Recruitment patterns in clonal plant populations are predicted to vary with seed dispersal capability and disturbance regime, such that species with small, widely dispersed seeds will become increasingly dominated by vegetative recruitment on disturbed areas following early colonization. Subsequent mortality due to competitive or stochastic effects is then predicted to cause a gradual decline in both clonal diversity and the ability of surviving clones to avoid geitonogamous mating and possible inbreeding depression. We tested predictions of these hypotheses by comparing four adjacent populations of the salt marsh plant, Spartina alterniflora, ranging in age from 2 to ∼50 yr, by measuring fine‐scale genetic structure at the level of both ramets and genets, and the rate of inbreeding. For this purpose, we sampled maternal tissue and seeds from discrete patches in the field and then genotyped both maternal and seedling tissue (germinated in a growth chamber) using standard molecular protocols. As predicted, we observed an increase in clonal diversity (measured as the complement of the Simpson Index corrected for finite sample sizes, 1 − D) up to a maximum of 0.71 within 3‐m2 patches at 16 yr, declining to 0.55 by ∼50 yr. Local recruitment of seedlings was evident as genetic structure occurring at the level of patches, as measured by the fixation index, θ, which was inversely correlated with diversity (R2 > 0.90 at all patch scales). Outcrossing rates were positively associated with clonal diversity, with the highest level (89%) at an intermediate level of 1 − D. The greatest selfing (32%) occurred in young (2‐yr‐old) patches with low diversity. Biparental inbreeding was minimal in all populations, never exceeding 1%. Inbreeding depression was inferred to be severe, as evidenced by near‐zero adult inbreeding coefficients. These results suggest a possible fitness trade‐off between clonal growth and the opportunity for outcrossing. We recommend that restoration plantings of clonal species with limited sexual recruitment capabilities should be designed to ensure adequate clonal diversity for the avoidance of inbreeding and the ability to adapt to subsequent environmental disturbances.
","largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","language":"English","doi":"10.1890/03-5135","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Travis, S., Proffitt, C., and Ritland, K., 2004, Population structure and inbreeding vary with successional stage in created Spartina alterniflora marshes: Ecological Applications, v. 14, no. 4, p. 1189-1202, https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5135.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1189","endPage":"1202","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Sabine National Wildlife Refuge ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.79989624023438,\n 29.835878945929952\n ],\n [\n -93.31512451171875,\n 29.835878945929952\n ],\n [\n -93.31512451171875,\n 29.966832283731062\n ],\n [\n -93.79989624023438,\n 29.966832283731062\n ],\n [\n -93.79989624023438,\n 29.835878945929952\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d98e4b0c8380cd7a047","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Travis, S.E. 0000-0001-9338-8953","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-8953","contributorId":28718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Travis","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Proffitt, C.E. 0000-0002-0845-8441","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0845-8441","contributorId":47339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Proffitt","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritland, K.","contributorId":36719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritland","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026242,"text":"70026242 - 2004 - Potential exposure of larval and juvenile delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T09:15:02","indexId":"70026242","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":718,"text":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential exposure of larval and juvenile delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California","docAbstract":"The San Francisco Estuary is critical habitat for delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, a fish whose abundance has declined greatly since 1983 and is now listed as threatened. In addition, the estuary receives drainage from the Central Valley, an urban and agricultural region with intense and diverse pesticide usage. One possible factor of the delta smelt population decline is pesticide toxicity during vulnerable larval and juvenile stages, but pesticide concentrations are not well characterized in delta smelt spawning and nursery habitat. The objective of this study was to estimate the potential exposure of delta smelt during their early life stages to dissolved pesticides. For 3 years (1998-2000), water samples from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta were collected during April-June in coordination with the California Department of Fish and Game's delta smelt early life stage monitoring program. Samples were analyzed for pesticides using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Water samples contained multiple pesticides, ranging from 2 to 14 pesticides in each sample. In both 1999 and 2000, elevated concentrations of pesticides overlapped in time and space with peak densities of larval and juvenile delta smelt. In contrast, high spring outflows in 1998 transported delta smelt away from the pesticide sampling sites so that exposure could not be estimated. During 2 years, larval and juvenile delta smelt were potentially exposed to a complex mixture of pesticides for a minimum of 2-3 weeks. Although the measured concentrations were well below short-term (96-h) LC50 values for individual pesticides, the combination of multiple pesticides and lengthy exposure duration could potentially have lethal or sublethal effects on delta smelt, especially during early larval development.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08922284","usgsCitation":"Kuivila, K., and Moon, G., 2004, Potential exposure of larval and juvenile delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California: American Fisheries Society Symposium, no. 39, p. 229-241.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"241","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"39","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7efae4b0c8380cd7a85b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuivila, K.M.","contributorId":34529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moon, G.E.","contributorId":43143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moon","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026768,"text":"70026768 - 2004 - A visual basic program to generate sediment grain-size statistics and to extrapolate particle distributions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T15:14:56","indexId":"70026768","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A visual basic program to generate sediment grain-size statistics and to extrapolate particle distributions","docAbstract":"Measures that describe and summarize sediment grain-size distributions are important to geologists because of the large amount of information contained in textural data sets. Statistical methods are usually employed to simplify the necessary comparisons among samples and quantify the observed differences. The two statistical methods most commonly used by sedimentologists to describe particle distributions are mathematical moments (Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938) and inclusive graphics (Folk, 1974). The choice of which of these statistical measures to use is typically governed by the amount of data available (Royse, 1970). If the entire distribution is known, the method of moments may be used; if the next to last accumulated percent is greater than 95, inclusive graphics statistics can be generated. Unfortunately, earlier programs designed to describe sediment grain-size distributions statistically do not run in a Windows environment, do not allow extrapolation of the distribution's tails, or do not generate both moment and graphic statistics (Kane and Hubert, 1963; Collias et al., 1963; Schlee and Webster, 1967; Poppe et al., 2000)1.
