The continental scaup population (Lesser [Aythya affinis] and Greater [A. marila] combined) has declined markedly since 1978. One hypothesis for the population decline states that reproductive success has decreased because female scaup are arriving on breeding areas in poorer body condition than they did historically (i.e. spring condition hypothesis). We tested one aspect of that hypothesis by comparing body mass and nutrient reserves (lipid, protein, and mineral) of Lesser Scaup at four locations (Louisiana, Illinois, Minnesota, and Manitoba) between the 1980s and 2000s. We found that mean body mass and lipid and mineral reserves of females were 80.0, 52.5, and 3.0 g higher, respectively, in the 2000s than in the 1980s in Louisiana; similarly, body mass and lipid and mineral reserves of males were 108.8, 72.5, and 2.5 g higher, respectively. In Illinois, mean body mass and lipid reserves of females were 88.6 and 56.5 g higher, respectively, in the 2000s than in the 1980s; similarly, body mass and lipid and mineral reserves of males were 80.6, 76.0, and 2.7 g higher, respectively. Mean body mass of females were 58.5 and 58.9 g lower in the 2000s than in the 1980s in Minnesota and Manitoba, respectively; mean body mass of males, similarly, were 40.7 g lower in Minnesota. Mean lipid reserves of females in the 2000s were 28.8 and 27.8 g lower than those in the 1980s in Minnesota and Manitoba, respectively. Mean mineral reserves of females in the 2000s were 3.2 g lower than those in the 1980s in Manitoba. Consequently, females arriving to breed in Manitoba in the 2000s had accumulated lipid reserves for 4.1 fewer eggs and mineral reserves for 0.8 fewer eggs than those arriving to breed there in the 1980s. Accordingly, our results are consistent with the spring condition hypothesis and suggest that female body condition has declined, as reflected by decreases in body mass, lipids, and mineral reserves that could cause reductions in reproductive success and ultimately a population decline.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0917:NROLSA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Anteau, M., and Afton, A., 2004, Nutrient reserves of Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) during spring migration in the Mississippi Flyway: A test of the spring condition hypothesis: The Auk, v. 121, no. 3, p. 917-929, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0917:NROLSA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"917","endPage":"929","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478091,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0917:nrolsa]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6994e4b0c8380cd73dd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anteau, M.J.","contributorId":12807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anteau","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Afton, A. D.","contributorId":83467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afton","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1016284,"text":"1016284 - 2004 - Postfire management in forested public lands of the western USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T16:06:14","indexId":"1016284","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Postfire management in forested public lands of the western USA","docAbstract":"Forest ecosystems in the western United States evolved over many millennia in response to disturbances such as wildfires. Land use and management practices have altered these ecosystems, however, including fire regimes in some areas. Forest ecosystems are especially vulnerable to postfire management practices because such practices may influence forest dynamics and aquatic systems for decades to centuries. Thus, there is an increasing need to evaluate the effect of postfire treatments from the perspective of ecosystem recovery. We examined, via the published literature and our collective experience, the ecological effects of some common postfire treatments. Based on this examination, promising postfire restoration measures include retention of large trees, rehabilitation of firelines and roads, and, in some cases, planting of native species. The following practices are generally inconsistent with efforts to restore ecosystem functions after fire: seeding exotic species, livestock grazing, placement of physical structures in and near stream channels, ground-based postfire logging, removal of large trees, and road construction. Practices that adversely affect soil integrity, persistence or recovery of native species, riparian functions, or water quality generally impede ecological recovery after fire. Although research provides a basis for evaluating the efficacy of postfire treatments, there is a continuing need to increase our understanding of the effects of such treatments within the context of societal and ecological goals for forested public lands of the western United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00495.x","usgsCitation":"Beschta, R.L., Rhodes, J., Kauffman, J., Gresswell, R., Minshall, G., Frissell, C., Perry, D., and Hauer, R., 2004, Postfire management in forested public lands of the western USA: Conservation Biology, v. 18, no. 4, p. 957-967, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00495.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"957","endPage":"967","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -127.44140625,\n 27.644606381943326\n ],\n [\n -98.349609375,\n 27.644606381943326\n ],\n [\n -98.349609375,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -127.44140625,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -127.44140625,\n 27.644606381943326\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683a21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beschta, R. L.","contributorId":67472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beschta","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhodes, J.J.","contributorId":58994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauffman, J.B.","contributorId":103637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gresswell, Robert E.","contributorId":13194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gresswell","given":"Robert E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Minshall, G.W.","contributorId":16381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minshall","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Frissell, C.A.","contributorId":72349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frissell","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Perry, D.A.","contributorId":91454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hauer, R.","contributorId":42932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70026822,"text":"70026822 - 2004 - Global geologic context for rock types and surface alteration on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026822","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global geologic context for rock types and surface alteration on Mars","docAbstract":"Petrologic interpretations of thermal emission spectra from Mars orbiting spacecraft indicate the widespread occurrence of surfaces having basaltic and either andesitic or partly altered basalt compositions. Global concentration of ice-rich mantle deposits and near-surface ice at middle to high latitudes and their spatial correlation with andesitic or partly altered basalt materials favor the alteration hypothesis. We propose the formation of these units through limited chemical weathering from basalt interactions with icy mantles deposited during periods of high obliquity. Alteration of sediments in the northern lowlands depocenter may have been enhanced by temporary standing bodies of water and ice. ?? 