"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f426e4b0c8380cd4bb87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, I.T.","contributorId":80062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"I.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel drcayan@usgs.gov","contributorId":149912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":149896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026953,"text":"70026953 - 2004 - Entry of alkalis into type-I chondrules at both high and low temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70026953","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Entry of alkalis into type-I chondrules at both high and low temperatures","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10869379","usgsCitation":"Grossman, J.N., and Alexander, C.M., 2004, Entry of alkalis into type-I chondrules at both high and low temperatures: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 39, no. SUPPL.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"SUPPL.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0985e4b0c8380cd51f61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossman, J. N.","contributorId":41840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, C. M. O’D.","contributorId":105418,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alexander","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. O’D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001748,"text":"1001748 - 2004 - The flora of the Cottonwood Lake Study Area, Stutsman County, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:16:27","indexId":"1001748","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The flora of the Cottonwood Lake Study Area, Stutsman County, North Dakota","docAbstract":"The 92 ha Cottonwood Lake Study Area is located in south-central North Dakota along the eastern edge of a glacial stagnation moraine known as the Missouri Coteau. The study area has been the focus of biologic and hydrologic research since the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service purchased the site in 1963. We studied the plant communities of the Cottonwood Lake Study Area from 1992 to 2001. During this time period, the vascular flora of the study area consisted of 220 species representing 51 families. Over half of the species were perennial forbs (117 species). Perennial grasses (26 species) and annual forbs (22 species) made up the next two largest physiognomic groupings. The flora, having a mean Coefficient of Conservatism of 4.6 and a Floristic Quality Index of 62, consisted of 187 native species. Thirty-three species were non-natives. Our annotated list should provide information useful to researchers, graduate students, and others as they design and implement future studies in wetlands and uplands both in and around the Cottonwood Lake Study Area.","language":"English","publisher":"Prairie Naturalist","usgsCitation":"Mushet, D., Euliss, N., Lane, S., and Goldade, C., 2004, The flora of the Cottonwood Lake Study Area, Stutsman County, North Dakota: Prairie Naturalist, v. 36, p. 43-62.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65daf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mushet, D.M. 0000-0002-5910-2744","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":59377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Euliss, N.H. Jr.","contributorId":54917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, S.P.","contributorId":75495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldade, C.M.","contributorId":83471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1001842,"text":"1001842 - 2004 - Does presence of permanent fresh water affect recruitment in prairie-nesting dabbling ducks?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-04T18:34:57.997527","indexId":"1001842","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does presence of permanent fresh water affect recruitment in prairie-nesting dabbling ducks?","docAbstract":"<p><span>In the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North Dakota, USA, American mink (</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Mustela vison</span></i><span>) are a major predator of ducklings. Mink populations plummet during severe droughts, but some mink survive where permanent fresh water is available. In 1992–1993, we evaluated whether development of a permanent water body, the 125-km McClusky Canal (MC), had affected survival of gadwall (</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Anas strepera</span></i><span>) and mallard (</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">A. platyrhynchos</span></i><span>) broods and ducklings in surrounding wetland complexes. Twelve of 25 radiomarked gadwall and mallard hens experienced total brood loss, and 148 of 199 radiomarked ducklings from 58 broods died by day 30. Gadwall broods (</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 18 radiomarked hens) survived to 30 days at a lower rate (0.52) than predicted for similar areas in the region with limited permanent fresh water (0.85;&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.009). Observed (</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 162 radiomarked ducklings from 48 broods) survival rates also were lower than predicted for gadwall ducklings 0–7 days old (0.42 vs. 0.60;&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.001) and 8–30 days old (0.41 vs. 0.80;&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.001). We attempted to include mallards in models constructed to predict brood and duckling survival rates in the Koenig Study Area (KSA), but data were too sparse. Rates of survival to 30 days for gadwall and mallard ducklings declined from an estimated 0.83 and 0.68 in 1976–1981 (Lokemoen et al. 1990), when the MC was first filling with water, to 0.36 and 0.31 (adjusted for radiotransmitter effects) in 1992–1993 after the MC had become a permanent freshwater body.</span><span>&nbsp;Estimated gadwall recruitment rate (females fledged per hen) during 1992–1993 was 0.5, &lt;50% of the estimated recruitment rate in 1976–1981. Of 130 radiomarked ducklings (both species) for which we determined cause of death, 114 mortalities were attributed to predation; at least 65% of 62 deaths in which the predator type could be discerned were caused by mink. Environmental planners and waterfowl managers should be aware of potential risks to waterfowl production from development of permanent freshwater bodies in prairie pothole landscapes and may wish to refine duck productivity models to consider negative effects of permanent water on duckling survival.