Owing to analytical limitations, electro-resistance multichannel particle-size analyzers, such as Coulter Counters, commonly truncate the tails of the fine-fraction part of grain-size distributions. These devices do not detect fine clay in the 0.6–0.1 μm range (part of the 11-phi and all of the 12-phi and 13-phi fractions). Although size analyses performed down to 0.6 μm microns are adequate for most freshwater and near shore marine sediments, samples from many deeper water marine environments (e.g. rise and abyssal plain) may contain significant material in the fine clay fraction, and these analyses benefit from extrapolation.
The program (GSSTAT) described herein generates statistics to characterize sediment grain-size distributions and can extrapolate the fine-grained end of the particle distribution. It is written in Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 and provides a window to facilitate program execution. The input for the sediment fractions is weight percentages in whole-phi notation (Krumbein, 1934; Inman, 1952), and the program permits the user to select output in either method of moments or inclusive graphics statistics (Fig. 1). Users select options primarily with mouse-click events, or through interactive dialogue boxes.
No abstract available.
The Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake in central Alaska of 3 November 2002 triggered earthquakes across western North America at epicentral distances of up to at least 3660 km. We describe the spatial and temporal development of triggered activity in California and the Pacific Northwest, focusing on Mount Rainier, the Geysers geothermal field, the Long Valley caldera, and the Coso geothermal field.
The onset of triggered seismicity at each of these areas began during the Love and Raleigh waves of the Mw 7.9 wave train, which had dominant periods of 15 to 40 sec, indicating that earthquakes were triggered locally by dynamic stress changes due to low-frequency surface wave arrivals. Swarms during the wave train continued for ∼4 min (Mount Rainier) to ∼40 min (the Geysers) after the surface wave arrivals and were characterized by spasmodic bursts of small (M ≤ 2.5) earthquakes. Dynamic stresses within the surface wave train at the time of the first triggered earthquakes ranged from 0.01 MPa (Coso) to 0.09 MPa (Mount Rainier). In addition to the swarms that began during the surface wave arrivals, Long Valley caldera and Mount Rainier experienced unusually large seismic swarms hours to days after the Denali fault earthquake. These swarms seem to represent a delayed response to the Denali fault earthquake. The occurrence of spatially and temporally distinct swarms of triggered seismicity at the same site suggests that earthquakes may be triggered by more than one physical process.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040610","usgsCitation":"Prejean, S., Hill, D., Brodsky, E.E., Hough, S., Johnston, M., Malone, S.D., Oppenheimer, D.H., Pitt, A., and Richards-Dinger, K.B., 2004, Remotely triggered seismicity on the United States west coast following the Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. S348-S359, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040610.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"S348","endPage":"S359","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -140.2734375,\n 59.489726035537075\n ],\n [\n -138.076171875,\n 58.49369382056807\n ],\n [\n -136.0546875,\n 57.231502991478926\n ],\n [\n -133.2421875,\n 54.57206165565852\n ],\n [\n -133.681640625,\n 53.74871079689897\n ],\n [\n -132.71484375,\n 52.5897007687178\n ],\n [\n -131.30859375,\n 51.72702815704774\n ],\n [\n -130.4296875,\n 51.890053935216926\n ],\n [\n -129.638671875,\n 52.429222277955134\n ],\n [\n -128.671875,\n 51.34433866059924\n ],\n [\n -129.19921875,\n 51.01375465718821\n ],\n [\n -127.529296875,\n 49.55372551347579\n ],\n [\n -125.24414062499999,\n 47.931066347509784\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 46.13417004624326\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n -124.892578125,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -123.57421875,\n 36.24427318493909\n ],\n [\n -121.46484375,\n 34.52466147177172\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n -118.564453125,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -116.98242187499999,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n -111.005859375,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 31.87755764334002\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 69.28725695167886\n ],\n [\n -118.740234375,\n 69.56522590149099\n ],\n [\n -122.34374999999999,\n 70.02058730174062\n ],\n [\n -127.44140625,\n 70.81581215931348\n ],\n [\n -129.55078125,\n 70.4367988185464\n ],\n [\n -132.36328125,\n 70.08056215839737\n ],\n [\n -134.6484375,\n 69.90011762668541\n ],\n [\n -137.98828125,\n 69.90011762668541\n ],\n [\n -140.44921875,\n 70.08056215839737\n ],\n [\n -142.3828125,\n 70.37785394109224\n ],\n [\n -147.12890625,\n 70.58341752317065\n ],\n [\n -150.29296875,\n 71.18775391813158\n ],\n [\n -154.423828125,\n 71.46912418989677\n ],\n [\n -156.88476562499997,\n 71.35706654962706\n ],\n [\n -159.43359375,\n 71.10254274232307\n ],\n [\n -161.015625,\n 70.75796562654924\n ],\n [\n -162.24609375,\n 70.55417853776078\n ],\n [\n -162.94921875,\n 70.08056215839737\n ],\n [\n -164.35546875,\n 69.38031271734351\n ],\n [\n -166.46484375,\n 69.00567519658819\n ],\n [\n -167.51953124999997,\n 68.52823492039876\n ],\n [\n -164.1796875,\n 66.99884379185184\n ],\n [\n -168.662109375,\n 65.87472467098549\n ],\n [\n -167.6953125,\n 65.03506043658815\n ],\n [\n -166.376953125,\n 62.79493487887006\n ],\n [\n -168.22265625,\n 60.06484046010452\n ],\n [\n -163.388671875,\n 59.0405546167585\n ],\n [\n -159.609375,\n 58.401711667608\n ],\n [\n -157.85156249999997,\n 58.26328705248601\n ],\n [\n -159.169921875,\n 57.136239319177434\n ],\n [\n -165.849609375,\n 54.77534585936447\n ],\n [\n -172.35351562499997,\n 52.908902047770255\n ],\n [\n -177.18749999999997,\n 52.429222277955134\n ],\n [\n -183.427734375,\n 52.53627304145948\n ],\n [\n -183.1640625,\n 51.39920565355378\n ],\n [\n -172.79296875,\n 51.508742458803326\n ],\n [\n -164.1796875,\n 53.12040528310657\n ],\n [\n -156.357421875,\n 55.52863052257191\n ],\n [\n -153.017578125,\n 56.607885465009254\n ],\n [\n -150.99609375,\n 58.90464570302001\n ],\n [\n -146.162109375,\n 59.88893689676585\n ],\n [\n -140.2734375,\n 59.489726035537075\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"6B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa71fe4b0c8380cd85230","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prejean, S. 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E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Malone, S. D.","contributorId":48310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malone","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Oppenheimer, D. H.","contributorId":18395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oppenheimer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pitt, A.D.","contributorId":41440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Richards-Dinger, K. B.","contributorId":92465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards-Dinger","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70026141,"text":"70026141 - 2004 - Development of a consortium for water security and safety: Planning for an early warning system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026141","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of a consortium for water security and safety: Planning for an early warning system","docAbstract":"The events of September 11, 2001 have raised concerns over the safety and security of the Nation's critical infrastructure including water and waste water systems. In June 2002, the U.S. EPA's Region II Office (New York City), in response to concerns