2004 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G20527.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Wyatt, M., McSween, H., Tanaka, K.L., and Head, J.W., 2004, Global geologic context for rock types and surface alteration on Mars: Geology, v. 32, no. 8, p. 648-654, https://doi.org/10.1130/G20527.1.","startPage":"648","endPage":"654","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209085,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G20527.1"},{"id":235277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2947e4b0c8380cd5a806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wyatt, M.B.","contributorId":33893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyatt","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McSween, H.Y. Jr.","contributorId":12243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSween","given":"H.Y.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Head, J. W. III","contributorId":106267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026985,"text":"70026985 - 2004 - Revisiting the 23 February 1892 Laguna Salada earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026985","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Revisiting the 23 February 1892 Laguna Salada earthquake","docAbstract":"According to some compilations, the Laguna Salada, Baja California, earthquake of 23 February 1892 ranks among the largest earthquakes in California and Baja California in historic times. Although surface rupture was not documented at the time of the earthquake, recent geologic investigations have identified and mapped a rupture on the Laguna Salada fault that can be associated with high probability with the 1892 event (Mueller and Rockwell, 1995). The only intensity-based magnitude estimate for the earthquake, M 7.8, was made by Strand (1980) based on an interpretation of macroseismic effects and a comparison of isoseismal areas with those from instrumentally recorded earthquakes. In this study we reinterpret original accounts of the Laguna Salada earthquake. We assign modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) values in keeping with current practice, focusing on objective descriptions of damage rather than subjective human response and not assigning MMI values to effects that are now known to be poor indicators of shaking level, such as liquefaction and rockfalls. The reinterpreted isoseismal contours and the estimated magnitude are both significantly smaller than those obtained earlier. Using the method of Bakun and Wentworth (1997) we obtain a magnitude estimate of M 7.2 and an optimal epicenter less than 15 km from the center of the mapped Laguna Salada rupture. The isoseismal contours are elongated toward the northwest, which is qualitatively consistent with a directivity effect, assuming that the fault ruptured from southeast to northwest. We suggest that the elongation may also thus reflect wave propagation effects, with more efficient propagation of crustal surface (Lg) waves in the direction of the overall regional tectonic fabric.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/012003244","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., and Elliot, A., 2004, Revisiting the 23 February 1892 Laguna Salada earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 4, p. 1571-1578, https://doi.org/10.1785/012003244.","startPage":"1571","endPage":"1578","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478241,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1235799","text":"External Repository"},{"id":209264,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/012003244"},{"id":235547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad2be4b0c8380cd86e48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliot, A.","contributorId":38339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliot","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026668,"text":"70026668 - 2004 - Physical and geotechnical properties and assessment of sediment stability on the continental slope and basin of the Bransfield Basin (Antarctica Peninsula)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026668","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2669,"text":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical and geotechnical properties and assessment of sediment stability on the continental slope and basin of the Bransfield Basin (Antarctica Peninsula)","docAbstract":"Our investigation is centred on the continental slope of the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent basin. Type of sediments, sedimentary stratigraphy, and physical and geotechnical characterization of the sediments have been integrated. Four different types of sediments have been defined: diamictons, silty and muddy turbidites, muddy, silty and muddy matrix embedded clast contourites. There is a close correspondence between the physical properties (density, magnetic susceptibility and p-wave velocity) and the texture and/or fabric as laminations and stratification. From a quantitative point of view, only a few statistical correlations between textural and physical properties have been found. Within the geotechnical properties, only water content is most influenced by texture. This slope, with a maximum gradient observed (20??), is stable, according to the stability under gravitational loading concepts, and the maximum stable slope that would range from 22?? to 29??. Nevertheless, different instability features have been observed. Volcanic activity, bottom currents, glacial loading-unloading or earthquakes can be considered as potential mechanisms to induce instability in this area. Copyright ?? Taylor & Francis Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/10641190490900853","issn":"1064119X","usgsCitation":"Casas, D., Ercilla, G., Estrada, F., Alonso, B., Baraza, J., Lee, H., Kayen, R., and Chiocci, F., 2004, Physical and geotechnical properties and assessment of sediment stability on the continental slope and basin of the Bransfield Basin (Antarctica Peninsula): Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, v. 22, no. 4, p. 253-278, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641190490900853.","startPage":"253","endPage":"278","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":497369,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/134970","text":"External Repository"},{"id":234490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208623,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641190490900853"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a87e4b0c8380cd78f62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Casas, D.","contributorId":63583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casas","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ercilla, G.","contributorId":8231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ercilla","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estrada, F.","contributorId":9434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estrada","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alonso, B.","contributorId":51014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alonso","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baraza, J.","contributorId":12200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baraza","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, H.","contributorId":40739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kayen, R.","contributorId":22921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Chiocci, F.","contributorId":63584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiocci","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70026739,"text":"70026739 - 2004 - Age structure and mortality of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs: Use of mortality caps to establish realistic management objectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026739","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age structure and mortality of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs: Use of mortality caps to establish realistic management objectives","docAbstract":"Age structure, total annual mortality, and mortality caps (maximum mortality thresholds established by managers) were investigated for walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) populations sampled from eight Kansas reservoirs during 1991-1999. We assessed age structure by examining the relative frequency of different ages in the population; total annual mortality of age-2 and older walleyes was estimated by use of a weighted catch curve. To evaluate the utility of mortality caps, we modeled threshold values of mortality by varying growth rates and management objectives. Estimated mortality thresholds were then compared with observed growth and mortality rates. The maximum age of walleyes varied from 5 to 11 years across reservoirs. Age structure was dominated (???72%) by walleyes age 3 and younger in all reservoirs, corresponding to ages that were not yet vulnerable to harvest. Total annual mortality rates varied from 40.7% to 59.5% across reservoirs and averaged 51.1% overall (SE = 2.3). Analysis of mortality caps indicated that a management objective of 500 mm for the mean length of walleyes harvested by anglers was realistic for all reservoirs with a 457-mm minimum length limit but not for those with a 381-mm minimum length limit. For a 500-mm mean length objective to be realized for reservoirs with a 381-mm length limit, managers must either reduce mortality rates (e.g., through restrictive harvest regulations) or increase growth of walleyes. When the assumed objective was to maintain the mean length of harvested walleyes at current levels, the observed annual mortality rates were below the mortality cap for all reservoirs except one. Mortality caps also provided insight on management objectives expressed in terms of proportional stock density (PSD). Results indicated that a PSD objective of 20-40 was realistic for most reservoirs. This study provides important walleye mortality information that can be used for monitoring or for inclusion into population models; these results can also be combined with those of other studies to investigate large-scale differences in walleye mortality. Our analysis illustrates the utility of mortality caps for monitoring walleye populations and for establishing realistic management goals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M03-193.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Quist, M., Stephen, J., Guy, C., and Schultz, R., 2004, Age structure and mortality of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs: Use of mortality caps to establish realistic management objectives: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 3, p. 990-1002, https://doi.org/10.1577/M03-193.1.","startPage":"990","endPage":"1002","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208301,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M03-193.1"},{"id":233956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8f4e4b0c8380cd47fde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quist, M.C. 0000-0001-8268-1839","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8268-1839","contributorId":62805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephen, J.L.","contributorId":84126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephen","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guy, C.S.","contributorId":59160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schultz, R.D.","contributorId":66889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026986,"text":"70026986 - 2004 - Landslides triggered by the 2002 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake and the inferred nature of the strong shaking","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026986","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landslides triggered by the 2002 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake and the inferred nature of the strong shaking","docAbstract":"The 2002 M7.9 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake triggered thousands of landslides, primarily rock falls and rock slides, that ranged in volume from rock falls of a few cubic meters to rock avalanches having volumes as great as 15 ?? 106 m3. The pattern of landsliding was unusual; the number of slides was less than expected for an earthquake of this magnitude, and the landslides were concentrated in a narrow zone 30-km wide that straddled the fault rupture over its entire 300-km length. The large rock avalanches all clustered along the western third of the rupture zone where acceleration levels and ground-shaking frequencies are thought to have been the highest. Inferences about near-field strong shaking characteristics drawn from the interpretation of the landslide distribution are consistent with results of recent inversion modeling that indicate high-frequency energy generation was greatest in the western part of the fault rupture zone and decreased markedly to the east. ?? 2004, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1193/1.1778173","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Jibson, R., Harp, E.L., Schulz, W., and Keefer, D.K., 2004, Landslides triggered by the 2002 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake and the inferred nature of the strong shaking: Earthquake Spectra, v. 20, no. 3, p. 669-691, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1778173.","startPage":"669","endPage":"691","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209286,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1778173"},{"id":235582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4467e4b0c8380cd66a99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jibson, R.W.","contributorId":8467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jibson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harp, E. L.","contributorId":59026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulz, W.","contributorId":6641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026960,"text":"70026960 - 2004 - Trace elements and common ions in southeastern Idaho snow: Regional air pollutant tracers for source area emissions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T12:57:49","indexId":"70026960","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Trace elements and common ions in southeastern Idaho snow: Regional air pollutant tracers for source area emissions","docAbstract":"Snow sampling and analysis methods which produce accurate and ultra-low measurements of trace elements and common ion concentration in southeastern Idaho snow, were developed. Snow samples were collected over two winters to assess trace elements and common ion concentrations in air pollutant fallout across the southeastern Idaho. The area apportionment of apportionment of fallout concentrations measured at downwind location were investigated using pattern recognition and multivariate statistical technical techniques. Results show a high level of contribution from phosphates processing facilities located outside Pocatello in the southern portion of the Eastern Snake River Plain, and no obvious source area profiles other than at Pocatello.","largerWorkTitle":"Fuel Processing