We present a tree-ring based reconstruction of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) which demonstrates that strong, low-frequency (60-100 yr) variability in basin-wide (0-70??N) sea surface temperatures (SSTs) has been a consistent feature of North Atlantic climate for the past five centuries. Intervention analysis of reconstructed AMO indicates that 20th century modes were similar to those in the preceding ???350 yr, and wavelet spectra show robust multidecadal oscillations throughout the reconstruction. Though the exact relationships between low-frequency SST modes, higher frequency (???7-25 yr) atmospheric modes (e.g., North Atlantic Oscillation/Arctic Oscillation), and terrestrial climates must still be resolved, our results confirm that the AMO should be considered in assessments of past and future Northern Hemisphere climates. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2004GL019932","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Gray, S., Graumlich, L., Betancourt, J., and Pederson, G., 2004, A tree-ring based reconstruction of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation since 1567 A.D: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31, no. 12, 4 p, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019932.","productDescription":"4 p","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478090,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019932","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235584,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209288,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019932"}],"volume":"31","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e605e4b0c8380cd470e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, S.T.","contributorId":19680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graumlich, L.J.","contributorId":30417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graumlich","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pederson, G.T.","contributorId":19353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pederson","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026178,"text":"70026178 - 2004 - Localization and physical property experiments conducted by opportunity at Meridiani Planum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T13:14:33","indexId":"70026178","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Localization and physical property experiments conducted by opportunity at Meridiani Planum","docAbstract":"The location of the Opportunity landing site was determined to better than 10-m absolute accuracy from analyses of radio tracking data. We determined Rover locations during traverses with an error as small as several centimeters using engineering telemetry and overlapping images. Topographic profiles generated from rover data show that the plains are very smooth from meter- to centimeter-length scales, consistent with analyses of orbital observations. Solar cell output decreased because of the deposition of airborne dust on the panels. The lack of dust-covered surfaces on Meridiani Planum indicates that high velocity winds must remove this material on a continuing basis. The low mechanical strength of the evaporitic rocks as determined from grinding experiments, and the abundance of coarse-grained surface particles argue for differential erosion of Meridiani Planum.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1126/science.1104211","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Arvidson, R., Anderson, R.C., Bartlett, P., Bell, J., Christensen, P.R., Chu, P., Davis, K., Ehlmann, B., Golombek, M., Gorevan, S., Guinness, E., Haldemann, A.F., Herkenhoff, K.E., Landis, G., Li, R., Lindemann, R., Ming, D.W., Myrick, T., Parker, T., Richter, L., Seelos, F., Soderblom, L.A., Squyres, S.W., Sullivan, R., and Wilson, J., 2004, Localization and physical property experiments conducted by opportunity at Meridiani Planum: Science, v. 306, no. 5702, p. 1730-1733, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104211.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1730","endPage":"1733","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars, Meridiani Planum","volume":"306","issue":"5702","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48f1e4b0c8380cd6824c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arvidson, R. 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IV","contributorId":26863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seelos","given":"F.P.","suffix":"IV","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":408270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Squyres, S. 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At least one VOC was detected in 12 percent of samples from rural private wells. Individual VOCs were not commonly detected with the seven most frequently detected compounds found in only 1 to 5 percent of samples at or above a concentration of 0.2 microgram per liter (μg/l). An assessment level of 0.2 μg/l was selected so that comparisons of detection frequencies between VOCs could be made. The seven most frequently detected VOCs were: trichloromethane, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrachloroethene, dichlorodifluoromethane, methylbenzene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane. Solvents and trihalomethanes were the most frequently detected VOC groups in private wells. The distributions of detections of gasoline oxygenates and fumigants seemed to be related to the use patterns of compounds in these groups. Mixtures were a common mode of occurrence of VOCs with one-quarter of all samples with detections including two or more VOCs. The concentrations of most detected VOCs were relatively small and only 1.4 percent of samples had one or more VOC concentrations that exceeded a federally established drinking water standard or health criterion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01575.x","usgsCitation":"Moran, M., Lapham, W., Rowe, B., and Zogorski, J., 2004, Volatile organic compounds in ground water from rural private wells, 1986 to 1999: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 40, no. 5, p. 1141-1157, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01575.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1141","endPage":"1157","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2c3e4b08c986b32ad49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, M.J.","contributorId":7862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lapham, W.W.","contributorId":36583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapham","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, B.L.","contributorId":22384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zogorski, J.S.","contributorId":108201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026166,"text":"70026166 - 2004 - Mapping saline groundwater beneath the Sea Galilee and its vicinity using time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) geophysical technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026166","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2116,"text":"Israel Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping saline groundwater beneath the Sea Galilee and its vicinity using time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) geophysical technique","docAbstract":"An extensive time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) survey covering the Sea of Galilee with a dense grid of points has been recently carried out. A total of 269 offshore and 33 supplementary onshore TDEM soundings were performed along six N-S and ten W-E profiles and at selected points both offshore and onshore along the whole coastal line. The interpreted resistivities were calibrated with the direct salinity measurements in the Haon-2 borehole and relatively deep (5 m) cores taken from the lake bottom. It was found that resistivities below 1 ohm-m are solely indicative of groundwater salinity exceeding 10,000 mg Cl/l. Such low resistivities (high salinities) were detected at depths greater than 15 m below almost the entire bottom of the lake. At some parts of the lake, particularly in the south, the saline water was detected at shallower depths, sometimes at a few meters below the bottom. Relatively high resistivity (fresh groundwater) was found along the margins of the lake down to roughly 100 m, the maximum exploration depth of the system. The detected sharp lateral contrasts at the lake margin between high and low resistivities coincide with the faults separating the carbonate and clastic units, respectively. The geometry of the fresh/saline groundwater interface below the central part of the lake is very similar to the shape of the lake bottom, probably due to the diffusive salt transport from the bottom sediments to the lake water. The above geophysical observations suggest differentsalt transport mechanisms from the sediments to the central part of the lake (diffusion) and from regional aquifers to the margins of the lake (advection). ?? 