The functional relationship between fish and mammalian thrombocytes is relatively unknown. In this study, a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was used to investigate the functional properties of rainbow trout thrombocytes. The mAbs recognize cell-surface molecules on thrombocytes with molecular weights ranging from 17 to 160 kDa. Flow cytometric and immuno-electron microscopic analyses demonstrate that these molecules are expressed at different levels and that surface expression increased upon activation with bovine collagen. Two of these cell-surface molecules (17 and 21 kDa) were directly involved in collagen-induced aggregation of thrombocytes since aggregation was blocked upon pre-treatment with mAbs that recognize the two surface markers. Interestingly, the percentage of thrombocytes in blood increased after stimulation using different antigens. The transcriptional profile of trout thrombocytes was then examined after immuno-magnetic enrichment using the described mAbs to assess potential roles of trout thrombocytes in immune functions. Trout thrombocytes express components of the MHC class Ia pathway, IL1β, TNFα, TGFβ, the interleukin receptor common γ chain as well as CXC and CC chemokines. MHC class IIB and TNFα were expressed at low levels in resting thrombocytes. No evidence was found for the expression of TCRαβ, Ig heavy chain, CD8α or CK1 mRNA. Taken together, these results suggest that rainbow trout thrombocytes express molecules involved in activation, aggregation and genes encoding proteins, that are involved in antigen presentation and immune regulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2004.03.005","usgsCitation":"Kollner, B., Fisher, U., Rombout, J., Taverne-Thiele, J., and Hansen, J., 2004, Potential involvement of rainbow trout thrombocytes in immune functions: a study using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and RT-PCR: Developmental and Comparative Immunology, v. 28, no. 10, p. 1049-1062, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2004.03.005.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1049","endPage":"1062","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/potential-involvement-of-rainbow-trout-thrombocytes-in-immune-fun","text":"External Repository"},{"id":320925,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5729cbb8e4b0b13d3919a3b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kollner, B.","contributorId":169132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kollner","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, U.","contributorId":169129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisher","given":"U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rombout, J.H.W.M.","contributorId":169130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rombout","given":"J.H.W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taverne-Thiele, J.J.","contributorId":169131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taverne-Thiele","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hansen, J.D.","contributorId":107880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026448,"text":"70026448 - 2004 - Surface rupture on the Denali fault interpreted from tree damage during the 1912 Delta River Mw 7.2–7.4 earthquake: Implications for the 2002 Denali fault earthquake slip distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-13T10:28:45.045265","indexId":"70026448","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface rupture on the Denali fault interpreted from tree damage during the 1912 Delta River Mw 7.2–7.4 earthquake: Implications for the 2002 Denali fault earthquake slip distribution","docAbstract":"During the 3 November 2002 Denali fault earthquake, surface rupture propagated through a small, old-growth forest in the Delta River valley and damaged many trees growing on the fault. Damage was principally the result of fault offset of tree roots and tilting of trees. Some trees were split by surface faults that intersected the base of their trunks or large taproots. A few trees appear to have been damaged by strong shaking. Many of the older trees damaged in 2002 were deformed and scarred. Some of these scarred trees exhibit past damage indicative of surface faulting and have abrupt changes in their annual ring patterns that coincide with the past damage. Annual ring counts from several of these older scarred trees indicate the damage was caused by surface rupture on the Denali fault in 1912. The only earthquake of sufficient magnitude that fits the requirements for timing and general location as recorded by the damaged trees is a widely felt Ms 7.2-7.4 earthquake on 6 July 1912 informally referred to as the 1912 Delta River earthquake. Seismologic data and intensity distribution for the 1912 Delta River earthquake indicate that its epicenter was within 60-90 km of the Delta River and that rupture probably propagated toward the west. Inferred fault length, displacement, and rupture direction suggest the 1912 rupture was probably largely coincident with the western, lower slip section of the 2002 rupture.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040625","usgsCitation":"Carver, G., Plafker, G., Metz, M., Cluff, L., Slemmons, B., Johnson, E., Roddick, J., and Sorensen, S., 2004, Surface rupture on the Denali fault interpreted from tree damage during the 1912 Delta River Mw 7.2–7.4 earthquake: Implications for the 2002 Denali fault earthquake slip distribution: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. S58-S71, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040625.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"S58","endPage":"S71","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.26953125,\n 61.18562468142281\n ],\n [\n -156.4892578125,\n 59.265880628258095\n ],\n [\n -144.228515625,\n 59.44507509904714\n ],\n [\n -143.26171875,\n 63.450509218001095\n ],\n [\n -146.8212890625,\n 63.80189351770543\n ],\n [\n -150.6884765625,\n 63.6267446447533\n ],\n [\n -156.26953125,\n 63.15435519659187\n ],\n [\n -156.26953125,\n 61.18562468142281\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"6B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fbce4b08c986b31e7de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carver, G.","contributorId":97681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carver","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Metz, M.","contributorId":20519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cluff, L.","contributorId":73789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cluff","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Slemmons, B.","contributorId":89317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slemmons","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, E.","contributorId":14161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roddick, J.","contributorId":39169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roddick","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sorensen, S.","contributorId":48360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorensen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70170826,"text":"70170826 - 2004 - Developmental instability in Rhus copallinum L.: multiple stressors, years, and responses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T14:50:01","indexId":"70170826","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2065,"text":"International Journal of Plant Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developmental instability in Rhus copallinum L.: multiple stressors, years, and responses","docAbstract":"Developmental instability, as assessed by leaf fluctuating asymmetry and stem internode allometry, was examined at nine sites, representing three levels of disturbance, over multiple years. Site selection was based on land‐use disturbance classes related to training of mechanized infantry and other land management activities at Fort Benning, Georgia. Developmental instability varied among sites and years, and there was a strong site‐by‐year interaction for many traits. Indeed, depending on the year, the same site could be ranked as having the greatest and least amount of leaf fluctuating asymmetry. Burning a site the year prior to collecting the leaves profoundly influenced measures of leaf fluctuating asymmetry. In the absence of recent burning, leaf fluctuating asymmetry declined with increasing disturbance, but burning the year prior to collecting the leaves reversed this trend. Total plant cover, proportion of bare ground, and amount of plant litter influenced the amount of leaf asymmetry in a site‐dependent manner. Overall, burning influenced the levels of developmental instability more than either disturbance or microhabitat variables such as total plant cover, which should reflect competition in a plant’s immediate neighborhood.
