Risk analysis tools have been successfully used to determine the potential hazard associated with disease introductions and have facilitated management decisions designed to limit the potential for disease introduction. Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) poses significant challenges for resource managers due to an incomplete understanding of disease etiology and epidemiology and the complexity of management and political jurisdictions. Tools designed specifically to assess the risk of CWD introduction would be of great value to policy makers in areas where CWD has not been detected.
\nTo this end, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) created a steering committee representing states, native communities, federal, academic, and non-government entities. This committee formulated a collaborative process for the development of CWD risk assessment tools applicable to both free-ranging and captive populations. The committee recommended a workshop be held on the topic and suggested the format, content, and potential participants.
\nIdentified objectives of the workshop included:
\n1. Identify and discuss the needs of various government and non-government groups involved with assessing, managing, and/or preventing CWD.
\n2. Identify current gaps in CWD research specifically in relation to information applicable to the risk analysis process.
\n3. Construct a general, consensual, framework model (Figure 1) that incorporates all factors identified as potentially associated with the presence or absence of CWD (Table 1).
\nThe resulting CWD Risk Analysis Workshop was held May 11–13, 2004 in Fort Collins, Colorado. The workshop was attended by 28 individuals representing a cross-section of management, research, and nongovernment organizations. Experts with experience in a variety of risk analysis approaches and representatives from public and private user groups presented in the plenary session. The remainder of the workshop consisted of facilitated breakout sessions and all-group discussions.
\nThe framework model (Figure 1) reflects the workshop discussions and subsequent review and comments from workshop participants and steering committee members.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041418","usgsCitation":"Gillette, S., Dein, J., Salman, M., Richards, B., and Duarte, P., 2004, Chronic wasting disease risk analysis workshop: An integrative approach: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1418, v, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041418.","productDescription":"v, 53 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041418.PNG"},{"id":320280,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1418/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673637","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillette, Shana","contributorId":44620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillette","given":"Shana","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dein, Joshua","contributorId":8558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dein","given":"Joshua","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Salman, Mo","contributorId":30296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salman","given":"Mo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Richards, Bryan","contributorId":56731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Bryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Duarte, Paulo","contributorId":9349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duarte","given":"Paulo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70170677,"text":"70170677 - 2004 - Cloning, expression, cellular distribution, and role in chemotaxis of a C5a receptor in rainbow trout: The first identification of a C5a receptor in a nonmammalian species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-16T16:23:59.093972","indexId":"70170677","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2350,"text":"Journal of Immunology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cloning, expression, cellular distribution, and role in chemotaxis of a C5a receptor in rainbow trout: The first identification of a C5a receptor in a nonmammalian species","docAbstract":"C3a, C4a, and C5a anaphylatoxins generated during complement activation play a key role in inflammation. C5a is the most potent of the three anaphylatoxins in eliciting biological responses. The effects of C5a are mediated by its binding to C5a receptor (C5aR, CD88). To date, C5aR has only been identified and cloned in mammalian species, and its evolutionary history remains ill-defined. To gain insights into the evolution, conserved structural domains, and functions of C5aR, we have cloned and characterized a C5aR in rainbow trout, a teleost fish. The isolated cDNA encoded a 350-aa protein that showed the highest sequence similarity to C5aR from other species. Genomic analysis revealed the presence of one continuous exon encoding the entire open reading frame. Northern blot analysis showed significant expression of the trout C5a receptor (TC5aR) message in PBLs and kidney. Flow cytometric analysis showed that two Abs generated against two different areas of the extracellular N-terminal region of TC5aR positively stained the same leukocyte populations from PBLs. B lymphocytes and granulocytes comprised the majority of cells recognized by the anti-TC5aR. More importantly, these Abs inhibited chemotaxis of PBLs toward a chemoattractant fraction purified from complement-activated trout serum. Our data suggest that the split between C5aR and C3aR from a common ancestral molecule occurred before the emergence of teleost fish. Moreover, we demonstrate that the overall structure of C5aR as well as its role in chemotaxis have remained conserved for >300 million years.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Immunologists","doi":"10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4381","usgsCitation":"Boshra, H., Li, J., Peters, R., Hansen, J., Matlapudi, A., and Sunyer, J.O., 2004, Cloning, expression, cellular distribution, and role in chemotaxis of a C5a receptor in rainbow trout: The first identification of a C5a receptor in a nonmammalian species: Journal of Immunology, v. 172, no. 7, p. 4381-4390, https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4381.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"4381","endPage":"4390","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4381","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":320711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"172","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5723342ce4b0b13d39148cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boshra, Hani","contributorId":169019,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boshra","given":"Hani","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Li, Jun","contributorId":169020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Jun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, Rodney","contributorId":169021,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peters","given":"Rodney","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansen, John","contributorId":21066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Matlapudi, Anjan","contributorId":169022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matlapudi","given":"Anjan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sunyer, J. Oriol","contributorId":169023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sunyer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Oriol","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70184532,"text":"70184532 - 2004 - Hydraulic and geochemical framework of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory vadose zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T11:09:20","indexId":"70184532","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydraulic and geochemical framework of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory vadose zone","docAbstract":"Questions of major importance for subsurface contaminant transport at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) include (i) travel times to the aquifer, both average or typical values and the range of values to be expected, and (ii) modes of contaminant transport, especially sorption processes. The hydraulic and geochemical framework within which these questions are addressed is dominated by extreme heterogeneity in a vadose zone and aquifer consisting of interbedded basalts and sediments. Hydraulically, major issues include