A seismic refraction profile recorded along the geologic strike of the Chugach Mountains in southern Alaska shows three upper crustal high‐velocity layers (6.9, 7.2, and 7.6 km/s) and a unique pattern of strongly focussed echelon arrivals to a distance of 225 km. The group velocity of the ensemble of echelon arrivals is 6.4 km/s. Modeling of this profile with the reflectivity method reveals that the echelon pattern is due to peg‐leg multiples generated from within a low‐velocity zone between the second and third upper crustal high‐velocity layers. The third high‐velocity layer (7.6 km/s) is underlain at 18 km depth by a pronounced low‐velocity zone that produces a seismic shadow zone wherein peg‐leg multiples are seen as echelon arrivals. The interpretation of these echelon arrivals as multiples supersedes an earlier interpretation which attributed them to successive primary reflections arising from alternating high‐ and low‐velocity layers. Synthetic seismogram modeling indicates that a low‐velocity zone with transitional upper and lower boundaries generates peg‐leg multiples as effectively as one with sharp boundaries. No PmP or Pn arrivals from the subducting oceanic Moho at 30 km depth beneath the western part of the line are observed on the long‐offset (90–225 km) data. This may be due to a lower crustal waveguide whose top is the high‐velocity (7.6 km/s) layer and whose base is the Moho. A deep (∼54 km) reflector is not affected by the waveguide and has been identified in the data. Although peg‐leg multiples have been interpreted on some long‐range refraction profiles that sound to upper mantle depths, the Chugach Mountains profile is one of the few crustal refraction profiles where peg‐leg multiples are clearly observed. This study indicates that multiple and converted phases may be more important in seismic refraction/wide‐angle reflection profiles than previously recognized.
Recently acquired seismic refraction data from eastern‐southern Alaska provide new information on the structure and composition of the Wrangellia and adjacent terranes. The data comprise a 160‐km‐long refraction profile along the East Glenn (Tok‐Cutoff) Highway that was collected as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's multidisciplinary Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect program. The upper 3 km of the Wrangellia terrane and associated rocks is characterized by low compressional wave velocities (Vp = 1.9, 3.3, 4.6, 5.6 km s−1) and high‐velocity gradients common to most onshore seismic refraction profiles. There is also clear seismic expression of the West Fork fault system as a steep, down‐to‐the‐southwest fault that separates the Peninsular terrane to the southwest and the metamorphic complex of Gulkana River to the northeast. In contrast, no seismic expression occurs for the Paxson Lake fault, which separates the Wrangellia terrane from the metamorphic complex of Gulkana River. Adjacent to the Denali fault, within the Wrangellia terrane, two high‐velocity bodies (Vp = 6.6 km s−1) occur in the upper crust. One of these extends to ∼10‐km depth and correlates with a late Paleozoic dioritic complex, suggesting that the Wrangellia terrane is at least 10 km thick in this part of Alaska. From 5 to 23 km depth, the crust appears seismically homogeneous, with velocity increasing from Vp = 6.2 to Vp = 6.6 km s−1. Beneath this level, the crust is less well resolved, although evidence exists for a low‐velocity zone between 23 and 26 km and a possible southwest dipping interface at 35 km. No identifiable mantle refraction or reflection is observed, possibly indicating a crust as thick as 55 km. The relatively low seismic velocities in the upper 23 km of the crust compare favorably with laboratory‐measured velocities on pelitic schists and intermediate‐composition plutonic rocks (granites and granodiorites), both of which are recognized in Wrangellia. We interpret the seismic velocities to indicate that silicic‐to‐intermediate‐composition rocks are important constituents of the basement of this part of Wrangellia. Geologic evidence indicates that the Alaskan part of the Wrangellia terrane is a Paleozoic and Mesozoic island arc: our seismic evidence indicates it may have been built mostly on continental crust as opposed to the fragment of Wrangellia from Vancouver Island which was probably built on oceanic crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p16037","usgsCitation":"Goodwin, E., Fuis, G.S., Nokleberg, W.J., and Ambos, E.L., 1989, The crustal structure of the Wrangellia Terrane along the East Glenn Highway, eastern‐southern Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 16037-16057, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p16037.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"16037","endPage":"16057","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375494,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Eastern- Southern Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.28125,\n 57.51582286553883\n ],\n [\n -132.1875,\n 57.51582286553883\n ],\n [\n -132.1875,\n 64.51064316846676\n ],\n [\n -153.28125,\n 64.51064316846676\n ],\n [\n -153.28125,\n 57.51582286553883\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodwin, E.B.","contributorId":225177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goodwin","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ambos, E. L.","contributorId":23957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambos","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209350,"text":"70209350 - 1989 - Evolution of the western part of the Coast plutonic–metamorphic complex, South-Eastern Alaska, USA: A summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-30T17:12:11.527112","indexId":"70209350","displayToPublicDate":"1989-04-01T13:37:36","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of the western part of the Coast plutonic–metamorphic complex, South-Eastern Alaska, USA: A summary","docAbstract":"The western Cordillera of North America extends for over 6000 km from the tip of Baja California to the Alaska Range. It includes a wide variety of metamorphic and plutonic terrains, but none is more spectacular scenically or geologically than the Coast plutonic-metamorphic complex (Brew & Ford 1984) of western Canada and south-eastern Alaska. This report briefly describes the evolution of the western part of the complex, integrating information from the deformational, plutonic and metamorphic events. Most of the original studies are reported by the authors in U.S. Geological Survey Circular numbers 733, 751, 823-B, 868, 939, 945, 967 and 978, and are not cited specifically here. This summary does not contain either a comprehensive bibliography or a comparison of the metamorphic histories of south-eastern Alaska with the adjacent parts of British Columbia.
The Coast plutonic-metamorphic complex is here divided into three major elements: the western metamorphic, the central granitic and the eastern metamorphic zones (Fig. 1). The western metamorphic belt is extremely long (900 km), and narrow (7–25 km). It consists of regional dynamothermally and regional thermally metamorphosed rocks with mineral assemblages ranging from prehnite-pumpellyite to upper amphibolite facies, scattered mesozonal to epizonal granitic bodies, and a few concentrically zoned mafic-ultramafic masses. The metamorphic grade and the amount of deformation increase from south-west to north-east, culminating at, or slightly to the north-east of, the ‘great tonalite sill’: a remarkable 700-km-long, 3- to 25-km-wide vertical to northeast-dipping belt of mostly syntectonic plutons of approximately the same age, composition and structural
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.40","usgsCitation":"Brew, D.A., Ford, A.B., and Himmelberg, G.R., 1989, Evolution of the western part of the Coast plutonic–metamorphic complex, South-Eastern Alaska, USA: A summary: Geological Society Special Publication, v. 43, p. 447-452, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.40.