over water security, in collaboration with Rutgers University agreed to establish a Regional Drinking Water Security and Safety Consortium (RDWSSC). Members of the consortium include: Rutgers University's Center for Information Management, Integration and Connectivity (CIMIC), American Water (AW), the Passaic Valley Water Commission (PVWC), the North Jersey District Water Supply Commission (NJDWSC), the N.J. Department of Environmental Protection, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencies, Region II Office. In December of 2002 the consortium members signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to pursue activities to enhance regional water security. Development of an early warning system for source and distributed water was identified as being of primary importance by the consortium. In this context, an early warning system (EWS) is an integrated system of monitoring stations located at strategic points in a water utilities source waters or in its distribution system, designed to warn against contaminants that might threaten the health and welfare of drinking water consumers. This paper will discuss the consortium's progress in achieving these important objectives.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmetal Resources Management","conferenceTitle":"2004 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmental Resources Management","conferenceDate":"27 June 2004 through 1 July 2004","conferenceLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","language":"English","isbn":"0784407371","usgsCitation":"Clark, R., Adam, N., Atluri, V., Halem, M., and Vowinkel, E., 2004, Development of a consortium for water security and safety: Planning for an early warning system, in Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmetal Resources Management, Salt Lake City, UT, 27 June 2004 through 1 July 2004, p. 2168-2177.","startPage":"2168","endPage":"2177","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0036e4b0c8380cd4f641","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sehlke G.Hayes D.F.Stevens D.K.","contributorId":128420,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Sehlke G.Hayes D.F.Stevens D.K.","id":536578,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Clark, R.M.","contributorId":77338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adam, N.R.","contributorId":52373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atluri, V.","contributorId":87730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atluri","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Halem, M.","contributorId":65264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halem","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vowinkel, E. 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The advantages of a multi-sensor approach for the analysis of urban ecosystem processes are discussed.","largerWorkTitle":"A Collection of Technical Papers - AIAA Space 2004 Conference and Exposition","conferenceTitle":"A Collection of Technical Papers - AIAA Space 2004 Conference and Exposition","conferenceDate":"28 September 2004 through 30 September 2004","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA","language":"English","isbn":"1563477203","usgsCitation":"Gallo, K.P., and Ji, L., 2004, Multi-sensor analysis of urban ecosystems, in A Collection of Technical Papers - AIAA Space 2004 Conference and Exposition, v. 1, San Diego, CA, 28 September 2004 through 30 September 2004, p. 424-429.","startPage":"424","endPage":"429","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5fc6e4b0c8380cd7111a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gallo, Kevin P. kgallo@usgs.gov","contributorId":4200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallo","given":"Kevin","email":"kgallo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ji, Lei 0000-0002-6133-1036 lji@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6133-1036","contributorId":2832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"Lei","email":"lji@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":408095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026730,"text":"70026730 - 2004 - Visible/near-infrared spectrogoniometric observations and modeling of dust-coated rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70026730","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Visible/near-infrared spectrogoniometric observations and modeling of dust-coated rocks","docAbstract":"Interpretations of visible/near-infrared reflectance spectra of Mars are often complicated by the effects of dust coatings that obscure the underlying materials of interest. The ability to separate the spectral reflectance signatures of coatings and substrates requires an understanding of how their individual and combined reflectance properties vary with phase angle. Toward this end, laboratory multispectral observations of rocks coated with different amounts of Mars analog dust were acquired under variable illumination and viewing geometries using the Bloomsburg University Goniometer (BUG). These bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) data were fit with a two-layer radiative transfer model, which replicated BUG observations of dust-coated basaltic andesite substrates relatively well. Derived single scattering albedo and phase function parameters for the dust were useful in testing the model's ability to derive the spectrum of a \"blind\" substrate (unknown to the modeler) coated with dust. Subsequent tests were run using subsets of the BUG data restricted by goniometric or coating thickness coverage. Using the entire data set provided the best constraints on model parameters, although some reductions in goniometric coverage could be tolerated without substantial degradation. Predictably, the most thinly coated samples provided the best information on the substrate, whereas the thickest coatings best replicated the dust. Dust zenith optical thickness values ???0.6-0.8 best constrain the substrate and coating simultaneously, particularly for large ranges of incidence or emission angles. The lack of sufficient angles can be offset by having a greater number and range of coatings thicknesses. Given few angles and thicknesses, few constraints can be placed concurrently on the spectral properties of the coating and substrate. ?? 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2004.05.013","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.R., Grundy, W., and Shepard, M., 2004, Visible/near-infrared spectrogoniometric observations and modeling of dust-coated rocks: Icarus, v. 171, no. 2, p. 546-556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.05.013.","startPage":"546","endPage":"556","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208607,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.05.013"},{"id":234458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"171","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc28ce4b08c986b32abf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grundy, W.M.","contributorId":12659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grundy","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shepard, M.K.","contributorId":23725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shepard","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027141,"text":"70027141 - 2004 - Miocene extension and extensional folding in an anticlinal segment of the Black Mountains accommodation zone, Colorado River extensional corridor, southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70027141","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Miocene extension and extensional folding in an anticlinal segment of the Black Mountains accommodation zone, Colorado River extensional corridor, southwestern United States","docAbstract":"Recent studies demonstrate that rifts are characterized by linked tilt domains, each containing a