diverse possible types of flow pathways, extreme anisotropy, preferential flow, combined vertical and horizontal flow, and temporary saturation or perching. Geochemically, major issues include contaminant mobility as influenced by redox conditions, the concentration of organic and inorganic complexing solutes and other local variables, the interaction with infiltrating waters and with the contaminant source environment, and the aqueous speciation of contaminants such as actinides. Another major issue is the possibility of colloid transport, which inverts some of the traditional concepts of mobility, as sorbed contaminants on mobile colloids may be transported with ease compared with contaminants that are not sorbed. With respect to the goal of minimizing aquifer concentrations of contaminants, some characteristics of the vadose zone are essentially completely favorable. Examples include the great thickness (200 m) of the vadose zone, and the presence of substantial quantities of fine sediments that can retard contaminant transport both hydraulically and chemically. Most characteristics, however, have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. For example, preferential flow, as promoted by several notable features of the vadose zone at the INEEL, can provide fast, minimally sorbing pathways for contaminants to reach the aquifer easily, but it also leads to a wide dispersal of contaminants in a large volume of subsurface material, thus increasing the opportunity for dilution and sorption.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society","doi":"10.2136/vzj2004.6000","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., Rousseau, J.P., Perkins, K., Stollenwerk, K.G., Glynn, P.D., Bartholomay, R.C., and Knobel, L.L., 2004, Hydraulic and geochemical framework of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory vadose zone: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 3, no. 1, p. 6-34, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2004.6000.","productDescription":"29 p. ","startPage":"6","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337320,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c944e4b0f37a93ee9b4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rousseau, Joseph P.","contributorId":22030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rousseau","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perkins, Kim S. 0000-0001-8349-447X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8349-447X","contributorId":44097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"Kim S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":681888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Glynn, Pierre D. 0000-0001-8804-7003 pglynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8804-7003","contributorId":2141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"Pierre","email":"pglynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Knobel, LeRoy L.","contributorId":76285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knobel","given":"LeRoy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70184513,"text":"70184513 - 2004 - Uranium mill tailings: Nuclear waste and natural laboratory for geochemical and radioecological investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:46:07","indexId":"70184513","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2263,"text":"Journal of Environmental Radioactivity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium mill tailings: Nuclear waste and natural laboratory for geochemical and radioecological investigations","docAbstract":"Uranium mill tailings (UMT) are a high volume, low specific activity radioactive waste typically disposed in surface impoundments. This review focuses on research on UMT and related earth materials during the past decade relevant to the assessment of: (1) mineral hosts of radionuclides; (2) the use of soil analogs in predicting long-term fate of radionuclides; (3) microbial and diagenetic processes that may alter radionuclide mobility in the surficial environment; (4) waste-management technologies to limit radionuclide migration; and (5) the impact of UMT on biota.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.01.030","usgsCitation":"Landa, E.R., 2004, Uranium mill tailings: Nuclear waste and natural laboratory for geochemical and radioecological investigations: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, v. 77, no. 1, p. 1-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.01.030.","productDescription":"27 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"27","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337306,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c944e4b0f37a93ee9b51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landa, Edward R. erlanda@usgs.gov","contributorId":2112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"Edward","email":"erlanda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":681809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186760,"text":"70186760 - 2004 - Landsat-7 ETM+ on-orbit reflective-band radiometric characterization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:51:46","indexId":"70186760","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat-7 ETM+ on-orbit reflective-band radiometric characterization","docAbstract":"The Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) has been and continues to be radiometrically characterized using the Image Assessment System (IAS), a component of the Landsat-7 Ground System. Key radiometric properties analyzed include: overall, coherent, and impulse noise; bias stability; relative gain stability; and other artifacts. The overall instrument noise is characterized across the dynamic range of the instrument during solar diffuser deployments. Less than 1% per year increases are observed in signal-independent (dark) noise levels, while signal-dependent noise is stable with time. Several coherent noise sources exist in ETM+ data with scene-averaged magnitudes of up to 0.4 DN, and a noise component at 20 kHz whose magnitude varies across the scan and peaks at the image edges. Bit-flip noise does not exist on the ETM+. However, impulse noise due to charged particle hits on the detector array has been discovered. The instrument bias is measured every scan line using a shutter. Most bands show less than 0.1 DN variations in bias across the instrument lifetime. The panchromatic band is the exception, where the variation approaches 2 DN and is related primarily to temperature. The relative gains of the detectors, i.e., each detector's gain relative to the band average gain, have been stable to /spl plusmn/0.1% over the mission life. Two exceptions to this stability include band 2 detector 2, which dropped about 1% in gain about 3.5 years after launch and stabilized, and band 7 detector 5, which has changed several tenths of a percent several times since launch. Memory effect and scan-correlated shift, a hysteresis and a random change in bias between multiple states, respectively, both of which have been observed in previous Thematic Mapper sensors, have not been convincingly found in ETM+ data. Two artifacts, detector ringing and \"oversaturation\", affect a small amount of ETM+ data.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2004.839083","usgsCitation":"Scaramuzza, P.L., Markham, B.L., Barsi, J., and Kaita, E., 2004, Landsat-7 ETM+ on-orbit reflective-band radiometric characterization: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 12, p. 2796-2809, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.839083.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2796","endPage":"2809","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339505,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ec99dbe4b0b4d95d33525f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scaramuzza, P. L. 0000-0002-2616-8456","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2616-8456","contributorId":107504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scaramuzza","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markham, B. L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barsi, J. A.","contributorId":24085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barsi","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaita, E.","contributorId":73777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaita","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70188801,"text":"70188801 - 2004 - A molecular comparison of Alaskan and North East Atlantic Halicondria panicea (Pallas 1766) (Porifera: Demospongiae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T18:18:03","indexId":"70188801","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"displayTitle":"A molecular comparison of Alaskan and North East Atlantic Halicondria panicea (Pallas 1766) (Porifera: Demospongiae)","title":"A molecular comparison of Alaskan and North East Atlantic Halicondria panicea (Pallas 1766) (Porifera: Demospongiae)","docAbstract":"The intraspecific relationships between populations of Alaskan Halichondria cf. panicea are the subjects of ongoing research. In this study we compare CO1 sequences of Alaskan Halichondria cf. panicea with North East Atlantic Halichondria panicea and its sister species Halichondria bowerbanki. Alaskan Halichondria cf. panicea form a well-supported sister group to the European Halichondria panicea/ H. bowerbanki species complex in the resulting gene tree and cluster distantly from their European conspecifics.