","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/380986","usgsCitation":"Freeman, D.C., Brown, M.L., Duda, J.J., Graham, J.H., Emlen, J.M., Krzysik, A.J., Balbach, H.E., Kovacic, D.A., and Zak, J.C., 2004, Developmental instability in Rhus copallinum L.: multiple stressors, years, and responses: International Journal of Plant Sciences, v. 165, no. 1, p. 53-63, https://doi.org/10.1086/380986.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"63","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320908,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"165","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5729cbafe4b0b13d3919a2f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freeman, D. Carl","contributorId":31599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freeman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Carl","affiliations":[{"id":7147,"text":"Wayne State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Michelle L.","contributorId":168990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":7147,"text":"Wayne State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duda, Jeffrey J. 0000-0001-7431-8634 jduda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-8634","contributorId":145486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jduda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graham, John H.","contributorId":19861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Emlen, John M.","contributorId":168812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Krzysik, Anthony J.","contributorId":168925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krzysik","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Balbach, Harold E.","contributorId":169120,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balbach","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kovacic, Dave A.","contributorId":169123,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kovacic","given":"Dave","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Zak, John C.","contributorId":168942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zak","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70026804,"text":"70026804 - 2004 - Three-dimensional local grid refinement for block-centered finite-difference groundwater models using iteratively coupled shared nodes: A new method of interpolation and analysis of errors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70026804","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional local grid refinement for block-centered finite-difference groundwater models using iteratively coupled shared nodes: A new method of interpolation and analysis of errors","docAbstract":"This paper describes work that extends to three dimensions the two-dimensional local-grid refinement method for block-centered finite-difference groundwater models of Mehl and Hill [Development and evaluation of a local grid refinement method for block-centered finite-difference groundwater models using shared nodes. Adv Water Resour 2002;25(5):497-511]. In this approach, the (parent) finite-difference grid is discretized more finely within a (child) sub-region. The grid refinement method sequentially solves each grid and uses specified flux (parent) and specified head (child) boundary conditions to couple the grids. Iteration achieves convergence between heads and fluxes of both grids. Of most concern is how to interpolate heads onto the boundary of the child grid such that the physics of the parent-grid flow is retained in three dimensions. We develop a new two-step, \"cage-shell\" interpolation method based on the solution of the flow equation on the boundary of the child between nodes shared with the parent grid. Error analysis using a test case indicates that the shared-node local grid refinement method with cage-shell boundary head interpolation is accurate and robust, and the resulting code is used to investigate three-dimensional local grid refinement of stream-aquifer interactions. Results reveal that (1) the parent and child grids interact to shift the true head and flux solution to a different solution where the heads and fluxes of both grids are in equilibrium, (2) the locally refined model provided a solution for both heads and fluxes in the region of the refinement that was more accurate than a model without refinement only if iterations are performed so that both heads and fluxes are in equilibrium, and (3) the accuracy of the coupling is limited by the parent-grid size - A coarse parent grid limits correct representation of the hydraulics in the feedback from the child grid.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.06.004","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Mehl, S., and Hill, M.C., 2004, Three-dimensional local grid refinement for block-centered finite-difference groundwater models using iteratively coupled shared nodes: A new method of interpolation and analysis of errors: Advances in Water Resources, v. 27, no. 9, p. 899-912, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.06.004.","startPage":"899","endPage":"912","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209280,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.06.004"}],"volume":"27","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb330e4b08c986b325c34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehl, S.","contributorId":20114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026451,"text":"70026451 - 2004 - Mercury speciation and microbial transformations in mine wastes, stream sediments, and surface waters at the Almaden Mining District, Spain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-06T10:16:39","indexId":"70026451","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury speciation and microbial transformations in mine wastes, stream sediments, and surface waters at the Almaden Mining District, Spain","docAbstract":"Speciation of Hg and conversion to methyl-Hg were evaluated in mine wastes, sediments, and water collected from the Almade??n District, Spain, the world's largest Hg producing region. Our data for methyl-Hg, a neurotoxin hazardous to humans, are the first reported for sediment and water from the Almade??n area. Concentrations of Hg and methyl-Hg in mine waste, sediment, and water from Almade??n are among the highest found at Hg mines worldwide. Mine wastes from Almade??n contain highly elevated Hg concentrations, ranging from 160 to 34 000 ??g/g, and methyl-Hg varies from <0.20 to 3100 ng/g. Isotopic tracer methods indicate that mine wastes at one site (Almadenejos) exhibit unusually high rates of Hg-methylation, which correspond with mine wastes containing the highest methyl-Hg concentrations. Streamwater collected near the Almade??n mine is also contaminated, containing Hg as high as 13 000 ng/L and methyl-Hg as high as 30 ng/L; corresponding stream sediments contain Hg concentrations as high as 2300 ??g/g and methyl-Hg concentrations as high as 82 ng/g. Several streamwaters contain Hg concentrations in excess of the 1000 ng/L World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard. Methyl-Hg formation and degradation was rapid in mines wastes and stream sediments demonstrating the dynamic nature of Hg cycling. These data indicate substantial downstream transport of Hg from the Almade??n mine and significant conversion to methyl-Hg in the surface environment.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es040359d","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.E., Hines, M.E., Higueras, P.L., Adatto, I., and Lasorsa, B.K., 2004, Mercury speciation and microbial transformations in mine wastes, stream sediments, and surface waters at the Almaden Mining District, Spain: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 16, p. 4285-4292, https://doi.org/10.1021/es040359d.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"4285","endPage":"4292","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478126,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10578/1282","text":"External Repository"},{"id":234477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208618,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es040359d"}],"volume":"38","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a542de4b0c8380cd6ceda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, John E. jgray@usgs.gov","contributorId":1275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"John","email":"jgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, Mark E.","contributorId":43180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Higueras, Pablo L.","contributorId":94212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higueras","given":"Pablo","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adatto, Isaac","contributorId":96058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adatto","given":"Isaac","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lasorsa, Brenda K.","contributorId":45398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasorsa","given":"Brenda","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026807,"text":"70026807 - 2004 - Spatial partitioning and asymmetric hybridization among sympatric coastal steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus), coastal cutthroat trout (O. clarki clarki) and interspecific hybrids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T15:34:14","indexId":"70026807","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial partitioning and asymmetric hybridization among sympatric coastal steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus), coastal cutthroat trout (O. clarki clarki) and interspecific hybrids","docAbstract":"Hybridization between sympatric species provides unique opportunities to examine the contrast between mechanisms that promote hybridization and maintain species integrity. We surveyed hybridization between sympatric coastal steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus) and coastal cutthroat trout (O. clarki clarki) from two streams in Washington State, Olsen Creek (256 individuals sampled) and Jansen Creek (431 individuals sampled), over a 3-year period. We applied 11 O. mykiss-specific nuclear markers, 11 O. c. clarki-specific nuclear markers and a mitochondrial DNA marker to assess spatial partitioning among species and hybrids and determine the directionality of hybridization. F1 and post-F1 hybrids, respectively, composed an average of 1.2% and 33.6% of the population sampled in Jansen Creek, and 5.9% and 30.4% of the population sampled in Olsen Creek. A modest level of habitat partitioning among species and hybrids was detected. Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicated that all F 1 hybrids (15 from Olsen Creek and five from Jansen Creek) arose from matings between steelhead females and cutthroat males implicating a sneak spawning behaviour by cutthroat males. First-generation cutthroat backcrosses contained O. c. clarki mtDNA more often than expected suggesting natural selection against F1 hybrids. More hybrids were backcrossed toward cutthroat than steelhead and our results indicate recurrent hybridization within these creeks. Age analysis demonstrated that hybrids were between 1 and 4 years old. These results suggest that within sympatric salmonid hybrid zones, exogenous processes (environmentally dependent factors) help to maintain the distinction between parental types through reduced fitness of hybrids within parental environments while divergent natural selection promotes parental types through distinct adaptive advantages of parental phenotypes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02268.x","issn":"09621083","usgsCitation":"Ostberg, C., Slatton, S., and Rodriguez, R.J., 2004, Spatial partitioning and asymmetric hybridization among sympatric coastal steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus), coastal cutthroat trout (O. clarki clarki) and interspecific hybrids: Molecular Ecology, v. 13, no. 9, p. 2773-2788, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02268.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2773","endPage":"2788","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209305,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02268.x"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.71611022949217,\n 48.37084770238363\n ],\n [\n -124.63989257812499,\n 48.237022337975674\n ],\n [\n -124.43321228027342,\n 48.11889235864144\n ],\n [\n -124.30343627929688,\n 48.23747967660676\n ],\n [\n -124.30343627929688,\n 48.272225451004324\n ],\n [\n -124.57740783691405,\n 48.36856693556385\n ],\n [\n -124.63714599609374,\n 48.377689389945736\n ],\n [\n -124.65568542480467,\n 48.39091404578957\n ],\n [\n -124.72366333007812,\n 48.38681020997078\n ],\n [\n -124.72640991210938,\n 48.37175998050947\n ],\n [\n -124.71611022949217,\n 48.37084770238363\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b948ee4b08c986b31ab71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ostberg, C.O.","contributorId":15361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostberg","given":"C.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slatton, S.L.","contributorId":26493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slatton","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rodriguez, R. J.","contributorId":53107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015209,"text":"1015209 - 2004 - Mixing physical habitat and streamflow time series analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-28T10:11:10","indexId":"1015209","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1921,"text":"Hydroécologie Appliquée","onlineIssn":"1958-556X","printIssn":"1147-9213","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mixing physical habitat and streamflow time series analysis","docAbstract":"Four observations from two case studies are presented: physical habitat analysis of the Virgin River in southwestern Utah and upper Animas Basin in southwestern Colorado. The Virgin River is usually considered a sand bed river. Cross-sectional measurements, made at three streamflows, show there was considerable change in the channel between the times of the three sets of measurements. First observation: it is important to keep the three sets of data as individual data sets. Second observation: the channel index is not fixed in a river with a moveable-bed and changes affect understanding of the aquatic system. The Animas River has a wide range of streamflows and high metals toxicity. Both winter and spring discharges may limit trout populations. Third observation: (from Animas River) habitat time series analysis should be done with a model that specifically links physical habitat relations and streamflows. Fourth observation: annual time series of habitat suitability considering metals toxicity can be generated. Considering the third and fourth observation together leads to the secondary observation that the hydraulic and stream flow conditions that favor one species may not be as good for the species favored by the water quality conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecosciences","doi":"10.1051/hydro:2004005","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R., 2004, Mixing physical habitat and streamflow time series analysis: Hydroécologie Appliquée, v. 14, no. 1, p. 69-91, https://doi.org/10.1051/hydro:2004005.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"91","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488737,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051/hydro:2004005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699a84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, R.T.","contributorId":106845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026460,"text":"70026460 - 2004 - Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:20:42","indexId":"70026460","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant","docAbstract":"In a study conducted by the US Geological Survey and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 24 water samples were collected at selected locations within a drinking-water-treatment (DWT) facility and from the two streams that serve the facility to evaluate the potential for wastewater-related organic contaminants to survive a conventional treatment process and persist in potable-water supplies. Stream-water samples as well as samples of raw, settled, filtered, and finished water were collected during low-flow conditions, when the discharge of effluent from upstream municipal sewage-treatment plants accounted for 37–67% of flow in stream 1 and 10–20% of flow in stream 2. Each sample was analyzed for 106 organic wastewater-related contaminants (OWCs) that represent a diverse group of extensively used chemicals. Forty OWCs were detected in one or more samples of stream water or raw-water supplies in the treatment plant; 34 were detected in more than 10% of these samples. Several of these compounds also were frequently detected in samples of finished water; these compounds include selected prescription and non-prescription drugs and their metabolites, fragrance compounds, flame retardants and plasticizers, cosmetic compounds, and a solvent. The detection of these compounds suggests that they resist removal through conventional water-treatment processes. Other compounds that also were frequently detected in samples of stream water and raw-water supplies were not detected in samples of finished water; these include selected prescription and non-prescription drugs and their metabolites, disinfectants, detergent metabolites, and plant and animal steroids. The non-detection of these compounds indicates that their concentrations are reduced to levels less than analytical detection limits or that they are transformed to degradates through conventional DWT processes. Concentrations of OWCs detected in finished water generally were low and did not exceed Federal drinking-water standards or lifetime health advisories, although such standards or advisories have not been established for most of these compounds. Also, at least 11 and as many as 17 OWCs were detected in samples of finished water. Drinking-water criteria currently are based on the toxicity of individual compounds and not combinations of compounds. Little is known about potential human-health effects associated with chronic exposure to trace levels of multiple OWCs through routes such as drinking water. The occurrence in drinking-water supplies of many of the OWCs analyzed for during this study is unregulated and most of these compounds have not been routinely monitored for in the Nation's source- or potable-water supplies. This study provides the first documentation that many of these compounds can survive conventional water-treatment processes and occur in potable-water supplies. It thereby provides information that can be used in setting research and regulatory priorities and in designing future monitoring programs. The results of this study also indicate that improvements in water-treatment processes may benefit from consideration of the response of OWCs and other trace organic contaminants to specific physical and chemical treatments.