consistent polarity of normal faults and stratal tilt directions, and that the transition between domains is typically through formation of accommodation zones and generally not through production of throughgoing transfer faults. The mid-Miocene Black Mountains accommodation zone of southern Nevada and western Arizona is a well-exposed example of an accommodation zone linking two regionally extensive and opposing tilt domains. In the southeastern part of this zone near Kingman, Arizona, east dipping normal faults of the Whipple tilt domain and west dipping normal faults of the Lake Mead domain coalesce across a relatively narrow region characterized by a series of linked, extensional folds. The geometry of these folds in this strike-parallel portion of the accommodation zone is dictated by the geometry of the interdigitating normal faults of opposed polarity. Synclines formed where normal faults of opposite polarity face away from each other whereas anticlines formed where the opposed normal faults face each other. Opposed normal faults with small overlaps produced short folds with axial trends at significant angles to regional strike directions, whereas large fault overlaps produce elongate folds parallel to faults. Analysis of faults shows that the folds are purely extensional and result from east/northeast stretching and fault-related tilting. The structural geometry of this portion of the accommodation zone mirrors that of the Black Mountains accommodation zone more regionally, with both transverse and strike-parallel antithetic segments. Normal faults of both tilt domains lose displacement and terminate within the accommodation zone northwest of Kingman, Arizona. However, isotopic dating of growth sequences and crosscutting relationships show that the initiation of the two fault systems in this area was not entirely synchronous and that west dipping faults of the Lake Mead domain began to form between 1 m.y. to 0.2 m.y. prior to east dipping faults of the Whipple domain. The accommodation zone formed above an active and evolving magmatic center that, prior to rifting, produced intermediate-composition volcanic rocks and that, during rifting, produced voluminous rhyolite and basalt magmas. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2002TC001454","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Varga, R.J., Faulds, J.E., Snee, L., Harlan, S.S., and Bettison-Varga, L., 2004, Miocene extension and extensional folding in an anticlinal segment of the Black Mountains accommodation zone, Colorado River extensional corridor, southwestern United States: Tectonics, v. 23, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002TC001454.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209125,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002TC001454"},{"id":235335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-02-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b34e4b0c8380cd6f3da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varga, R. J.","contributorId":50977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varga","given":"R.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faulds, J. E.","contributorId":84854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulds","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harlan, S. S.","contributorId":11651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlan","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bettison-Varga, L.","contributorId":30013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettison-Varga","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026145,"text":"70026145 - 2004 - Using counts to simultaneously estimate abundance and detection probabilities in a salamander community","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026145","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1892,"text":"Herpetologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using counts to simultaneously estimate abundance and detection probabilities in a salamander community","docAbstract":"A critical variable in both ecological and conservation field studies is determining how many individuals of a species are present within a defined sampling area. Labor intensive techniques such as capture-mark-recapture and removal sampling may provide estimates of abundance, but there are many logistical constraints to their widespread application. Many studies on terrestrial and aquatic salamanders use counts as an index of abundance, assuming that detection remains constant while sampling. If this constancy is violated, determination of detection probabilities is critical to the accurate estimation of abundance. Recently, a model was developed that provides a statistical approach that allows abundance and detection to be estimated simultaneously from spatially and temporally replicated counts. We adapted this model to estimate these parameters for salamanders sampled over a six vear period in area-constrained plots in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Estimates of salamander abundance varied among years, but annual changes in abundance did not vary uniformly among species. Except for one species, abundance estimates were not correlated with site covariates (elevation/soil and water pH, conductivity, air and water temperature). The uncertainty in the estimates was so large as to make correlations ineffectual in predicting which covariates might influence abundance. Detection probabilities also varied among species and sometimes among years for the six species examined. We found such a high degree of variation in our counts and in estimates of detection among species, sites, and years as to cast doubt upon the appropriateness of using count data to monitor population trends using a small number of area-constrained survey plots. Still, the model provided reasonable estimates of abundance that could make it useful in estimating population size from count surveys.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00180831","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C., and Dorazio, R., 2004, Using counts to simultaneously estimate abundance and detection probabilities in a salamander community: Herpetologica, v. 60, no. 4, p. 468-478.","startPage":"468","endPage":"478","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc042e4b08c986b32a007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorazio, R.M. 0000-0003-2663-0468","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":23475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026727,"text":"70026727 - 2004 - Has the conversion of natural wetlands to agricultural land increased the incidence and severity of damaging freezes in south Florida?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:58:53","indexId":"70026727","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2786,"text":"Monthly Weather Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Has the conversion of natural wetlands to agricultural land increased the incidence and severity of damaging freezes in south Florida?","docAbstract":"On several occasions, winter freezes have wrought severe destruction on Florida agriculture. A series of devastating freezes around the turn of the twentieth century, and again during the 1980s, were related to anomalies in the large-scale flow of the ocean–atmosphere system. During the twentieth century, substantial areas of wetlands in south Florida were drained and converted to agricultural land for winter fresh vegetable and sugarcane production. During this time, much of the citrus industry also was relocated to those areas to escape the risk of freeze farther to the north. The purpose of this paper is to present a modeling study designed to investigate whether the conversion of the wetlands to agriculture itself could have resulted in or exacerbated the severity of recent freezes in those agricultural areas of south Florida.