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sponge science in the new millennium: Papers contributed to the VI International Sponge Conference, Rapallo, Italy, 29th September - 5th October 2002","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"VI International Sponge Conference","conferenceDate":"Rapallo, Italy","conferenceLocation":"September 29 - October 5, 2002","language":"English","publisher":"Università di Genova","publisherLocation":"Genova, Italy","usgsCitation":"Erpenbeck, D., Knowlton, A.L., Talbot, S.L., Highsmith, R.C., and van Soest, R.W., 2004, A molecular comparison of Alaskan and North East Atlantic Halicondria panicea (Pallas 1766) (Porifera: Demospongiae), in Sponge science in the new millennium: Papers contributed to the VI International Sponge Conference, Rapallo, Italy, 29th September - 5th October 2002, v. 68, September 29 - October 5, 2002, Rapallo, Italy, p. 319-325.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"325","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342844,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342843,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bmib.it/en/pubblicazioni.php?v=1"}],"volume":"68","publicComments":"These conference proceedings were published as volume 68 of the journal \"Bollettino dei Musei e Degli Istituti Biologici dell'Università di Genova.\"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5950cba7e4b062508e3b1cfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erpenbeck, Dirk","contributorId":189457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erpenbeck","given":"Dirk","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24684,"text":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":700429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knowlton, Anne L.","contributorId":73888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knowlton","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":700430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Highsmith, Ray C.","contributorId":92119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Highsmith","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":700432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"van Soest, Rob W.M.","contributorId":15168,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"van Soest","given":"Rob","email":"","middleInitial":"W.M.","affiliations":[{"id":24684,"text":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":700433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185649,"text":"70185649 - 2004 - Object-based inversion of crosswell radar tomography data to monitor vegetable oil injection experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T16:06:27","indexId":"70185649","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3928,"text":"Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics","printIssn":"1083-1363","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Object-based inversion of crosswell radar tomography data to monitor vegetable oil injection experiments","docAbstract":"Crosswell radar methods can be used to dynamically image ground-water flow and mass transport associated with tracer tests, hydraulic tests, and natural physical processes, for improved characterization of preferential flow paths and complex aquifer heterogeneity. Unfortunately, because the raypath coverage of the interwell region is limited by the borehole geometry, the tomographic inverse problem is typically underdetermined, and tomograms may contain artifacts such as spurious blurring or streaking that confuse interpretation.
We implement object-based inversion (using a constrained, non-linear, least-squares algorithm) to improve results from pixel-based inversion approaches that utilize regularization criteria, such as damping or smoothness. Our approach requires pre- and post-injection travel-time data. Parameterization of the image plane comprises a small number of objects rather than a large number of pixels, resulting in an overdetermined problem that reduces the need for prior information. The nature and geometry of the objects are based on hydrologic insight into aquifer characteristics, the nature of the experiment, and the planned use of the geophysical results.
The object-based inversion is demonstrated using synthetic and crosswell radar field data acquired during vegetable-oil injection experiments at a site in Fridley, Minnesota. The region where oil has displaced ground water is discretized as a stack of rectangles of variable horizontal extents. The inversion provides the geometry of the affected region and an estimate of the radar slowness change for each rectangle. Applying petrophysical models to these results and porosity from neutron logs, we estimate the vegetable-oil emulsion saturation in various layers.
Using synthetic- and field-data examples, object-based inversion is shown to be an effective strategy for inverting crosswell radar tomography data acquired to monitor the emplacement of vegetable-oil emulsions. A principal advantage of object-based inversion is that it yields images that hydrologists and engineers can easily interpret and use for model calibration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental & Engineering Geophysical Society","doi":"10.4133/JEEG9.2.63","usgsCitation":"Lane, J.W., Day-Lewis, F.D., Versteeg, R.J., and Casey, C.C., 2004, Object-based inversion of crosswell radar tomography data to monitor vegetable oil injection experiments: Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics, v. 9, no. 2, p. 63-77, https://doi.org/10.4133/JEEG9.2.63.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"63","endPage":"77","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338353,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da251be4b0543bf7fda808","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. jwlane@usgs.gov","contributorId":1738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jwlane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":686224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Versteeg, Roelof J.","contributorId":73501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Versteeg","given":"Roelof","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casey, Clifton C.","contributorId":15140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"Clifton","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70184570,"text":"70184570 - 2004 - Importance of clay size minerals for Fe(III) respiration in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T12:14:00","indexId":"70184570","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1751,"text":"Geobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of clay size minerals for Fe(III) respiration in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer","docAbstract":"The availability of Fe(III)-bearing minerals for dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction was evaluated in sediments from a petroleum-contaminated sandy aquifer near Bemidji, Minnesota (USA). First, the sediments from a contaminated area of the aquifer, in which Fe(III) reduction was the predominant terminal electron accepting process, were compared with sediments from a nearby, uncontaminated site. Data from 0.5 m HCl extraction of different size fractions of the sediments revealed that the clay size fraction contributed a significant portion of the ‘bio-available’ Fe(III) in the background sediment and was the most depleted in ‘bio-available’ Fe(III) in the iron-reducing sediment. Analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the disappearance of thermodynamically