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0332:DPOPFW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Krapu, G., Pietz, P., Brandt, D., and Cox, R.R., 2004, Does presence of permanent fresh water affect recruitment in prairie-nesting dabbling ducks?: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 68, no. 2, p. 332-341, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0332:DPOPFW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"332","endPage":"341","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"McClean County","city":"Mercer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -100.76934814453125,\n              47.468949677672484\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.66497802734375,\n              47.468949677672484\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.66497802734375,\n              47.50421439972969\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.76934814453125,\n              47.50421439972969\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.76934814453125,\n              47.468949677672484\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62ab0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krapu, Gary L.","contributorId":56994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pietz, P.J.","contributorId":6398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietz","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brandt, D.A.","contributorId":67448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, R. R. Jr.","contributorId":57006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027221,"text":"70027221 - 2004 - The Late Cambrian SPICE (δ13C) event and the Sauk II-Sauk III regression: new evidence from Laurentian basins in Utah, Iowa, and Newfoundland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-06T13:58:11","indexId":"70027221","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Late Cambrian SPICE (δ13C) event and the Sauk II-Sauk III regression: new evidence from Laurentian basins in Utah, Iowa, and Newfoundland","docAbstract":"Carbon isotope data from Upper Cambrian sections in three Laurentian basins in northern Utah, central Iowa, and western Newfoundland record a large positive ??13C excursion (SPICE event) of up to + 5???. Peak ??13C ratios are well dated by trilobite collections to the middle of the Steptoean Stage (Dunderbergia Zone) and occur during maximum regression associated with formation of the Sauk II-Sauk III subsequence boundary on the North American craton. Maximum regression was marked by an influx of quartz sand into carbonate-platform settings in all three widely separated basins. In northern Utah, this quartz sand formed a thick sequence known as the Worm Creek Quartzite, which marks a conspicuous interruption of carbonate deposition during the Middle to Late Cambrian in the region. In western Newfoundland, the thickness of the quartz sand unit is much reduced but still marks a brief shutdown of the carbonate factory that is unique to the Cambrian shelf succession of the area. In the central Iowa area of the cratonic interior, an upward-shallowing carbonate succession culminates in cross-stratified trilobite grainstones at the peak of the SPICE in Dunderbergia Zone time, and the lowest point on the relative-sea-level curve is associated with the occurrence of coarse quartz sand derived from the encroaching shoreface. Although it is difficult to determine precisely the departure from baseline ??13C that marks the beginning of the SPICE excursion in the stratigraphic successions analyzed, our results are consistent with a rise and subsequent fall in ??13C tracking a major regressive-transgressive event recorded across northern Laurentia. The correlation of a major ??13C excursion with regression is similar to that described for the Late Ordovician, for which the pattern has been attributed to either increased carbonate relative to terrigenous weathering rates as ice sheets covered up organic-matter-containing silicates at high latitudes or high productivity and organic-carbon burial driven by oceanic overturn. The lack of known Steptoean-age ice sheets that could have affected the ratio of carbonate to silicate weathering rates suggests that organic-carbon burial was the likely cause of the SPICE event. We suggest that increased weathering and erosion rates during relative sea-level fall (Sauk II-III) increased the burial fraction of organic carbon in an expanded region of fine-grained siliciclastic deposits in shelf and upper slope environments during the Steptoean. ?? 2004, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology).","largerWorkTitle":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","language":"English","doi":"10.1306/120203740366","issn":"15271404","usgsCitation":"Saltzman, M.R., Cowan, C.A., Runkel, A.C., Runnegar, B., Stewart, M.C., and Palmer, A.R., 2004, The Late Cambrian SPICE (δ13C) event and the Sauk II-Sauk III regression: new evidence from Laurentian basins in Utah, Iowa, and Newfoundland: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 74, no. 3, p. 366-377, https://doi.org/10.1306/120203740366.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"366","endPage":"377","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba7ade4b08c986b321715","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saltzman, Matthew R.","contributorId":41667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltzman","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowan, Clinton A.","contributorId":95245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowan","given":"Clinton","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Runkel, Anthony C.","contributorId":63186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Runnegar, Bruce","contributorId":44140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runnegar","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stewart, Michael C.","contributorId":42491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Palmer, Allison R.","contributorId":24343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"Allison","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
]}