Increased abundance and distribution of eastern redcedar (Juniperns virginiannus), a native species in the Great Plains, has been associated with changes in ecosystem functioning and landscape cover. Knowledge of the main consumers and dispersal agents of eastern red cedar cones is essential to understanding the invasive spread of the species. We examined animal removal of cedar cones in three habitats (tallgrass prairie, eastern red cedar and woodland-prairie margins) in the Cross Timbers ecoregion using three exclosure treatments during autumn and winter. Exclosure treatments excluded study trees from ungulates, from terrestrial rodents and ungulates or from neither (control). Loss of cones from branches varied by a habitat-time interaction, but was not affected by exclosure type. Loss of cones from containers located under experimental trees varied by a habitat-treatment-time interaction. In December and January, cone consumption from containers in no-exclosure treatments was highest in margins, followed by tallgrass prairie and eastern red cedar habitats. We conclude birds consumed the majority of cones from branches and small-and medium-sized mammals consumed cones on the ground. Both birds and mammals likely contribute to the spread of eastern red cedar but at different scales. Limiting invasion of eastern red cedar in forests may require early detection and selective removal of pioneer seedlings in cross timbers and other habitats that attract a high diversity or density of frugivores.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2004)152[0255:DCOERC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Horncastle, V., Hellgren, E.C., Mayer, P., Engle, D.M., and Leslie, D., 2004, Differential consumption of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) by avian and mammalian guilds: Implications for tree invasion: American Midland Naturalist, v. 152, no. 2, p. 255-267, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2004)152[0255:DCOERC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"267","costCenters":[{"id":515,"text":"Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234268,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.140625,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n -95.80078125,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n -95.80078125,\n 37.68382032669382\n ],\n [\n -97.470703125,\n 37.68382032669382\n ],\n [\n -99.140625,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -99.140625,\n 33.358061612778876\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"152","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00f5e4b0c8380cd4f9f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horncastle, V.J.","contributorId":24536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horncastle","given":"V.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hellgren, E. C.","contributorId":40327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hellgren","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mayer, P.M.","contributorId":42001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Engle, David M.","contributorId":97225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leslie, D.M. 0000-0002-3884-1484","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3884-1484","contributorId":107633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026698,"text":"70026698 - 2004 - Modeling the effects of human activity on Katmai brown bears (Ursus arctos) through the use of survival analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-30T16:43:01.211116","indexId":"70026698","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Modeling the effects of human activity on Katmai brown bears (Ursus arctos) through the use of survival analysis","title":"Modeling the effects of human activity on Katmai brown bears (Ursus arctos) through the use of survival analysis","docAbstract":"Brown bear-human interactions were observed in 1993, 1995, and 1997 at Kulik River in Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska. We analyzed these interactions using survival analysis, creating survival curves for the time that bears remained on the river in the presence, and absence, of human activity. Bear-only survival curves did not vary significantly between years (p = 0.067). Ninety-seven percent of bears left the river within 70 minutes of arrival in all years. Temporal patterns of bear activity were unaffected by the presence of humans as long as the bears did not share river zones with humans (p = 0.062 to p = 0.360). When people and bears did not share river zones, 38.6% (1993), 36.0% (1995), and 37.0% (1997) of bears remained on the river for at least 10 minutes after arrival. In contrast, when people and bears shared river zones, fewer bears remained on the river after the first 10 minutes, with 28.6% (1993), 25.0% (1995), and 32.6% (1997) observed in each year. We conclude that human activity displaced 26.0% (1993), 30.5% (1995), and 12.0% (1997) of the bears using the river, which otherwise would likely have remained longer. Over the three years of study, habituation to human activity may account for observed changes in bears' use of the river.","language":"English","publisher":"The Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic492","usgsCitation":"Smith, T.S., and Johnson, B., 2004, Modeling the effects of human activity on Katmai brown bears (Ursus arctos) through the use of survival analysis: Arctic, v. 57, no. 2, p. 160-165, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic492.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478303,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic492","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234248,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Katmai National Park and Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.522216796875,\n 58.802361927759456\n ],\n [\n -156.4892578125,\n 58.54532816362913\n ],\n [\n -155.89599609375,\n 57.97315745102814\n ],\n [\n -154.951171875,\n 57.903174456371495\n ],\n [\n -153.984375,\n 58.060444418990905\n ],\n [\n -153.204345703125,\n 58.7168944562654\n ],\n [\n -153.21533203125,\n 59.136499487320734\n ],\n [\n -154.918212890625,\n 59.265880628258095\n ],\n [\n -155.63232421875,\n 59.16466752496466\n ],\n [\n -156.26953125,\n 59.012284446745966\n ],\n [\n -156.522216796875,\n 58.802361927759456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c40e4b0c8380cd6fb37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, T. S.","contributorId":47326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, B.A.","contributorId":40388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026466,"text":"70026466 - 2004 - Estimating accumulation rates and physical properties of sediment behind a dam: Englebright Lake, Yuba River, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T16:04:01","indexId":"70026466","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating accumulation rates and physical properties of sediment behind a dam: Englebright Lake, Yuba River, northern California","docAbstract":"Studies of reservoir sedimentation are vital to understanding scientific and management issues related to watershed sediment budgets, depositional processes, reservoir operations, and dam decommissioning. Here we quantify the mass, organic content, and grain-size distribution of a reservoir deposit in northern California by two methods of extrapolating measurements of sediment physical properties from cores to the entire volume of impounded material. Englebright Dam, completed in 1940, is located on the Yuba River in the Sierra Nevada foothills. A research program is underway to assess the feasibility of introducing wild anadromous fish species to the river upstream of the dam. Possible management scenarios include removing or lowering the dam, which could cause downstream transport of stored sediment. In 2001 the volume of sediments deposited behind Englebright Dam occupied 25.5% of the original reservoir capacity. The physical properties of this deposit were calculated using data from a coring campaign that sampled the entire reservoir sediment thickness (6–32 m) at six locations in the downstream ∼3/4 of the reservoir. As a result, the sediment in the downstream part of the reservoir is well characterized, but in the coarse, upstream part of the reservoir, only surficial sediments were sampled, so calculations there are more uncertain. Extrapolation from one-dimensional vertical sections of sediment sampled in cores to entire three-dimensional volumes of the reservoir deposit is accomplished via two methods, using assumptions of variable and constant layer thickness. Overall, the two extrapolation methods yield nearly identical estimates of the mass of the reservoir deposit of ∼26 × 106 metric tons (t) of material, of which 64.7–68.5% is sand and gravel. Over the 61 year reservoir history this corresponds to a maximum basin-wide sediment yield of ∼340 t/km2/yr, assuming no contribution from upstream parts of the watershed impounded by other dams. The uncertainties and limitations of the estimates of overall sediment quantities are discussed. Implications for watershed management and future reservoir sedimentation studies are also presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2004WR003279","usgsCitation":"Snyder, N.P., Rubin, D.M., Alpers, C.N., Childs, J.R., Curtis, J.A., Flint, L.E., and Wright, S., 2004, Estimating accumulation rates and physical properties of sediment behind a dam: Englebright Lake, Yuba River, northern California: Water Resources Research, v. 40, no. 11, Article W11301; 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003279.","productDescription":"Article W11301; 19 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Englebright Lake, Yuba River","volume":"40","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b08e4b0c8380cd52523","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Noah P.","contributorId":198029,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snyder","given":"Noah","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Childs, Jonathan R. jchilds@usgs.gov","contributorId":3155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childs","given":"Jonathan","email":"jchilds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Curtis, Jennifer A. 0000-0001-7766-994X jacurtis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7766-994X","contributorId":927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"Jennifer","email":"jacurtis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wright, Scott 0000-0002-0387-5713 sawright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-5713","contributorId":1536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Scott","email":"sawright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70027001,"text":"70027001 - 2004 - Tectonic processes during oblique collision: Insights from the St. Elias orogen, northern North American Cordillera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70027001","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic processes during oblique collision: Insights from the St. Elias orogen, northern North American Cordillera","docAbstract":"Oblique convergence in the St. Elias orogen of southern Alaska and northwestern Canada has constructed the world's highest coastal mountain range and is the principal driver constructing all of the high topography in northern North America. The orogen originated when the Yakutat terrane was excised from the Cordilleran margin and was transported along margin-parallel strike-slip faults into the subduction-transform transition at the eastern end of the Aleutian trench. We examine the last 3 m.y. of this collision through an analysis of Euler poles for motion of the Yakutat microplate with respect to North America and the Pacific. This analysis indicates a Yakutat-Pacific pole near the present southern triple junction of the microplate and' predicts convergence to dextral-oblique convergence across the offshore Transition fault, onland structures adjacent to the Yakutat foreland, or both, with plate speeds increasing from 10 to 30 mm/yr from southeast to northwest. Reconstructions based on these poles show that NNW transport of the collided block into the NE trending subduction zone forced contraction of EW line elements as the collided block was driven into the subduction-transform transition. This suggests the collided block was constricted as it was driven into the transition. Constriction provides an explanation for observed vertical axis refolding of both earlier formed fold-thrust systems and the collisional suture at the top of the fold-thrust stack. We also suggest that this motion was partially accommodated by lateral extrusion of the western portion of the orogen toward the Aleutian trench. Important questions remain regarding which structures accommodated parts of this motion. The Transition fault may have accommodated much of the Yakutat-Pacific convergence on the basis of our analysis and previous interpretations of GPS-based geodetic data. Nonetheless, it is locally overlapped by up to 800 m of undeformed sediment, yet elsewhere shows evidence of young deformation. This contradiction could be produced if the overlapping sediments are too young to have accumulated significant deformation, or GPS motions may be deflected by transient strains or strains from poorly understood fault interactions. In either case, more data are needed to resolve the paradox. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003TC001557","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Pavlis, T., Picornell, C., Serpa, L., Bruhn, R., and Plafker, G., 2004, Tectonic processes during oblique collision: Insights from the St. Elias orogen, northern North American Cordillera: Tectonics, v. 23, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003TC001557.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478225,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003tc001557","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209065,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003TC001557"},{"id":235255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba477e4b08c986b320360","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pavlis, T.L.","contributorId":94473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavlis","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Picornell, C.","contributorId":61617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Picornell","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Serpa, L.","contributorId":79683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Serpa","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bruhn, R.L.","contributorId":46972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruhn","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026342,"text":"70026342 - 2004 - An intensity scale for riverine flooding","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026342","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"An intensity scale for riverine flooding","docAbstract":"Recent advances in the availability and accuracy of multi-dimensional flow models, the advent of precise elevation data for floodplains (LIDAR), and geographical GIS allow the creation of hazard maps that more correctly reflect the varying levels of flood-damage risk across a floodplain when inundatecby floodwaters. Using intensity scales for wind damages, an equivalent water-damage flow intensity scale has been developed that ranges from 1 (minimal effects) to 10 (major damages to most structures). This flow intensity scale, FIS, is portrayed on a map as color-coded areas of increasing flow intensity. This should prove to be a valuable tool to assess relative risk to people and property in known flood-hazard areas.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmetal Resources Management","conferenceTitle":"2004 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmental Resources Management","conferenceDate":"27 June 2004 through 1 July 2004","conferenceLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","language":"English","isbn":"0784407371","usgsCitation":"Fulford, J., 2004, An intensity scale for riverine flooding, in Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmetal Resources Management, Salt Lake City, UT, 27 June 2004 through 1 July 2004, p. 2008-2016.","startPage":"2008","endPage":"2016","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea82e4b0c8380cd488f2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sehlke G.Hayes D.F.Stevens D.K.","contributorId":128420,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Sehlke G.Hayes D.F.Stevens D.K.","id":536596,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Fulford, J.M.","contributorId":27473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53204,"text":"ofr03469 - 2004 - Photomosaics and logs of trenches on the San Andreas Fault at Mill Canyon near Watsonville, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T16:37:40.670524","indexId":"ofr03469","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-469","title":"Photomosaics and logs of trenches on the San Andreas Fault at Mill Canyon near Watsonville, California","docAbstract":"We present photomosaics and logs of the walls of trenches excavated for a paleoseismic study at Mill Canyon, one of two sites along the San Andreas fault in the Santa Cruz Mtns. on the Kelley-Thompson Ranch. This site was a part of Rancho Salsipuedes beginning in 1834. It was purchased by the present owner’s family in 1851. Remnants of a cabin/mill operations still exist up the canyon dating from 1908 when the area was logged. At this location, faulting has moved a shutter ridge across the mouth of Mill Canyon ponding Holocene sediment. Recent faulting is confined to a narrow zone near the break in slope.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03469","usgsCitation":"Fumal, T.E., Dawson, T.E., Flowers, R., Hamilton, J.C., Heingartner, G.F., Kessler, J., and Samrad, L., 2004, Photomosaics and logs of trenches on the San Andreas Fault at Mill Canyon near Watsonville, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-469, 1 Plate: 67.65 x 35.18 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03469.