unstable Fe(III) and Mn(IV) hydroxides (ferrihydrite and Fe vernadite), as well as a decrease in the abundance of goethite and lepidocrocite in the clay size fraction from the contaminated sediment. TEM observations and X-ray diffraction examination did not provide strong evidence of Fe(III)-reduction-related changes within another potential source of ‘bio-available’ Fe(III) in the clay size fraction – ferruginous phyllosilicates. However, further testing in the laboratory with sediments from the methanogenic portion of the aquifer that were depleted in microbially reducible Fe(III) revealed the potential for microbial reduction of Fe(III) associated with phyllosilicates. Addition of a clay size fraction from the uncontaminated sediment, as well as Fe(III)-coated kaolin and ferruginous nontronite SWa-1, as sources of poorly crystalline Fe(III) hydroxides and structural iron of phyllosilicates respectively, lowered steady-state hydrogen concentrations consistent with a stimulation of Fe(III) reduction in laboratory incubations of methanogenic sediments. There was no change in hydrogen concentration when non-ferruginous clays or no minerals were added. This demonstrated that Fe(III)-bearing clay size minerals were essential for microbial Fe(III) reduction and suggested that both potential sources of ‘bio-available’ Fe(III) in the clay size fraction, poorly crystalline Fe(III) hydroxides and structural Fe(III) of phyllosilicates, were important sources of electron acceptor for indigenous iron-reducing microorganisms in this aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1472-4677.2004.00018.x","usgsCitation":"Shelobolina, E.S., Anderson, R.T., Vodyanitskii, Y.N., Sivtsov, A.V., Yuretich, R., and Lovely, D.R., 2004, Importance of clay size minerals for Fe(III) respiration in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer: Geobiology, v. 2, no. 1, p. 67-76, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4677.2004.00018.x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"67","endPage":"76","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-4677.2004.00018.x/full","text":"External Repository"},{"id":337340,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c943e4b0f37a93ee9b3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shelobolina, Evgenya S.","contributorId":187992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shelobolina","given":"Evgenya","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Robert T.","contributorId":178193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vodyanitskii, Yury N.","contributorId":187993,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vodyanitskii","given":"Yury","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sivtsov, Anatolii V.","contributorId":187994,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sivtsov","given":"Anatolii","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yuretich, Richard","contributorId":187995,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yuretich","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lovely, Derek R.","contributorId":184232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lovely","given":"Derek","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70184568,"text":"70184568 - 2004 - Comparison of 13 equations for determining evapotranspiration from a prairie wetland, Cottonwood Lake Area, North Dakota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-16T20:19:45","indexId":"70184568","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of 13 equations for determining evapotranspiration from a prairie wetland, Cottonwood Lake Area, North Dakota, USA","docAbstract":"Evapotranspiration determined using the energy-budget method at a semi-permanent prairie-pothole wetland in east-central North Dakota, USA was compared with 12 other commonly used methods. The Priestley-Taylor and deBruin-Keijman methods compared best with the energy-budget values; mean differences were less than 0.1 mm d−1, and standard deviations were less than 0.3 mm d−1. Both methods require measurement of air temperature, net radiation, and heat storage in the wetland water. The Penman, Jensen-Haise, and Brutsaert-Stricker methods provided the next-best values for evapotranspiration relative to the energy-budget method. The mass-transfer, deBruin, and Stephens-Stewart methods provided the worst comparisons; the mass-transfer and deBruin comparisons with energy-budget values indicated a large standard deviation, and the deBruin and Stephens-Stewart comparisons indicated a large bias. The Jensen-Haise method proved to be cost effective, providing relatively accurate comparisons with the energy-budget method (mean difference=0.44 mm d−1, standard deviation=0.42 mm d−1) and requiring only measurements of air temperature and solar radiation. The Mather (Thornthwaite) method is the simplest, requiring only measurement of air temperature, and it provided values that compared relatively well with energy-budget values (mean difference=0.47 mm d−1, standard deviation=0.56 mm d−1). Modifications were made to several of the methods to make them more suitable for use in prairie wetlands. The modified Makkink, Jensen-Haise, and Stephens-Stewart methods all provided results that were nearly as close to energy-budget values as were the Priestley-Taylor and deBruin-Keijman methods, and all three of these modified methods only require measurements of air temperature and solar radiation. The modified Hamon method provided values that were within 20 percent of energy-budget values during 95 percent of the comparison periods, and it only requires measurement of air temperature. The mass-transfer coefficient, associated with the commonly used mass-transfer method, varied seasonally, with the largest values occurring during summer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Wetland Scientists","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0483:COEFDE]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D.O., Stannard, D.L., Winter, T.C., and Martinez, M.L., 2004, Comparison of 13 equations for determining evapotranspiration from a prairie wetland, Cottonwood Lake Area, North Dakota, USA: Wetlands, v. 24, no. 3, p. 483-497, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0483:COEFDE]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"483","endPage":"497","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337338,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"McHenry County","otherGeospatial":"Cottonwood Lake Area ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-100.2771,48.543],[-100.2777,48.3704],[-100.2376,48.3699],[-100.2384,48.0218],[-100.1972,48.0213],[-100.1987,47.8477],[-100.5846,47.847],[-100.9685,47.8472],[-100.9705,48.0218],[-101.0144,48.023],[-101.0137,48.3715],[-101.0592,48.3713],[-101.0593,48.3727],[-101.0593,48.4595],[-101.0574,48.5463],[-101.0574,48.6312],[-100.9258,48.6321],[-100.7649,48.6321],[-100.7595,48.6321],[-100.6886,48.6313],[-100.6777,48.6313],[-100.6647,48.6313],[-100.5359,48.63],[-100.4056,48.6304],[-100.4044,48.5436],[-100.2771,48.543]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"McHenry\",\"state\":\"ND\"}}]}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c943e4b0f37a93ee9b41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":682051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stannard, David L.","contributorId":187991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stannard","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martinez, Margo L.","contributorId":187990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martinez","given":"Margo","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70187947,"text":"70187947 - 2004 - Exploitation dynamics of small fish stocks like Arctic cisco","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-01T16:27:28","indexId":"70187947","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesNumber":"MMS 2004-033","title":"Exploitation dynamics of small fish stocks like Arctic cisco","docAbstract":"Potential impacts to the Arctic cisco population fall into both demographic and behavioral categories. Possible demographic impacts include stock recruitment effects, limited escapement into marine habitats, and variable age-class reproductive success. Potential behavioral impacts involve migratory patterns, variable life histories, and strategies for seasonal feeding. Arctic cisco stocks are highly susceptible to over-exploitation due to our limited basic knowledge of the highly variable Arctic environment and the role they play in this dynamic ecosystem.