Technology","conferenceTitle":"Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements and Particulate Matters","conferenceDate":"9 September 2002 through 12 September 2002","conferenceLocation":"Arlington, VA.","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2003.11.013","issn":"03783820","usgsCitation":"Abbott, M., Einerson, J., Schuster, P., Susong, D., and Taylor, H.E., 2004, Trace elements and common ions in southeastern Idaho snow: Regional air pollutant tracers for source area emissions, in Fuel Processing Technology, v. 85, no. 6-7, Arlington, VA., 9 September 2002 through 12 September 2002, p. 657-671, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2003.11.013.","startPage":"657","endPage":"671","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478258,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/910760","text":"External Repository"},{"id":235156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208997,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2003.11.013"}],"volume":"85","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb63fe4b08c986b326b65","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Benson S.A.Erickson T.A.","contributorId":128424,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Benson S.A.Erickson T.A.","id":536608,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Abbott, M.","contributorId":65646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Einerson, J.","contributorId":96062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einerson","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schuster, Peter","contributorId":61607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Susong, D.","contributorId":30777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":411789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026360,"text":"70026360 - 2004 - New constraints on the active tectonic deformation of the Aegean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026360","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New constraints on the active tectonic deformation of the Aegean","docAbstract":"Site velocities from six separate Global Positioning System (GPS) networks comprising 374 stations have been referred to a single common Eurasia-fixed reference frame to map the velocity distribution over the entire Aegean. We use the GPS velocity field to identify deforming regions, rigid elements, and potential microplate boundaries, and build upon previous work by others to initially specify rigid elements in central Greece, the South Aegean, Anatolia, and the Sea of Marmara. We apply an iterative approach, tentatively defining microplate boundaries, determining best fit rigid rotations, examining misfit patterns, and revising the boundaries to achieve a better match between model and data. Short-term seismic cycle effects are minor contaminants of the data that we remove when necessary to isolate the long-term kinematics. We find that present day Aegean deformation is due to the relative motions of four microplates and straining in several isolated zones internal to them. The RMS misfit of model to data is about 2-sigma, very good when compared to the typical match between coseismic fault models and GPS data. The simplicity of the microplate description of the deformation and its good fit to the GPS data are surprising and were not anticipated by previous work, which had suggested either many rigid elements or broad deforming zones that comprise much of the Aegean region. The isolated deforming zones are also unexpected and cannot be explained by the kinematics of the microplate motions. Strain rates within internally deforming zones are extensional and range from 30 to 50 nanostrain/year (nstrain/year, 10-9/year), 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than rates observed across the major microplate boundaries. Lower strain rates may exist elsewhere withi the microplates but are only resolved in Anatolia, where extension of 13 ?? 4 nstrain/ year is required by the data. Our results suggest that despite the detailed complexity of active continental deformation revealed by seismicity, active faulting, fault geomorphology, and earthquake fault plane solutions, continental tectonics, at least in the Aegean, is to first order very similar to global plate tectonics and obeys the same simple kinematic rules. Although the widespread distribution of Aegean seismicity and active faulting might suggest a rather spatially homogeneous seismic hazard, the focusing of deformation near microplate boundaries implies the highest hazard is comparably localized.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002830","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Nyst, M., and Thatcher, W., 2004, New constraints on the active tectonic deformation of the Aegean: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 11, p. 1-23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002830.","startPage":"1","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208419,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002830"},{"id":234159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6565e4b0c8380cd72ba5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nyst, M.","contributorId":66453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyst","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026291,"text":"70026291 - 2004 - From the Field: Efficacy of visual barriers in reducing black-tailed prairie dog colony expansion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70026291","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"From the Field: Efficacy of visual barriers in reducing black-tailed prairie dog colony expansion","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","language":"English","doi":"10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1316:FTFEOV]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Merriman, J., Zwank, P., Boal, C.W., and Bashore, T., 2004, From the Field: Efficacy of visual barriers in reducing black-tailed prairie dog colony expansion, in Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 32, no. 4, p. 1316-1320, https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1316:FTFEOV]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1316","endPage":"1320","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208416,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1316:FTFEOV]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":234155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13fde4b0c8380cd5486b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merriman, J.W.","contributorId":50697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriman","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zwank, P.J.","contributorId":8961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwank","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boal, C. W.","contributorId":102614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boal","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bashore, T.L.","contributorId":72569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bashore","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026645,"text":"70026645 - 2004 - Ecological effects of animal introductions at Channel Islands National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026645","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Ecological effects of animal introductions at Channel Islands National Park","docAbstract":"Based on research, park managers are adopting a holistic approach to island restoration that includes eradication of nonnative species, restoration of native plant habitats, and monitoring.","largerWorkTitle":"Park