{"pageNumber":"272","pageRowStart":"6775","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10458,"records":[{"id":70026242,"text":"70026242 - 2004 - Potential exposure of larval and juvenile delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T09:15:02","indexId":"70026242","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":718,"text":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential exposure of larval and juvenile delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California","docAbstract":"<p>The San Francisco Estuary is critical habitat for delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, a fish whose abundance has declined greatly since 1983 and is now listed as threatened. In addition, the estuary receives drainage from the Central Valley, an urban and agricultural region with intense and diverse pesticide usage. One possible factor of the delta smelt population decline is pesticide toxicity during vulnerable larval and juvenile stages, but pesticide concentrations are not well characterized in delta smelt spawning and nursery habitat. The objective of this study was to estimate the potential exposure of delta smelt during their early life stages to dissolved pesticides. For 3 years (1998-2000), water samples from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta were collected during April-June in coordination with the California Department of Fish and Game's delta smelt early life stage monitoring program. Samples were analyzed for pesticides using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Water samples contained multiple pesticides, ranging from 2 to 14 pesticides in each sample. In both 1999 and 2000, elevated concentrations of pesticides overlapped in time and space with peak densities of larval and juvenile delta smelt. In contrast, high spring outflows in 1998 transported delta smelt away from the pesticide sampling sites so that exposure could not be estimated. During 2 years, larval and juvenile delta smelt were potentially exposed to a complex mixture of pesticides for a minimum of 2-3 weeks. Although the measured concentrations were well below short-term (96-h) LC50 values for individual pesticides, the combination of multiple pesticides and lengthy exposure duration could potentially have lethal or sublethal effects on delta smelt, especially during early larval development.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08922284","usgsCitation":"Kuivila, K., and Moon, G., 2004, Potential exposure of larval and juvenile delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California: American Fisheries Society Symposium, no. 39, p. 229-241.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"241","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"39","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7efae4b0c8380cd7a85b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuivila, K.M.","contributorId":34529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moon, G.E.","contributorId":43143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moon","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026156,"text":"70026156 - 2004 - The new GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2-LM2: Evaluation with prescribed SST simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70026156","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The new GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2-LM2: Evaluation with prescribed SST simulations","docAbstract":"The configuration and performance of a new global atmosphere and land model for climate research developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) are presented. The atmosphere model, known as AM2, includes a new gridpoint dynamical core, a prognostic cloud scheme, and a multispecies aerosol climatology, as well as components from previous models used at GFDL. The land model, known as LM2, includes soil sensible and latent heat storage, groundwater storage, and stomatal resistance. The performance of the coupled model AM2-LM2 is evaluated with a series of prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) simulations. Particular focus is given to the model's climatology and the characteristics of interannual variability related to El Nin??o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). One AM2-LM2 integration was perfor med according to the prescriptions of the second Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP II) and data were submitted to the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI). Particular strengths of AM2-LM2, as judged by comparison to other models participating in AMIP II, include its circulation and distributions of precipitation. Prominent problems of AM2-LM2 include a cold bias to surface and tropospheric temperatures, weak tropical cyclone activity, and weak tropical intraseasonal activity associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation. An ensemble of 10 AM2-LM 2 integrations with observed SSTs for the second half of the twentieth century permits a statistically reliable assessment of the model's response to ENSO. In general, AM2-LM2 produces a realistic simulation of the anomalies in tropical precipitation and extratropical circulation that are associated with ENSO. ?? 2004 American Meteorological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Climate","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08948755","usgsCitation":"Anderson, J.L., Balaji, V., Broccoli, A., Cooke, W., Delworth, T., Dixon, K., Donner, L., Dunne, K., Freidenreich, S., Garner, S., Gudgel, R., Gordon, C., Held, I., Hemler, R., Horowitz, L., Klein, S., Knutson, T., Kushner, P., Langenhost, A., Lau, N., Liang, Z., Malyshev, S., Milly, P., Nath, M., Ploshay, J., Ramaswamy, V., Schwarzkopf, M., Shevliakova, E., Sirutis, J., Soden, B., Stern, W., Thompson, L., Wilson, R., Wittenberg, A., and Wyman, B., 2004, The new GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2-LM2: Evaluation with prescribed SST simulations: Journal of Climate, v. 17, no. 24, p. 4641-4673.","startPage":"4641","endPage":"4673","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae11e4b08c986b323eeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, J. L.","contributorId":103240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balaji, V.","contributorId":18152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balaji","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Broccoli, A.J.","contributorId":75313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broccoli","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cooke, W.F.","contributorId":96884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooke","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Delworth, T.L.","contributorId":56421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delworth","given":"T.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dixon, K.W.","contributorId":107075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Donner, L.J.","contributorId":7475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donner","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dunne, K.A.","contributorId":18920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunne","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Freidenreich, S.M.","contributorId":45089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freidenreich","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Garner, S.T.","contributorId":18944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Gudgel, R.G.","contributorId":80051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gudgel","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Gordon, C.T.","contributorId":103453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Held, I.M.","contributorId":66895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Held","given":"I.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Hemler, R.S.","contributorId":58067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemler","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Horowitz, L.W.","contributorId":18945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Klein, S.A.","contributorId":47954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Knutson, T.R.","contributorId":106680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutson","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Kushner, P.J.","contributorId":107473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kushner","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Langenhost, A.R.","contributorId":15804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenhost","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Lau, N.-C.","contributorId":59998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lau","given":"N.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Liang, Z.","contributorId":72573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liang","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Malyshev, S.L.","contributorId":14170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malyshev","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Nath, M.J.","contributorId":101855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nath","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Ploshay, J.J.","contributorId":39171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ploshay","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Ramaswamy, V.","contributorId":38748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramaswamy","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Schwarzkopf, M.D.","contributorId":12664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarzkopf","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Shevliakova, E.","contributorId":27238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shevliakova","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Sirutis, J.J.","contributorId":78918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sirutis","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Soden, B.J.","contributorId":107474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soden","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Stern, W.F.","contributorId":54777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31},{"text":"Thompson, L.A.","contributorId":37928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":32},{"text":"Wilson, R.J.","contributorId":86543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":33},{"text":"Wittenberg, A.T.","contributorId":70163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wittenberg","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":34},{"text":"Wyman, B.L.","contributorId":37929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyman","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":35}]}}