Our knowledge of potential demographic changes is very limited, and it is necessary to determine the abundance and recruitment of the hypothesized Mackenzie River source population, the extent of the coastal migratory corridor, growth patterns, and coastal upwelling and mixing effects on population dynamics for this species. Information needed to answer some of the demographic questions includes basic evolutionary history and molecular genetics of Arctic cisco (for instance, are there contributions to the Arctic cisco stock from the Yukon?), what is the effective population size (i.e., breeding population size), and potential links to changes in climate.
The basic behavioral questions include migratory and variable life history questions. For instance, the extent of movement back and forth between freshwater and the sea, age-specific differences in food web dynamics, and nearshore brackish and high salinity habitats are topics that should be studied. Life history data should be gathered to understand the variation in age at reproduction, salinity tolerance, scale and duration of the freshwater stage, survival, and adult migration.
Both molecular and ecological tools should be integrated to manage the Arctic cisco stock(s), such as understanding global climate changes on patterns of harvest and recruitment, and the genetics of population structure and colonization. Perhaps other populations are contributing to the population within the Colville River other than only the Mackenzie River population. This needs further exploration. By examining otolith microchemistry, unique transitions from freshwater to sea can be identified for these stocks. This may shed light on why some fish arrive at the mouth of the Colville River, while others don’t.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of a workshop on the variability of Arctic cisco (Qaaktaq) in the Colville River (MMS 2004-033)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Workshop on the Variability of Arctic Cisco (Qaaktaq) in the Colville River ","conferenceDate":"November 18-20, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Nuiqsut, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Minerals Management Service","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, J.L., 2004, Exploitation dynamics of small fish stocks like Arctic cisco, in Proceedings of a workshop on the variability of Arctic cisco (Qaaktaq) in the Colville River (MMS 2004-033), Nuiqsut, AK, November 18-20, 2003, p. 45-47.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"47","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341737,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.boem.gov/Alaska-Reports-2004/"},{"id":341738,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bb9e4b0b7ff9fb4897d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, Jennifer L.","contributorId":43722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185110,"text":"70185110 - 2004 - Alkaline hydrolysis/polymerization of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene: Characterization of products by 13C and 15N NMR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-10T20:32:13.663444","indexId":"70185110","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Alkaline hydrolysis/polymerization of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene: Characterization of products by 13C and 15N NMR","title":"Alkaline hydrolysis/polymerization of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene: Characterization of products by 13C and 15N NMR","docAbstract":"Alkaline hydrolysis has been investigated as a nonbiological procedure for the destruction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in explosives contaminated soils and munitions scrap. Nucleophilic substitutions of the nitro and methyl groups of TNT by hydroxide ion are the initial steps in the alkaline degradation of TNT. Potential applications of the technique include both in situ surface liming and ex situ alkaline treatment of contaminated soils. A number of laboratory studies have reported the formation of an uncharacterized polymeric material upon prolonged treatment of TNT in base. As part of an overall assessment of alkaline hydrolysis as a remediation technique, and to gain a better understanding of the chemical reactions underlying the hydrolysis/polymerization process, the soluble and precipitate fractions of polymeric material produced from the calcium hydroxide hydrolysis of unlabeled and 15N-labeled TNT were analyzed by elemental analysis and 13C and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Spectra indicated that reactions leading to polymerization included nucleophilic displacement of nitro groups by hydroxide ion, formation of ketone, carboxyl, alcohol, ether, and other aliphatic carbons, conversion of methyl groups to diphenyl methylene carbons, and recondensation of aromatic amines and reduced forms of nitrite, including ammonia and possibly hydroxylamine, into the polymer. Compared to the distribution of carbons in TNT as 14% sp3- and 86% sp2-hybridized, the precipitate fraction from hydrolysis of unlabeled TNT contained 33% sp3- and 67% sp2-hybridized carbons. The concentration of nitrogen in the precipitate was 64% of that in TNT. The 15N NMR spectra showed that, in addition to residual nitro groups, forms of nitrogen present in the filtrate and precipitate fractions include aminohydroquinone, primary amide, indole, imine, and azoxy, among others. Unreacted nitrite was recovered in the filtrate fraction. The toxicities and susceptibilities to microbial or chemical degradation of the polymeric materials remain unknown.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es030655a","usgsCitation":"Thorn, K.A., Thorne, P.G., and Cox, L.G., 2004, Alkaline hydrolysis/polymerization of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene: Characterization of products by 13C and 15N NMR: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 7, p. 2224-2231, https://doi.org/10.1021/es030655a.