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"452","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Southeastern Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135.087890625,\n 59.5343180010956\n ],\n [\n -138.076171875,\n 58.53959476664049\n ],\n [\n -133.2421875,\n 54.16243396806779\n ],\n [\n -129.814453125,\n 55.27911529201561\n ],\n [\n -135.087890625,\n 59.5343180010956\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brew, David A. dbrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":3244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"David","email":"dbrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":786246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ford, A. B.","contributorId":44924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Himmelberg, G. R.","contributorId":27106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelberg","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207745,"text":"70207745 - 1989 - Changes in redox conditions in deep‐sea sediments of the subarctic North Pacific Ocean: Possible evidence for the presence of North Pacific Deep Water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-18T15:35:22.685121","indexId":"70207745","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-09T10:34:57","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in redox conditions in deep‐sea sediments of the subarctic North Pacific Ocean: Possible evidence for the presence of North Pacific Deep Water","docAbstract":"Cores of upper Quaternary and Holocene sediment from the subarctic North Pacific north of about 48°N contain one or more layers of oxidized brown sediment interbedded within predominantly reduced green sediment. The brown layers are enriched in several trace elements, especially Mn, Mo, Ni, and Co, relative to the green layers. Where multiple oxidized layers are present, the intensity of the brown coloration and the magnitude of trace element enrichment often decrease with depth, suggesting that the oxidized layers are unstable and are being chemically reduced at depth. The oxidized layers represent a change in redox conditions between the North Pacific red clay province and the subarctic biosiliceous green clay province. The redox change may have been caused by an increase in supply of dissolved oxygen to bottom waters during glacial‐interglacial transitions as the result of the periodic formation of a seasonal bottom water mass in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/PA004i006p00639","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Gardner, J.V., and Eileen Hemphill-Haley, 1989, Changes in redox conditions in deep‐sea sediments of the subarctic North Pacific Ocean: Possible evidence for the presence of North Pacific Deep Water: Paleoceanography, v. 4, no. 6, p. 639-653, https://doi.org/10.1029/PA004i006p00639.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"639","endPage":"653","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371104,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Pacific Deep Water","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.65234374999997,\n 59.17592824927136\n ],\n [\n -183.515625,\n 54.77534585936447\n ],\n [\n -180.52734375,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -165.58593749999997,\n 47.989921667414194\n ],\n [\n -145.37109375,\n 49.95121990866204\n ],\n [\n -129.375,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n -129.375,\n 53.12040528310657\n ],\n [\n -134.296875,\n 58.81374171570782\n ],\n [\n -146.07421875,\n 62.2679226294176\n ],\n [\n -163.65234374999997,\n 59.17592824927136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, J. V.","contributorId":114111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eileen Hemphill-Haley","contributorId":206892,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eileen Hemphill-Haley","affiliations":[{"id":7067,"text":"Humboldt State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187531,"text":"70187531 - 1989 - Techniques for shipboard surveys of marine birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-07T13:31:10","indexId":"70187531","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":26,"text":"Fish and Wildlife Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"25","title":"Techniques for shipboard surveys of marine birds","docAbstract":"We describe shipboard and small boat techniques used by the US Fish and Wildlife Service in Alaska to survey marine birds at sea. The basis is a 10-min, 300-m-wide, strip transect taken from a platform moving at a constant speed in a constant direction. Special routines, such as instantaneous counts of traveling birds, are explained to help reduce biases caused by factors such as varying flight patterns, ship-following and avoidance, and patchy distributions. Data recording and coding techniques and formats, based on those developed for the National Oceanic Data Center, are described.
The bright, fluorescent pink-colored remains of a polar bear were found on an Alaskan island with the gravel and snow adjacent to the bear colored bright purple. Traces of fox urine and feces found nearby were also pink. The punk and purple colors were due to rhodamine B, and ethylene glycol (EG) was present in the soil under the carcass. Evidence is given to suggest the bear consumed a mixture of rhodamine B and EG commonly used to mark roads and runways during snow and ice periods. Such wildlife losses could be prevented by substituting propylene glycol for the EG in such mixtures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kansas State University","issn":"01456296","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., Gardner, C.L., Myers, K.C., and Oehme, F.W., 1989, Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning in a free-ranging polar bear: Veterinary and Human Toxicology, v. 31, no. 4, p. 317-319.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"319","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341302,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Leavitt Island","volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591abe3be4b0a7fdb43c8c0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, Craig L.","contributorId":65259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Myers, Kevin C.","contributorId":13143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myers","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oehme, Frederick W.","contributorId":25648,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oehme","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12661,"text":"Kansas State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70182760,"text":"70182760 - 1989 - Cytopathology and coagulopathy associated with viral erythrocytic necrosis in chum salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-28T11:01:39","indexId":"70182760","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cytopathology and coagulopathy associated with viral erythrocytic necrosis in chum salmon","docAbstract":"The 8-month cytopathologic progression of viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) disease in chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta is described. Single to multiple acidophilic, cytoplasmic viral inclusion bodies developed first in mature erythrocytes and then, within 1–2 months, all morphologically identifiable hemopoietic cell types contained VEN inclusions. Cytologic analysis indicated that multinucleate giant erythroblasts, ineffective erythropoiesis, and abnormal erythroid cell maturation occurred. A significant increase in blood coagulation time occurred concomitantly. This severe and chronic blood dyscrasia accounts for some of the pathophysiologic sequelae previously observed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1989)001<0255:CACAWV>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"MacMillian, J.R., Mulcahy, D., and Landolt, M., 1989, Cytopathology and coagulopathy associated with viral erythrocytic necrosis in chum salmon: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 1, no. 4, p. 255-262, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1989)001<0255:CACAWV>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"262","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336321,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a49e4b01ccd54ff3ffc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacMillian, John R.","contributorId":152373,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacMillian","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulcahy, D.","contributorId":82642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landolt, M.L.","contributorId":73148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landolt","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70196253,"text":"70196253 - 1989 - Reproductive performance of Rio Grande wild turkeys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-28T12:30:14","indexId":"70196253","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive performance of Rio Grande wild turkeys","docAbstract":"Frequency, magnitude, and timing of reproduction in Rio Grande Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) hens were studied in northeastern Colorado in 1986 and 1987. All adults (n = 12) and 95% (n = 20) of yearlings were known to attempt nesting. Adults initiated first nest attempts earlier than yearlings in 1987 but not 1986. Adults and yearlings did not differ in clutch size or nesting success. There was an inverse relationship between clutch size and initiation date of first nests by adults. Clutch and egg size, however, were not related. Among yearlings, body mass at capture in February was positively correlated with subsequent nest-initiation date. Environmental and social stimuli, but not winter severity, are hypothesized proximate conditions regulating reproduction in this Wild Turkey population.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1368119","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., and Braun, C.E., 1989, Reproductive performance of Rio Grande wild turkeys: The Condor, v. 91, no. 3, p. 675-680, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368119.