2004 Science From Israel/LPPLtd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Israel Journal of Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1560/P1W7-UYDE-WJFW-CVHB","issn":"00212164","usgsCitation":"Goldman, M., Gvirtzman, H., and Hurwitz, S., 2004, Mapping saline groundwater beneath the Sea Galilee and its vicinity using time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) geophysical technique: Israel Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 53, no. 3-4, p. 187-197, https://doi.org/10.1560/P1W7-UYDE-WJFW-CVHB.","startPage":"187","endPage":"197","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208925,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1560/P1W7-UYDE-WJFW-CVHB"},{"id":235030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5074e4b0c8380cd6b6cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldman, M.","contributorId":84540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldman","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gvirtzman, H.","contributorId":105470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gvirtzman","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hurwitz, S.","contributorId":61110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurwitz","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026698,"text":"70026698 - 2004 - Modeling the effects of human activity on Katmai brown bears (Ursus arctos) through the use of survival analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-30T16:43:01.211116","indexId":"70026698","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Modeling the effects of human activity on Katmai brown bears (Ursus arctos) through the use of survival analysis","title":"Modeling the effects of human activity on Katmai brown bears (Ursus arctos) through the use of survival analysis","docAbstract":"Brown bear-human interactions were observed in 1993, 1995, and 1997 at Kulik River in Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska. We analyzed these interactions using survival analysis, creating survival curves for the time that bears remained on the river in the presence, and absence, of human activity. Bear-only survival curves did not vary significantly between years (p = 0.067). Ninety-seven percent of bears left the river within 70 minutes of arrival in all years. Temporal patterns of bear activity were unaffected by the presence of humans as long as the bears did not share river zones with humans (p = 0.062 to p = 0.360). When people and bears did not share river zones, 38.6% (1993), 36.0% (1995), and 37.0% (1997) of bears remained on the river for at least 10 minutes after arrival. In contrast, when people and bears shared river zones, fewer bears remained on the river after the first 10 minutes, with 28.6% (1993), 25.0% (1995), and 32.6% (1997) observed in each year. We conclude that human activity displaced 26.0% (1993), 30.5% (1995), and 12.0% (1997) of the bears using the river, which otherwise would likely have remained longer. Over the three years of study, habituation to human activity may account for observed changes in bears' use of the river.","language":"English","publisher":"The Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic492","usgsCitation":"Smith, T.S., and Johnson, B., 2004, Modeling the effects of human activity on Katmai brown bears (Ursus arctos) through the use of survival analysis: Arctic, v. 57, no. 2, p. 160-165, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic492.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478303,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic492","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234248,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Katmai National Park and Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.522216796875,\n 58.802361927759456\n ],\n [\n -156.4892578125,\n 58.54532816362913\n ],\n [\n -155.89599609375,\n 57.97315745102814\n ],\n [\n -154.951171875,\n 57.903174456371495\n ],\n [\n -153.984375,\n 58.060444418990905\n ],\n [\n -153.204345703125,\n 58.7168944562654\n ],\n [\n -153.21533203125,\n 59.136499487320734\n ],\n [\n -154.918212890625,\n 59.265880628258095\n ],\n [\n -155.63232421875,\n 59.16466752496466\n ],\n [\n -156.26953125,\n 59.012284446745966\n ],\n [\n -156.522216796875,\n 58.802361927759456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c40e4b0c8380cd6fb37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, T. S.","contributorId":47326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, B.A.","contributorId":40388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026485,"text":"70026485 - 2004 - Natural Attenuation Software (NAS): A computer program for estimating remediation times of contaminated groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026485","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Natural Attenuation Software (NAS): A computer program for estimating remediation times of contaminated groundwater","docAbstract":"This paper describes the development and application of a modeling system called Natural Attenuation Software (NAS). NAS was designed as a screening tool to estimate times of remediation (TORs), associated with monitored natural attenuation (MNA), to lower groundwater contaminant concentrations to regulatory limits. Natural attenuation processes that NAS models include advection, dispersion, sorption, biodegradation, and non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) dissolution. This paper discusses the three main interactive components of NAS: 1) estimation of the target source concentration required for a plume extent to contract to regulatory limits, 2) estimation of the time required for NAFL contaminants in the source area to attenuate to a predetermined target source concentration, and 3) estimation of the time required for a plume extent to contract to regulatory limits after source reduction. The model's capability is illustrated by results from a case study at a MNA site, where NAS time of remediation estimates compared well with observed monitoring data over multiple years.","largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Studies","conferenceTitle":"Tenth International Conference on Development and Application of Computer Techniques to Environmental Studies, ENVIROSOFT X","conferenceDate":"2 June 2004 through 4 June 2004","conferenceLocation":"Ancona","language":"English","issn":"14626098","usgsCitation":"Mendez, E., Widdowson, M., Brauner, S., Chapelle, F., and Casey, C., 2004, Natural Attenuation Software (NAS): A computer program for estimating remediation times of contaminated groundwater, in Environmental Studies, v. 11, Ancona, 2 June 2004 through 4 June 2004, p. 185-194.","startPage":"185","endPage":"194","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a62c7e4b0c8380cd720e1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Latini G.Passerini G.Brebbia C.A.","contributorId":128303,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Latini G.Passerini G.Brebbia C.A.","id":536607,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Mendez, E.","contributorId":40774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendez","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Widdowson, M.","contributorId":9821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Widdowson","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brauner, S.","contributorId":61995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brauner","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chapelle, F.","contributorId":103048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casey, C.","contributorId":20121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026186,"text":"70026186 - 2004 - Source and redox controls on metallogenic variations in intrusion-related ore systems, Tombstone-Tungsten Belt, Yukon Territory, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T16:02:11","indexId":"70026186","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3642,"text":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source and redox controls on metallogenic variations in intrusion-related ore systems, Tombstone-Tungsten Belt, Yukon Territory, Canada","docAbstract":"The Tombstone, Mayo and Tungsten plutonic suites of granitic intrusions, collectively termed the Tombstone-Tungsten Belt, form three geographically, mineralogically, geochemically and metallogenically distinct plutonic suites. The granites (sensu lato) intruded the ancient North American continental margin of the northern Canadian Cordillera as part of a single magmatic episode in the mid-Cretaceous (96-90 Ma). The Tombstone Suite is alkalic, variably fractionated, slightly oxidised, contains magnetite and titanite, and has primary, but no xenocrystic, zircon. The Mayo Suite is sub-alkalic, metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, fractionated, but with early felsic and late mafic phases, moderately reduced with titanite dominant, and has xenocrystic zircon. The Tungsten Suite is peraluminous, entirely felsic, more highly fractionated, reduced