Science","language":"English","issn":"07359462","usgsCitation":"McEachern, K., 2004, Ecological effects of animal introductions at Channel Islands National Park, in Park Science, v. 22, no. 2, p. 46-52.","startPage":"46","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a054fe4b0c8380cd50d4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McEachern, K.","contributorId":67438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEachern","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1016301,"text":"1016301 - 2004 - Subspecific relationships and genetic structure in the spotted owl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-10T11:39:20.172916","indexId":"1016301","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1324,"text":"Conservation Genetics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subspecific relationships and genetic structure in the spotted owl","docAbstract":"Hierarchical genetic structure was examined in the three geographically-defined subspecies of spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) to define relationships among subspecies and quantify variation within and among regional and local populations. Sequences (522 bp) from domains I and II of the mitochondrial control region were analyzed for 213 individuals from 30 local breeding areas. Results confirmed significant differences between northern spotted owls and the other traditional geographically defined subspecies but did not provide support for subspecific level differences between California and Mexican spotted owls. Divergence times among subspecies estimated with a 936 bp portion of the cytochrome b gene dated Northern and California/Mexican spotted owl divergence time to 115,000–125,000 years ago, whereas California/Mexican spotted owl divergence was estimated at 15,000 years ago. Nested clade analyses indicated an association between California spotted owl and Mexican spotted owl haplotypes, implying historical contact between the two groups. Results also identified a number of individuals geographically classified as northern spotted owls (S. o. caurina) that contained haplotypes identified as California spotted owls (S. o. caurina). Among all northern spotted owls sampled (n=131), 12.9% contained California spotted owl haplotypes. In the Klamath region, which is the contact zone between the two subspecies, 20.3% (n=59) of owls were classified as California spotted owls. The Klamath region is a zone of hybridization and speciation for many other taxa as well. Analyses of population structure indicated gene flow among regions within geographically defined subspecies although there was significant differentiation among northern and southern regions of Mexican spotted owls. Among all areas examined, genetic diversity was not significantly reduced except in California spotted owls where the southern region consists of one haplotype. Our results indicate a stable contact zone between northern and California spotted owls, maintaining distinct subspecific haplotypes within their traditional ranges. This supports recovery efforts based on the traditional subspecies designation for the northern spotted owl. Further, although little variation was found between California and Mexican spotted owls, we suggest they should be managed separately because of current isolation between groups.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10592-004-1864-y","usgsCitation":"Haig, S.M., Forsman, E., and Mullins, T., 2004, Subspecific relationships and genetic structure in the spotted owl: Conservation Genetics, v. 5, no. 5, p. 683-705, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-004-1864-y.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"705","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133482,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forsman, E.D.","contributorId":88324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forsman","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mullins, Thomas D.","contributorId":12819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Thomas D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026140,"text":"70026140 - 2004 - Littoral Assessment of Mine Burial Signatures (LAMBS) buried land mine/background spectral signature analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026140","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Littoral Assessment of Mine Burial Signatures (LAMBS) buried land mine/background spectral signature analyses","docAbstract":"The objective of the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Rapid Overt Reconnaissance (ROR) program and the Airborne Littoral Reconnaissance Technologies (ALRT) project's LAMBS effort is to determine if electro-optical spectral discriminants exist that are useful for the detection of land mines in littoral regions. Statistically significant buried mine overburden and background signature data were collected over a wide spectral range (0.35 to 14 ??m) to identify robust spectral features that might serve as discriminants for new airborne sensor concepts. LAMBS has expanded previously collected databases to littoral areas - primarily dry and wet sandy soils - where tidal, surf, and wind conditions can severely modify spectral signatures. At AeroSense 2003, we reported completion of three buried mine collections at an inland bay, Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico beach sites.1 We now report LAMBS spectral database analyses results using metrics which characterize the detection performance of general types of spectral detection algorithms. These metrics include mean contrast, spectral signal-to-clutter, covariance, information content, and spectral matched filter analyses. Detection performance of the buried land mines was analyzed with regard to burial age, background type, and environmental conditions. These analyses considered features observed due to particle size differences, surface roughness, surface moisture, and compositional differences.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets IX","conferenceDate":"12 April 2004 through 16 April 2004","conferenceLocation":"Orlando, FL","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.542754","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Kenton, A., Geci, D., Ray, K., Thomas, C., Salisbury, J., Mars, J., Crowley, J., Witherspoon, N., and Holloway, J., 2004, Littoral Assessment of Mine Burial Signatures (LAMBS) buried land mine/background spectral signature analyses, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 5415, no. PART 1, Orlando, FL, 12 April 2004 through 16 April 2004, p. 608-619, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.542754.","startPage":"608","endPage":"619","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208664,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.542754"},{"id":234556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5415","issue":"PART 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48b5e4b0c8380cd68084","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Harmon R.S.Broach J.T.Holloway, J.H.","contributorId":111907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon R.S.Broach J.T.Holloway","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508841,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Kenton, A.C.","contributorId":9822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenton","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geci, D.M.","contributorId":50331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geci","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ray, K.J.","contributorId":53572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, C.M.","contributorId":81289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Salisbury, J.W.","contributorId":78352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salisbury","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mars, J.C.","contributorId":74833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mars","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Crowley, J.K.","contributorId":103690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Witherspoon, N.H.","contributorId":91279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witherspoon","given":"N.