For three recent freeze events, a pair of simulations was undertaken with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. One member of each pair employed land surface properties that represent pre-1900s (near natural) land cover, whereas the other member of each pair employed data that represent near-current land-use patterns as derived from analysis of Landsat data valid for 1992/93. These two different land cover datasets capture well the conversion of wetlands to agriculture in south Florida during the twentieth century. Use of current land surface properties resulted in colder simulated minimum temperatures and temperatures that remained below freezing for a longer period at locations of key agricultural production centers in south Florida that were once natural wetlands. Examination of time series of the surface energy budget from one of the cases reveals that when natural land cover is used, a persistent moisture flux from the underlying wetlands during the nighttime hours served to prevent the development of below-freezing temperatures at those same locations. When the model results were subjected to an important sensitivity factor, the depth of standing water in the wetlands, the outcome remained consistent. These results provide another example of the potential for humans to perturb the climate system in ways that can have severe socioeconomic consequences by altering the land surface alone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2243:HTCONW>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00270644","usgsCitation":"Marshall, C.H., Pielke, R., and Steyaert, L.T., 2004, Has the conversion of natural wetlands to agricultural land increased the incidence and severity of damaging freezes in south Florida?: Monthly Weather Review, v. 132, no. 9, p. 2243-2258, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2243:HTCONW>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2243","endPage":"2258","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478195,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2243:htconw>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208589,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2243:HTCONW>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"132","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f82e4b0c8380cd5ce48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, C. H.","contributorId":31050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, R.A. Sr.","contributorId":96224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steyaert, L. T.","contributorId":71303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyaert","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026725,"text":"70026725 - 2004 - Basaltic rocks analyzed by the Spirit rover in Gusev crater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T15:25:14","indexId":"70026725","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basaltic rocks analyzed by the Spirit rover in Gusev crater","docAbstract":"The Spirit landing site in Gusev Crater on Mars contains dark, fine-grained, vesicular rocks interpreted as lavas. Pancam and Mini–Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) spectra suggest that all of these rocks are similar but have variable coatings and dust mantles. Magnified images of brushed and abraded rock surfaces show alteration rinds and veins. Rock interiors contain ≤25% megacrysts. Chemical analyses of rocks by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer are consistent with picritic basalts, containing normative olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase, and accessory FeTi oxides. Mössbauer, Pancam, and Mini-TES spectra confirm the presence of olivine, magnetite, and probably pyroxene. These basalts extend the known range of rock compositions composing the martian crust.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","doi":"10.1126/science.1099851","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"McSween, H., Arvidson, R., Bell, J., Blaney, D., Cabrol, N., Christensen, P.R., Clark, B.C., Crisp, J., Crumpler, L., Des Marias, D., Farmer, J., Gellert, R., Ghosh, A., Gorevan, S., Graff, T., Grant, J., Haskin, L., Herkenhoff, K.E., Johnson, J.R., Jolliff, B., Klingelhoefer, G., Knudson, A., McLennan, S., Milam, K., Moersch, J., Morris, R., Rieder, R., Ruff, S.W., De Souza, P., Squyres, S.W., Wanke, H., Wang, A., Wyatt, M., Yen, A., and Zipfel, J., 2004, Basaltic rocks analyzed by the Spirit rover in Gusev crater: Science, v. 305, no. 5685, p. 842-845, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1099851.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"842","endPage":"845","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234391,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gusev crater; Mars","volume":"305","issue":"5685","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efc3e4b0c8380cd4a439","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McSween, H.Y.","contributorId":64370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSween","given":"H.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arvidson, R. E.","contributorId":46666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvidson","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bell, J.F. III","contributorId":97612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.F.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blaney, D.","contributorId":72513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blaney","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cabrol, N.A.","contributorId":65208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cabrol","given":"N.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Christensen, P. 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W.","contributorId":63136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruff","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"De Souza, P.A. Jr.","contributorId":74927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Souza","given":"P.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Squyres, S. 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Fasting caused swimming performance to decline more rapidly for small fish than large fish, and warmer water temperatures and sustained swimming activity further decreased swimming performance. Exhaustive exercise increased mortality among fasted fish. Our observations suggest that juvenile rainbow trout with little or no food intake during winter can swim for long periods of time with little effect on mortality, but swimming to exhaustion can enhance mortality, especially among the smallest juveniles.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Online","doi":"10.1080/02705060.2004.9664748","usgsCitation":"Simpkins, D., Hubert, W., Rio, D., and Rule, D., 2004, Factors affecting swimming performance of fasted rainbow trout with implications of exhaustive exercise on overwinter mortality: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 19, no. 4, p. 657-666, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2004.9664748.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"657","endPage":"666","costCenters":[{"id":683,"text":"Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ea9e4b0c8380cd5356f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpkins, D.G.","contributorId":80027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpkins","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rio, Del","contributorId":7477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rio","given":"Del","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rule, D.C.","contributorId":9826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rule","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027133,"text":"70027133 - 2004 - Evidence That GABA Mediates Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Pathways Associated with Locomotor Activity in Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027133","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":983,"text":"Behavioral Neuroscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence That GABA Mediates Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Pathways Associated with Locomotor Activity in Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","docAbstract":"The authors examined the control of locomotor activity in juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by manipulating 3 neurotransmitter systems-gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA), dopamine, and serotonin-as well as the neuropeptide corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of CRH and the GABAAagonist muscimol stimulated locomotor activity. The effect of muscimol was attenuated by administration of a dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol. Conversely, the administration of a dopamine uptake inhibitor (4???,4??? -difluoro-3-alpha-[diphenylmethoxy] tropane hydrochloride [DUI]) potentiated the effect of muscimol. They found no evidence that CRH-induced hyperactivity is mediated by dopaminergic systems following concurrent injections of haloperidol or DUI with CRH. Administration of muscimol either had no effect or attenuated the locomotor response to concurrent injections of CRH and fluoxetine, whereas the GABAA antagonist bicuculline methiodide potentiated the effect of CRH and fluoxetine.