with ilmenite dominant, and has abundant xenocrystic zircon. Each suite has a distinctive petrogenesis. The Tombstone Suite was derived from an enriched, previously depleted lithospheric mantle, the Tungsten Suite is from the continental crust including, but not dominated by, carbonaceous pelitic rocks, and the Mayo Suite is from a similar sedimentary crustal source, but is mixed with a distinct mafic component from an enriched mantle source. Each suite has a distinctive metallogeny that is related to the source and redox characteristics of the magma. The Tombstone Suite has a Au-Cu-Bi association that is characteristic of most oxidised and alkalic magmas, but also has associated, and enigmatic, U-Th-F mineralisation. The reduced Tungsten Suite intrusions are characterised by world-class tungsten skarn deposits with less significant Cu, Zn, Sn and Mo anomalies. The Mayo Suite intrusions are characteristically gold-enriched, with associated As, Bi, Te and W associations. All suites also have associated, but distal and lower temperature Ag-Pb- and Sb-rich mineral occurrences. Although processes such as fractionation, volatile enrichment and phase separation are ultimately required to produce economic concentrations of ore elements from crystallising magmas, the nature of the source materials and their redox state play an important role in determining which elements are effectively concentrated by magmatic processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1017/S0263593300001115","issn":"02635933","usgsCitation":"Hart, C., Mair, J., Goldfarb, R., and Groves, D., 2004, Source and redox controls on metallogenic variations in intrusion-related ore systems, Tombstone-Tungsten Belt, Yukon Territory, Canada: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, v. 95, no. 1-2, p. 339-356, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300001115.","startPage":"339","endPage":"356","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269501,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300001115"}],"volume":"95","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b931fe4b08c986b31a2da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, C.J.R.","contributorId":67228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"C.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mair, J.L.","contributorId":24144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mair","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Groves, D.I.","contributorId":73616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026172,"text":"70026172 - 2004 - Development of regional liquefaction-induced deformation hazard maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026172","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of regional liquefaction-induced deformation hazard maps","docAbstract":"This paper describes part of a project to assess the feasibility of producing regional (1:24,000-scale) liquefaction hazard maps that are based-on potential liquefaction-induced deformation. The study area is the central Santa Clara Valley, at the south end of San Francisco Bay in Central California. The information collected and used includes: a) detailed Quaternary geological mapping, b) over 650 geotechnical borings, c) probabilistic earthquake shaking information, and d) ground-water levels. Predictions of strain can be made using either empirical formulations or numerical simulations. In this project lateral spread displacements are estimated and new empirical relations to estimate future volumetric and shear strain are used. Geotechnical boring data to are used to: (a) develop isopach maps showing the thickness of sediment thatis likely to liquefy and deform under earthquake shaking; and (b) assess the variability in engineering properties within and between geologic map units. Preliminary results reveal that late Holocene deposits are likely to experience the greatest liquefaction-induced strains, while Holocene and late Pleistocene deposits are likely to experience significantly less horizontal and vertical strain in future earthquakes. Development of maps based on these analyses is feasible.","largerWorkTitle":"Geotechnical Special Publication","conferenceTitle":"Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Projects: Proceedings of Geo-Trans 2004","conferenceDate":"27 July 2004 through 31 July 2004","conferenceLocation":"Los Angeles, CA","language":"English","issn":"08950563","usgsCitation":"Rosinski, A., Knudsen, K.L., Wu, J., Seed, R., and Real, C., 2004, Development of regional liquefaction-induced deformation hazard maps, in Geotechnical Special Publication, no. 126 I, Los Angeles, CA, 27 July 2004 through 31 July 2004, p. 797-806.","startPage":"797","endPage":"806","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"126 I","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0061e4b0c8380cd4f722","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Yegian M.K.Kavazanjian E.","contributorId":128426,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Yegian M.K.Kavazanjian E.","id":536581,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Rosinski, A.","contributorId":18150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosinski","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knudsen, Kathy L.","contributorId":41188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knudsen","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wu, J.","contributorId":56998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seed, R.B.","contributorId":34691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seed","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Real, C.R.","contributorId":45322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Real","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026427,"text":"70026427 - 2004 - Tracing sources of nitrate in snowmelt runoff using a high-resolution isotopic technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026427","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tracing sources of nitrate in snowmelt runoff using a high-resolution isotopic technique","docAbstract":"The denitrifier method to determine the dual isotopic composition (??15N and ??18O) of nitrate is well suited for studies of nitrogen contributions to streams during runoff events. This method requires only 70 nmol of NO3- and enables high throughput of samples. We studied nitrate sources to a headwater stream during snowmelt by generating a high-temporal resolution dataset at the Sleepers River Research Watershed in Vermont, USA. In the earliest phase of runoff, stream NO3- concentrations were highest and stream discharge, NO3- concentrations, and ??18O of NO 3- generally tracked one another during diurnal melting. The isotopic composition of stream NO3- varied in-between atmospheric and groundwater NO 3- end members indicating a direct contribution of atmospherically-derived NO3- from the snow pack to the stream. During the middle to late phases of snowmelt, the source shifted toward soil NO3- entering the stream via shallow subsurface flow paths. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004GL020908","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Ohte, N., Sebestyen, S., Shanley, J.B., Doctor, D., Kendall, C., Wankel, S.D., and Boyer, E., 2004, Tracing sources of nitrate in snowmelt runoff using a high-resolution isotopic technique: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31, no. 21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020908.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478254,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020908","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208397,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020908"},{"id":234125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb696e4b08c986b326d69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ohte, N.","contributorId":16143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohte","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sebestyen, S.D.","contributorId":16142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sebestyen","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanley, J. B.","contributorId":52226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doctor, D.H.","contributorId":94773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doctor","given":"D.