,{"id":70026154,"text":"70026154 - 2004 - Comparison of electrofishing and trammel netting variability for sampling native fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-08T14:33:59.155072","indexId":"70026154","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of electrofishing and trammel netting variability for sampling native fishes","docAbstract":"<p><span>The variability in size structure and relative abundance (CPUE; number of fish ≥200 mm total length, </span><i>L</i><sub>T</sub><span>, collected per hour of electrofishing or trammel netting) of three native Colorado River fishes, the endangered humpback chub&nbsp;</span><i>Gila cypha</i><span>, flannelmouth sucker&nbsp;</span><i>Catostomus latipinnus</i><span>&nbsp;and bluehead sucker&nbsp;</span><i>Catostomus discobolus</i><span>, collected from electrofishing and trammel nets was assessed to determine which gear was most appropriate to detect trends in relative abundance of adult fishes. Coefficient of variation (CV) of CPUE ranged from 210 to 566 for electrofishing and 128 to 575 for trammel netting, depending on season, diel period and species. Mean CV was lowest for trammel nets for humpback chub (</span><i>P </i><span>= 0·004) and tended to be lower for flannelmouth sucker (</span><i>P </i><span>= 0·12), regardless of season or diel period. Only one bluehead sucker &gt;200 mm was collected with electrofishing. Electrofishing and trammel netting CPUE were not related for humpback chub (</span><i>r </i><span>= −0·32, </span><i>P </i><span>= 0·43) or flannelmouth sucker (</span><i>r </i><span>= −0·27, </span><i>P </i><span>= 0·46) in samples from the same date, location and hour set. Electrofishing collected a higher proportion of smaller (&lt;200 mm </span><i>L</i><sub>T</sub><span>) humpback chub (</span><i>P </i><span>&lt; 0·001), flannelmouth suckers (</span><i>P </i><span>&lt; 0·001) and bluehead suckers (</span><i>P </i><span>&lt; 0·001) than trammel netting, suggesting that conclusions derived from one gear may not be the same as from the other gear. This is probably because these gears fished different habitats, which are occupied by different fish life stages. To detect a 25% change in CPUE at a power of 0·9, at least 473 trammel net sets or 1918 electrofishing samples would be needed in this 8 km reach. This unattainable amount of samples for both trammel netting and electrofishing indicates that detecting annual changes in CPUE may not be practical and analysis of long‐term data or stock assessment models using mark‐recapture methods may be needed to assess trends in abundance of Colorado River native fishes, and probably other rare fishes as well.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00575.x","usgsCitation":"Paukert, C., 2004, Comparison of electrofishing and trammel netting variability for sampling native fishes: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 65, no. 6, p. 1643-1652, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00575.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1643","endPage":"1652","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-12-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f85ee4b0c8380cd4d063","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paukert, C.P.","contributorId":10151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70027487,"text":"70027487 - 2004 - Assessing the record and causes of Late Triassic extinctions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:15","indexId":"70027487","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1431,"text":"Earth-Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the record and causes of Late Triassic extinctions","docAbstract":"Accelerated biotic turnover during the Late Triassic has led to the perception of an end-Triassic mass extinction event, now regarded as one of the \"big five\" extinctions. Close examination of the fossil record reveals that many groups thought to be affected severely by this event, such as ammonoids, bivalves and conodonts, instead were in decline throughout the Late Triassic, and that other groups were relatively unaffected or subject to only regional effects. Explanations for the biotic turnover have included both gradualistic and catastrophic mechanisms. Regression during the Rhaetian, with consequent habitat loss, is compatible with the disappearance of some marine faunal groups, but may be regional, not global in scale, and cannot explain apparent synchronous decline in the terrestrial realm. Gradual, widespread aridification of the Pangaean supercontinent could explain a decline in terrestrial diversity during the Late Triassic. Although evidence for an impact precisely at the boundary is lacking, the presence of impact structures with Late Triassic ages suggests the possibility of bolide impact-induced environmental degradation prior to the end-Triassic. Widespread eruptions of flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) were synchronous with or slightly postdate the system boundary; emissions of CO2 and SO2 during these eruptions were substantial, but the contradictory evidence for the environmental effects of outgassing of these lavas remains to be resolved. A substantial excursion in the marine carbon-isotope record of both carbonate and organic matter suggests a significant disturbance of the global carbon cycle at the system boundary. Release of methane hydrates from seafloor sediments is a possible cause for this isotope excursion, although the triggering mechanism and climatic effects of such a release remain uncertain. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth-Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00082-5","issn":"00128252","usgsCitation":"Tanner, L., Lucas, S.G., and Chapman, M.G., 2004, Assessing the record and causes of Late Triassic extinctions: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 65, no. 1-2, p. 103-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00082-5.","startPage":"103","endPage":"139","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211189,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00082-5"},{"id":238414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edeee4b0c8380cd49b00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanner, L.H.","contributorId":59622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lucas, S. G.","contributorId":76934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapman, M. G.","contributorId":105737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027486,"text":"70027486 - 2004 - The threat of silent earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T16:48:36.469873","indexId":"70027486","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3355,"text":"Scientific American","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The threat of silent earthquakes","docAbstract":"Not all earthquakes shake the ground. The so-called silent types are forcing scientists to rethink their understanding of the way quake-prone faults behave. In rare instances, silent earthquakes that occur along the flakes of seaside volcanoes may cascade into monstrous landslides that crash into the sea and trigger towering tsunamis. Silent earthquakes that take place within fault zones created by one tectonic plate diving under another may increase the chance of ground-shaking shocks. In other locations, however, silent slip may decrease the likelihood of destructive quakes, because they release stress along faults that might otherwise seem ready to snap.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican0304-86","usgsCitation":"Cervelli, P., 2004, The threat of silent earthquakes: Scientific American, v. 290, no. 3, p. 86-91, https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0304-86.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"91","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"290","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0fde4b08c986b32519c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cervelli, Peter 0000-0001-6765-1009","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6765-1009","contributorId":46724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cervelli","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70027456,"text":"70027456 - 2004 - Geographic structure of adelie penguin populations: overlap in colony-specific foraging areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-06T13:19:36","indexId":"70027456","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic structure of adelie penguin populations: overlap in colony-specific foraging areas","docAbstract":"In an investigation of the factors leading to geographic structuring among Ade??lie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) populations, we studied the size and overlap of colony-specific foraging areas within an isolated cluster of colonies. The study area, in the southwestern Ross Sea, included one large and three smaller colonies, ranging in size from 3900 to 135000 nesting pairs, clustered on Ross and Beaufort Islands. We used triangulation of radio signals from transmitters attached to breeding penguins to determine foraging locations and to define colony-specific foraging areas during the chick-provisioning period of four breeding seasons, 1997-2000. Colony populations (nesting pairs) were determined using aerial photography just after egg-laying; reproductive success was estimated by comparing ground counts of chicks fledged to the number of breeding pairs apparent in aerial photos. Foraging-trip duration, meal size, and adult body mass were estimated using RFID (radio frequency identification) tags and an automated reader and weighbridge. Chick growth was assessed by weekly weighing. We related the following variables to colony size: foraging distance, area, and duration; reproductive success; chick meal size and growth rate; and seasonal variation in adult body mass. We found that penguins foraged closest to their respective colonies, particularly at the smaller colonies. However, as the season progressed, foraging distance, duration, and area increased noticeably, especially at the largest colony. The foraging areas of the smaller colonies overlapped broadly, but very little foraging area overlap existed between the large colony and the smaller colonies, even though the foraging area of the large colony was well within range of the smaller colonies. Instead, the foraging areas of the smaller colonies shifted as that of the large colony grew. Colony size was not related to chick meal size, chick growth, or parental body mass. This differed from the year previous to the study, when foraging trips of the large colony were very long, parents lost mass, and chick meals were smaller. In light of existing data on prey abundance in neritic waters in Antarctica suggesting that krill are relatively evenly distributed and in high abundance in the Southern Ross Sea, we conclude that penguins depleted or changed the availability of their prey, that the degree of alteration was a function of colony size, and that the large colony affected the location (and perhaps ultimately the size) of foraging areas for the smaller colonies. It appears, therefore, that foraging dynamics play a role in the geographic structuring of colonies in this species. ?? 2004 by the Ecological Society of America.","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/02-4073","issn":"00129615","usgsCitation":"Ainley, D., Ribic, C., Ballard, G., Heath, S., Gaffney, I., Karl, B.J., Barton, K.J., Wilson, P.R., and Webb, S., 2004, Geographic structure of adelie penguin populations: overlap in colony-specific foraging areas: Ecological Monographs, v. 74, no. 1, p. 159-178, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-4073.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"178","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1782e4b0c8380cd55518","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ainley, D. G.","contributorId":77870,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ainley","given":"D. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ribic, C. A. 0000-0003-2583-1778","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-1778","contributorId":6026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribic","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballard, G.","contributorId":75314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ballard","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heath, S.","contributorId":55203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heath","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gaffney, I.","contributorId":30032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaffney","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Karl, B. J.","contributorId":43544,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karl","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Barton, K. J.","contributorId":66897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barton","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wilson, P. R.","contributorId":11388,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Webb, S.","contributorId":36356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70027369,"text":"70027369 - 2004 - Estimating tectonic history through basin simulation-enhanced seismic inversion: Geoinformatics for sedimentary basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70027369","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating tectonic history through basin simulation-enhanced seismic inversion: Geoinformatics for sedimentary basins","docAbstract":"A data assimilation approach is demonstrated whereby seismic inversion is both automated and enhanced using a comprehensive numerical sedimentary basin simulator to study the physics and chemistry of sedimentary basin processes in response to geothermal gradient in much greater detail than previously attempted. The approach not only reduces costs by integrating the basin analysis and seismic inversion activities to understand the sedimentary basin