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Behavioral Neuroscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1037/0735-7044.118.1.191","issn":"07357044","usgsCitation":"Clements, S., and Schreck, C., 2004, Evidence That GABA Mediates Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Pathways Associated with Locomotor Activity in Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): Behavioral Neuroscience, v. 118, no. 1, p. 191-198, https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.118.1.191.","startPage":"191","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209025,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.118.1.191"}],"volume":"118","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d25e4b0c8380cd52e34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clements, S.","contributorId":73794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clements","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schreck, C.B.","contributorId":11977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027132,"text":"70027132 - 2004 - Stratovolcano stability assessment methods and results from Citlaltepetl, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-06T09:59:13","indexId":"70027132","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratovolcano stability assessment methods and results from Citlaltepetl, Mexico","docAbstract":"Citlaltépetl volcano is the easternmost stratovolcano in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Situated within 110 km of Veracruz, it has experienced two major collapse events and, subsequent to its last collapse, rebuilt a massive, symmetrical summit cone. To enhance hazard mitigation efforts we assess the stability of Citlaltépetl's summit cone, the area thought most likely to fail during a potential massive collapse event. Through geologic mapping, alteration mineralogy, geotechnical studies, and stability modeling we provide important constraints on the likelihood, location, and size of a potential collapse event. The volcano's summit cone is young, highly fractured, and hydrothermally altered. Fractures are most abundant within 5–20-m wide zones defined by multiple parallel to subparallel fractures. Alteration is most pervasive within the fracture systems and includes acid sulfate, advanced argillic, argillic, and silicification ranks. Fractured and altered rocks both have significantly reduced rock strengths, representing likely bounding surfaces for future collapse events. The fracture systems and altered rock masses occur non-uniformly, as an orthogonal set with N–S and E–W trends. Because these surfaces occur non-uniformly, hazards associated with collapse are unevenly distributed about the volcano. Depending on uncertainties in bounding surfaces, but constrained by detailed field studies, potential failure volumes are estimated to range between 0.04–0.5 km3. Stability modeling was used to assess potential edifice failure events. Modeled failure of the outer portion of the cone initially occurs as an \"intact block\" bounded by steeply dipping joints and outwardly dipping flow contacts. As collapse progresses, more of the inner cone fails and the outer \"intact\" block transforms into a collection of smaller blocks. Eventually, a steep face develops in the uppermost and central portion of the cone. This modeled failure morphology mimics collapse amphitheaters
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-003-0296-8","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Zimbelman, D.R., Watters, R., Firth, I., Breit, G.N., and Carrasco-Nunez, G., 2004, Stratovolcano stability assessment methods and results from Citlaltepetl, Mexico: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, no. 1, p. 66-79, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-003-0296-8.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"79","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209004,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-003-0296-8"}],"volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9a59e4b08c986b31c8bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimbelman, D. R.","contributorId":43768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watters, R.J.","contributorId":40778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watters","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Firth, I.R.","contributorId":97684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Firth","given":"I.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Breit, G. N.","contributorId":94664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breit","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carrasco-Nunez, Gerardo","contributorId":44714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrasco-Nunez","given":"Gerardo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027131,"text":"70027131 - 2004 - Trends in availability of aggregate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027131","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in availability of aggregate","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00265187","usgsCitation":"Robinsons, G., 2004, Trends in availability of aggregate: Mining Engineering, v. 56, no. 2, p. 17-24.","startPage":"17","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7e1e4b08c986b327543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinsons, G.R. Jr.","contributorId":102253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinsons","given":"G.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026146,"text":"70026146 - 2004 - Effects of phase-feeding dietary phosphorus on survival, growth, and processing characteristics of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026146","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of phase-feeding dietary phosphorus on survival, growth, and processing characteristics of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss","docAbstract":"A factorial experiment involving eight diets and three feeding periods was conducted to determine the minimal level of dietary phosphorus required to maintain survival, growth, and processing characteristics of post-juvenile rainbow trout. Trout were reared to an average size of 200, 300, or 400 g using a commercial feed (1.20% P), then allotted by triplicate groups of nine fish to one of seven experimental diets containing logarithmic increments of dietary phosphorus (0.15%%, 0.21%, 0.30%, 0.42%, 0.60%, 0.85%, and 1.20% P) or a commercial trout feed (1.20% P). At an average weight of 550 g, fish were transported to a commercial processing plant, mechanically filleted, and evaluated for quality. Fish survival and weight gain increased quadratically with increased dietary phosphorus for fish started on treatment at 200 and 300 g, but were similar among all fish started at 400 g. Phosphorus retention decreased with increasing dietary phosphorus level, from approximately 88% in groups fed diets containing 0.21% phosphorus to between 23% and 32% in groups fed diets containing 0.85% phosphorus. Calculated phosphorus losses increased as dietary phosphorus levels increased, from a low of approximately 0.4 g phosphorus kg-1 fish weight gain to between 9.5 and 13 g phosphorus kg-1 fish weight gain at the highest dietary phosphorus level. Dietary phosphorus did not affect carcass moisture, protein, lipid, or ash, but carcass phosphorus increased with increased dietary phosphorus among fish started on treatment at 200 and 300 g. There were no differences among any treatment group in carcass dressing or finishing percentage, or visual or textural appeal. The results indicate that available phosphorus levels can be reduced in rainbow trout diets to 0.60% at 200 g, to 0.30% at 300 g, or to 0.15% at 400 g live weight without loss in production or product quality in fish harvested at 550 g. Using these phase-feeding strategies would reduce the amount of phosphorus fed to the fish over the production cycle by 25%, and the amount lost to the environment by 12.5% for fish starting at 300 or 400 g. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquaculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.09.016","issn":"00448486","usgsCitation":"Lellis, W., Barrows, F., and Hardy, R., 2004, Effects of phase-feeding dietary phosphorus on survival, growth, and processing characteristics of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: Aquaculture, v. 242, no. 1-4, p. 607-616, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.09.016.","startPage":"607","endPage":"616","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208713,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.09.016"},{"id":234663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"242","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0780e4b0c8380cd51716","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lellis, W.A.","contributorId":67441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lellis","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barrows, F.T.","contributorId":94998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrows","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hardy, R.W.","contributorId":106286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027127,"text":"70027127 - 2004 - The occurrence of lysogenic bacteria and microbial aggregates in the lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T17:23:42.231251","indexId":"70027127","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2729,"text":"Microbial Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The occurrence of lysogenic bacteria and microbial aggregates in the lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica","docAbstract":"The McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica form the coldest and driest ecosystem on Earth. Within this region there are a number of perennially ice-covered (3–6 m thick) lakes that support active microbial assemblages and have a paucity of metazoans. These lakes receive limited allochthonous input of carbon and nutrients, and primary productivity is limited to only 6 months per year owing to an absence of sunlight during the austral winters. In an effort to establish the role that bacteria and their associated viruses play in carbon and nutrient cycling in these lakes, indigenous bacteria, free bacteriophage, and lysogen abundances were determined. Total bacterial abundances (TDC) ranged from 3.80 × 104 to 2.58 × 107 cells mL−1 and virus-like particle (VLP) abundances ranged from 2.26 × 105 to 5.56 × 107 VLP mL−1. VLP abundances were significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with TDC, bacterial productivity (TdR), chlorophyll a (Chl a), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). Lysogenic bacteria, determined by induction with mitomycin C, made up between 2.0% and 62.5% of the total population of bacteria when using significant decreases and increases in TDC and VLP abundances, respectively, and 89.5% when using increases in VLP abundances as the sole criterion for a successful induction event. The contribution of viruses released from induced lysogens contributed <0.015% to the total viral production rate. Carbohydrate and protein based organic aggregates were abundant within the water column of the lakes and were heavily colonized by bacteria and VLPs. Alkaline phosphatase activity was detected within the matrix of the aggregates, implying phosphorus deficiency and consortial nutrient exchanges among microorganisms.