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wankel, Scott D.","contributorId":98076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wankel","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Boyer, E.W.","contributorId":56358,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyer","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6738,"text":"The Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":409484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70026170,"text":"70026170 - 2004 - Stress interaction between subduction earthquakes and forearc strike-slip faults: Modeling and application to the northern Caribbean plate boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T10:07:16","indexId":"70026170","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress interaction between subduction earthquakes and forearc strike-slip faults: Modeling and application to the northern Caribbean plate boundary","docAbstract":"Strike-slip faults in the forearc region of a subduction zone often present significant seismic hazard because of their proximity to population centers. We explore the interaction between thrust events on the subduction interface and strike-slip faults within the forearc region using three-dimensional models of static Coulomb stress change. Model results reveal that subduction earthquakes with slip vectors subparallel to the trench axis enhance the Coulomb stress on strike-slip faults adjacent to the trench but reduce the stress on faults farther back in the forearc region. In contrast, subduction events with slip vectors perpendicular to the trench axis enhance the Coulomb stress on strike-slip faults farther back in the forearc, while reducing the stress adjacent to the trench. A significant contribution to Coulomb stress increase on strike-slip faults in the back region of the forearc comes from \"unclamping\" of the fault, i.e., reduction in normal stress due to thrust motion on the subduction interface. We argue that although Coulomb stress changes from individual subduction earthquakes are ephemeral, their cumulative effects on the pattern of lithosphere deformation in the forearc region are significant. We use the Coulomb stress models to explain the contrasting deformation pattern between two adjacent segments of the Caribbean subduction zone. Subduction earthquakes with slip vectors nearly perpendicular to the Caribbean trench axis is dominant in the Hispaniola segment, where the strike-slip faults are more than 60 km inland from the trench. In contrast, subduction slip motion is nearly parallel to the Caribbean trench axis along the Puerto Rico segment, where the strike-slip fault is less than 15 km from the trench. This observed jump from a strike-slip fault close to the trench axis in the Puerto Rico segment to the inland faults in Hispaniola is explained by different distributions of Coulomb stress in the forearc region of the two segments, as a result of the change from the nearly trench parallel slip on the Puerto Rico subduction interface to the more perpendicular subduction slip beneath Hispaniola. The observations and modeling suggest that subduction-induced strike-slip seismic hazard to Puerto Rico may be smaller than previously assumed but the hazard to Hispaniola remains high. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003031","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., and Lin, J., 2004, Stress interaction between subduction earthquakes and forearc strike-slip faults: Modeling and application to the northern Caribbean plate boundary: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 12, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003031.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478200,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jb003031","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.4658203125,\n 16.109153239219467\n ],\n [\n -63.47900390625,\n 16.109153239219467\n ],\n [\n -63.47900390625,\n 22.553147478403194\n ],\n [\n -72.4658203125,\n 22.553147478403194\n ],\n [\n -72.4658203125,\n 16.109153239219467\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b5ce4b08c986b31ce1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":408238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lin, J.","contributorId":33065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027219,"text":"70027219 - 2004 - Noise in two-color electronic distance meter measurements revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-23T08:57:03","indexId":"70027219","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Noise in two-color electronic distance meter measurements revisited","docAbstract":"Frequent, high-precision geodetic data have temporally correlated errors. Temporal correlations directly affect both the estimate of rate and its standard error; the rate of deformation is a key product from geodetic measurements made in tectonically active areas. Various models of temporally correlated errors are developed and these provide relations between the power spectral density and the data covariance matrix. These relations are applied to two-color electronic distance meter (EDM) measurements made frequently in California over the past 15-20 years. Previous analysis indicated that these data have significant random walk error. Analysis using the noise models developed here indicates that the random walk model is valid for about 30% of the data. A second 30% of the data can be better modeled with power law noise with a spectral index between 1 and 2, while another 30% of the data can be modeled with a combination of band-pass-filtered plus random walk noise. The remaining 10% of the data can be best modeled as a combination of band-pass-filtered plus power law noise. This band-pass-filtered noise is a product of an annual cycle that leaks into adjacent frequency bands. For time spans of more than 1 year these more complex noise models indicate that the precision in rate estimates is better than that inferred by just the simpler, random walk model of noise.","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002819","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Langbein, J., 2004, Noise in two-color electronic distance meter measurements revisited: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002819.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478100,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jb002819","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209205,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002819"}],"volume":"109","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a672ee4b0c8380cd731fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, J.","contributorId":16990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026193,"text":"70026193 - 2004 - Winter growth and survival of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in experimental raceways","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70026193","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Winter growth and survival of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in experimental raceways","docAbstract":"We used experimental raceways to determine overwinter mortality of wild-reared immature and mature post-young-of-the-year Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Secondarily, we investigated the effects of differing treatments (velocity and shelter) on winter growth and survival. Overall survival from November to April was 94%, and survival of immature (98%) and mature (90%) parr, although statistically different, was very similar. Immature parr grew more in length than mature parr, and both immature and mature parr in higher velocity (12 cm??s-1) raceways grew more than those in lower velocity (0.6 cm??s-1) raceways. Stomach contents were twofold greater in parr occupying higher velocity raceways than those in lower velocity raceways. Caloric content of immature and mature parr did not differ in any of five monthly samples. Lowest caloric content occurred in early February and increased between February and March when water temperatures were well below those considered optimal for growth. Although ice cover was present, isolating parr from conditions that occur in natural settings may have helped parr achieve nearly 2.5 times greater survival than parr in the wild. Further, whereas previous studies showed parr select habitats to minimize energetic loss, our results show a distinct advantage for parr to expend energy to feed during winter. ?? 