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"675","endPage":"680","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352835,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff312ae4b0da30c1bfd8ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":731883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Braun, Clait E.","contributorId":59368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Clait","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70196252,"text":"70196252 - 1989 - Nest habitat use of Rio Grande wild turkeys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-28T12:27:05","indexId":"70196252","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest habitat use of Rio Grande wild turkeys","docAbstract":"Nest habitat use of Rio Grande Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) was studied along the South Platte River in northeast Colorado in 1986-87. Thirty-three of 35 nests were in riparian habitats. Nests were either in western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis) (67%) or mixed forbs and grasses (33%). Early season nests were more likely to be in snowberry than late season nests. Nest sites were characterized by greater overstory canopy cover, more shrubs, fewer grasses, and greater understory cover and height than surrounding areas. These areas had more shrubs, fewer large trees, and greater understory cover and height than riparian habitats throughout the study area. Phenology of understory vegetation and the effect of such vegetation on nest predation may influence temporal patterns of nest habitat use.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., Braun, C.E., and Andelt, W.F., 1989, Nest habitat use of Rio Grande wild turkeys: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 101, no. 4, p. 591-598.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"598","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352834,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352833,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4162788"}],"volume":"101","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff313ce4b0da30c1bfd8cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":731880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Braun, Clait E.","contributorId":59368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Clait","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andelt, William F.","contributorId":49296,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Andelt","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015391,"text":"70015391 - 1989 - Subsurface temperatures and geothermal gradients on the North Slope, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:55","indexId":"70015391","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3412,"text":"Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, (Paper) SPE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface temperatures and geothermal gradients on the North Slope, Alaska","docAbstract":"Geothermal gradients as interpreted from a series of high-resolution stabilized well-bore-temperature surveys from 46 North Slope, Alaska, wells vary laterally and vertically throughout the near-surface sediment (0-2,000 m). The data from these surveys have been used in conjunction with depths of ice-bearing permafrost, as interpreted from 102 well logs, to project geothermal gradients within and below the ice-bearing permafrost sequence. The geothermal gradients calculated from the projected temperature profiles are similar to the geothermal gradients measured in the temperature surveys. Measured and projected geothermal gradients in the ice-bearing permafrost sequence range from 1.5??C/100m in the Prudhoe Bay area to 5.1??C/100m in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, (Paper) SPE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Collett, T.S., Bird, K.J., and Magoon, L.B., 1989, Subsurface temperatures and geothermal gradients on the North Slope, Alaska: Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, (Paper) SPE.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d90e4b08c986b31d903","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magoon, Leslie B. lmagoon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"Leslie","email":"lmagoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":370833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1012824,"text":"1012824 - 1989 - Twenty-four hour behavior patterns and budgets of free-ranging reindeer in winter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T16:01:07","indexId":"1012824","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3231,"text":"Rangifer","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Twenty-four hour behavior patterns and budgets of free-ranging reindeer in winter","docAbstract":"To obtain movement data on wild fulvous tree ducks (Dendrocygna bicolor) 165 immature pen-reared fulvous tree ducks were color-marked and released in three southeast Texas counties in July October 1969/70. Nine (5 percent) of the marked birds were recovered from 3 days to 9 months after release, and an additional 15 birds provided sight records. Many released birds apparently became integrated into the wild population; all of those observed were with wild flocks. Six birds were recovered over 50 miles from the release sites. Four released in late July to mid-September had moved eastward and two went southward in September or later. Five were still in the Texas-Louisiana rice belt (three in late November). The sixth bird was recovered in October in Veracruz, which supports the assumption that U.S. Gulf Coast nesting populations winter in southern Mexico.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rangifer","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.7557/2.9.1.766","usgsCitation":"Collins, W.B., and Smith, T.S., 1989, Twenty-four hour behavior patterns and budgets of free-ranging reindeer in winter: Rangifer, v. 9, no. 1, p. 2-8, https://doi.org/10.7557/2.9.1.766.","productDescription":"pp. 2-8","startPage":"2","endPage":"8","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7557/2.9.1.766","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269807,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.9.1.766"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697353","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, W. B.","contributorId":59751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, T. S.","contributorId":47326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014955,"text":"70014955 - 1989 - Isotopic and trace element variations in the Ruby Batholith, Alaska, and the nature of the deep crust beneath the Ruby and Angayucham Terranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:43:02","indexId":"70014955","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic and trace element variations in the Ruby Batholith, Alaska, and the nature of the deep crust beneath the Ruby and Angayucham Terranes","docAbstract":"Thirty-six samples from plutons of the Ruby batholith of central Alaska were collected and analyzed for 22 trace elements, and many were analyzed for the isotopic compositions of Sr, Nd, O, and Pb in order to delimit the processes that produced the diversity of granodioritic to granitic compositions, to deduce the nature of the source of magmas at about 110 Ma, and to characterize the deep crust beneath the Ruby and Angayucham terranes. Plutons of the batholith show a substantial range in initial 87Sr/86Sr (SIR) of 0.7055–0.7235 and a general decrease from southwest to northeast. Initial 143Nd/144Nd (NIR) have a range of 0.51150–0.51232 and generally increase from southwest to northeast. The δ18O values for most whole rocks have a range of +8.4 to +11.8 and an average of +10.3‰. Rb, Cs, U, and Th show large ranges of concentration, generally increase as SiO2 increases, and are higher in southwest than in northeast plutons. Sr, Ba, Zr, Hf, Ta, Sc, Cr, Co, and Zr show large ranges of concentration and generally decrease as SiO2 increases. Rare earth elements (REE) show fractionated patterns and negative Eu anomalies. REE concentrations and anomalies are larger in the southwest than in the northeast plutons. Uniformity of SIR and NIR in Sithylemenkat and Jim River plutons suggests a strong role for fractional crystallization or melting of uniform magma sources at depth. Isotopic variability in Melozitna, Ray Mountains, Hot Springs, and Kanuti plutons suggests complex magmatic processes such as magma mixing and assimilation, probably combined with fractional crystallization, or melting of a complex source at depth. The large variations in SIR and NIR in the batholith require a variation in source materials at depth. The southwestern plutons probably had dominantly siliceous sources composed of metamorphosed Proterozoic and Paleozoic upper crustal rocks. The northeastern plutons probably had Paleozoic sources that were mixtures of siliceous and intermediate to mafic crustal rocks. The inferred sources could well have been the higher-metamorphic-grade lithologic equivalents of the exposed Proterozoic(?) to Paleozoic schists, orthogneisses, and metavolcanic rocks of Ruby terrane, the silicic portions of which are quite radiogenic. The deeper crustal sources that gave rise to most of the batholithic magmas are inferred to be similar under both the Ruby metamorphic terrane and the Angayucham ophiolitic terrane.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15941","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Arth, J.G., Zmuda, C.C., Foley, N.K., Criss, R.E., Patton, W.W., and Miller, T.P., 1989, Isotopic and trace element variations in the Ruby Batholith, Alaska, and the nature of the deep crust beneath the Ruby and Angayucham Terranes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15941-15955, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15941.