evolution with respect to geodynamic parameters-but the technique also has the potential for serving as a geoinfomatics platform for understanding various physical and chemical processes operating at different scales within a sedimentary basin. Tectonic history has a first-order effect on the physical and chemical processes that govern the evolution of sedimentary basins. We demonstrate how such tectonic parameters may be estimated by minimizing the difference between observed seismic reflection data and synthetic ones constructed from the output of a reaction, transport, mechanical (RTM) basin model. We demonstrate the method by reconstructing the geothermal gradient. As thermal history strongly affects the rate of RTM processes operating in a sedimentary basin, variations in geothermal gradient history alter the present-day fluid pressure, effective stress, porosity, fracture statistics and hydrocarbon distribution. All these properties, in turn, affect the mechanical wave velocity and sediment density profiles for a sedimentary basin. The present-day state of the sedimentary basin is imaged by reflection seismology data to a high degree of resolution, but it does not give any indication of the processes that contributed to the evolution of the basin or causes for heterogeneities within the basin that are being imaged. Using texture and fluid properties predicted by our Basin RTM simulator, we generate synthetic seismograms. Linear correlation using power spectra as an error measure and an efficient quadratic optimization technique are found to be most effective in determining the optimal value of the tectonic parameters. Preliminary 1-D studies indicate that one can determine the geothermal gradient even in the presence of observation and numerical uncertainties. The algorithm succeeds even when the synthetic data has detailed information only in a limited depth interval and has a different dominant frequency in the synthetic and observed seismograms. The methodology presented here even works when the basin input data contains only 75 per cent of the stratigraphic layering information compared with the actual basin in a limited depth interval.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02126.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Tandon, K., Tuncay, K., Hubbard, K., Comer, J., and Ortoleva, P., 2004, Estimating tectonic history through basin simulation-enhanced seismic inversion: Geoinformatics for sedimentary basins: Geophysical Journal International, v. 156, no. 1, p. 129-139, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02126.x.","startPage":"129","endPage":"139","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478087,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2004.02126.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":211128,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02126.x"},{"id":238326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"156","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b50e4b0c8380cd5268b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tandon, K.","contributorId":53156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tandon","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tuncay, K.","contributorId":70181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuncay","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hubbard, K.","contributorId":95676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Comer, J.","contributorId":106699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Comer","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ortoleva, P.","contributorId":60433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortoleva","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027267,"text":"70027267 - 2004 - Rear-arc vs. arc-front volcanoes in the Katmai reach of the Alaska Peninsula: A critical appraisal of across-arc compositional variation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-17T11:34:43","indexId":"70027267","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rear-arc vs. arc-front volcanoes in the Katmai reach of the Alaska Peninsula: A critical appraisal of across-arc compositional variation","docAbstract":"<p>Physical and compositional data and K-Ar ages are reported for 14 rear-arc volcanoes that lic 11-22 km behind the narrowly linear volcanic front defined by the Mount Katmai-to-Devils Desk chain on the Alaska Peninsula. One is a 30-km3 stratocone (Mount Griggs; 51-63% SiO2) active intermittently from 292 ka to Holocene. The others are monogenetic cones, domes, lava flows, plugs, and maars, of which 12 were previously unnamed and unstudied; they include seven basalts (48-52% SiO2), four mafic andesites (53-55% SiO2), and three andesite-dacite units. Six erupted in the interval 500-88 ka, one historically in 1977, and five in the interval 3-2 Ma. No migration of the volcanic front is discernible since the late Miocene, so even the older units erupted well behind the front. Discussion explores the significance of the volcanic front and the processes that influence compositional overlaps and differences among mafic products of the rear-arc volcanoes and of the several arc-front edifices nearby. The latter have together erupted a magma volume of about 200 km3, at least four times that of all rear-arc products combined. Correlation of Sr-isotope ratios with indices of fractionation indicates crustal contributions in volcanic-front magmas (0.7033-0.7038), but lack of such trends among the rear-arc units (0.70298-0.70356) suggests weaker and less systematic crustal influence. Slab contributions and mantle partial-melt fractions both appear to decline behind the front, but neither trend is crisp and unambiguous. No intraplate mantle contribution is recognized nor is any systematic across-arc difference in intrinsic mantle-wedge source fertility discerned. Both rear-arc and arc-front basalts apparently issued from fluxing of typically fertile NMORB-source mantle beneath the Peninsular terrane, which docked here in the Mesozoic. Springer-Verlag 2004.</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00410-004-0558-2","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, W., Fierstein, J., Siems, D.F., Budahn, J., and Ruiz, J., 2004, Rear-arc vs. arc-front volcanoes in the Katmai reach of the Alaska Peninsula: A critical appraisal of across-arc compositional variation: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 147, no. 3, p. 243-275, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-004-0558-2.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"275","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209300,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-004-0558-2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -177.71484375,\n              50.035973672195496\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.5556640625,\n              50.035973672195496\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.5556640625,\n              58.95000823335702\n            ],\n            [\n              -177.71484375,\n              58.95000823335702\n            ],\n            [\n              -177.71484375,\n              50.035973672195496\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"147","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95b7e4b0c8380cd81bc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fierstein, J.","contributorId":67666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierstein","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siems, D. F.","contributorId":101239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siems","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruiz, J.","contributorId":88886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruiz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027265,"text":"70027265 - 2004 - Reaction rim growth on olivine in silicic melts: Implications for magma mixing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-15T10:53:15","indexId":"70027265","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reaction rim growth on olivine in silicic melts: Implications for magma mixing","docAbstract":"<p>Finely crystalline amphibole or pyroxene rims that form during reaction between silicic host melt and cognate olivine xenocrysts, newly introduced during magma mixing events, can provide information about the timing between mixing and volcanic eruptions. We investigated rim growth experimentally by placing forsteritic olivine in rhyolitic and rhyodacitic melts for times between 25 and 622 h at 50 and 150 MPa, H<sub>2</sub>O-saturated, at the Ni-NiO buffer. Rims of orthopyroxene microlites formed from high-silica rhyolite and rhyodacite melts at 885<span>°</span><span>C</span> and 50 MPa, and in the rhyolite at 150 MPa and 885°C. Rims of amphibole with lesser orthopyroxene formed in the rhyolite at 150 MPa and 800<span>°</span><span>C</span> and in the rhyodacite at 150 MPa and 885<span>°</span><span>C</span>. Irregular, convolute olivine edges and mass balance between olivine, melt, and rim phases show that olivine partly dissolved at all conditions. Iron-rich zones at the exteriors of olivines, which increased in width parabolically with time, show that Fe-Mg interdiffusion occurring in olivines was not outpaced by olivine dissolution. Linear increases of the square of rim widths with time suggest that diffusion within the melt is the rate-controlling process for olivine dissolution and rim growth. Rims grew one-half to one order-of-magnitude faster when melt water contents were doubled, unless conditions were far above the liquidus. Rim growth rate in rhyolite increases from 0.055&nbsp;<span>±&nbsp;</span>0.01 µm<sup>2</sup>/h at 885<span>°</span><span>C</span> and 50 MPa to 0.64 <span>±</span> 0.13 <span>µ</span><span>m</span><sup>2</sup>/h at 800<span>°</span><span>C</span> and 150 MPa. Melt composition has a lesser effect on rim growth rates, with growth rate increasing as melt SiO<sub>2</sub> content decreases. Pyroxene rims on olivines in andesite erupted from Arenal volcano (Costa Rica) grew at a rate of 3.0 <span>±</span> 0.2 <span>µ</span><span>m</span><sup>2</sup>/h over an eleven-year period. This rate is faster than those of the experiments due to lower melt viscosity and higher temperatures, and suggests that a magma mixing event preceded the start of the eruption by days.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Coombs, M.L., and Gardner, J.E., 2004, Reaction rim growth on olivine in silicic melts: Implications for magma mixing: American Mineralogist, v. 89, no. 5-6, p. 748-759.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"748","endPage":"759","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334517,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/TOC/2004/MJ04.html"}],"volume":"89","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a957ee4b0c8380cd81a4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, James E.","contributorId":43243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027263,"text":"70027263 - 2004 - Determinants of reproductive costs in the long-lived Black-legged Kittiwake: A multiyear experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T10:53:40","indexId":"70027263","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determinants of reproductive costs in the long-lived Black-legged Kittiwake: A multiyear experiment","docAbstract":"<p>We studied reproductive costs of Black-legged Kittiwakes (<i><span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">Rissa tridactyla</span></i>) in Prince William Sound, Alaska (USA) by removing entire clutches from randomly selected nests over four successive years, and then contrasting survival and fecundity of adults from manipulated and unmanipulated nests in each subsequent year. To elucidate mechanisms that lead to the expression of reproductive costs, we simultaneously characterized several behavioral and physiological parameters among adults in the two treatment groups. We also examined naturally nonbreeding adults that previously bred to determine their survival and future nonbreeding probabilities.