2004 NRC Canada.","largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","language":"English","doi":"10.1139/f04-212","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Parrish, D., Hawes, E., and Whalen, K., 2004, Winter growth and survival of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in experimental raceways, in Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 61, no. 12, p. 2350-2357, https://doi.org/10.1139/f04-212.","startPage":"2350","endPage":"2357","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208844,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-212"},{"id":234892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd150e4b08c986b32f35d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parrish, D.L.","contributorId":15144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hawes, E.J.","contributorId":22544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawes","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whalen, K.G.","contributorId":88692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whalen","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027072,"text":"70027072 - 2004 - Ultra-high chlorine in submarine Kı̄lauea glasses: Evidence for direct assimilation of brine by magma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-15T10:57:05","indexId":"70027072","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ultra-high chlorine in submarine Kı̄lauea glasses: Evidence for direct assimilation of brine by magma","docAbstract":"Basaltic glass grains from the submarine south flank of Kı̄lauea, Hawai′i, have Cl concentrations of 0.01–1.68 wt%, the latter being the highest Cl content yet recorded for a Hawaiian glass. The high-Cl glass grains are products of brine assimilation by tholeiite magma. The glasses are grains in a sandstone clast from bedded breccias draping the southwestern margin of Kı̄lauea’s submarine midslope bench. The clast contains two distinct suites of glass grains: abundant degassed tholeiites, perhaps derived from subaerial lavas of Mauna Loa that shattered upon ocean entry, and a smaller population of Kea-type tholeiite (n=17 analyzed) that erupted subaqueously, based on elevated S (780–1050 ppm), H2O (0.42–1.27 wt%), and CO2 (<30–120 ppm), probably early in Kı̄lauea’s shield-building stage. Ten grains in this group have Cl>1000 ppm, six >5000 ppm, and two grains have >10 000 ppm dissolved Cl. Abundances of H2O, Na2O, K2O, and several trace elements increase regularly with Cl concentration, and we estimate that Cl enrichment was due to up to 13 wt% addition of a brine consisting of 78% H2O (wt), 13% Cl, 4.4% Na, 2.6% K, 2.6% Ca, 620 ppm Ba, 360 ppm Sr, 65 ppm Rb, and 7 ppm Pb. The large amounts of brine addition argue against bulk assimilation of low-porosity brine-bearing rock. The brine’s composition is appropriate for a seawater-derived hydrothermal fluid that reacted with basaltic wall rocks at T>100°C, losing Mg and S and gaining K, Ca, Rb, Ba, Sr, and Pb, followed by phase separation near 500°C and ∼50 MPa (5 km below sea level at hydrostatic pressure). Brine was assimilated at or near the depth it formed, as estimated on petrologic grounds, but under lithostatic conditions. The highest extents of assimilation either forced volatile saturation of the magma or enriched already coexisting magmatic vapor in H2O. Possible mechanisms for assimilation are: (1) forcible injection of brine into magma during bursting of overpressured pockets heated by new dikes, or (2) intrusion of magma into lenses or sills occupied by trapped brine.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00631-9","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Coombs, M.L., Sisson, T.W., and Kimura, J., 2004, Ultra-high chlorine in submarine Kı̄lauea glasses: Evidence for direct assimilation of brine by magma: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 217, no. 3-4, p. 297-313, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00631-9.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kı̄lauea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.29131889343262,\n 19.378603724290507\n ],\n [\n -155.2375030517578,\n 19.378603724290507\n ],\n [\n -155.2375030517578,\n 19.416816177675052\n ],\n [\n -155.29131889343262,\n 19.416816177675052\n ],\n [\n -155.29131889343262,\n 19.378603724290507\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"217","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbbfde4b08c986b328963","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimura, Jun-Ichi","contributorId":77719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimura","given":"Jun-Ichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027081,"text":"70027081 - 2004 - Stress field variations in the Swiss Alps and the northern Alpine foreland derived from inversion of fault plane solutions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-08T17:07:08.440213","indexId":"70027081","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress field variations in the Swiss Alps and the northern Alpine foreland derived from inversion of fault plane solutions","docAbstract":"This study is devoted to a systematic analysis of the state of stress of the central European Alps and northern Alpine foreland in Switzerland based on focal mechanisms of 138 earthquakes with magnitudes between 1 and 5. The most robust feature of the results is that the azimuth of the minimum compressive stress, S3, is generally well constrained for all data subsets and always lies in the NE quadrant. However, within this quadrant, the orientation of S3 changes systematically both along the structural strike of the Alpine chain and across it. The variation in stress along the mountain belt from NE to SW involves a progressive, counterclockwise rotation of S3 and is most clear in the foreland, where it amounts to 45°–50°. This pattern of rotation is compatible with the disturbance to the stress field expected from the indentation of the Adriatic Block into the central European Plate, possibly together with buoyancy forces arising from the strongly arcuate structure of the Moho to the immediate west of our study area. Across the Alps, the variation in azimuth of S3 is defined by a progressive, counterclockwise rotation of about 45° from the foreland in the north across the Helvetic domain to the Penninic nappes in the south and is accompanied by a change from a slight predominance of strike-slip mechanisms in the foreland to a strong predominance of normal faulting in the high parts of the Alps. The observed rotation can be explained by the perturbation of the large-scale regional stress by a local uniaxial deviatoric tension with a magnitude similar to that of the regional differential stress and with an orientation perpendicular to the strike of the Alpine belt. The tensile nature and orientation of this stress is consistent with the “spreading” stress expected from lateral density changes due to a crustal root beneath the Alps.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002550","usgsCitation":"Kastrup, U., Zoback, M., Deichmann, N., Evans, K.F., Giardini, D., and Michael, A., 2004, Stress field variations in the Swiss Alps and the northern Alpine foreland derived from inversion of fault plane solutions: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 1, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002550.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489818,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jb002550","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Switzerland","otherGeospatial":"European Alps","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 5.954589843750009,\n 46.14939437647684\n ],\n [\n 7.558593750000009,\n 45.67548217560647\n ],\n [\n 7.91015625000001,\n 45.95114968669138\n ],\n [\n 8.81103515625,\n 45.93587062119052\n ],\n [\n 9.6240234375,\n 46.118941506107056\n ],\n [\n 10.59082031250001,\n 46.437856895024204\n ],\n [\n 10.722656250000009,\n 46.93526088057716\n ],\n [\n 10.085449218750009,\n 47.368594345213374\n ],\n [\n 8.679199218750009,\n 47.82790816919329\n ],\n [\n 6.569824218750009,\n 47.23448963529916\n ],\n [\n 5.954589843750009,\n 46.14939437647684\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-01-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b59e4b08c986b31ce04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kastrup, U.","contributorId":49966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kastrup","given":"U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zoback, M.L.","contributorId":12982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deichmann, N.","contributorId":92028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deichmann","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, Kenneth F.","contributorId":53755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Giardini, D.","contributorId":41174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giardini","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Michael, A.J. 0000-0002-2403-5019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":52192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70027071,"text":"70027071 - 2004 - Gas evolution in eruptive conduits: Combining insights from high temperature and pressure decompression experiments with steady-state flow modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-23T09:55:21","indexId":"70027071","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas evolution in eruptive conduits: Combining insights from high temperature and pressure decompression experiments with steady-state flow modeling","docAbstract":"In this paper we examine the consequences of bubble nucleation mechanism on eruptive degassing of rhyolite magma. We use the results of published high temperature and pressure decompression experiments as input to a modified version of CONFLOW, the numerical model of Mastin and Ghiorso [(2000) U.S.G.S. Open-File Rep. 00-209, 53 pp.] and Mastin [(2002) Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 3, 10.1029/2001GC000192] for steady, two-phase flow in vertical conduits. Synthesis of the available experimental data shows that heterogeneous nucleation is triggered at ΔP<5–20 MPa in water-saturated rhyolite and leads to equilibrium degassing through a discrete nucleation event. Typically 105–107 bubbles/cm3 are produced which evolve Gaussian bubble size distributions. Homogeneous nucleation requires ΔP>120–150 MPa, and leads to disequilibrium degassing at extreme H2O supersaturation. In this latter case, nucleation is an ongoing process controlled by changing supersaturation conditions. Exponential bubble size distributions are often produced with number densities of 106–109 bubbles/cm3. Our numerical analysis adopts an end-member approach that specifically compares equilibrium degassing with delayed, disequilibrium degassing characteristic of homogeneously-nucleating systems. The disequilibrium simulations show that delaying nucleation until ΔP=150 MPa restricts degassing to within ∼1500 m of the surface. Fragmentation occurs at similar porosity in both the disequilibrium and equilibrium modes (∼80 vol%), but at the distinct depths of ∼500 m and ∼2300 m, respectively. The vesiculation delay leads to higher pressures at equivalent depths in the conduit, and the mass flux and exit pressure are each higher by a factor of ∼2.0. Residual water contents in the melt reaching the vent are between 0.5 and 1.0 wt%, roughly twice that of the equilibrium model.