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Holloway, J.H. Jr.","contributorId":70162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"J.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70026987,"text":"70026987 - 2004 - The freshwater transport and dynamics of the western Maine coastal current","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T15:21:18","indexId":"70026987","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The freshwater transport and dynamics of the western Maine coastal current","docAbstract":"Observations in the Gulf of Maine, USA, were used to characterize the freshwater transport, temporal variability and dynamics of the western Maine coastal current. These observations included moored measurements, multiple hydrographic surveys, and drifter releases during April–July of 1993 and 1994. There is a strong seasonal signal in salinity and along-shore velocity of the coastal current, caused by the freshwater inputs of the rivers entering the western Gulf. Surface salinity within the coastal current during the spring freshet is typically 2 psu below ambient, and along-shore currents in the surface layer are directed southwestward at speeds of 0.10–0.20 m s−1, occasionally reaching 0.50 m s−1. The plume thickness is typically 10–20 m in water depths of 50–100 m, thus it is well isolated from the bottom over most of its areal extent. The along-coast freshwater transport within the plume varies considerably due to variations in wind stress, but on time scales of weeks to months it follows the variations of riverine input, with a time lag consistent with the advective velocity. Less than half of the transport of the coastal current is explained by the baroclinic gradient; the barotropic forcing associated with the larger-scale dynamics of the Gulf of Maine accounts for about 60% of the transport. The volume of freshwater transport in the coastal current exceeds the local riverine input of fresh water by 30%, suggesting a significant contribution of freshwater transport from the St. John River, 500 km northeastward. The measurements within the western Maine coastal current, however, indicate a significant decrease in the baroclinic transport of fresh water along the coast, with an e-folding scale of approximately 200 km.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2004.04.001","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Geyer, W., Signell, R.P., Fong, D., Wang, J., Anderson, D., and Keafer, B., 2004, The freshwater transport and dynamics of the western Maine coastal current: Continental Shelf Research, v. 24, no. 12, p. 1339-1357, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.04.001.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1339","endPage":"1357","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.5484619140625,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -68,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -68,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -71.5484619140625,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -71.5484619140625,\n 44.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac2ce4b08c986b323305","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geyer, W.R.","contributorId":62355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geyer","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fong, D.A.","contributorId":27624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wang, Jingyuan","contributorId":10771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Jingyuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, D.M.","contributorId":32294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Keafer, B.A.","contributorId":77343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keafer","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026988,"text":"70026988 - 2004 - Ichthyophoniasis: An emerging disease of Chinook salmon in the Yukon River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-29T12:44:53","indexId":"70026988","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ichthyophoniasis: An emerging disease of Chinook salmon in the Yukon River","docAbstract":"Before 1985, Ichthyophonus was unreported among Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. from the Yukon River; now it infects more than 40% of returning adult Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha. Overall infection prevalence reached about 45% in the Yukon River and about 30% in the Tanana River between 1999 and 2003. Mean infection prevalence was greater in females than males in the main-stem Yukon River during each of the 5 years of the study, but the infection prevalence in males increased each year until the difference was no longer significant. Clinical signs of ichthyophoniasis (presence of visible punctate white lesions in internal organs) were least at the mouth of the Yukon River (∼10%) but increased to 29% when fish reached the middle Yukon River and was 22% at the upper Tanana River. However, clinical signs increased each year from 7% in 1999 to 27% in 2003 at the mouth of the river. As fish approached the upper reaches of the Yukon River (Canada) and the spawning areas of the Chena and Salcha rivers (Alaska), infection prevalence dropped significantly to less than 15% in females on the Yukon River and less than 10% for both sexes in the Chena and Salcha rivers, presumably because of mortality among infected prespawn fish. Age was not a factor in infection prevalence, nor was the position of fish within the run. The source of infection was not determined, but Ichthyophonus was not found in 400 Pacific herring Clupea pallasi from the Bering Sea or in 120 outmigrating juvenile Chinook salmon from two drainages in Alaska and Canada. Freshwater burbot Lota lota from the middle Yukon River were subclinically infected with Ichthyophonus, but the origin and relationship of this agent to the Chinook salmon isolate is unknown.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/H03-068.1","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Kocan, R., Hershberger, P., and Winton, J., 2004, Ichthyophoniasis: An emerging disease of Chinook salmon in the Yukon River: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 16, no. 2, p. 58-72, https://doi.org/10.1577/H03-068.