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"15941","endPage":"15955","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.9619140625,\n 67.99110834539987\n ],\n [\n -148.0078125,\n 68.00757101804004\n ],\n [\n -146.95312499999997,\n 66.10716955858042\n ],\n [\n -150.97412109375,\n 64.00486735371551\n ],\n [\n -156.02783203124997,\n 64.01449619484472\n ],\n [\n -155.9619140625,\n 67.99110834539987\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f9ae4b0c8380cd64652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arth, Joseph G.","contributorId":104546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arth","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zmuda, Clara C.","contributorId":91991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zmuda","given":"Clara","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Criss, Robert E.","contributorId":39447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Patton, W. W. Jr.","contributorId":11231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70015074,"text":"70015074 - 1989 - Igneous history of the Koyukuk terrane, western Alaska: Constraints on the origin, evolution, and ultimate collision of an accreted island arc terrane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T16:13:49.827716","indexId":"70015074","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Igneous history of the Koyukuk terrane, western Alaska: Constraints on the origin, evolution, and ultimate collision of an accreted island arc terrane","docAbstract":"The Koyukuk terrane of western Alaska consists of volcanic, volcaniclastic, and plutonic rocks which range from Late Paleozoic to Early Cretaceous in age. The terrane crops out in a U-shaped belt which is roughly paralleled by outer belts of ultramafic rocks, oceanic plate basalts and cherts, and retrograded blueschist facies rocks of continental protolith. These rocks have been interpreted as components of a volcanic arc terrane that collided with the North American continental margin in Early Cretaceous time. The Koyukuk terrane consists of four time-stratigraphic units: (1) pre-Middle Jurassic basalts, (2) Middle and Late Jurassic granitic rocks, (3) lower Lower Cretaceous volcanic rocks, and (4) upper Lower Cretaceous volcanic rocks. Limited chemical data from the basalts of unit 1 indicate that they were erupted in a nonarc tectonic environment, possibly in an oceanic island or back arc setting. Units 2, 3, and 4 have the characteristics of subduction-related volcanic rocks (i.e., depleted Nb and Ta and enriched alkaline elements, relative to the light rare earth elements). Unit 3 contains tholeiitic, calc-alkaline, and alkaline rocks with chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns that range from flat (LaN/YbN = 1) to highly light rare earth element enriched (LaN/YbN > 15). The highly alkaline or shoshonitic lavas were erupted toward the end of unit 3 time (Valanginian) during the final stages of arc-continent collision. These alkaline lavas could have been derived by very small degrees of partial melting of a similar source to that of the earlier arc lavas. Unit 4 lavas are also alkaline or shoshonitic, but their incompatible element composition indicates that they were derived from a different source than that of the earlier arc lavas. These late alkaline lavas are chemically similar to crosscutting mid-Cretaceous plutons whose isotopic compositions (Arth et al., this issue (a)) suggest derivation by partial melting of distinctly older subcontinental lithosphere. We speculate that the parental magmas of unit 4 lavas may also have been derived by partial melting of this subcontinental mantle which was underthrust beneath the Koyukuk arc terrane during the final stage of arc-continent collision.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15843","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Box, S.E., and Patton, W.W., 1989, Igneous history of the Koyukuk terrane, western Alaska: Constraints on the origin, evolution, and ultimate collision of an accreted island arc terrane: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15843-15867, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15843.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"15843","endPage":"15867","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224401,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3865e4b0c8380cd6155b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Box, S. E.","contributorId":38567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Box","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patton, W. W. Jr.","contributorId":11231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015232,"text":"70015232 - 1989 - Petrology and age of volcanic-arc rocks from the continental margin of the Bering Sea: Implications for Early Eocene relocation of plate boundaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T18:09:19.771625","indexId":"70015232","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology and age of volcanic-arc rocks from the continental margin of the Bering Sea: Implications for Early Eocene relocation of plate boundaries","docAbstract":"Eocene volcanic flow and dike rocks from the Beringian margin have arc characteristics, implying a convergent history for this region during the early Tertiary. The extrusive rocks are basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, and minor dacite and rhyolite. The intrusive sample is from a quartz diorite dike intruding serpentinized peridotite. Major-element oxide contents, particularly FeO*/MgO versus SiO2, identify both tholeiitic and calc-alkalic basalt; more silicic lavas have calc-alkalic affinities. Consistent with volcanic-arc compositions, spidergrams show pronounced Nb–Ta depletion and alkali enrichment relative to light-rare-earth-element (LREE) abundance. Chondrite-normalized REE plots show relatively flat patterns, with only slight LREE enrichment for tholeiitic compositions and greater LREE enrichment and lower heavy-rare-earth-element (HREE) abundance for calc-alkalic compositions. The samples, particularly those with calc-alkalic compositions, are rich in plagioclase that is strongly zoned; the more silicic samples contain orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and primary amphibole. The quartz diorite dike contains iron-rich almandine phenocrysts that appear to be magmatic, suggesting emplacement at great depth near the base of the crust or upper mantle.Chemical and mineralogical compositions are similar to those of modern Aleutian-arc lavas. They also resemble volcanic-arc compositions from western mainland Alaska, although greater chemical diversity and a stronger continental influence are observed in the Alaskan mainland rocks.Early Eocene ages of 54.4–50.2 Ma for the Beringian samples are well constrained by conventional K–Ar ages of nine plagioclase separates and by concordant 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating and total-fusion experiments. A concordant U–Pb zircon age of 53 Ma for the quartz-diorite dike is in good agreement with the K–Ar data.Plate motion studies of the North Pacific Ocean indicate more northerly directed subduction prior to the Tertiary and a continuous belt of arc-type volcanism extending from Siberia, along the Beringian margin, into mainland Alaska. Around 56 Ma (chron 25–24), subduction changed to a more westerly direction and subduction-related volcanism ceased for most of mainland Alaska. The increasingly oblique angle of convergence should have ended subduction along the Beringian margin as well. However, consistent ages of 54–50 Ma indicate a final pulse in arc-type magmatism during this period of plate adjustment, which may be explained by three different models: (1) The northern and central part of the Beringian margin maintained a higher angle of convergence, allowing a final pulse of arc-type magmatism. (2) The rocks erupted in an early, or proto, Aleutian arc and were rafted against the continental margin along transform faults. (3) The rocks erupted along a leaky transform fault, analogous to calc-alkalic volcanism in the southern California borderland.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e89-125","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Davis, A.S., Pickthorn, L., Vallier, T., and Marlow, M.S., 1989, Petrology and age of volcanic-arc rocks from the continental margin of the Bering Sea: Implications for Early Eocene relocation of plate boundaries: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, no. 7, p. 1474-1490, https://doi.org/10.1139/e89-125.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1474","endPage":"1490","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224142,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -197.4659960695814,\n 50.52803134071158\n ],\n [\n -150.82047128460496,\n 50.52803134071158\n ],\n [\n -150.82047128460496,\n 66.48242987205629\n ],\n [\n -197.4659960695814,\n 66.48242987205629\n ],\n [\n -197.4659960695814,\n 50.52803134071158\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7818e4b0c8380cd7862a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pickthorn, L.-B.G.","contributorId":83276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pickthorn","given":"L.-B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vallier, T.L.","contributorId":69526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"T.