","language":"English","publisher":"SpringerLink","doi":"10.1007/s00248-003-1007-x","usgsCitation":"Lisle, J., and Priscu, J., 2004, The occurrence of lysogenic bacteria and microbial aggregates in the lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: Microbial Ecology, v. 47, no. 4, p. 427-439, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-003-1007-x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"427","endPage":"439","costCenters":[{"id":280,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center-St. Petersburg / Center for Coastal & Watershed Studies","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 158.203125,\n -78.97138592818217\n ],\n [\n 186.328125,\n -78.97138592818217\n ],\n [\n 186.328125,\n -73.72659470212253\n ],\n [\n 158.203125,\n -73.72659470212253\n ],\n [\n 158.203125,\n -78.97138592818217\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae43e4b08c986b323f94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lisle, J.T. 0000-0002-5447-2092","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5447-2092","contributorId":16965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisle","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Priscu, J.C.","contributorId":66396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Priscu","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001061,"text":"1001061 - 2004 - Factors affecting the evolution of coastal wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes: An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T12:47:59","indexId":"1001061","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors affecting the evolution of coastal wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes: An overview","docAbstract":"Coastal wetlands play a pivotal role in the Great Lakes ecosystem. As buffer zones between the land and open waters of the Great Lakes, they perform a variety of essential functions providing both direct and indirect anthropogenic benefits. Geology, morphology and climate are the dominant variables that influence Laurentian Great Lakes wetland development. However, anthropogenic factors are the major contributors to alteration of natural wetland processes. This paper provides an overview of natural and anthropogenic factors important in Great Lakes coastal wetland development and provides statistical information describing the Great Lakes Basin. A brief description of wetlands classification and research issues is also presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/14634980490461506","usgsCitation":"Mayer, T., Edsall, T., and Munawar, M., 2004, Factors affecting the evolution of coastal wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes: An overview: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 7, no. 2, p. 171-178, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980490461506.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"178","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f87ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mayer, T.","contributorId":29353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edsall, T.","contributorId":8792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Munawar, M.","contributorId":79835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munawar","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026321,"text":"70026321 - 2004 - Methods for determining manning's coefficients for Illinois streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026321","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Methods for determining manning's coefficients for Illinois streams","docAbstract":"Determination of Manning's coefficient, n, for natural streams remains a challenge in practices. One source for determining the n-values that has received practitioners' attention is presenting the n-values determined from field data (measured discharge and water-surface slope) in combination of photographs and site descriptions (ancillary information). Further improvements in the visual approach can be made in presenting site characteristics and describing site ancillary information. In this manner, users can use the presented information for sites of interest with similar features. This approach in a current project on the subject for Illinois streams is discussed.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmetal Resources Management","conferenceTitle":"2004 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmental Resources Management","conferenceDate":"27 June 2004 through 1 July 2004","conferenceLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","language":"English","isbn":"0784407371","usgsCitation":"Soong, D., Halfar, T., Jupin, M., and Wobig, L., 2004, Methods for determining manning's coefficients for Illinois streams, in Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmetal Resources Management, Salt Lake City, UT, 27 June 2004 through 1 July 2004, p. 1354-1363.","startPage":"1354","endPage":"1363","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a55afe4b0c8380cd6d26c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sehlke G.Hayes D.F.Stevens D.K.","contributorId":128420,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Sehlke G.Hayes D.F.Stevens D.K.","id":536593,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Soong, D.T.","contributorId":85430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soong","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halfar, T.M.","contributorId":9729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halfar","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jupin, M.A.","contributorId":54479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jupin","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wobig, L.A.","contributorId":56939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wobig","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026322,"text":"70026322 - 2004 - Groundwater mining of bedrock aquifers in the Denver Basin - Past, present, and future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026322","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater mining of bedrock aquifers in the Denver Basin - Past, present, and future","docAbstract":"The Denver Basin bedrock aquifer system is an important source of water for municipal and agricultural uses in the Denver and Colorado Springs metropolitan areas. The Denver area is one of the fastest growing areas in the United States with a population of 1.2 million in 1960 that has increased to over 2.4 million by 2000. This rapid population growth has produced a corresponding increase in demand for potable water. Historically, the Denver area has relied on surface water, however, in the past 10 years new housing and recreation developments have begun to rely on groundwater from the bedrock aquifers as the surface water is fully appropriated and in short supply. The Denver Basin bedrock aquifer system consists of Tertiary and Cretaceous age sedimentary rocks known as the Dawson, Denver, Arapahoe and Laramie-Fox Hills Aquifers. The number of bedrock wells has increased from 12,000 in 1985 to 33,700 in 2001 and the withdrawal of groundwater has caused water level declines of 76 m. Water level declines for the past 10 years have ranged from 3 to 12 m per year. The groundwater supplies were once thought to last 100 years but there is concern that the groundwater supplies may be essentially depleted in 10 to 15 years in areas on the west side of the basin. Extensive development of the aquifer system has occurred in the last 25 years especially near the center of the basin in Douglas and El Paso Counties where rapid urban growth continues and surface water is lacking. Groundwater is being mined from the aquifer system because the discharge by wells exceeds the rate of recharge. Concern is mounting that increased groundwater withdrawal will cause water level declines, increased costs to withdraw groundwater, reduced well yield, and reduced groundwater storage. As the long-term sustainability of the groundwater resource is in doubt, water managers believe that the life of the Denver Basin aquifers can be extended with artificial recharge, water reuse, restrictions on lawn watering, well permit restrictions and conservation measures.