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2224","endPage":"2231","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-02-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c90129e4b0849ce97abd0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorn, Kevin A. 0000-0003-2236-5193 kathorn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-5193","contributorId":3288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"Kevin","email":"kathorn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorne, Philip G.","contributorId":188040,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thorne","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cox, Larry G. lgcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":3310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Larry","email":"lgcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":684377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027163,"text":"70027163 - 2004 - Coring the Chesapeake Bay impact crater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-18T15:54:56.787097","indexId":"70027163","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1829,"text":"Geotimes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coring the Chesapeake Bay impact crater","docAbstract":"In July 1983, the shipboard scientists of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 95 found an unexpected bonus in a core taken 150 kilometers east of Atlantic City, N.J. At Site 612, the scientists recovered a 10-centimeter-thick layer of late Eocene debris ejected from an impact about 36 million years ago. Microfossils and argon isotope ratios from the same layer reveal that the ejecta were part of a broad North American impact debris field, previously known primarily from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Since that serendipitous beginning, years of seismic reflection profiling, gravity measurements and core drilling have confirmed the source of that strewn field - the Chesapeake Bay impact crater, the largest structure of its kind in the United States, and the sixth-largest impact crater on Earth.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., 2004, Coring the Chesapeake Bay impact crater: Geotimes, v. 49, no. 1, p. 22-25.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"25","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":409451,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geotimes.org/jan04/feature_Chesapeake.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.2998046875,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -69.9609375,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -69.43359375,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -73.388671875,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -78.134765625,\n 36.80928470205937\n ],\n [\n -77.2998046875,\n 36.59788913307022\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc1be4b0c8380cd4e10c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie 0000-0002-6240-4065 wpoag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-4065","contributorId":2565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"wpoag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197152,"text":"70197152 - 2004 - Mono Lake excursion recorded in sediment of the Santa Clara Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T13:02:33","indexId":"70197152","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mono Lake excursion recorded in sediment of the Santa Clara Valley, California","docAbstract":"Two intervals recording anomalous paleomagnetic inclinations were encountered in the top 40 meters of research drill hole CCOC in the Santa Clara Valley, California. The younger of these two intervals has an age of 28,090 ± 330 radiocarbon years B.P. (calibrated age ∼32.8 ka). This age is in excellent agreement with the latest estimate for the Mono Lake excursion at the type locality and confirms that the excursion has been recorded by sediment in the San Francisco Bay region. The age of an anomalous inclination change below the Mono Lake excursion was not directly determined, but estimates of sedimentation rates indicate that the geomagnetic behavior it represents most likely occurred during the Mono Lake/Laschamp time interval (∼45–28 ka). If true, it may represent one of several recurring fluctuations of magnetic inclination during an interval of a weak geomagnetic dipole, behavior noted in other studies in the region.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2003GC000592","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., and Wentworth, C.M., 2004, Mono Lake excursion recorded in sediment of the Santa Clara Valley, California: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 5, no. 2, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000592.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354318,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"SantaClara Valley","volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15811fe4b092d9651e208a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wentworth, Carl M. 0000-0003-2569-569X cwent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2569-569X","contributorId":1178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentworth","given":"Carl","email":"cwent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70197150,"text":"70197150 - 2004 - Paleomagnetism and 40Ar/39Ar ages from volcanics extruded during the Matuyama and Brunhes Chrons near McMurdo Sound, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T12:58:45","indexId":"70197150","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Paleomagnetism and 40Ar/39Ar ages from volcanics extruded during the Matuyama and Brunhes Chrons near McMurdo Sound, Antarctica","title":"Paleomagnetism and 40Ar/39Ar ages from volcanics extruded during the Matuyama and Brunhes Chrons near McMurdo Sound, Antarctica","docAbstract":"Maps of virtual geomagnetic poles derived from international geomagnetic reference field models show large lobes with significant departures from the spin axis. These lobes persist in field models for the last few millenia. The anomalous lobes are associated with observation sites at extreme southerly latitudes. To determine whether these features persist for millions of years, paleomagnetic vector data from the continent of Antarctica are essential. We present here new paleomagnetic vector data and 40Ar/39Ar ages from lava flows spanning the Brunhes and Matuyama Chrons from the vicinity of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Oriented paleomagnetic samples were collected from 50 lava flows by E. Mankinen and A. Cox in the 1965–1966 austral summer season. Preliminary data based largely on the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) directions were published by Mankinen and Cox [1988]. We have performed detailed paleomagnetic investigations of 37 sites with multiple fully oriented core samples to investigate the reliability of results from this unique sample collection. Of these, only one site fails to meet our acceptance criteria for directional data. Seven sites are reversely magnetized. The mean normal and reverse directions are antipodal. The combined mean direction has ![\"equation](\"https://wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/1995564d-9819-41b0-8674-846c4d331088/ggge483-math-0001.gif\")
= 12, ![\"equation](\"https://wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/5e67eeb4-2a74-431b-a925-daf29f48fde6/ggge483-math-0002.gif\")
= −86, α = 4, κ = 37 and is indistinguishable from that expected from a GAD field. We obtained reproducible absolute paleointensity estimates from 15 lava flows with a mean dipole moment of 49 ZAm2 and a standard deviation of 28 ZAm2. 40Ar/39Ar age determinations were successfully carried out on samples from 18 of the flows. Our new isotopic ages and paleomagnetic polarities are consistent with the currently accepted geomagnetic reversal timescales.