</p><p>Food availability varied during the study, being generally poor at the onset, and improving in later years. Adult nest attendance and body condition (assessed late in the chick- rearing period) varied accordingly among years, and between adults raising chicks and adults that had their eggs removed. Adults from unmanipulated nests incurred significant survival costs in all years, although fecundity costs were strongly expressed in only one of four years. Neither survival nor fecundity costs were strongly influenced by body condition or food availability, and no difference in reproductive costs was detected between the sexes. Although unmanipulated breeders survived at lower rates than manipulated breeders due to costs of reproduction, their survival rates were elevated compared to those of natural nonbreeders, presumably due to differences in individual ability. These findings indicate that models of adult survival must consider not only an organism's reproductive state, but also the factors that lead to that state.</p><p>Although body condition appeared to be weakly related to survival, it was insufficient to explain the full magnitude of survival costs observed. We suggest that other parameters that were found to differ between treatment groups (e.g., rates of energy turnover, baseline levels of stress, and patterns of allocating body reserves) may be important mechanistic determinants of reproductive costs in kittiwakes, and potentially other long-lived species. Future efforts should move beyond simple assessments of body condition and toward more integrated measures of physiological condition when attempting to identify factors that influence how long-lived species balance the costs and benefits of reproduction.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1890/02-4029","issn":"00129615","usgsCitation":"Golet, G.H., Schmutz, J.A., Irons, D.B., and Estes, J.A., 2004, Determinants of reproductive costs in the long-lived Black-legged Kittiwake: A multiyear experiment: Ecological Monographs, v. 74, no. 2, p. 353-372, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-4029.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"372","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound, Shoup Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -146.67160034179685,\n              61.11339606337689\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.546630859375,\n              61.11339606337689\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.546630859375,\n              61.17503266354878\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.67160034179685,\n              61.17503266354878\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.67160034179685,\n              61.11339606337689\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff83e4b0c8380cd4f223","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Golet, Gregory H.","contributorId":89844,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Golet","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Irons, David B.","contributorId":63658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irons","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026677,"text":"70026677 - 2004 - Aquifers of the Denver Basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026677","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquifers of the Denver Basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"Development of the Denver Basin for water supply has been ongoing since the late 1800s. The Denver Basin aquifer system consists of the water-yielding strata of Tertiary and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks within four overlying formations. The four statutory aquifers contained in these formations are named the Dawson, Denver, Arapahoe, and Laramie-Fox Hills. For water rights administrative purposes, the outcrop/subcrop of the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer defines the margins of the Basin. Initial estimates of the total recoverable groundwater reserves in storage, under this 6700-mi2 area, were 295 million acre-ft. Recent geologic evidence indicates that the aquifers are very heterogeneous and their composition varies significantly with distance from the source area of the sediments. As a result, available recoverable reserves may be one-third less than previously estimated. There is no legal protection for pressure levels in the aquifer, and water managers are becoming increasingly concerned about the rapid water level declines (30 ft/yr). Approximately 33,700 wells of record have been completed in the sedimentary rock aquifers of the Denver Basin for municipal, industrial, agricultural, and domestic uses.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Topper, R., 2004, Aquifers of the Denver Basin, Colorado: Mountain Geologist, v. 41, no. 4, p. 145-152.","startPage":"145","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed2ae4b0c8380cd49676","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Topper, R.","contributorId":65263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topper","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70027226,"text":"70027226 - 2004 - Mineralogical maturity in dunefields of North America, Africa and Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70027226","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogical maturity in dunefields of North America, Africa and Australia","docAbstract":"Studies of dunefields in central and western North America show that mineralogical maturity can provide new insights into the origin and evolution of aeolian sand bodies. Many of the world's great sand seas in Africa, Asia and Australia are quartz-dominated and thus can be considered to be mineralogically mature. The Algodones (California) and Parker (Arizona) dunes in the southwestern United States are also mature, but have inherited a high degree of mineralogical maturity from quartz-rich sedimentary rocks drained by the Colorado River. In Libya, sediments of the Zallaf sand sea, which are almost pure quartz, may have originated in a similar fashion. The Fort Morgan (Colorado) and Casper (Wyoming) dunefields in the central Great Plains of North America, and the Namib sand sea of southern Africa have an intermediate degree of mineralogical maturity because their sources are large rivers that drained both unweathered plutonic and metamorphic rocks and mature sedimentary rocks. Mojave Desert dunefields in the southwestern United States are quite immature because they are in basins adjacent to plutonic rocks that were their sources. Other dunefields in the Great Plains of North America (those in Nebraska and Texas) are more mature than any possible source sediments and therefore reflect mineralogical evolution over time. Such changes in composition can occur because of either of two opposing long-term states of the dunefield. In one state, dunes are stable for long periods of time and chemical weathering depletes feldspars and other weatherable minerals in the sediment body. In the other state, which is most likely for the Great Plains, abrasion and ballistic impacts deplete the carbonate minerals and feldspars because the dunes are active for longer periods than they are stable. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.020","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D., 2004, Mineralogical maturity in dunefields of North America, Africa and Australia: Geomorphology, v. 59, no. 1-4, p. 247-269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.020.","startPage":"247","endPage":"269","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209276,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.020"}],"volume":"59","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5aa5e4b0c8380cd6f016","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70027192,"text":"70027192 - 2004 - Remote sensing and the optical properties of the narrow cylindrical leaves of Juncus roemerianus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70027192","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing and the optical properties of the narrow cylindrical leaves of Juncus roemerianus","docAbstract":"To develop a more complete foundation for remote sensing of the marsh grass Juncus roemerianus, we measured the optical properties of its cylindrical leaves at sites of different canopy height, biomass composition and amount, and connectivity to ocean flushing. To measure the leaf optical properties, we adapted a technique used for conifer needles. After establishing the reliability and limits of the adapted technique to the wider J.roemerianus leaves, mean transmittance and reflectance spectra were compared to associated leaf diameters from two dates in 1999 and 2002 and at each site. Transmittance was inversely related to leaf diameter. Mean transmittance and reflectance generated from reoccupation of many field sites in 2002 indicated little or no difference in transmittance between years, a slight reflectance difference in the visible (<2%) and a slightly higher reflectance difference in the near infrared (NIR) (<4%). Site comparison indicated limited ability to separate leaf transmittance but not reflectance by marsh type (e.g., low, medium, high) or biomass. Excluding one outlier, we found leaf transmittances could be adequately represented as 1% ?? 0.2% in the visible and 9% ?? 1% in the NIR and leaf reflectances represented from 14% to 16% in the visible and 71% to 75% in the NIR (the reflectance ranges represent 1999 and 2002 means). Reflectance and transmittance spectra associated with the dead J. roemerianus leaves displayed a spectrally flat increase from the visible to the NIR wavelengths. In total, we documented the atypical optical properties of the cylindrical J. roemerianus leaves and showed that to a first approximation, single means could represent leaf transmittance and visible leaf reflectance across all marsh zones and, after accounting for sample standardization, possibly the NIR reflectance as well.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2003.823283","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, E., and Rangoonwala, A., 2004, Remote sensing and the optical properties of the narrow cylindrical leaves of Juncus roemerianus: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 5, p. 1064-1075, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.823283.","startPage":"1064","endPage":"1075","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478171,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2003.823283","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209296,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.823283"},{"id":235595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6f4e4b0c8380cd85139","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, Elijah W. III 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":72769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Elijah W.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rangoonwala, A. 0000-0002-0556-0598","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0556-0598","contributorId":95248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rangoonwala","given":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027188,"text":"70027188 - 2004 - Effects of lowhead dams on riffle-dwelling fishes and macroinvertebrates in a Midwestern river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70027188","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of lowhead dams on riffle-dwelling fishes and macroinvertebrates in a Midwestern river","docAbstract":"Many studies have assessed the effects of large dams on fishes and macroinvertebrates, but few have examined the effects of lowhead dams. We sampled fishes, macroinvertebrates, habitat, and physicochemistry monthly from November 2000 to October 2001 at eight gravel bar sites centered around two lowhead dams on the Neosho River, Kansas. Sites included a reference site and a treatment site both upstream and downstream from each dam. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that habitat, but not physicochemistry, varied immediately upstream and down-stream from the dams, with resultant effects on macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages. Compared with reference sites, upstream treatment sites were deeper and had lower velocities and downstream treatment sites were shallower and had higher velocities; both upstream and downstream treatment sites had greater substrate compaction than reference sites. Macroinvertebrate richness did not differ among site types, but abundance was lowest at downstream treatment sites and evenness was lowest at upstream treatment sites. Fish species richness did not differ among site types, but abundance was highest at downstream reference sites and evenness was highest at upstream sites. The abundance of some benthic fishes was influenced by the dams, including that of the Neosho madtom Noturus placidus, which was lowest immediately upstream and downstream from dams, and those of the suckermouth minnow Phenacobius mirabilis, orangethroat darter Etheostoma spectabile, and slenderhead darter Percina phoxocephala, which were highest in downstream treatment sites. Although limited to one system during a 1-year period, this study suggests that the effects of lowhead dams on fishes, macroinvertebrates, and habitat are similar to those reported for larger dams, providing important considerations for riverine ecosystem conservation efforts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T03-058.1","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Tiemann, J., Gillette, D., Wildhaber, M., and Edds, D., 2004, Effects of lowhead dams on riffle-dwelling fishes and macroinvertebrates in a Midwestern river: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 133, no. 3, p. 705-717, https://doi.org/10.1577/T03-058.1.","startPage":"705","endPage":"717","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209246,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T03-058.1"},{"id":235520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"133","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a074be4b0c8380cd5162c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiemann, J.S.","contributorId":64865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiemann","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gillette, D.P.","contributorId":97686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillette","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wildhaber, M. L. 0000-0002-6538-9083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":62961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edds, D.R.","contributorId":68520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edds","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027158,"text":"70027158 - 2004 - Temporal and geographic variation in survival of juvenile black brant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-02T16:28:58.678496","indexId":"70027158","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and geographic variation in survival of juvenile black brant","docAbstract":"<p>First-year survival has important implications for the structure and growth of populations. We examined variation in seasonal survival of first-year Pacific Black Brant (<i>Branta bernicla nigricans</i>) marked late in summer in Alaska at two brood-rearing areas on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Tutakoke and Kokechik) and one area on the Arctic Coastal Plain to provide insight into the magnitude and timing of mortality during fall migration. First-year survival was lower in early fall (15 July-1 October), when birds fledged from brood-rearing areas and migrated to their primary fall staging area at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska, than during late fall and early winter (1 October-15 February), when birds made a long-distance transoceanic flight (&gt;5000 km) to wintering areas in Baja California, Mexico. When compared to other years, monthly survival during early fall was 20-24% lower in 1992, the year of latest hatch dates and slowest growth of goslings. There was strong evidence to indicate that survival varied geographically within the early fall period. Monthly survival estimates during early fall were lowest for birds from Tutakoke, highest for birds from the Arctic Coastal Plain, and intermediate at Kokechik. Our findings revealed that most juvenile mortality occurred during the first 2 months following banding, and variation in juvenile survival during this period was likely influenced significantly by environmental parameters and habitat conditions on the breeding grounds. Monthly survival estimates during the subsequent 4 months were similar across geographic areas, and long-distance migration was likely the most important contributor to juvenile mortality during this period.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1650/7387","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., Schmutz, J.A., Sedinger, J.S., Bollinger, K.S., Martin, P.D., and Anderson, B., 2004, Temporal and geographic variation in survival of juvenile black brant: Condor, v. 106, no. 2, p. 263-274, https://doi.org/10.1650/7387.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"274","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478148,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/7387","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bollinger, Karen S.","contributorId":33842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollinger","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, P. D.","contributorId":7018,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anderson, B.A.","contributorId":73581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70027157,"text":"70027157 - 2004 - The final Galileo SSI observations of Io: Orbits G28-I33","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-06T11:20:19","indexId":"70027157","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The final Galileo SSI observations of Io: Orbits G28-I33","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id29\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id30\"><p>We present the observations of Io acquired by the Solid State Imaging (SSI) experiment during the Galileo Millennium Mission (GMM) and the strategy we used to plan the exploration of Io. Despite Galileo's tight restrictions on data volume and downlink capability and several spacecraft and camera anomalies due to the intense radiation close to Jupiter, there were many successful SSI observations during GMM. Four giant, high-latitude plumes, including the largest plume ever observed on Io, were documented over a period of eight months; only faint evidence of such plumes had been seen since the Voyager&nbsp;2 encounter, despite monitoring by Galileo during the previous five years. Moreover, the source of one of the plumes was Tvashtar Catena, demonstrating that a single site can exhibit remarkably diverse eruption styles—from a curtain of lava fountains, to extensive surface flows, and finally a ∼400&nbsp;km high plume—over a relatively short period of time (∼13 months between orbits I25 and G29). Despite this substantial activity, no evidence of any truly new volcanic center was seen during the six years of Galileo observations. The recent observations also revealed details of<span>&nbsp;</span><a title=\"Learn more about mass wasting\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/mass-wasting\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/mass-wasting\">mass wasting</a><span>&nbsp;</span>processes acting on Io. Slumping and landsliding dominate and occur in close proximity to each other, demonstrating spatial variation in material properties over distances of several kilometers. However, despite the ubiquitous evidence for mass wasting, the rate of volcanic resurfacing seems to dominate; the floors of paterae in proximity to mountains are generally free of debris. Finally, the highest resolution observations obtained during Galileo's final encounters with Io provided further evidence for a wide diversity of surface processes at work on Io.</p></div></div></div>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.014","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Turtle, E.P., Keszthelyi, L., McEwen, A.S., Radebaugh, J., Milazzo, M.P., Simonelli, D.P., Geissler, P.E., Williams, D., Perry, J., Jaeger, W.L., Klaasen, K.P., Breneman, H.H., Denk, T., and Phillips, C.B., 2004, The final Galileo SSI observations of Io: Orbits G28-I33: Icarus, v. 169, no. 1, p. 3-28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.014.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209295,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.014"}],"volume":"169","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac04e4b08c986b323202","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turtle, Elizabeth P.","contributorId":45443,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turtle","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McEwen, Alfred S.","contributorId":61657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEwen","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Radebaugh, Jani","contributorId":101792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radebaugh","given":"Jani","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Milazzo, Moses P. 0000-0002-9101-2191 moses@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-2191","contributorId":4811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milazzo","given":"Moses","email":"moses@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Simonelli, Damon P.","contributorId":210484,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simonelli","given":"Damon","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Geissler, Paul E. pgeissler@usgs.gov","contributorId":2811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"Paul","email":"pgeissler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Williams, David A.","contributorId":84604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"David A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Perry, Jason","contributorId":147256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perry","given":"Jason","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Jaeger, Windy L.","contributorId":61679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaeger","given":"Windy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Klaasen, Kenneth P.","contributorId":210485,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klaasen","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Breneman, H. Herbert","contributorId":62774,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breneman","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Herbert","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Denk, Tilmann","contributorId":210487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Denk","given":"Tilmann","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Phillips, Cynthia B.","contributorId":210488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phillips","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70027155,"text":"70027155 - 2004 - Movement, home range, and site fidelity of bluegills in a Great Plains Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70027155","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement, home range, and site fidelity of bluegills in a Great Plains Lake","docAbstract":"Little is known about the distribution, movement, and home ranges of bluegills Lepomis macrochirus in lentic environments. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the seasonal and diel differences in movement rates, site fidelity, and home range of bluegills in a shallow, natural Great Plains lake. A total of 78 bluegills (200-273 mm total length) were implanted with radio transmitters in March and May 2000. Of these fish, 10 males and 10 females were randomly selected and located every 2 h during one 24-h period each month from April to September 2000. Bluegill movement peaked during midsummer: however, there was little difference in diel movements, suggesting relatively consistent movement throughout the 24-h period. Home range estimates (which included the 24-h tracking plus an additional six locations from the same fish located once per day for six consecutive days each month) ranged up to 172 ha, probably because only about half of the bluegills exhibited site fidelity during any month sampled. Bluegill movement did not appear to be strongly linked with water temperature, barometric pressure, or wind speed. These results suggest that bluegills move considerable distances and that many roam throughout this 332-ha shallow lake. However, diel patterns were not evident. Sampling bluegills in Great Plains lakes using passive gears (e.g., trap nets) may be most effective during the summer months, when fish are most active. Active sampling (e.g., electrofishing) may be more effective than the use of passive gears in spring and fall, when bluegills are less active.