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marlow, M. S.","contributorId":76743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016394,"text":"70016394 - 1989 - Structural analysis of the southern Peninsular, southern Wrangellia, and northern Chugach terranes along the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect, northern Chugach Mountains, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T16:29:45.482332","indexId":"70016394","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural analysis of the southern Peninsular, southern Wrangellia, and northern Chugach terranes along the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect, northern Chugach Mountains, Alaska","docAbstract":"Structural and tectonic analysis of the southern Peninsular, southern Wrangellia, and northern Chugach terranes, along the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect in the northern Chugach Mountains documents a long succession of Early Jurassic through Cenozoic deformational events. The deformational events are generally characterized by distinctive structural fabrics and metamorphisms. Most of the events are interpreted to be related to subduction-related accretion or terrane accretion along the Border Ranges fault system (BRFS) and companion faults, and the Contact fault system (CFS). Each period of subduction-related accretion consisted of underplating of the outboard unit beneath the adjacent inboard unit. The fabric associated with each subduction-related accretion consisted of folding, intense shearing, and local rolling of planar structures. Age and structural relationships suggest migration of the zone of subduction-related accretion from the BRFS to the north, through each accreting unit, to younger bounding thrust faults to the south. Other older and younger deformational events are also recognized and are interpreted to have formed before and after, respectively, accretions along the BRFS and CFS. The main younger deformational events are (1) early Tertiary north verging folding of portions of the northern Chugach and southern Wrangellia terranes and (2) broad folding and rotation of major and minor structures related to subduction-related accretion or terrane accretion during early and middle Tertiary oroclinal bending of Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB04p04297","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Nokleberg, W., Plafker, G., Lull, J.S., Wallace, W.K., and Winkler, G.R., 1989, Structural analysis of the southern Peninsular, southern Wrangellia, and northern Chugach terranes along the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect, northern Chugach Mountains, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B4, p. 4297-4320, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB04p04297.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"4297","endPage":"4320","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223060,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bc0e4b08c986b31d080","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nokleberg, W. J. 0000-0002-1574-8869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":68312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lull, J. S.","contributorId":37075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lull","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wallace, W. K.","contributorId":31781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Winkler, G. R.","contributorId":17964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winkler","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015339,"text":"70015339 - 1989 - Geochemistry of placer gold, Koyukuk-Chandalar mining district, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-17T23:46:27.46273","indexId":"70015339","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of placer gold, Koyukuk-Chandalar mining district, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Koyukuk-Chandalar mining district of the Brooks Range mineral belt in north-central Alaska contains numerous placer gold deposits but few known lode gold sources. Gold grains, collected from 46 placer localities and 6 lode gold sites in the district, were analyzed for Ag and 37 trace elements utilizing direct current-arc optical emission spectroscopy. When possible, several measurements were made on each sample and averaged. Gold content was calculated by the summation of the 38 elements determined and subtracting from 100. The objectives of our study were to characterize the deposits by defining the type and number of distinct geochemical characteristics for the Au, to determine relationships of Au in placer deposits to possible lode sources (placer and lode), to identify possible primary sources of placer gold, and to study processes of placer formation. Interpretation of results emphasize that the Au grains are almost invariably ternary (Au-Ag-Cu) alloys. The average Cu content is 0.040% and the average Ag content and fineness [(Au/Au+Ag)×1,000] are 10.5% and 893 parts per thousand, respectively, for the 46 placer localities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(89)90001-0","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Mosier, E.L., Cathrall, J.B., Antweiler, J., and Tripp, R.B., 1989, Geochemistry of placer gold, Koyukuk-Chandalar mining district, Alaska: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 31, no. 2, p. 97-115, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(89)90001-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224032,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a170be4b0c8380cd5536c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mosier, E. L.","contributorId":71537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosier","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cathrall, J. B.","contributorId":29400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cathrall","given":"J.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Antweiler, J.C.","contributorId":35722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tripp, R. B.","contributorId":88707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripp","given":"R.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015439,"text":"70015439 - 1989 - The nature of the crust in the Yukon-Koyukuk province as inferred from the chemical and isotopic composition of five Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary volcanic fields in western Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T21:50:49.050742","indexId":"70015439","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The nature of the crust in the Yukon-Koyukuk province as inferred from the chemical and isotopic composition of five Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary volcanic fields in western Alaska","docAbstract":"Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary volcanic and plutonic rocks in western Alaska comprise a vast magmatic province extending from the Alaska Range north to the Arctic Circle, south to Bristol Bay, and west to the Bering Sea Shelf. The chemical and isotopic composition of five of these Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary volcanic fields in the north central part of this province were studied to determine if Paleozoic or older continental crust underlies the Yukon-Koyukuk province. Three of the fields, the Blackburn Hills, Yukon River, and Kanuti, occur within the Yukon-Koyukuk province and two, the Sischu and Nowitna, overlie bordering Precambrian and Paleozoic metamorphic terranes to the southeast. High initial 87Sr/86Sr of 0.7075–0.7079 and moderate initial 143Nd/144Nd of 0.51244–0.51247 of rhyolite, dacite, and high-silica andesite of the Sischu volcanic field indicate that the magmas have interacted with the underlying Paleozoic or older continental crust. The relatively limited variation of isotopic (initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7044–0.7051; initial 143Nd/144Nd = 0.51256–0.51257) and elemental compositions of andesites from the Nowitna field can be accounted for by assimilation of small amounts of Paleozoic or older continental crust during crystal fractionation of andesite parent magmas at crustal levels. The Blackburn Hills field, which consists of medium-K basalt, andesite, and rhyolite intruded by a small granitic pluton, has a large range in initial 87Sr/86Sr and initial 143Nd/144Nd that plot in the field for 60 Ma mantle, from near mid-ocean ridge basalts to near “bulk-earth” compositions (initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7033–0.7052; initial 143Nd/144Nd = 0.51253–0.51290). Andesites and basalts from the Blackburn Hills are divided into two group on the basis of rare earth element (REE) and isotopic composition. Isotopic variation in the more primitive group 1 is best explained by assimilation of the lower crust of the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Koyukuk terrane by mantle-derived basalts during crystal fractionation, though part of the isotopic variation may be due to metasomatism of an oceanic island basalt type mantle source by fluids derived from subducted sediments. Group 2 andesites from the Blackburn Hills have lower heavy REE abundances and more enriched isotopic compositions. These group 2 andesites and dacites from the Kanuti field, which have (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7043–0.7048 and (143Nd/144Nd)i = 0.51248–0.51267, appear to have formed by partial melting of the lower crust of the Koyukuk terrane. The Yukon River field consists of basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite having (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7037–0.7051 and (143Nd/144Nd)i = 0.51266–0.51280; its isotopic composition does not require the presence of Paleozoic or older continental crust under the volcanic field and may have formed by interaction between mantle-derived melts and the oceanic Angayucham/Tozitna or island arc Koyukuk terrane. Most of the intrusive rocks and rhyolite domes from the Blackburn Hills volcanic field have (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7038–0.7041 and dacites from the Kanuti volcanic field have (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7043–0.7048. Thus little or no old continental crust was involved in the genesis of the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary rocks and therefore probably does not extend beneath this part of the Yukon-Koyukuk province. However, the ultimate source of the small volumes of enriched shoshonitic andesite (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7075, 143Nd/144Nd = 0.5125) erupted at 118 Ma in the Yukon-Koyukuk province may be continental lithosphere, which may have been thrust under this part of the Yukon-Koyukuk province during arc-continent collision in the Early Cretaceous.