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 67.65 x 35.18 inches","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177134,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03469.jpg"},{"id":283966,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0469/pdf/of03-469.pdf"},{"id":4831,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0469/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Watsonville","otherGeospatial":"Mill Canyon, San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.022445,36.858232 ], [ -122.022445,37.08012 ], [ -121.566315,37.08012 ], [ -121.566315,36.858232 ], [ -122.022445,36.858232 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685dd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fumal, Thomas E.","contributorId":67882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":24429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. Geol. Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":246904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flowers, Rebecca","contributorId":73269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flowers","given":"Rebecca","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, John C. jhamilton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"John","email":"jhamilton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Heingartner, Gordon F.","contributorId":11275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heingartner","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kessler, James","contributorId":21629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kessler","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Samrad, Laura","contributorId":83997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samrad","given":"Laura","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":53434,"text":"ofr20041011 - 2004 - Emergency assessment of debris-flow hazards from basins burned by the Cedar and Paradise Fires of 2003, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:58","indexId":"ofr20041011","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1011","title":"Emergency assessment of debris-flow hazards from basins burned by the Cedar and Paradise Fires of 2003, southern California","docAbstract":"These maps present preliminary assessments of the probability of debris-flow activity and estimates of peak discharges that can potentially be generated by debris flows issuing from basins burned by the Cedar and Paradise Fires of October 2003 in southern California in response to 25-year, 10-year, and 2-year recurrence, 1-hour duration rain storms. The probability maps are based on the application of a logistic multiple regression model that describes the percent chance of debris-flow production from an individual basin as a function of burned extent, soil properties, basin gradients, and storm rainfall. The peak-discharge maps are based on application of a multiple-regression model that can be used to estimate debris-flow peak discharge at a basin outlet as a function of basin gradient, burn extent, and storm rainfall. Probabilities of debris-flow occurrence for the Cedar Fire range between 0 and 98% and estimates of debris-flow peak discharges range between 893 and 5,987 ft3/s (25 to 170 m3/s). Basins burned by the Paradise Fire show probabilities for debris-flow occurrence between 2 and 98%, and peak discharge estimates between 1,814 and 5,980 ft3/s (51 and 169 m3/s). These maps are intended to identify those basins that are most prone to the largest debris-flow events and provide information for the preliminary design of mitigation measures and for the planning of evacuation timing and routes.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041011","usgsCitation":"Cannon, S.H., Gartner, J.E., Rupert, M.G., and Michael, J.A., 2004, Emergency assessment of debris-flow hazards from basins burned by the Cedar and Paradise Fires of 2003, southern California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1011, 90 by 36 inch map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041011.","productDescription":"90 by 36 inch map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5214,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1011/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, Susan H. cannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":1019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Susan","email":"cannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gartner, Joseph E. jegartner@usgs.gov","contributorId":1876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gartner","given":"Joseph","email":"jegartner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Michael, John A. jmichael@usgs.gov","contributorId":1877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"John","email":"jmichael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":247581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008368,"text":"1008368 - 2004 - Response of mountain meadows to grazing by recreational pack stock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-23T13:56:03","indexId":"1008368","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2441,"text":"Journal of Range Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of mountain meadows to grazing by recreational pack stock","docAbstract":"Effects of recreational pack stock grazing on mountain meadows in Yosemite National Park were assessed in a 5-year study. Yosemite is a designated wilderness, to be managed such that its natural conditions are preserved. Studies were conducted in 3 characteristic meadow types: shorthair sedge (Carex filifolia Nutt.), Brewer's reed grass (Calamagrostis breweri Thurber), and tufted hairgrass [Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv.]. Horses and mules grazed experimental plots at intensities of 15 to 69% utilization for 4 seasons. In all 3 meadows, grazing caused decreases in productivity. The mean reduction after 4 years of grazing was 18% in the shorthair sedge meadow, 17% in the Brewer's reed grass meadow, and 22% in the tufted hairgrass meadow. Grazing also caused shifts in basal groundcover (usually a reduction in vegetation cover and increase in bare soil cover), and changes in species composition. Productivity and vegetation cover decreased as percent utilization increased, while bare soil cover increased as utilization increased. Changes in species composition were less predictably related to differences in grazing intensity. Passive management of grazing is insufficient in wilderness areas that are regularly used by groups with recreational stock. Wilderness managers need to monitor meadow conditions and the grazing intensities that occur. Our study suggests that biomass and ground cover are more sensitive indicators of grazing impact than species composition. Managers must make decisions about maximum acceptable levels of grazing impact and then develop guidelines for maximum use levels, based on data such as ours that relates grazing intensity to meadow response.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Range Management","doi":"10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0153:ROMMTG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cole, D.N., Van Wagtendonk, J.W., McClaran, M.P., Moore, P.E., and McDougald, N.K., 2004, Response of mountain meadows to grazing by recreational pack stock: Journal of Range Management, v. 57, no. 2, p. 153-160, https://doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0153:ROMMTG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"160","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478162,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/643516","text":"External Repository"},{"id":130755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db62838e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, David N.","contributorId":40086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Wagtendonk, Jan W. jan_van_wagtendonk@usgs.gov","contributorId":2648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Wagtendonk","given":"Jan","email":"jan_van_wagtendonk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McClaran, Mitchel P.","contributorId":15453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClaran","given":"Mitchel","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, Peggy E. 0000-0002-8481-2617 peggy_moore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8481-2617","contributorId":3365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Peggy","email":"peggy_moore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McDougald, Neil K.","contributorId":139339,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDougald","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":12739,"text":"UC Cooperative Extension, Madera, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":317540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1003498,"text":"1003498 - 2004 - Influential environmental gradients and spatiotemporal patterns of fish assemblages in the unimpounded Upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-28T15:49:20.595679","indexId":"1003498","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influential environmental gradients and spatiotemporal patterns of fish assemblages in the unimpounded Upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"We investigated variation of fish assemblages in response to environmental factors using Long Term Resource Monitoring Program data. Data were collected from 1993 to 2000 from five physical habitats in the unimpounded upper Mississippi River. We captured 89 species composing 18 families. Of these, 26% were fluvial