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00254-004-1127-8","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., Raynolds, R., and Barkmann, P., 2004, Groundwater mining of bedrock aquifers in the Denver Basin - Past, present, and future: Environmental Geology, v. 47, no. 1, p. 63-68, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1127-8.","startPage":"63","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208391,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1127-8"},{"id":234119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2da9e4b0c8380cd5bf91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.E.","contributorId":34927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raynolds, R.G.","contributorId":39006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raynolds","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barkmann, P.E.","contributorId":14613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barkmann","given":"P.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026323,"text":"70026323 - 2004 - Modeling a three-dimensional river plume over continental shelf using a 3D unstructured grid model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026323","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modeling a three-dimensional river plume over continental shelf using a 3D unstructured grid model","docAbstract":"River derived fresh water discharging into an adjacent continental shelf forms a trapped river plume that propagates in a narrow region along the coast. These river plumes are real and they have been observed in the field. Many previous investigations have reported some aspects of the river plume properties, which are sensitive to stratification, Coriolis acceleration, winds (upwelling or downwelling), coastal currents, and river discharge. Numerical modeling of the dynamics of river plumes is very challenging, because the complete problem involves a wide range of vertical and horizontal scales. Proper simulations of river plume dynamics cannot be achieved without a realistic representation of the flow and salinity structure near the river mouth that controls the initial formation and propagation of the plume in the coastal ocean. In this study, an unstructured grid model was used for simulations of river plume dynamics allowing fine grid resolution in the river and in regions near the coast with a coarse grid in the far field of the river plume in the coastal ocean, in the vertical, fine fixed levels were used near the free surface, and coarse vertical levels were used over the continental shelf. The simulations have demonstrated the uniquely important role played by Coriolis acceleration. Without Coriolis acceleration, no trapped river plume can be formed no matter how favorable the ambient conditions might be. The simulation results show properties of the river plume and the characteristics of flow and salinity within the estuary; they are completely consistent with the physics of estuaries and coastal oceans.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling","conferenceTitle":"Estuarine and Coastal Modeling - Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference","conferenceDate":"3 November 2003 through 5 November 2003","conferenceLocation":"Monterey, CA","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., and Casulli, V., 2004, Modeling a three-dimensional river plume over continental shelf using a 3D unstructured grid model, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling, Monterey, CA, 3 November 2003 through 5 November 2003, p. 1027-1043.","startPage":"1027","endPage":"1043","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bcee4b0c8380cd6f7fc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spaulding M.L.","contributorId":128313,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Spaulding M.L.","id":536594,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casulli, V.","contributorId":65994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casulli","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026155,"text":"70026155 - 2004 - Observations of deep long-period (DLP) seismic events beneath Aleutian arc volcanoes; 1989-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T14:38:04","indexId":"70026155","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of deep long-period (DLP) seismic events beneath Aleutian arc volcanoes; 1989-2002","docAbstract":"Between October 12, 1989 and December 31, 2002, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) located 162 deep long-period (DLP) events beneath 11 volcanic centers in the Aleutian arc. These events generally occur at mid- to lower-crustal depths (10-45 km) and are characterized by emergent phases, extended codas, and a strong spectral peak between 1.0 and 3.0 Hz. Observed wave velocities and particle motions indicate that the dominant phases are P- and S-waves. DLP epicenters often extend over broad areas (5-20 km) surrounding the active volcanoes. The average reduced displacement of Aleutian DLPs is 26.5 cm2 and the largest event has a reduced displacement of 589 cm2 (or ML2.5). Aleutian DLP events occur both as solitary events and as sequences of events with several occurring over a period of 1-30 min. Within the sequences, individual DLPs are often separated by lower-amplitude volcanic tremor with a similar spectral character. Occasionally, volcano-tectonic earthquakes that locate at similar depths are contained within the DLP sequences.
At most, Aleutian volcanoes DLPs appear to loosely surround the main volcanic vent and occur as part of background seismicity. A likely explanation is that they reflect a relatively steady-state process of magma ascent over broad areas in the lower and middle portions of the crust. At Mount Spurr, DLP seismicity was initiated by the 1992 eruptions and then slowly declined until 1997. At Shishaldin Volcano, a short-lived increase in DLP seismicity occurred about 10 months prior to the April 19, 1999 eruption. These observations suggest a link between eruptive activity and magma flux in the mid- to lower-crust and uppermost mantle.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.07.005","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Power, J., Stihler, S., White, R., and Moran, S., 2004, Observations of deep long-period (DLP) seismic events beneath Aleutian arc volcanoes; 1989-2002: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 138, no. 3-4, p. 243-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.07.005.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"266","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Arc","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -189.931640625,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -149.94140625,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -149.94140625,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -189.931640625,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -189.931640625,\n 48.69096039092549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"138","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a8ee4b0c8380cd7422f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Power, J.A.","contributorId":20765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stihler, S.D.","contributorId":42616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stihler","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, R.A.","contributorId":21953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moran, S.C. 0000-0001-7308-9649","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-9649","contributorId":78896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}