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M03-004","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Paukert, C., Willis, D., and Bouchard, M., 2004, Movement, home range, and site fidelity of bluegills in a Great Plains Lake: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 1, p. 154-161, https://doi.org/10.1577/M03-004.","startPage":"154","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209273,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M03-004"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f31e4b0c8380cd70e19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paukert, C.P.","contributorId":10151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willis, D.W.","contributorId":56179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bouchard, M.A. 0000-0002-6353-3491","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6353-3491","contributorId":13023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouchard","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027098,"text":"70027098 - 2004 - Use of medium-range numerical weather prediction model output to produce forecasts of streamflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-22T15:27:56.250143","indexId":"70027098","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of medium-range numerical weather prediction model output to produce forecasts of streamflow","docAbstract":"<p>This paper examines an archive containing over 40 years of 8-day atmospheric forecasts over the contiguous United States from the NCEP reanalysis project to assess the possibilities for using medium-range numerical weather prediction model output for predictions of streamflow. This analysis shows the biases in the NCEP forecasts to be quite extreme. In many regions, systematic precipitation biases exceed 100% of the mean, with temperature biases exceeding <span>3°C</span>. In some locations, biases are even higher. The accuracy of NCEP precipitation and 2-m maximum temperature forecasts is computed by interpolating the NCEP model output for each forecast day to the location of each station in the NWS cooperative network and computing the correlation with station observations. Results show that the accuracy of the NCEP forecasts is rather low in many areas of the country. Most apparent is the generally low skill in precipitation forecasts (particularly in July) and low skill in temperature forecasts in the western United States, the eastern seaboard, and the southern tier of states. These results outline a clear need for additional processing of the NCEP Medium-Range Forecast Model (MRF) output before it is used for hydrologic predictions. Techniques of model output statistics (MOS) are used in this paper to downscale the NCEP forecasts to station locations. Forecasted atmospheric variables (e.g., total column precipitable water, 2-m air temperature) are used as predictors in a forward screening multiple linear regression model to improve forecasts of precipitation and temperature for stations in the National Weather Service cooperative network. This procedure effectively removes all systematic biases in the raw NCEP precipitation and temperature forecasts. MOS guidance also results in substantial improvements in the accuracy of maximum and minimum temperature forecasts throughout the country. For precipitation, forecast improvements were less impressive. MOS guidance increases he accuracy of precipitation forecasts over the northeastern United States, but overall, the accuracy of MOS-based precipitation forecasts is slightly lower than the raw NCEP forecasts. Four basins in the United States were chosen as case studies to evaluate the value of MRF output for predictions of streamflow. Streamflow forecasts using MRF output were generated for one rainfall-dominated basin (Alapaha River at Statenville, Georgia) and three snowmelt-dominated basins (Animas River at Durango, Colorado: East Fork of the Carson River near Gardnerville, Nevada: and Cle Elum River near Roslyn, Washington). Hydrologic model output forced with measured-station data were used as \"truth\" to focus attention on the hydrologic effects of errors in the MRF forecasts. Eight-day streamflow forecasts produced using the MOS-corrected MRF output as input (MOS) were compared with those produced using the climatic Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) technique. MOS-based streamflow forecasts showed increased skill in the snowmelt-dominated river basins, where daily variations in streamflow are strongly forced by temperature. In contrast, the skill of MOS forecasts in the rainfall-dominated basin (the Alapaha River) were equivalent to the skill of the ESP forecasts. Further improvements in streamflow forecasts require more accurate local-scale forecasts of precipitation and temperature, more accurate specification of basin initial conditions, and more accurate model simulations of streamflow.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"AMS Publications","doi":"10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0015:UOMNWP>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Clark, M., and Hay, L., 2004, Use of medium-range numerical weather prediction model output to produce forecasts of streamflow: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 5, no. 1, p. 15-32, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0015:UOMNWP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478157,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0015:uomnwp>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index 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       [\n                -106.1429,\n                31.39995\n              ],\n              [\n                -106.50759,\n                31.75452\n              ],\n              [\n                -108.24,\n                31.75485\n              ],\n              [\n                -108.24194,\n                31.34222\n              ],\n              [\n                -109.035,\n                31.34194\n              ],\n              [\n                -111.02361,\n                31.33472\n              ],\n              [\n                -113.30498,\n                32.03914\n              ],\n              [\n                -114.815,\n                32.52528\n              ],\n              [\n                -114.72139,\n                32.72083\n              ],\n              [\n                -115.99135,\n                32.61239\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.12776,\n                32.53534\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.29594,\n                33.04622\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.944,\n                33.62124\n              ],\n              [\n                -118.4106,\n                33.74091\n              ],\n              [\n                -118.51989,\n                34.02778\n              ],\n              [\n                -119.081,\n                34.078\n              ],\n              [\n                -119.43884,\n                34.34848\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.36778,\n                34.44711\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.62286,\n                34.60855\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.74433,\n                35.15686\n              ],\n              [\n                -121.71457,\n                36.16153\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.54747,\n                37.55176\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.51201,\n                37.78339\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.95319,\n                38.11371\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.7272,\n                38.95166\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.86517,\n                39.76699\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.39807,\n                40.3132\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.17886,\n                41.14202\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.2137,\n                41.99964\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.53284,\n                42.76599\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.14214,\n                43.70838\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.02053,\n                44.6159\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.89893,\n                45.52341\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.07963,\n                46.86475\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.39567,\n                47.72017\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.68721,\n                48.18443\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.5661,\n                48.37971\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.12,\n                48.04\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.58736,\n                47.096\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.34,\n                47.36\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.5,\n                48.18\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.84,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -120,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.03121,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -116.04818,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -113,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -110.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -107.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -104.04826,\n                48.99986\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.65,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.22872,\n                49.0007\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15907,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15609,\n                49.38425\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.81758,\n                49.38905\n              ]\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      },\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"name\": \"United States\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf3de4b08c986b329a3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, M.P.","contributorId":49558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027074,"text":"70027074 - 2004 - Systematic variation in the depths of slabs beneath arc volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70027074","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Systematic variation in the depths of slabs beneath arc volcanoes","docAbstract":"The depths to the tops of the zones of intermediate-depth seismicity beneath arc volcanoes are determined using the hypocentral locations of Engdahl et al. These depths are constant, to within a few kilometres, within individual arc segments, but differ by tens of kilometres from one arc segment to another. The range in depths is from 65 km to 130 km, inconsistent with the common belief that the volcanoes directly overlie the places where the slabs reach a critical depth that is roughly constant for all arcs. The depth to the top of the intermediate-depth seismicity beneath volcanoes correlates neither with age of the descending ocean floor nor with the thermal parameter of the slab. This depth does, however, exhibit an inverse correlation with the descent speed of the subducting plate, which is the controlling factor both for the thermal structure of the wedge of mantle above the slab and for the temperature at the top of the slab. We interpret this result as indicating that the location of arc volcanoes is controlled by a process that depends critically upon the temperature at the top of the slab, or in the wedge of mantle, immediately below the volcanic arc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02132.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"England, P., Engdahl, R., and Thatcher, W., 2004, Systematic variation in the depths of slabs beneath arc volcanoes: Geophysical Journal International, v. 156, no. 2, p. 377-408, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02132.x.","startPage":"377","endPage":"408","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478093,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2003.02132.