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00230-0","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Mangan, M., Mastin, L., and Sisson, T., 2004, Gas evolution in eruptive conduits: Combining insights from high temperature and pressure decompression experiments with steady-state flow modeling: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 129, no. 1-3, p. 23-36, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00230-0.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209070,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00230-0"}],"volume":"129","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14c9e4b0c8380cd54b76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangan, M.","contributorId":20091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastin, L.","contributorId":59797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sisson, T.","contributorId":80846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027133,"text":"70027133 - 2004 - Evidence That GABA Mediates Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Pathways Associated with Locomotor Activity in Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027133","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":983,"text":"Behavioral Neuroscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence That GABA Mediates Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Pathways Associated with Locomotor Activity in Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","docAbstract":"The authors examined the control of locomotor activity in juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by manipulating 3 neurotransmitter systems-gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA), dopamine, and serotonin-as well as the neuropeptide corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of CRH and the GABAAagonist muscimol stimulated locomotor activity. The effect of muscimol was attenuated by administration of a dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol. Conversely, the administration of a dopamine uptake inhibitor (4???,4??? -difluoro-3-alpha-[diphenylmethoxy] tropane hydrochloride [DUI]) potentiated the effect of muscimol. They found no evidence that CRH-induced hyperactivity is mediated by dopaminergic systems following concurrent injections of haloperidol or DUI with CRH. Administration of muscimol either had no effect or attenuated the locomotor response to concurrent injections of CRH and fluoxetine, whereas the GABAA antagonist bicuculline methiodide potentiated the effect of CRH and fluoxetine.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Behavioral Neuroscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1037/0735-7044.118.1.191","issn":"07357044","usgsCitation":"Clements, S., and Schreck, C., 2004, Evidence That GABA Mediates Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Pathways Associated with Locomotor Activity in Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): Behavioral Neuroscience, v. 118, no. 1, p. 191-198, https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.118.1.191.","startPage":"191","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209025,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.118.1.191"}],"volume":"118","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d25e4b0c8380cd52e34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clements, S.","contributorId":73794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clements","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schreck, C.B.","contributorId":11977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026992,"text":"70026992 - 2004 - The global variation in the iron isotope composition of marine hydrogenetic ferromanganese deposits: Implications for seawater chemistry?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70026992","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The global variation in the iron isotope composition of marine hydrogenetic ferromanganese deposits: Implications for seawater chemistry?","docAbstract":"The iron (Fe) isotope compositions of 37 hydrogenetic ferromanganese deposits from various oceans have been analysed by MC-ICPMS; they permit the construction of a global map of Fe isotopic values. The isotopic compositions range between -1.2 and -0.1??? in ??57FeIRMM14. Averages for the Atlantic and the Pacific are -0.41 and -0.88???, but their standard deviations are identical (0.27, 1 ??) and the data very largely overlap. No correlation is found with Pb or Nd isotope compositions and there is no evidence that the observed oceanic Fe isotopic heterogeneity is directly controlled by variations in continental sources. The small quantities of Fe that can be introduced from hydrothermal sources render as unlikely the possibility that the isotopic variations reflect variable proportions of continental and hydrothermal Fe, as recently proposed. The more likely explanation is that the variations are induced locally within the ocean. The exact sources of fractionation remain unclear. Likely possibilities are the dissolution and reprecipitation processes that liberate Fe from sediments during anoxic events, dissolution in surface waters or processes occurring during growth of the crusts. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.010","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Levasseur, S., Frank, M., Hein, J., and Halliday, A.N., 2004, The global variation in the iron isotope composition of marine hydrogenetic ferromanganese deposits: Implications for seawater chemistry?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 224, no. 1-2, p. 91-105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.010.","startPage":"91","endPage":"105","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208957,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.010"},{"id":235085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"224","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac8ee4b08c986b323598","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levasseur, S.","contributorId":105834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levasseur","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frank, M.","contributorId":103396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Halliday, A. N.","contributorId":87663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halliday","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027132,"text":"70027132 - 2004 - Stratovolcano stability assessment methods and results from Citlaltepetl, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-06T09:59:13","indexId":"70027132","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratovolcano stability assessment methods and results from Citlaltepetl, Mexico","docAbstract":"Citlaltépetl volcano is the easternmost stratovolcano in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Situated within 110 km of Veracruz, it has experienced two major collapse events and, subsequent to its last collapse, rebuilt a massive, symmetrical summit cone. To enhance hazard mitigation efforts we assess the stability of Citlaltépetl's summit cone, the area thought most likely to fail during a potential massive collapse event. Through geologic mapping, alteration mineralogy, geotechnical studies, and stability modeling we provide important constraints on the likelihood, location, and size of a potential collapse event. The volcano's summit cone is young, highly fractured, and hydrothermally altered. Fractures are most abundant within 5–20-m wide zones defined by multiple parallel to subparallel fractures. Alteration is most pervasive within the fracture systems and includes acid sulfate, advanced argillic, argillic, and silicification ranks. Fractured and altered rocks both have significantly reduced rock strengths, representing likely bounding surfaces for future collapse events. The fracture systems and altered rock masses occur non-uniformly, as an orthogonal set with N–S and E–W trends. Because these surfaces occur non-uniformly, hazards associated with collapse are unevenly distributed about the volcano. Depending on uncertainties in bounding surfaces, but constrained by detailed field studies, potential failure volumes are estimated to range between 0.04–0.5 km3. Stability modeling was used to assess potential edifice failure events. Modeled failure of the outer portion of the cone initially occurs as an \"intact block\" bounded by steeply dipping joints and outwardly dipping flow contacts. As collapse progresses, more of the inner cone fails and the outer \"intact\" block transforms into a collection of smaller blocks. Eventually, a steep face develops in the uppermost and central portion of the cone. This modeled failure morphology mimics collapse amphitheaters