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15989","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Moll-Stalcup, E., and Arth, J.G., 1989, The nature of the crust in the Yukon-Koyukuk province as inferred from the chemical and isotopic composition of five Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary volcanic fields in western Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15989-16020, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15989.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"15989","endPage":"16020","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae05e4b08c986b323ebd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moll-Stalcup, E.","contributorId":84636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moll-Stalcup","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arth, Joseph G.","contributorId":104546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arth","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189291,"text":"70189291 - 1989 - Performance and utility of satellite telemetry during field studies of free-ranging polar bears in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T11:03:20","indexId":"70189291","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"chapter":"7","title":"Performance and utility of satellite telemetry during field studies of free-ranging polar bears in Alaska","docAbstract":"Satellite telemetry technology has been used during field studies of polar bears in Alaska since 1985. A total of 109 Platform Transmitter Terminals (PTT) have been deployed on free-ranging female polar bears that seasonally inhabit waters adjacent to the Alaskan coast. The PTTs transmitted locational and sensor data to TIROS-N polar-orbiting satellites during a duty cycle of 12 hours on/60 hours off in 1985, 1986, and 1987. Expected battery life was 13.8 months, and collars were normally removed and replaced with new or refurbished PTTs at 11-13 month intervals. Duty cycles were altered to 7-8 hours on/64-65 hours off in 1988 to prolong expected battery life to 19-21 months. Sensor data transmitted included PTT internal temperature, short term activity counts recorded at 60 second intervals, and long term activity counts for the preceding 24 or 72-hour period. Early failures of PTTs to fix location (less than 75% of expected battery life) were as high as 53% during 198501986. Subsequent improvements in battery design, including better shock insulation, improved electronic, and an improved battery system have reduced early failures to 27% in 1987-1988. The harsh environment and the degree of abuse observed in recovered collars indicate that an unavoidable failure rate of 8-10% is inherent within 60 days after deployment on polar bears. A total of 18,000 locations and 201,000 sensor messages were received from female polar bears between May 1985 and June 1988. Polar bears that were marked in Alaskan waters have been located as far south as 60°N 168°W, and as far east as 70°N 127°W in the Beaufort Sea. Polar bears in the Beaufort Sea are shared with Canada, while polar bears in the Chukchi and Bering seas are shared with the Soviet Union. The international ranges of the two hypothesized populations have been documented. Satellite telemetry has detailed the large movement patterns of polar bear over these vast areas that were previously not available using other techniques.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biotelemetry X: Proceedings of the 10th international symposium on biotelemetry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"10th International Symposium on Biotelemetry","conferenceDate":"July 31 - August 6, 1988","conferenceLocation":"Fayetteville, AR","language":"English","publisher":"University of Arkansas Press","publisherLocation":"Fayetteville, AK","isbn":"1-55728-082-7","usgsCitation":"Garner, G.W., Amstrup, S.C., Douglas, D., and Gardner, C.L., 1989, Performance and utility of satellite telemetry during field studies of free-ranging polar bears in Alaska, in Biotelemetry X: Proceedings of the 10th international symposium on biotelemetry, Fayetteville, AR, July 31 - August 6, 1988, p. 66-76.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"76","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343491,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Soviet Union, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59634098e4b0d1f9f059d812","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Amlaner, Charles J. Jr.","contributorId":111465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amlaner","given":"Charles","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703973,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gardner, Craig L.","contributorId":65259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015748,"text":"70015748 - 1989 - Seismic reflection characteristics of glacial and glacimarine sediment in the Gulf of Alaska and adjacent fjords","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-03T11:07:43.672557","indexId":"70015748","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic reflection characteristics of glacial and glacimarine sediment in the Gulf of Alaska and adjacent fjords","docAbstract":"The United States is a net importer of many important minerals, including tin. Consumption of primary tin in the United States is about 36,000 metric tons per year. Identified U.S. tin resources consist of about 40,000 metric tons. Although such figures provide insight about vulnerability to supply disruptions in the short term, they do not provide information about the potential of a country to meet its needs for a commodity from undiscovered domestic sources. Recent developments, including the preparation of models of mineral deposits and their grades and tonnages, and the application of computer simulation techniques to the estimation of metallic mineral resources, make it possible to estimate the magnitude of undiscovered resources, by deposit type, for relatively small areas such as the Seward Peninsula. This paper uses these developments and geophysical data to estimate undiscovered lode tin resources on the Seward Peninsula of Alaska. The assessment is based on a three-step methodology that (1) identifies the types of tin deposits that may be present in the region, (2) identifies the geophysical characteristics of unroofed granites and shallow granitoids, and (3) estimates, on the basis of various combinations of geologic and geophysical conditions, the number of undiscovered deposits present within or near exposed or concealed granite plutons. Computer simulation was used to combine the estimates of the number of deposits with available grade and tonnage models. Simulation experiments were designed to estimate the amount of tin in undiscovered deposits under a variety of limiting conditions. Results of simulation experiments indicate there is a 90 percent chance that the Seward Peninsula contains at least 51,000 metric tons, a 50 percent chance that it contains at least 390,000 metric tons, and a 10 percent chance it contains at least 1,100,000 metric tons of tin in undiscovered greisen, vein, and replacement deposits that have average grades of at least 0.5 percent tin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1936","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Reed, B., Menzie, W., McDermott, M., Root, D.H., Scott, W., and Drew, L., 1989, Undiscovered lode tin resources of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 7, p. 1936-1947, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1936.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1936","endPage":"1947","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222879,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc6ce4b08c986b328c05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, B.L.","contributorId":29434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Menzie, W. D.","contributorId":52916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menzie","given":"W. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDermott, M.","contributorId":61568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDermott","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Root, D. H.","contributorId":74019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Root","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scott, W.","contributorId":29498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016118,"text":"70016118 - 1989 - Turbidity-current channels in Queen Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T17:48:59.459634","indexId":"70016118","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Turbidity-current channels in Queen Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"Queen Inlet is unique among Glacier Bay fjords because it alone has a branching channel system incised in the Holocene sediment fill of the fjord floor. Bathymetry and seismic-reflection profiles show that four channels begin on, or at the base of, the delta front of this marine-outwash fjord. By midpoint of the fjord, these channels have merged into one main channel that extends the length of the fjord. The main channel cuts deeply into the scarp that separates this hanging tributary from the West Arm of Glacier Bay. The Queen Inlet channel ends on the main fjord floor as several small distributaries that form part of a lobate-fan deposit. Sand from the channel and lobate fan, in contrast to fjord-floor mud, plus steep truncated channel walls indicate that turbidity currents created this apparently active channel system. Queen Inlet and other known channel-containing fjords are marine-outwash fjords; the tidewater glacial fjords do not have steep delta fronts on which slides are generated and may not have a sufficient reservoir of potentially unstable coarse sediment to generate channel-cutting turbidity currents. Presence or absence of channels, as revealed in the ancient rock record, may be one criterion for interpreting types of fjords.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e89-065","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Carlson, P., Powell, R., and Rearic, D., 1989, Turbidity-current channels in Queen Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, no. 4, p. 807-820, https://doi.org/10.1139/e89-065.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"807","endPage":"820","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223302,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Glacier Bay, Queen Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -136.5909810759445,\n 58.910056645097825\n ],\n [\n -136.60645837565497,\n 58.88475479639544\n ],\n [\n -136.60247409458077,\n 58.84011604803868\n ],\n [\n -136.5958336261239,\n 58.8396579164407\n ],\n [\n -136.58388078290156,\n 58.83782532946705\n ],\n [\n -136.578125710239,\n 58.83278521546376\n ],\n [\n -136.5697144501937,\n 58.833472546905085\n ],\n [\n -136.5621885859425,\n 58.83095226497093\n ],\n [\n -136.55776160697138,\n 58.82682777189811\n ],\n [\n -136.55112113851447,\n 58.82453617477498\n ],\n [\n -136.54802225323462,\n 58.819035723563104\n ],\n [\n -136.5342986184237,\n 58.81399287664098\n ],\n [\n -136.51747609833308,\n 58.80436358687021\n ],\n [\n -136.50950753618474,\n 58.797483886015954\n ],\n [\n -136.4594826738099,\n 58.8263694645932\n ],\n [\n -136.46568044436964,\n 58.82866094052412\n ],\n [\n -136.47763328759197,\n 58.835076267253896\n ],\n [\n -136.48515915184316,\n 58.83874163507059\n ],\n [\n -136.4904715266086,\n 58.843093755761146\n ],\n [\n -136.4904715266086,\n 58.84790335835433\n ],\n [\n -136.49445580768256,\n 58.853399229307\n ],\n [\n -136.50419516141932,\n 58.86072570057232\n ],\n [\n -136.50596595300794,\n 58.86438835483261\n ],\n [\n -136.50552325511077,\n 58.868050621546615\n ],\n [\n -136.5006707049314,\n 58.873232166278854\n ],\n [\n -136.50376959021128,\n 58.88513007505341\n ],\n [\n -136.5108527565651,\n 58.89107749492152\n ],\n [\n -136.51616513133075,\n 58.89519434024595\n ],\n [\n -136.51395164184498,\n 58.89953936738178\n ],\n [\n -136.5241336934789,\n 58.91188541013912\n ],\n [\n -136.52811797455306,\n 58.92057072218634\n ],\n [\n -136.52369099558172,\n 58.928339939806136\n ],\n [\n -136.52590448506749,\n 58.938163211823905\n ],\n [\n -136.52590448506749,\n 58.95186543166105\n ],\n [\n -136.52103480819903,\n 58.95460522265182\n ],\n [\n -136.51262354815373,\n 58.95460522265182\n ],\n [\n -136.506425777594,\n 58.95460522265182\n ],\n [\n -136.4958010280629,\n 58.955518437952094\n ],\n [\n -136.49004595540035,\n 58.96601867599492\n ],\n [\n -136.48517627853207,\n 58.97993797358788\n ],\n [\n -136.47809311217804,\n 58.985184773987214\n ],\n [\n -136.47632232058962,\n 58.992939450069684\n ],\n [\n -136.4727807374126,\n 58.99499186619727\n ],\n [\n -136.46127059208743,\n 58.99385165011776\n ],\n [\n -136.4475469572765,\n 58.99658810528038\n ],\n [\n -136.45994249839595,\n 59.00707583560447\n ],\n [\n -136.4904886532975,\n 59.01345810718678\n ],\n [\n -136.5294460682443,\n 59.00844356487613\n ],\n [\n -136.53830002618676,\n 59.002060363224416\n ],\n [\n -136.5334303493185,\n 58.9956759777227\n ],\n [\n -136.5223629018905,\n 58.9917991660287\n ],\n [\n -136.52147750609618,\n 58.98267553436227\n ],\n [\n -136.53033146403862,\n 58.97491854718328\n ],\n [\n -136.54981017151215,\n 58.97469037406398\n ],\n [\n -136.5697315768826,\n 58.96738803652832\n ],\n [\n -136.57415855585393,\n 58.960084151745946\n ],\n [\n -136.57681474323664,\n 58.94958210624628\n ],\n [\n -136.5781428369279,\n 58.94592847119233\n ],\n [\n -136.5781428369279,\n 58.93907686245282\n ],\n [\n -136.57592934744235,\n 58.934279926790055\n ],\n [\n -136.575043951648,\n 58.928339939806136\n ],\n [\n -136.57991362851652,\n 58.915771214442515\n ],\n [\n -136.5909810759445,\n 58.910056645097825\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb8f1e4b08c986b327b31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, R.D.","contributorId":74015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rearic, D.M.","contributorId":65463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rearic","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186749,"text":"70186749 - 1989 - Seasonal and annual variation in the diet of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in relation to the abundance of capelin (Mallotus villosus) off eastern Newfoundland, Canada ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T13:37:29","indexId":"70186749","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1936,"text":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal and annual variation in the diet of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in relation to the abundance of capelin (Mallotus villosus) off eastern Newfoundland, Canada ","docAbstract":"The importance of capelin as prey for cod has long been known (Thompson, 1943; and see Lilly (1987) for a review); however, no studies have been conducted on how the highly dynamic seasonal and yearly variations in capelin abundance affect cod diet. We studied the occurrence of capelin in cod stomachs in relation to the relative abundance of capelin at Witless Bay, Newfoundland (47°15’N 52°46’W), during June, July and August, 1982-1984. The mean number of capelin per stomach and the per cent occurrence of stomachs containing capelin were determined for each collection of stomachs. A total of 680 stomachs were examined. Cod were sampled from those caught in gillnets by fishermen and averaged 66 cm ± 8 (s.d.) in 1983 and 62 cm ± 8 (s.d.) in 1984. Relative abundance of capelin in the local habitat was determined by conducting hydroacoustic surveys around Gull Island in Witless Bay, the same area where cod were collected for stomach content analysis. Only hydroacoustic surveys conducted within three days of cod stomach collections were analyzed. Further details of hydroacoustic surveys including quantifications of acoustic echograms are described in Piatt (1989).
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/icesjms/45.2.223","usgsCitation":"Methven, D.A., and Piatt, J.F., 1989, Seasonal and annual variation in the diet of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in relation to the abundance of capelin (Mallotus villosus) off eastern Newfoundland, Canada : ICES Journal of Marine Science, v. 45, no. 2, p. 223-225, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/45.2.223.