specialists, 25% were fluvial dependent and 49% were generalists. The numerically dominant component of the adult fish assemblage (species accounting for >10% of total catch) accounted for 50% of the assemblage and was comprised of only three species: gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum; 25%), common carp (Cyprinus carpio, 15%) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus, 10%). The dominant component of the YOY fish assemblage was comprised of only two species, which accounted for 76% of the total catch: freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens; 39%) and gizzard shad (37%). We used a cross-validation multivariate approach to explore how adult and young-of-the-year (YOY) assemblages varied with respect. to physical habitat and environmental gradients. Furthermore, we were interested how the fish assemblages changed over time. Partial canonical correspondence analyses (pCCA) demonstrated significant effects of physical habitats. Such effects differed between young-of-the-year and adult fishes. The four main environmental gradients influencing overall assemblage structure for both age groups were river elevation, water velocity, conductivity, and depth of gear deployment. Morisita's index revealed similar adult assemblage structure over time. However, the YOY assemblage present in 1995 was dissimilar from assemblages present during the other years. We speculate this is a lag effect from the backwater spawning episodes (floodpulse) that occurred with the 500-y flood in 1993. Shannon-Weiner diversity and Camargo's evenness indices were low, but stable across years for the adult assemblage, but varied across years for the YOY assemblage.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2004)152[0369:IEGASP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Barko, V., Palmer, M., Herzog, D., and Ickes, B., 2004, Influential environmental gradients and spatiotemporal patterns of fish assemblages in the unimpounded Upper Mississippi River: American Midland Naturalist, v. 152, no. 2, p. 369-385, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2004)152[0369:IEGASP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"385","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 38.06539235133249\n ],\n [\n -89.813232421875,\n 37.76202988573211\n ],\n [\n -89.53857421875,\n 37.36142550190517\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 37.19533058280065\n ],\n [\n -89.461669921875,\n 37.06394430056685\n ],\n [\n -89.09912109375,\n 36.93233006150317\n ],\n [\n -89.461669921875,\n 37.76202988573211\n ],\n [\n -90.076904296875,\n 38.09133660751176\n ],\n [\n -90.43945312500001,\n 38.6340364529192\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 38.06539235133249\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"152","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66db48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barko, V.A.","contributorId":75477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barko","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmer, M.W.","contributorId":88703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herzog, D.P.","contributorId":103218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ickes, B.S. 0000-0001-5622-3842","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5622-3842","contributorId":39332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ickes","given":"B.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026358,"text":"70026358 - 2004 - New insights on stress rotations from a forward regional model of the San Andreas fault system near its Big Bend in southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026358","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New insights on stress rotations from a forward regional model of the San Andreas fault system near its Big Bend in southern California","docAbstract":"Understanding the stress field surrounding and driving active fault systems is an important component of mechanistic seismic hazard assessment. We develop and present results from a time-forward three-dimensional (3-D) model of the San Andreas fault system near its Big Bend in southern California. The model boundary conditions are assessed by comparing model and observed tectonic regimes. The model of earthquake generation along two fault segments is used to target measurable properties (e.g., stress orientations, heat flow) that may allow inferences on the stress state on the faults. It is a quasi-static model, where GPS-constrained tectonic loading drives faults modeled as mostly sealed viscoelastic bodies embedded in an elastic half-space subjected to compaction and shear creep. A transpressive tectonic regime develops southwest of the model bend as a result of the tectonic loading and migrates toward the bend because of fault slip. The strength of the model faults is assessed on the basis of stress orientations, stress drop, and overpressures, showing a departure in the behavior of 3-D finite faults compared to models of 1-D or homogeneous infinite faults. At a smaller scale, stress transfers from fault slip transiently induce significant perturbations in the local stress tensors (where the slip profile is very heterogeneous). These stress rotations disappear when subsequent model earthquakes smooth the slip profile. Maps of maximum absolute shear stress emphasize both that (1) future models should include a more continuous representation of the faults and (2) that hydrostatically pressured intact rock is very difficult to break when no material weakness is considered. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002890","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fitzenz, D., and Miller, S., 2004, New insights on stress rotations from a forward regional model of the San Andreas fault system near its Big Bend in southern California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002890.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478275,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jb002890","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208393,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002890"},{"id":234121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a65dee4b0c8380cd72c78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzenz, D.D.","contributorId":61218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzenz","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, S.A.","contributorId":66389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001882,"text":"1001882 - 2004 - Impacts of water development on aquatic macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and plants in wetlands of a semi-arid landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T10:13:22","indexId":"1001882","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of water development on aquatic macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and plants in wetlands of a semi-arid landscape","docAbstract":"We compared the macroinvertebrate and amphibian communities of 12 excavated and 12 natural wetlands in western North Dakota, USA, to assess the effects of artificially lengthened hydroperiods on the biotic communities of wetlands in this semi-arid region. Excavated wetlands were much deeper and captured greater volumes of water than natural wetlands. Most excavated wetlands maintained water throughout the study period (May to October 1999), whereas most of the natural wetlands were dry by June. Excavated wetlands were largely unvegetated or contained submergent and deep-marsh plant species. The natural wetlands had two well-defined vegetative zones populated by plant species typical of wet meadows and shallow marshes. Excavated wetlands had a richer aquatic macroinvertebrate community that included several predatory taxa not found in natural wetlands. Taxa adapted to the short hydroperiods of seasonal wetlands were largely absent from excavated wetlands. The amphibian community of natural and excavated wetlands included the boreal chorus frog (Pseudacris maculata), northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens), plains spadefoot (Scaphiopus bombifrons), Woodhouse's toad (Bufo woodhousii woodhousii), and tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). The plains spadefoot occurred only in natural wetlands while tiger salamanders occurred in all 12 excavated wetlands and only one natural wetland. Boreal chorus frogs and northern leopard frogs were present in both wetland types; however, they successfully reproduced only in wetlands lacking tiger salamanders. Artificially extending the hydroperiod of wetlands by excavation has greatly influenced the composition of native biotic communities adapted to the naturally short hydroperiods of wetlands in this semi-arid region. The compositional change of the biotic communities can be related to hydrological changes and biotic interactions, especially predation related to excavation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/14634980490281335","usgsCitation":"Euliss, N.H., and Mushet, D.M., 2004, Impacts of water development on aquatic macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and plants in wetlands of a semi-arid landscape: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 7, no. 1, p. 73-84, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980490281335.