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-003-0296-8","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Zimbelman, D.R., Watters, R., Firth, I., Breit, G.N., and Carrasco-Nunez, G., 2004, Stratovolcano stability assessment methods and results from Citlaltepetl, Mexico: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, no. 1, p. 66-79, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-003-0296-8.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"79","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209004,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-003-0296-8"}],"volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9a59e4b08c986b31c8bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimbelman, D. R.","contributorId":43768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watters, R.J.","contributorId":40778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watters","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Firth, I.R.","contributorId":97684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Firth","given":"I.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Breit, G. N.","contributorId":94664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breit","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carrasco-Nunez, Gerardo","contributorId":44714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrasco-Nunez","given":"Gerardo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026154,"text":"70026154 - 2004 - Comparison of electrofishing and trammel netting variability for sampling native fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-08T14:33:59.155072","indexId":"70026154","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of electrofishing and trammel netting variability for sampling native fishes","docAbstract":"The variability in size structure and relative abundance (CPUE; number of fish ≥200 mm total length, LT, collected per hour of electrofishing or trammel netting) of three native Colorado River fishes, the endangered humpback chub Gila cypha, flannelmouth sucker Catostomus latipinnus and bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus, collected from electrofishing and trammel nets was assessed to determine which gear was most appropriate to detect trends in relative abundance of adult fishes. Coefficient of variation (CV) of CPUE ranged from 210 to 566 for electrofishing and 128 to 575 for trammel netting, depending on season, diel period and species. Mean CV was lowest for trammel nets for humpback chub (P = 0·004) and tended to be lower for flannelmouth sucker (P = 0·12), regardless of season or diel period. Only one bluehead sucker >200 mm was collected with electrofishing. Electrofishing and trammel netting CPUE were not related for humpback chub (r = −0·32, P = 0·43) or flannelmouth sucker (r = −0·27, P = 0·46) in samples from the same date, location and hour set. Electrofishing collected a higher proportion of smaller (<200 mm LT) humpback chub (P < 0·001), flannelmouth suckers (P < 0·001) and bluehead suckers (P < 0·001) than trammel netting, suggesting that conclusions derived from one gear may not be the same as from the other gear. This is probably because these gears fished different habitats, which are occupied by different fish life stages. To detect a 25% change in CPUE at a power of 0·9, at least 473 trammel net sets or 1918 electrofishing samples would be needed in this 8 km reach. This unattainable amount of samples for both trammel netting and electrofishing indicates that detecting annual changes in CPUE may not be practical and analysis of long‐term data or stock assessment models using mark‐recapture methods may be needed to assess trends in abundance of Colorado River native fishes, and probably other rare fishes as well.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00575.x","usgsCitation":"Paukert, C., 2004, Comparison of electrofishing and trammel netting variability for sampling native fishes: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 65, no. 6, p. 1643-1652, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00575.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1643","endPage":"1652","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-12-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f85ee4b0c8380cd4d063","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paukert, C.P.","contributorId":10151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027230,"text":"70027230 - 2004 - PCB impairs smoltification and seawater performance in anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-06T15:26:41","indexId":"70027230","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1296,"text":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"PCB impairs smoltification and seawater performance in anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)","docAbstract":"The impacts of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure on smoltification and subsequent seawater performance were investigated in hatchery-reared, anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). The fish were subjected to a 2-month summer seawater residence, after which they were orally dosed with 0 (Control, C), 1 (Low Dose, LD) or 100 mg Aroclor 1254 kg−1 body mass (High Dose, HD) in November. They were then held in fresh water, without being fed (to mimic their natural overwintering in freshwater), until they had smolted in June the next year. The smolts were then transferred to seawater and fed to mimic their summer feeding residence in seawater, followed by a period without food in freshwater from August until maturation in October. Compared with C and LD charr, the HD charr had either a transient or a permanent reduction in plasma growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and thyroxin and triiodothyronine titers during the period of smoltification. These hormonal alterations in the HD charr corresponded with impaired hyposmoregulatory ability in May and June, as well as reduced growth rate and survival after transference to seawater. Consequently, fewer fish in the HD group matured in October compared to the other two treatments. The HD fish had a liver PCB concentration ranging between 14 and 42 mg kg−1 wet mass, whereas there were similar, and very low, liver PCB concentrations in LD and C fish throughout the smolting period. Our findings suggest that PCB might compromise mechanisms important for fitness in a fish species living in an extreme environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.cca.2004.07.005","issn":"15320456","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, E., Aas-Hansen, O., Maule, A., Strand, J., and Vijayan, M., 2004, PCB impairs smoltification and seawater performance in anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus): Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, v. 138, no. 2, p. 203-212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2004.07.005.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"212","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"138","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7333e4b0c8380cd76f08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgensen, E.H.","contributorId":13782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"E.