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"225","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339490,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Newfoundland","otherGeospatial":"Witless Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -52.86895751953124,\n 47.172911278266604\n ],\n [\n -52.730255126953125,\n 47.172911278266604\n ],\n [\n -52.730255126953125,\n 47.287147659289545\n ],\n [\n -52.86895751953124,\n 47.287147659289545\n ],\n [\n -52.86895751953124,\n 47.172911278266604\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a554e4b09da6799d6424","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Methven, David A.","contributorId":179915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Methven","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016002,"text":"70016002 - 1989 - Exploration computer applications to primary dispersion halos: Kougarok tin prospect, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70016002","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Exploration computer applications to primary dispersion halos: Kougarok tin prospect, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"Computer processing and high resolution graphics display of geochemical data were used to quickly, accurately, and efficiently obtain important decision-making information for tin (cassiterite) exploration, Seward Peninsula, Alaska (USA). Primary geochemical dispersion patterns were determined for tin-bearing intrusive granite phases of Late Cretaceous age with exploration bedrock lithogeochemistry at the Kougarok tin prospect. Expensive diamond drilling footage was required to reach exploration objectives. Recognition of element distribution and dispersion patterns was useful in subsurface interpretation and correlation, and to aid location of other holes.","largerWorkTitle":"Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Mineral Industry","conferenceTitle":"21st International Symposium - Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Mineral Industry","conferenceDate":"27 February 1989 through 2 March 1989","conferenceLocation":"Littleton, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Soc of Mining Engineers of AIME","publisherLocation":"Littleton, CO, United States","usgsCitation":"Reid, J.C., 1989, Exploration computer applications to primary dispersion halos: Kougarok tin prospect, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, USA, in Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Mineral Industry, Littleton, CO, USA, 27 February 1989 through 2 March 1989, p. 141-147.","startPage":"141","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223189,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e0be4b0c8380cd5329d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, Jeffrey C.","contributorId":66799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015620,"text":"70015620 - 1989 - Changes in floral diversities, floral turnover rates, and climates in Campanian and Maastrichtian time, North Slope of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-22T16:54:48.701464","indexId":"70015620","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1344,"text":"Cretaceous Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in floral diversities, floral turnover rates, and climates in Campanian and Maastrichtian time, North Slope of Alaska","docAbstract":"One-hundred-and-ten angiosperm pollen taxa have been found in upper Campanian to Masstrichtian rocks of the Colville River region, North Slope of Alaska. These are the highest paleolatitude Campanian and Maastrichtian floras known from North America. Total angiosperm pollen diversity rose during the Campanian and declined toward the end of the Maastrichtian. However, anemophilous porate pollen of the Betulaceae-Myricaceae-Ulmaceae complex increased gradually in diversity during the late Campanian and Maastrichtian and into the Paleocene. Turnover of angiosperm taxa was active throughout most of late Campanian and Maastrichtian time; rapid turnover affected mainly the taxa of zoophilous herbs, representing an bundant but ecologically subordinate element of the vegetation. Last appearances of pollen taxa during the late Campanian and Maastrichtian probably represented mainly extinctions rather than emigrations; end- Cretaceous angiosperm extinctions in the North American Arctic began well before the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary event. The last appearances in the late Maastrichtian took place in bursts; they appear to represent stepwise rather than gradual events, which may indicate the existence of pulses of climatic change particularly in late Maastrichtian time. ?? 1989.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0195-6671(89)90021-9","usgsCitation":"Frederiksen, N.O., 1989, Changes in floral diversities, floral turnover rates, and climates in Campanian and Maastrichtian time, North Slope of Alaska: Cretaceous Research, v. 10, no. 3, p. 249-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/0195-6671(89)90021-9.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223674,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.89949838826965,\n 70.95357974329261\n ],\n [\n -153.89949838826965,\n 69.44455166606323\n ],\n [\n -147.61658258469689,\n 69.44455166606323\n ],\n [\n -147.61658258469689,\n 70.95357974329261\n ],\n [\n -153.89949838826965,\n 70.95357974329261\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f414e4b0c8380cd4bb17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frederiksen, N. O.","contributorId":78356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frederiksen","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015518,"text":"70015518 - 1989 - Remarkable isotopic and trace element trends in potassic through sodic Cretaceous plutons of the Yukon-Koyukuk Basin, Alaska, and the nature of the lithosphere beneath the Koyukuk terrane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:45:45","indexId":"70015518","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remarkable isotopic and trace element trends in potassic through sodic Cretaceous plutons of the Yukon-Koyukuk Basin, Alaska, and the nature of the lithosphere beneath the Koyukuk terrane","docAbstract":"During the period from 110 to 80 m.y. ago, a 450-km-long magmatic belt was active along the northern margin of Yukon-Koyukuk basin and on eastern Seward Peninsula. The plutons intruded Upper Jurassic(?) and Lower Cretaceous volcanic arc rocks and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in Yukon-Koyukuk basin and Proterozoic and lower Paleozoic continental rocks in Seward Peninsula. Within Yukon-Koyukuk basin, the plutons vary in composition from calc-alkalic plutons on the east to potassic and ultrapotassic alkalic plutons on the west. Plutons within Yukon-Koyukuk basin were analyzed for trace element and isotopic compositions in order to discern their origin and the nature of the underling lithosphere. Farthest to the east, the calc-alkalic rocks of Indian Mountain pluton are largely tonalite and sodic granodiorite, and have low Rb (average 82 ppm), high Sr (>600 ppm), high chondrite-normalized (cn) Ce/Yb (16–37), low δ18O (+6.5 to +7.1), low initial 87Sr/86Sr (SIR) (0.704), and high initial 143Nd/144Nd (NIR) (0.5126). These rocks resemble those modelled elsewhere as partial melts and subsequent fractionates of basaltic or gabbroic metaigneous rocks, and may be products of melting in the deeper parts of the Late Jurassic(?) and Early Cretaceous volcanic arc. Farthest to the west, the two ultrapotassic bodies of Selawik and Inland Lake are high in Cs (up to 93 ppm), Rb (up to 997 ppm), Sr, Ba, Th, and light rare earth elements, have high (Ce/Yb)cn (30, 27), moderate to low δ18O (+8.4, +6.9), high SIR (0.712, 0.710), and moderate NIR (0.5121–0.5122). These rocks resemble rocks of Australia and elsewhere that were modelled as melts of continental mantle that had been previously enriched in large cations. This mantle may be Paleozoic or older. The farthest west alkalic pluton of Selawik Hills is largely monzonite, quartz monzonite, and granite; has moderate Rb (average 284 ppm), high Sr (>600 ppm), high (Ce/Yb)cn (15–25), moderate δ18O (+8.3 to +8.6), high SIR (0.708–0.712), and moderate NIR (0.5121–0.5122). These rocks may be the product of interaction of magma derived from old continental mantle and magma derived from old continental crust. Plutons between eastern and western extremes show completely gradational variations in the concentration of K and Rb and in the isotopic compositions of Sr, Nd, and O. These plutons probably originated either by melting in a mixed source composed of a Paleozoic or older continental section (mantle + crust) overlain by Mesozoic mafic arc rocks, or by mixing of ultrapotassic to potassic magmas from continental sources (mantle + crust), and tonalitic magmas from arc sources. We infer from these results that the northwest portion of Yukon-Koyukuk basin is underlain by a substantial continental basement of Paleozoic or greater age. This basement probably thins out to the east. There is no geochemical evidence for continental basement east of about longitude 157°, or along a belt of at least 50 km width flanking Ruby Geanticline as far to the southwest as about longitude 161°. These areas are probably underlain by oceanic and Mesozoic arc rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15957","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Arth, J.G., Criss, R.E., Zmuda, C.C., Foley, N.K., Patton, W.W., and Miller, T.P., 1989, Remarkable isotopic and trace element trends in potassic through sodic Cretaceous plutons of the Yukon-Koyukuk Basin, Alaska, and the nature of the lithosphere beneath the Koyukuk terrane: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15957-15968, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15957.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"15957","endPage":"15968","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498891,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/jb094ib11p15957","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -163,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -163,\n 64\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6c6e4b0c8380cd85042","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arth, Joseph G.","contributorId":104546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arth","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Criss, Robert E.","contributorId":39447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zmuda, Clara C.","contributorId":91991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zmuda","given":"Clara","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Patton, W. W. Jr.","contributorId":11231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}