We examined the interactive effects of overwintered Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles and pond hydroperiod on a community of larval amphibians in outdoor mesocosms including American Toads (Bufo americanus), Southern Leopard Frogs (Rana sphenocephala), and Spotted Salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) - species within the native range of Bullfrogs. Spotted Salamanders and Southern Leopard Frogs were negatively influenced by the presence of overwintered Bullfrogs. Spotted Salamanders had shorter larval periods and slightly smaller masses at metamorphosis, and Southern Leopard Frogs had smaller masses at metamorphosis when reared with Bullfrogs than without. Presence of overwintered Bullfrogs, however, did not significantly affect American Toads. Longer pond hydroperiods resulted in greater survival, greater size at metamorphosis, longer larval periods, and later time until emergence of the first metamorphs for Southern Leopard Frog tadpoles and Spotted Salamander larvae. Our study demonstrated that overwintered Bullfrog tadpoles can respond to changing pond hydroperiods and can negatively impact metamorphosis of native amphibians.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1643/CE-03-229R1","usgsCitation":"Boone, M., Little, E.E., and Semlitsch, R.D., 2004, Overwintered Bullfrog tadpoles negatively affect Salamanders and Anurans in native amphibian communities: Copeia, no. 3, p. 683-690, https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-03-229R1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"690","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Boone County","city":"Columbia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.449951171875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -92.10937499999999,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -92.10937499999999,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -92.449951171875,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -92.449951171875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7255e4b0c8380cd76a2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boone, M.D.","contributorId":31157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boone","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":409537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Semlitsch, R. D.","contributorId":22522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Semlitsch","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026500,"text":"70026500 - 2004 - Comparison of aerodynamically and model-derived roughness lengths (zo) over diverse surfaces, central Mojave Desert, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70026500","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of aerodynamically and model-derived roughness lengths (zo) over diverse surfaces, central Mojave Desert, California, USA","docAbstract":"The vulnerability of dryland surfaces to wind erosion depends importantly on the absence or the presence and character of surface roughness elements, such as plants, clasts, and topographic irregularities that diminish wind speed near the surface. A model for the friction velocity ratio has been developed to account for wind sheltering by many different types of co-existing roughness elements. Such conditions typify a monitored area in the central Mojave Desert, California, that experiences frequent sand movement and dust emission. Two additional models are used to convert the friction velocity ratio to the surface roughness length (zo) for momentum. To calculate roughness lengths from these models, measurements were made at 11 sites within the monitored area to characterize the surface roughness element. Measurements included (1) the number of roughness species (e.g., plants, small-scale topography, clasts), and their associated heights and widths, (2) spacing among species, and (3) vegetation porosity (a measurement of the spatial distribution of woody elements of a plant). Documented or estimated values of drag coefficients for different species were included in the modeling. At these sites, wind-speed profiles were measured during periods of neutral atmospheric stability using three 9-m towers with three or four calibrated anemometers on each. Modeled roughness lengths show a close correspondence (correlation coefficient, 0.84-0.86) to the aerodynamically determined values at the field sites. The geometric properties of the roughness elements in the model are amenable to measurement at much higher temporal and spatial resolutions using remote-sensing techniques than can be accomplished through laborious ground-based methods. A remote-sensing approach to acquire values of the modeled roughness length is particularly important for the development of linked surface/atmosphere wind-erosion models sensitive to climate variability and land-use changes in areas such as the southwestern United States, where surface roughness has large spatial and temporal variations. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.03.009","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"MacKinnon, D.J., Clow, G., Tigges, R., Reynolds, R.L., and Chavez, P., 2004, Comparison of aerodynamically and model-derived roughness lengths (zo) over diverse surfaces, central Mojave Desert, California, USA: Geomorphology, v. 63, no. 1-2, p. 103-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.03.009.","startPage":"103","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208373,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.03.009"},{"id":234090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f84de4b0c8380cd4cfe0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacKinnon, D. J.","contributorId":79145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKinnon","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clow, G.D.","contributorId":46112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tigges, R. K.","contributorId":74769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tigges","given":"R. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reynolds, R. L. 0000-0002-4572-2942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":79885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chavez, P.S. Jr.","contributorId":75147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"P.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026620,"text":"70026620 - 2004 - Methane fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere at northern high latitudes during the past century: A retrospective analysis with a process-based biogeochemistry model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70026620","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methane fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere at northern high latitudes during the past century: A retrospective analysis with a process-based biogeochemistry model","docAbstract":"We develop and use a new version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to study how rates of methane (CH4) emissions and consumption in high-latitude soils of the Northern Hemisphere have changed over the past century in response to observed changes in the region's climate. We estimate that the net emissions of CH4 (emissions minus consumption) from these soils have increased by an average 0.08 Tg CH4 yr-1 during the twentieth century. Our estimate of the annual net emission rate at the end of the century for the region is 51 Tg CH4 yr-1. Russia, Canada, and Alaska are the major CH4 regional sources to the atmosphere, responsible for 64%, 11%, and 7% of these net emissions, respectively. Our simulations indicate that large interannual variability in net CH4 emissions occurred over the last century. Our analyses of the responses of net CH4 emissions to the past climate change suggest that future global warming will increase net CH4 emissions from the Pan-Arctic region. The higher net CH4 emissions may increase atmospheric CH 4 concentrations to provide a major positive feedback to the climate system. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004GB002239","issn":"08866236","usgsCitation":"Zhuang, Q., Melillo, J.M., Kicklighter, D., Prinn, R., McGuire, A., Steudler, P., Felzer, B., and Hu, S., 2004, Methane fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere at northern high latitudes during the past century: A retrospective analysis with a process-based biogeochemistry model: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 18, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002239.