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aas-Hansen, O.","contributorId":66899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aas-Hansen","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maule, A.G.","contributorId":45067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maule","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strand, J.E.T.","contributorId":76920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strand","given":"J.E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vijayan, M.M.","contributorId":33087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vijayan","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027237,"text":"70027237 - 2004 - Sedimentary processes of the lower Monterey Fan channel and channel-mouth lobe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70027237","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary processes of the lower Monterey Fan channel and channel-mouth lobe","docAbstract":"The distribution of deposits, sediment transport pathways and processes on the lower Monterey Fan channel and channel-mouth lobe (CML) are studied through the integration of GLORIA and TOBI sidescan sonar data with 7-kHz subbottom profiler records and sediment cores for ground-truthing. The lower Monterey channel is characterised by an up to 30-m-deep channel with poorly developed levees and alternating muddy and silty muddy overbank deposits. The channel is discontinuous, disappearing where gradients are less than about 1:350. Ground-truthing of the large CML shows that the entire CML is characterised by widespread deposits of generally fine sand, with coarser sand at the base of turbidites. Sand is particularly concentrated in finger-like areas of low-backscatter intensity and is interpreted as the result of non-turbulent sediment-gravity flows depositing metres thick massive, fine sand. TOBI sidescan sonar data reveal recent erosional features in the form of scours, secondary channels, large flow slides, and trains of blocks at the distal end of the CML. Erosion is probably related to increasing gradient as the CML approaches Murray Fracture zone and to differential loading of sandy submarine fan deposits onto pelagic clays. Reworking of older flow slides by sediment transport processes on the lobe produces trains of blocks that are several metres in diameter and aligned parallel to the flow direction. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2004.02.006","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Klaucke, I., Masson, D., Kenyon, N.H., and Gardner, J., 2004, Sedimentary processes of the lower Monterey Fan channel and channel-mouth lobe: Marine Geology, v. 206, no. 1-4, p. 181-198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.02.006.","startPage":"181","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209008,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.02.006"}],"volume":"206","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a31e4b08c986b3170a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klaucke, I.","contributorId":88104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaucke","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masson, D.G.","contributorId":44160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masson","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kenyon, Neil H.","contributorId":89535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kenyon","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gardner, J.V.","contributorId":76705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185287,"text":"70185287 - 2004 - Subarctic, alpine nesting by Bairds Sandpipers Calidris bairdii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:33:10","indexId":"70185287","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3704,"text":"Wader Study Group Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subarctic, alpine nesting by Bairds Sandpipers Calidris bairdii","docAbstract":"Baird's Sandpipers Calidris bairdii were found nesting in alpine habitat in southwestern Alaska (60°48'N, 154°00'W), almost 250 km from the nearest known breeding site, and studied over three consecutive seasons, 1997-1999. The first birds arrived during the second week of May each spring with peak numbers recorded the third week of May. Most nests and newly hatched broods were found on sparsely vegetated dwarf shrub-lichen mat tundra on level or gently sloping areas throughout the alpine zone between 980 and 1400 m above sea level. Most eggs hatched during the third week of June and independent young were noted during the second and third weeks of July. Both parents initially tended broods, but only the male remained after chicks were about four days of age. During early brood-rearing, adults began to move chicks, often to higher elevations and over distances of several hundred metres. Throughout the area the density of nesting birds was about 0.2 pairs/km 2 with up to 0.9 pairs/km 2 found on southerly exposures of the north study slope. A summary of available information revealed the global nesting distribution of bairdii to be strongly associated with disturbed landscapes, especially montane areas affected by glaciation, suggesting the breeding range is likely to be much more extensive than currently known, especially in areas of Alaska, the Yukon, and possibly Chukotka.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wader Study Group","usgsCitation":"Gill, R., and Tomkovich, P.S., 2004, Subarctic, alpine nesting by Bairds Sandpipers Calidris bairdii: Wader Study Group Bulletin, v. 104, p. 39-50.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"50","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337828,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337827,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waderstudygroup.org/publications/bulletin/bulletin-vol-volume-106-and-earlier/","text":"Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Turquoise Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.2755126953125,\n 60.65703151551042\n ],\n [\n -153.59161376953125,\n 60.65703151551042\n ],\n [\n -153.59161376953125,\n 60.95044319087129\n ],\n [\n -154.2755126953125,\n 60.95044319087129\n ],\n [\n -154.2755126953125,\n 60.65703151551042\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"104","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ccf59de4b0849ce97f0ce2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tomkovich, Pavel S.","contributorId":55333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tomkovich","given":"Pavel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6930,"text":"Zoological Museum of Moscow, MV Lomonosov University, Moscow, Russia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027191,"text":"70027191 - 2004 - Effects of distance from cattle water developments on grassland birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-22T17:04:58.813865","indexId":"70027191","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2441,"text":"Journal of Range Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of distance from cattle water developments on grassland birds","docAbstract":"Many North American grassland bird populations appear to be declining, which may be due to changes in grazing regimes on their breeding areas. Establishment of water developments and confining cattle (Bos taurus L.) to small pastures often minimizes spatial heterogeneity of cattle forage consumption, which may lead to uniformity in vegetative structure. This increased uniformity may provide suitable habitat for some bird species but not others. We assessed how cattle use, vegetative structure, and bird population densities varied with increasing distance from water developments (0-800 m) on the Little Missouri National Grassland (LMNG) in North Dakota. Lark buntings (Calamospiza melancorys Stejneger), which are typically associated with low vegetative cover, decreased with increasing distance from water developments. Horned larks (Eremophila alpestris L.), also a low-cover associate, followed a similar but weaker trend. Densities of another low-cover associate as well as moderate- and high-cover associates were not related to distance from water. Vegetative height-density and litter depth increased by 50 and 112%, respectively, while cowpie cover and structural variability decreased by 51 and 24%, respectively, with distance from water. Confidence interval overlap was common among all measures, showing substantial variability among study sites. Our results indicate cattle use is higher closer to water developments, and this pattern may positively affect the densities of lark buntings and horned larks. The absence of density gradients in the other bird species may be due to the paucity of locations > 800 m from water on the LMNG.
","language":"English","publisherLocation":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2307/4003790","usgsCitation":"Fontaine, A., Kennedy, P., and Johnson, D.H., 2004, Effects of distance from cattle water developments on grassland birds: Journal of Range Management, v. 57, no. 3, p. 238-242, https://doi.org/10.2307/4003790.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"242","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Little Missouri National Grassland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.56948852539062,\n 46.91556521415998\n ],\n [\n -103.51730346679688,\n 46.91556521415998\n ],\n [\n -103.51730346679688,\n 46.93901161506044\n ],\n [\n -103.56948852539062,\n 46.93901161506044\n ],\n [\n -103.56948852539062,\n 46.91556521415998\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06d4e4b0c8380cd51424","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fontaine, A.L.","contributorId":87885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fontaine","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, P.L.","contributorId":78680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}