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"84","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f25a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Euliss, Ned H. Jr. ceuliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Ned","suffix":"Jr.","email":"ceuliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mushet, David M. 0000-0002-5910-2744 dmushet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":1299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"David","email":"dmushet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026644,"text":"70026644 - 2004 - Relationships between wintering waterbirds and invertebrates, sediments and hydrology of coastal marsh ponds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-29T16:12:25.539122","indexId":"70026644","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between wintering waterbirds and invertebrates, sediments and hydrology of coastal marsh ponds","docAbstract":"We studied relationships among sediment variables (carbon content, C:N, hardness, oxygen penetration, silt-clay fraction), hydrologic variables (dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature, transparency, water depth), sizes and biomass of common invertebrate classes, and densities of 15 common waterbird species in ponds of impounded freshwater, oligohaline, mesohaline, and unimpounded mesohaline marshes during winters 1997-98 to 1999-2000 on Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana, USA. Canonical correspondence analysis and forward selection was used to analyze the above variables. Water depth and oxygen penetration were the variables that best segregated habitat characteristics that resulted in maximum densities of common waterbird species. Most common waterbird species were associated with specific marsh types, except Green-winged Teal (Anas crecca) and Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata). We concluded that hydrologic manipulation of marsh ponds is the best way to manage habitats for these birds, if the hydrology can be controlled adequately.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0333:RBWWAI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bolduc, F., and Afton, A., 2004, Relationships between wintering waterbirds and invertebrates, sediments and hydrology of coastal marsh ponds: Waterbirds, v. 27, no. 3, p. 333-341, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0333:RBWWAI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"341","costCenters":[{"id":368,"text":"Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.89489746093751,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -92.7960205078125,\n 29.642110767321984\n ],\n [\n -92.66624450683594,\n 29.597341920567366\n ],\n [\n -92.60444641113281,\n 29.581817412664453\n ],\n [\n -92.56668090820312,\n 29.580025969598903\n ],\n [\n -92.56118774414062,\n 29.70296446463708\n ],\n [\n -92.89077758789062,\n 29.74947478464018\n ],\n [\n -92.89489746093751,\n 29.6880527498568\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa65ce4b0c8380cd84df5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bolduc, F.","contributorId":76444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolduc","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Afton, A. D.","contributorId":83467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afton","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026353,"text":"70026353 - 2004 - Comparison of four moderate-size earthquakes in southern California using seismology and InSAR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026353","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of four moderate-size earthquakes in southern California using seismology and InSAR","docAbstract":"Source parameters determined from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) measurements and from seismic data are compared from four moderate-size (less than M 6) earthquakes in southern California. The goal is to verify approximate detection capabilities of InSAR, assess differences in the results, and test how the two results can be reconciled. First, we calculated the expected surface deformation from all earthquakes greater than magnitude 4 in areas with available InSAR data (347 events). A search for deformation from the events in the interferograms yielded four possible events with magnitudes less than 6. The search for deformation was based on a visual inspection as well as cross-correlation in two dimensions between the measured signal and the expected signal. A grid-search algorithm was then used to estimate focal mechanism and depth from the InSAR data. The results were compared with locations and focal mechanisms from published catalogs. An independent relocation using seismic data was also performed. The seismic locations fell within the area of the expected rupture zone for the three events that show clear surface deformation. Therefore, the technique shows the capability to resolve locations with high accuracy and is applicable worldwide. The depths determined by InSAR agree with well-constrained seismic locations determined in a 3D velocity model. Depth control for well-imaged shallow events using InSAR data is good, and better than the seismic constraints in some cases. A major difficulty for InSAR analysis is the poor temporal coverage of InSAR data, which may make it impossible to distinguish deformation due to different earthquakes at the same location.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120020219","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Mellors, R., Magistrale, H., Earle, P., and Cogbill, A., 2004, Comparison of four moderate-size earthquakes in southern California using seismology and InSAR: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6, p. 2004-2014, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020219.","startPage":"2004","endPage":"2014","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208349,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120020219"},{"id":234043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f864e4b0c8380cd4d08a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mellors, R.J.","contributorId":37508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mellors","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magistrale, H.","contributorId":22541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magistrale","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Earle, P.","contributorId":26860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earle","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cogbill, A.H.","contributorId":88917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cogbill","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026343,"text":"70026343 - 2004 - Remote sensing of frozen lakes on the North Slope of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026343","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Remote sensing of frozen lakes on the North Slope of Alaska","docAbstract":"We used synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the ERS-2 remote sensing satellite to map the freeze condition of lakes on Alaska's North Slope, the geographic region to the north of the Brooks Range. An mage from March 1997, to coincide with the period of maximum freeze depth, was used for the frozen lake mapping. Emphasis was placed on distinguishing between lakes frozen to the lakebed and lakes with some portion unfrozen to the bed (a binary classification). The result of the analysis is a map identifying lakes as frozen to the lakebed and lakes not frozen to the lakebed. This analysis of one SAR image has shown the feasibility of a simple technique for mapping frozen lake condition for supporting decision making and understanding impacts of climate change on the North Slope.","largerWorkTitle":"International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)","conferenceTitle":"2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings: Science for Society: Exploring and Managing a Changing Planet. IGARSS 2004","conferenceDate":"20 September 2004 through 24 September 2004","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","usgsCitation":"French, N., Savage, S., Shuchman, R., Edson, R., Payne, J., and Josberger, E., 2004, Remote sensing of frozen lakes on the North Slope of Alaska, in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), v. 5, Anchorage, AK, 20 September 2004 through 24 September 2004, p. 3008-3011.","startPage":"3008","endPage":"3011","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa701e4b0c8380cd85186","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"French, N.","contributorId":92022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"French","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, S.","contributorId":103049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shuchman, R.","contributorId":44719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shuchman","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edson, R.","contributorId":92023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Payne, J.","contributorId":37126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Josberger, E.","contributorId":106653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}