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209123,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02132.x"},{"id":235330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"156","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba370e4b08c986b31fcd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"England, P.","contributorId":42005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"England","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engdahl, R.","contributorId":28014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027038,"text":"70027038 - 2004 - Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with 15N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:29:46","indexId":"70027038","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with <sup>15</sup>N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction","title":"Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with 15N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction","docAbstract":"<p><span>Denitrification was measured within a nitrate‐contaminated aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, using natural gradient tracer tests with&nbsp;</span><sup>15</sup><span>N nitrate. The aquifer contained zones of relatively high concentrations of nitrite (up to 77 μM) and nitrous oxide (up to 143 μM) and has been the site of previous studies examining ground water denitrification using the acetylene block technique. Small‐scale (15–24 m travel distance) tracer tests were conducted by injecting<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>15</sup><span>N nitrate and bromide as tracers into a depth interval that contained nitrate, nitrite, nitrous oxide, and excess nitrogen gas. The timing of the bromide breakthrough curves at down‐gradient wells matched peaks in<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>15</sup><span>N abundance above background for nitrate, nitrite, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen gas after more than 40 days of travel. Results were simulated with a one‐dimensional transport model using linked reaction kinetics for the individual steps of the denitrification reaction pathway. It was necessary to include within the model spatial variations in background concentrations of all nitrogen oxide species. The model indicated that nitrite production (0.036–0.047 μmol N (L aquifer)</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>d</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) was faster than the subsequent denitrification steps (0.013–0.016 μmol N (L aquifer)</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>d</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>for nitrous oxide and 0.013–0.020 μmol N (L aquifer)</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>d</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>for nitrogen gas) and that the total rate of reaction was slower than indicated by both acetylene block tracer tests and laboratory incubations. The rate of nitrate removal by denitrification was much slower than the rate of transport, indicating that nitrate would migrate several kilometers down‐gradient before being completely consumed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003WR002919","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., Bohlke, J., Garabedian, S.P., Revesz, K.M., and Yoshinari, T., 2004, Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with 15N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction: Water Resources Research, v. 40, no. 7, p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002919.","productDescription":"W07101; 17 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478218,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002919","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235291,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edd0e4b0c8380cd49a12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Revesz, Kinga M. krevesz@usgs.gov","contributorId":506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","email":"krevesz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":412095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yoshinari, Tadashi","contributorId":44335,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yoshinari","given":"Tadashi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026998,"text":"70026998 - 2004 - Pedogenic silica accumulation in chronosequence soils, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T17:09:59.524864","indexId":"70026998","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pedogenic silica accumulation in chronosequence soils, southern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Chronosequential analysis of soil properties has proven to be a valuable approach for estimating ages of geomorphic surfaces where no independent age control exists. In this study we examined pedogenic silica as an indicator of relative ages of soils and geomorphic surfaces, and assessed potential sources of the silica. Pedogenic opaline silica was quantified by tiron (4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene-disulfonic acid [disodium salt], C</span><sub>6</sub><span>H</span><sub>4</sub><span>Na</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>8</sub><span>S</span><sub>2</sub><span>) extraction for pedons in two different chronosequences in southern California, one in the San Timoteo Badlands and one in Cajon Pass. The soils of both of these chronosequences are developed in arkosic sediments and span 11.5 to 500 ka. The amount of pedogenic silica increases with increasing duration of pedogenesis, and the depth of the maximum silica accumulation generally coincides with the maximum expression of the argillic horizon. Pedogenic silica has accumulated in all of the soils, ranging from 1.2% tiron-extractable Si (Si</span><sub>tn</sub><span>) in the youngest soil to 4.6% in the oldest. Primary Si decreases with increasing duration of weathering, particularly in the upper horizons, where weathering conditions are most intense. The loss of Si coincides with the loss of Na and K, implicating the weathering of feldspars as the likely source of Si loss. The quantity of Si lost in the upper horizons is adequate to account for the pedogenic silica accumulation in the subsoil. Pedogenic silica was equally effective as pedogenic Fe oxides as an indicator of relative soil age in these soils.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj2004.1295","usgsCitation":"Kendrick, K., and Graham, R., 2004, Pedogenic silica accumulation in chronosequence soils, southern California: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 68, no. 4, p. 1295-1303, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.1295.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1295","endPage":"1303","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Timoteo Badlands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.24609374999999,\n              33.94905609818093\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.06756591796875,\n              33.94905609818093\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.06756591796875,\n              34.0219331594475\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.24609374999999,\n              34.0219331594475\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.24609374999999,\n              33.94905609818093\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a762de4b0c8380cd77f84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendrick, K.J. 0000-0002-9839-6861","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9839-6861","contributorId":48595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendrick","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graham, R.C.","contributorId":33740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026990,"text":"70026990 - 2004 - Evaluation of cage micro-environment of mice housed on various types of bedding materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026990","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1332,"text":"Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of cage micro-environment of mice housed on various types of bedding materials","docAbstract":"A variety of environmental factors can affect the outcomes of studies using laboratory rodents. One such factor is bedding. Several new bedding materials and processing methods have been introduced to the market in recent years, but there are few reports of their performance. In the studies reported here, we have assessed the cage micro-environment (in-cage ammonia levels, temperature, and humidity) of mice housed on various kinds of bedding and their combinations. We also compared results for bedding supplied as Nestpaks versus loose bedding. We studied C57BL/6J mice (commonly used) and NOD/LtJ mice (heavy soilers) that were maintained, except in one study, in static duplex cages. In general, we observed little effect of bedding type on in-cage temperature or humidity; however, there was considerable variation in ammonia concentrations. The lowest ammonia concentrations occurred in cages housing mice on hardwood bedding or a mixture of corncob and alpha cellulose. In one experiment comparing the micro-environments of NOD/LtJ male mice housed on woodpulp fiber bedding in static versus ventilated caging, we showed a statistically significant decrease in ammonia concentrations in ventilated cages. Therefore, our data show that bedding type affects the micro-environment in static cages and that effects may differ for ventilated cages, which are being used in vivaria with increasing frequency.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10600558","usgsCitation":"Smith, E., Stockwell, J., Schweitzer, I., Langley, S., and Smith, A.L., 2004, Evaluation of cage micro-environment of mice housed on various types of bedding materials: Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science, v. 43, no. 4, p. 12-17.","startPage":"12","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c62e4b0c8380cd52b0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, E.","contributorId":75267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stockwell, J.D.","contributorId":19678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockwell","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweitzer, I.","contributorId":85382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Langley, S.H.","contributorId":33105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langley","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, A. L.","contributorId":15336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026941,"text":"70026941 - 2004 - A Holocene pollen record of persistent droughts from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026941","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Holocene pollen record of persistent droughts from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"Pollen and algae microfossils preserved in sediments from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, provide evidence for periods of persistent drought during the Holocene age. We analyzed one hundred nineteen 1-cm-thick samples for pollen and algae from a set of cores that span the past 7630 years. The early middle Holocene, 7600 to 6300 cal yr B.P., was found to be the driest period, although it included one short but intense wet phase. We suggest that Lake Tahoe was below its rim for most of this period, greatly reducing the volume and depth of Pyramid Lake. Middle Holocene aridity eased between 5000 and 3500 cal yr B.P. and climate became variable with distinct wet and dry phases. Lake Tahoe probably spilled intermittently during this time. No core was recovered that represented the period between 3500 and 2600 cal yr B.P. The past 2500 years appear to have had recurrent persistent droughts. The timing and magnitude of droughts identified in the pollen record compares favorably with previously published ??18O data from Pyramid Lake. The timing of these droughts also agrees with the ages of submerged rooted stumps in the Eastern Sierra Nevada and woodrat midden data from central Nevada. Prolonged drought episodes appear to correspond with the timing of ice drift minima (solar maxima) identified from North Atlantic marine sediments, suggesting that changes in solar irradiance may be a possible mechanism influencing century-scale drought in the western Great Basin. ?? 2004 University of Washington. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2004.04.002","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Mensing, S., Benson, L.V., Kashgarian, M., and Lund, S., 2004, A Holocene pollen record of persistent droughts from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 62, no. 1, p. 29-38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.04.002.","startPage":"29","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209217,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.04.002"},{"id":235472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2e4e4b0c8380cd45cef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mensing, S.A.","contributorId":17024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mensing","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kashgarian, Michaele","contributorId":68473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kashgarian","given":"Michaele","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lund, S.","contributorId":84933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026939,"text":"70026939 - 2004 - A combined basalt and peridotite perspective on 14 million years of melt generation at the Atlantis Bank segment of the Southwest Indian Ridge: Evidence for temporal changes in mantle dynamics?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026939","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A combined basalt and peridotite perspective on 14 million years of melt generation at the Atlantis Bank segment of the Southwest Indian Ridge: Evidence for temporal changes in mantle dynamics?","docAbstract":"Little is known about temporal variations in melt generation and extraction at midocean ridges largely due to the paucity of sampling along flow lines. Here we present new whole-rock major and trace element data, and mineral and glass major element data, for 71 basaltic samples (lavas and dykes) and 23 peridotites from the same ridge segment (the Atlantis Bank segment of the Southwest Indian Ridge). These samples span an age range of almost 14 My and, in combination with the large amount of published data from this area, allow temporal variations in melting processes to be investigated. Basalts show systematic changes in incompatible trace element ratios with the older samples (from ???8-14 Ma) having more depleted incompatible trace element ratios than the younger ones. There is, however, no corresponding change in peridotite compositions. Peridotites come from the top of the melting column, where the extent of melting is highest, suggesting that the maximum degree of melting did not change over this interval of time. New and published Nd isotopic ratios of basalts, dykes and gabbros from this segment suggest that the average source composition has been approximately constant over this time interval. These data are most readily explained by a model in which the average source composition and temperature have not changed over the last 14 My, but the dynamics of mantle flow (active-to-passive) or melt extraction (less-to-more efficient extraction from the 'wings' of the melting column) has changed significantly. This hypothesised change in mantle dynamics occurs at roughly the same time as a change from a period of detachment faulting to 'normal' crustal accretion. We speculate that active mantle flow may impart sufficient shear stress on the base of the lithosphere to rotate the regional stress field and promote the formation of low angle normal faults. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.01.016","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Coogan, L., Thompson, G., MacLeod, C.J., Dick, H., Edwards, S., Hosford, S.A., and Barry, T., 2004, A combined basalt and peridotite perspective on 14 million years of melt generation at the Atlantis Bank segment of the Southwest Indian Ridge: Evidence for temporal changes in mantle dynamics?: Chemical Geology, v. 207, no. 1-2, p. 13-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.01.016.","startPage":"13","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209191,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.01.016"},{"id":235435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"207","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e34ae4b0c8380cd45f44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coogan, L.A.","contributorId":27652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coogan","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, G.M.","contributorId":57246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacLeod, C. J.","contributorId":50333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacLeod","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dick, H.J.B.","contributorId":7012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dick","given":"H.J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Edwards, S.J.","contributorId":72753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hosford, Scheirer A.","contributorId":62810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hosford","given":"Scheirer","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Barry, T.L.","contributorId":27646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barry","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70023,"text":"ofr20041442 - 2004 - Summary of studies supporting cumulative effects analysis of upper Yellowstone River channel modifications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T18:54:33","indexId":"ofr20041442","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1442","title":"Summary of studies supporting cumulative effects analysis of upper Yellowstone River channel modifications","docAbstract":"<p>During the last several decades, portions of the upper Yellowstone River have been modified for flood control and erosion prevention. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for administration of a permit program for evaluating construction activities affecting rivers, streams, and wetlands. The Corps regulates activities under the authority of Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Since assumption of jurisdiction in the mid-1970&rsquo;s, the Corps has processed a total of 156 permit actions for the upper Yellowstone River. Over two-thirds of the permit actions occurred during or after two consecutive large floods during 1996 and 1997. In response to concern regarding the potential environmental and ecological consequences of channel modification, the Corps, in conjunction with State and local government agencies, initiated a series of scientific studies to better understand the effects of channel modification in the upper Yellowstone River (Figure 1). These included preparation of wetland and riparian inventory maps (Bon, 2001); hydraulic modeling and flood-plain delineation; watershed land-cover assessment (Pick and Potter, 2003); historic bottomland use analysis (Brelsford and others, 2003); analysis of channel modification effects on fish habitat (Bowen and others, 2003); comparison of juvenile salmonid use of modified and unmodified habitats (Zale and Rider, 2003); analysis of riparian vegetation and flood-plain turnover (Merigliano and Polzin, 2003); study of the relations between riparian habitat and bird communities (Hansen and others, 2003); analyses of geomorphology and historical channel changes (Dalby and Robinson, 2003); socioeconomic assessment (BBC Research and Consulting, 2002); and sediment transport investigations and modeling (Holnbeck, 2003).</p>\n<p>This report is a summary of results from the individual scientific studies as they bear on future programmatic cumulative effects analyses of channel modification of the upper Yellowstone River. We do not attempt a formal, cumulative impact assessment in the sense of evaluating alternatives or future scenarios. The first section presents major findings of the resource studies in terms of temporal comparisons, spatial comparisons, and causal relations. In this section, we present a series of conceptual models or flow diagrams of the major causal pathways of cumulative impacts from channel modification. These represent major pathways of potential impact based on knowledge from other rivers, concerns expressed about the upper Yellowstone, and results from the scientific studies. These diagrams serve to focus interpretation of study results as either supporting or not supporting the importance and magnitude of particular causal relations and to identify key linking variables appearing in multiple causal pathways. These key variables that connect channel&nbsp;modification actions to multiple, valued environmental attributes can serve as the foundation for both projecting and monitoring future responses of the system.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>A section on analytical realities outlines some of the limitations of projecting cumulative impacts from channel modification of the upper Yellowstone River on meaningful spatial and temporal scales and some of the difficulties of interpreting results from studies conducted shortly after two extreme floods and substantial increases in channel modification. A section on classification describes the two primary geomorphic classification systems of the upper Yellowstone River used in the various individual resource studies. Each of these systems has been valuable in supporting field sampling and expressing results concerning patterns of variation. Their integration or revision into a classification system to achieve some new purpose, such as a regulatory program or monitoring system, will depend on a crisp articulation of riverine management or regulatory objectives. A section on key variables identifies those that are central to the causal pathways connecting channel modification to impacts and provides a rationale for key variables as an alternative to other tools such as Proper Functioning Condition (Barrett and others, 1993), Index of Biotic Integrity (Karr, 1981), or the Synoptic Approach (Liebowitz and others, 1992). This section also explains relations among key variable to Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) assessment procedures (Hauer and Smith, 1998; Hauer and others, 2001) and outlines how these 2 variables might be monitored to track cumulative impacts. Examples of how selected key variables can be quantified using Geographic Information System data sets developed from the resource studies are presented for one reach.</p>\n<p>The largest portion of the document is an Appendix that summarizes each of the individual scientific studies in terms of scope and methods, findings, principal variables, and metrics used in the study or suggested by the study results, and important needs for further study.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041442","usgsCitation":"Auble, G.T., Bowen, Z.H., Bovee, K.D., Farmer, A.H., Sexton, N.R., and Waddle, T.J., 2004, Summary of studies supporting cumulative effects analysis of upper Yellowstone River channel modifications (Revised and reprinted 2004): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1442, v, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041442.","productDescription":"v, 60 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041442.PNG"},{"id":320290,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1442/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.91934204101562,\n              45.00462215014995\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.91934204101562,\n              45.740693395533064\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.22308349609375,\n              45.740693395533064\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.22308349609375,\n              45.00462215014995\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.91934204101562,\n              45.00462215014995\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Revised and reprinted 2004","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699528","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowen, Zachary H. 0000-0002-8656-1831 bowenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-1831","contributorId":821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Zachary","email":"bowenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":100447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farmer, Adrian H.","contributorId":107759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sexton, Natalie R.","contributorId":82750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sexton","given":"Natalie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Waddle, Terry J.","contributorId":43430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
]}