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235618,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Yukon River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -134.747314453125,\n 60.68931752009121\n ],\n [\n -136.142578125,\n 62.431074232920906\n ],\n [\n -138.62548828125,\n 63.29293924364835\n ],\n [\n -139.691162109375,\n 64.46805896629253\n ],\n [\n -142.459716796875,\n 65.63109034100295\n ],\n [\n -145.008544921875,\n 66.56574650920786\n ],\n [\n -145.79956054687497,\n 66.73556274968628\n ],\n [\n -148.29345703124997,\n 66.36835146313003\n ],\n [\n -148.985595703125,\n 66.09826847519165\n ],\n [\n -150.194091796875,\n 65.87921475410938\n ],\n [\n -151.094970703125,\n 65.5129625532949\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 65.21068278245275\n ],\n [\n -156.02783203124997,\n 64.95146502589559\n ],\n [\n -158.00537109375,\n 64.89558934777301\n ],\n [\n -159.45556640625,\n 64.41592147626879\n ],\n [\n -160.42236328125,\n 62.935234870604695\n ],\n [\n -160.94970703125,\n 61.907926072709756\n ],\n [\n -164.3994140625,\n 62.935234870604695\n ],\n [\n -165.1904296875,\n 62.60345318745799\n ],\n [\n -164.81689453125,\n 62.1655019058381\n ],\n [\n -161.16943359375,\n 61.25966921642908\n ],\n [\n -159.27978515625,\n 62.186013857194254\n ],\n [\n -158.466796875,\n 64.10100652652665\n ],\n [\n -152.55615234375,\n 64.71787992684128\n ],\n [\n -145.04150390625,\n 63.78248603116502\n ],\n [\n -141.767578125,\n 64.4348920430406\n ],\n [\n -140.82275390625,\n 63.04500101542009\n ],\n [\n -139.04296875,\n 61.40723633876356\n ],\n [\n -134.75830078125,\n 60.359564131824214\n ],\n [\n -134.747314453125,\n 60.68931752009121\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3800e4b0c8380cd6136b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kocan, R.","contributorId":95665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocan","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hershberger, P.","contributorId":64826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winton, J.","contributorId":55627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026989,"text":"70026989 - 2004 - Mercury content of Illinois soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026989","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury content of Illinois soils","docAbstract":"For a survey of Illinois soils, 101 cores had been collected and analyzed to determine the current and background elemental compositions of Illinois soils. Mercury and other elements were determined in six samples per core, including a surface sample from each core. The mean mercury content in the surface samples was 33 ?? 20 ??g/kg soil, and the background content was 20 ?? 9 ??g/kg. The most probable sources of mercury in these soils were the parent material, and wet and dry deposition of Hg0 and Hg2+ derived from coal-burning power plants, other industrial plants, and medical and municipal waste incinerators. Mercury-bearing sewage sludge or other fertilizers applied to agricultural fields could have been the local sources of mercury. Although the mercury content correlated with organic carbon content or clay content in individual cores, when all the data were considered, there was no strong correlation between mercury and either the organic carbon or the clay-size content.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/B:WATE.0000036824.07207.16","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Dreher, G., and Follmer, L., 2004, Mercury content of Illinois soils: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 156, no. 1, p. 299-315, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WATE.0000036824.07207.16.","startPage":"299","endPage":"315","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209316,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:WATE.0000036824.07207.16"},{"id":235619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"156","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53f7e4b0c8380cd6ce3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dreher, G.B.","contributorId":55578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreher","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Follmer, L.R.","contributorId":19294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Follmer","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026425,"text":"70026425 - 2004 - Nesting biology of three grassland passerines in the northern tallgrass prairie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T13:14:07","indexId":"70026425","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nesting biology of three grassland passerines in the northern tallgrass prairie","docAbstract":"Basic nesting information on grassland passerines is needed for improving grassland bird management. Among the information needs are (1) the suitability of nesting habitat, (2) periods during the breeding season in which birds are most vulnerable to disturbances, and (3) how to fit grasslands into a prioritization scheme for conservation. Comparisons of nesting parameters among grassland species will help identify important management considerations. We describe and compare nest-site characteristics, nesting phenology, clutch size, hatching and fledging success, and brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) for three grassland passerine species nesting in tallgrass prairie of northwestern Minnesota and southeastern North Dakota. During 1998–2002, we found 793 Clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida), 687 Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), and 315 Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) nests. These species differed in many aspects of their breeding ecology. Clay-colored and Savannah sparrows initiated their nests almost 2 weeks earlier than Bobolinks, with peak nesting occurring in June. Clutch size was lower (3.77 ± 0.03 SE) for Clay-colored Sparrows than Savannah Sparrows (4.13 ± 0.05) and Bobolinks (5.25 ± 0.08). The number of host eggs hatched per nest was higher in Bobolinks (3.46 ± 0.20) than in Clay-colored Sparrows (2.52 ± 0.09) and Savannah Sparrows (2.41 ± 0.11), but the number of young fledged per Bobolink nest (1.97) was similar to that of Savannah Sparrows (2.01). Clay-colored Sparrows fledged only 1.35 host young per nest. Mayfield nest success was higher for Savannah Sparrows (31.4%) than for Clay-colored Sparrows (27.4%) or Bobolinks (20.7%). The main cause of nest failure was nest predation: predation in Clay-colored Sparrows (47.9%) was higher than in Savannah Sparrows (33.5%) but similar to Bobolinks (41.8%). Brood parasitism was lower in Clay-colored Sparrows (5.1%) than in Bobolinks (10.8%), and intermediate (6.7%) in Savannah Sparrows. Compared with most other studies, grassland bird nests in our study area were more successful and less frequently parasitized; thus, northwestern Minnesota and southeastern North Dakota appear to provide important breeding habitat for grassland birds.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/03-082","issn":"00435643","usgsCitation":"Winter, M., Johnson, D.H., Shaffer, J.A., and Svedarsky, W.D., 2004, Nesting biology of three grassland passerines in the northern tallgrass prairie: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 116, no. 3, p. 211-223, https://doi.org/10.1676/03-082.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"223","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a64b4e4b0c8380cd72a37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Maiken","contributorId":174790,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Winter","given":"Maiken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaffer, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708 jshaffer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":3184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"Jill","email":"jshaffer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Svedarsky, W. Daniel","contributorId":52763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svedarsky","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026183,"text":"70026183 - 2004 - The influence of groundwater chemistry on arsenic concentrations and speciation in a quartz sand and gravel aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:10:33","indexId":"70026183","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1755,"text":"Geochemical Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of groundwater chemistry on arsenic concentrations and speciation in a quartz sand