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478210,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002239","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208500,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002239"},{"id":234277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5525e4b0c8380cd6d13d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhuang, Q.","contributorId":40772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhuang","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melillo, J. M.","contributorId":73139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melillo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kicklighter, D. W.","contributorId":31537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kicklighter","given":"D. W.","affiliations":[{"id":13627,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":410225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prinn, R.G.","contributorId":26861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prinn","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Steudler, P.A.","contributorId":38337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steudler","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Felzer, B.S.","contributorId":79675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felzer","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hu, S.","contributorId":74152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hu","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70026576,"text":"70026576 - 2004 - The application of an integrated biogeochemical model (PnET-BGC) to five forested watersheds in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70026576","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The application of an integrated biogeochemical model (PnET-BGC) to five forested watersheds in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of New York","docAbstract":"PnET-BGC is an integrated biogeochemical model formulated to simulate the response of soil and surface waters in northern forest ecosystems to changes in atmospheric deposition and land disturbances. In this study, the model was applied to five intensive study sites in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of New York. Four were in the Adirondacks: Constable Pond, an acid-sensitive watershed; Arbutus Pond, a relatively insensitive watershed; West Pond, an acid-sensitive watershed with extensive wetland coverage; and Willy's Pond, an acid-sensitive watershed with a mature forest. The fifth was Catskills: Biscuit Brook, an acid-sensitive watershed. Results indicated model-simulated surface water chemistry generally agreed with the measured data at all five sites. Model-simulated internal fluxes of major elements at the Arbutus watershed compared well with previously published measured values. In addition, based on the simulated fluxes, element and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) budgets were developed for each site. Sulphur budgets at each site indicated little retention of inputs of sulphur. The sites also showed considerable variability in retention of NO3-. Land-disturbance history and in-lake processes were found to be important in regulating the output of NO3- via surface waters. Deposition inputs of base cations were generally similar at these sites. Various rates of base cation outputs reflected differences in rates of base cation supply at these sites. Atmospheric deposition was found to be the largest source of acidity, and cation exchange, mineral weathering and in-lake processes served as sources of ANC. ?? 2004 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.5571","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"LiJun, C., Driscoll, C.T., Gbondo-Tugbawa, S., Mitchell, M., and Murdoch, P., 2004, The application of an integrated biogeochemical model (PnET-BGC) to five forested watersheds in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of New York: Hydrological Processes, v. 18, no. 14, p. 2631-2650, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5571.","startPage":"2631","endPage":"2650","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208455,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5571"}],"volume":"18","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9c3e4b08c986b3224cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LiJun, Chen","contributorId":95241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LiJun","given":"Chen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driscoll, C. T.","contributorId":47530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gbondo-Tugbawa, S.","contributorId":84546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gbondo-Tugbawa","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitchell, M.J.","contributorId":72940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026502,"text":"70026502 - 2004 - Detection of Clostridium botulinum type C cells in the gastrointestinal tracts of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) by polymerase chain reaction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-17T13:36:34","indexId":"70026502","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of Clostridium botulinum type C cells in the gastrointestinal tracts of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) by polymerase chain reaction","docAbstract":"We established a method of directly detecting Clostridium botulinum type C cells, while minimizing spore detection, in the intestinal contents of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). This technique involved extraction of predominantly cellular DNA from tilapia intestinal tracts and used a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect presence of type C1 toxin gene. We consistently detected C. botulinum type C cells in tilapia gastrointestinal contents at a level of 7.5×104 cells per 0.25 g material or 1.9×103 cells. This technique is useful for determining prevalence of the potentially active organisms within a given population of fish and may be adapted to other types of C. botulinum and vertebrate populations as well.
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carbon and nitrogen mineralization with sheep grazing in an Inner Mongolian Grassland","docAbstract":"This study reports on changes in plant functional group composition, litter quality, and soil C and N mineralization dynamics from a 9-year sheep grazing study in Inner Mongolia. Addressed are these questions: 1) How does increasing grazing intensity affect plant community composition? 2) How does increasing grazing intensity alter soil C and N mineralization dynamics? 3) Do changes in soil C and N mineralization dynamics relate to changes in plant community composition via inputs of the quality or quantity of litter? Grazing plots were set up near the Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station (IMGERS) with 5 grazing intensities: 1.3, 2.7, 4.0, 5.3, and 6.7 sheep ha−1·yr−1. Plant cover was lower with increasing grazing intensity, which was primarily due to a dramatic decline in grasses, Carex duriuscula, and Artemisia frigida. Changes in litter mass and percentage organic C resulted in lower total C in the litter layer at 4.0 and 5.3 sheep ha−1·yr−1 compared with 2.7 sheep ha−1·yr−1. Total litter N was lower at 5.3 sheep ha−1·yr−1 compared with 2.7 sheep ha−1·yr−1. Litter C:N ratios, an index of litter quality, were significantly lower at 4.0 sheep ha−1·yr−1 relative to 1.3 and 5.3 sheep ha−1·yr−1. Cumulative C mineralized after 16 days decreased with increasing grazing intensity. In contrast, net N mineralization (NH 4 NO−3) after a 12-day incubation increased with increasing grazing intensity. Changes in C and N mineralization resulted in a narrowing of CO2-C:net Nmin ratios with increasing grazing intensity. Grazing explained 31% of the variability in the ratio of CO2-C:net Nmin. The ratio of CO2-C:net Nmin was positively correlated with litter mass. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between litter mass and A. frigida cover. Results suggest that as grazing intensity increases, microbes become more C limited resulting in decreased microbial growth and demand for N.
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The moisture content of the moss layer affects the thermal insulative capacity and preservation of permafrost. It also controls the growth and collapse history of palsas and other peat mounds, and is relevant, in general terms, to permafrost thaw (thermokarst). In this study, we test and calibrate seven different soil moisture sensors for measuring the moisture content of Sphagnum moss under laboratory conditions. The soil volume to which each probe is sensitive is one of the important parameters influencing moisture measurement, particularly in a heterogeneous medium such as moss. Each sensor has a unique response to changing moisture content levels, solution salinity, moss bulk density and to the orientation (structure) of the Sphagnum relative to the sensor. All of the probes examined here require unique polynomial calibration equations to obtain moisture content from probe output. We provide polynomial equations for dead and live Sphagnum moss (R2 > 0.99. 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