and gravel aquifer","docAbstract":"We examined the chemical reactions influencing dissolved concentrations, speciation, and transport of naturally occurring arsenic (As) in a shallow, sand and gravel aquifer with distinct geochemical zones resulting from land disposal of dilute sewage effluent. The principal geochemical zones were: (1) the uncontaminated zone above the sewage plume [350 μM dissolved oxygen (DO), pH 5.9]; (2) the suboxic zone (5 μM DO, pH 6.2, elevated concentrations of sewage-derived phosphate and nitrate); and (3) the anoxic zone [dissolved iron(II) 100–300 μM, pH 6.5–6.9, elevated concentrations of sewage-derived phosphate]. Sediments are comprised of greater than 90% quartz but the surfaces of quartz and other mineral grains are coated with nanometer-size iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) oxides and/or silicates, which control the adsorption properties of the sediments. Uncontaminated groundwater with added phosphate (620 μM) was pumped into the uncontaminated zone while samples were collected 0.3 m above the injection point. Concentrations of As(V) increased from below detection (0.005 μM) to a maximum of 0.07 μM during breakthrough of phosphate at the sampling port; As(III) concentrations remained below detection. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that naturally occurring As(V) adsorbed to constituents of the coatings on grain surfaces was desorbed by phosphate in the injected groundwater. Also consistent with this hypothesis, vertical profiles of groundwater chemistry measured prior to the tracer test showed that dissolved As(V) concentrations increased along with dissolved phosphate from below detection in the uncontaminated zone to approximately 0.07 and 70 μM, respectively, in the suboxic zone. Concentrations of As(III) were below detection in both zones. The anoxic zone had approximately 0.07 μM As(V) but also had As(III) concentrations of 0.07–0.14 μM, suggesting that release of As bound to sediment grains occurred by desorption by phosphate, reductive dissolution of Fe oxides, and reduction of As(V) to As(III), which adsorbs only weakly to the Fe-oxide-depleted material in the coatings. Results of reductive extractions of the sediments suggest that As associated with the coatings was relatively uniformly distributed at approximately 1 nmol/g of sediment (equivalent to 0.075 ppm As) and comprised 20%-50% of the total As in the sediments, determined from oxidative extractions. Quartz sand aquifers provide high-quality drinking water but can become contaminated when naturally occurring arsenic bound to Fe and Al oxides or silicates on sediment surfaces is released by desorption and dissolution of Fe oxides in response to changing chemical conditions.
1. Spatial patterns in channel morphology and substratum composition at small (1–10 metres) and large scales (1–10 kilometres) were analysed to determine the influence of habitat heterogeneity on the distribution and abundance of larval lamprey.
2. We used a nested sampling design and multiple logistic regression to evaluate spatial heterogeneity in the abundance of larval Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata, and habitat in 30 sites (each composed of twelve 1-m2 quadrat samples) distributed throughout a 55-km section of the Middle Fork John Day River, OR, U.SA. Statistical models predicting the relative abundance of larvae both among sites (large scale) and among samples (small scale) were ranked using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to identify the ‘best approximating’ models from a set of a priori candidate models determined from the literature on larval lamprey habitat associations.
3. Stream habitat variables predicted patterns in larval abundance but played different roles at different spatial scales. The abundance of larvae at large scales was positively associated with water depth and open riparian canopy, whereas patchiness in larval occurrence at small scales was associated with low water velocity, channel-unit morphology (pool habitats), and the availability of habitat suitable for burrowing.
4. Habitat variables explained variation in larval abundance at large and small scales, but locational factors, such as longitudinal position (river km) and sample location within the channel unit, explained additional variation in the logistic regression model. The results emphasise the need for spatially explicit analysis, both in examining fish habitat relationships and in developing conservation plans for declining fish populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01215.x","usgsCitation":"Torgersen, C., and Close, D.A., 2004, Influence of habitat heterogeneity on the distribution of larval Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) at two spatial scales: Freshwater Biology, v. 49, no. 5, p. 614-630, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01215.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"614","endPage":"630","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Middle Fork John Day River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.48043823242189,\n 44.85294822403813\n ],\n [\n -119.15634155273438,\n 44.85294822403813\n ],\n [\n -119.15634155273438,\n 44.93855711632049\n ],\n [\n -119.48043823242189,\n 44.93855711632049\n ],\n [\n -119.48043823242189,\n 44.85294822403813\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ed2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torgersen, Christian E. 0000-0001-8325-2737","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-2737","contributorId":48143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torgersen","given":"Christian E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Close, David A.","contributorId":54958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Close","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027093,"text":"70027093 - 2004 - The effect of fire on mercury cycling in the soils of forested watersheds: Acadia National Park, Maine, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T08:45:06","indexId":"70027093","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of fire on mercury cycling in the soils of forested watersheds: Acadia National Park, Maine, U.S.A","docAbstract":"This study compares mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) distribution in the soils of two forested stream watersheds at Acadia National Park, Maine, U.S.A. Cadillac Brook watershed, which burned in 1947, has thin soils and predominantly deciduous vegetation. It was compared to the unburned Hadlock Brook watershed, with thicker soil and predominantly coniferous vegetation. Soils in both watersheds were primarily well drained. The fire had a significant impact on the Cadillac watershed, by raising the soil pH, altering the vegetation, and reducing carbon and Hg pools. Total Hg content was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Hadlock soils (0.18 kg Hg ha-1) compared to Cadillac soils (0. 13 kg Hg ha-1). Hadlock O horizon had an average Hg concentration of 134??48 ng Hg g-1 dry weight, compared to 103??23 ng Hg g-1 dry weight in Cadillac O horizon. Soil pH was significantly higher in all soil horizons at Cadillac compared to Hadlock soils. This difference was especially significant in the O horizon, where Cadillac soils had an average pH of 3.41??0.22 compared to Hadlock soils with an average pH of 2.99??0.13. To study the mobilization potential of Hg in the O horizons of the two watersheds, batch adsorption experiments were conducted, and the results were modeled using surface complexation modeling. The results of Hg adsorption experiments indicated that the dissolved Hg concentration was controlled by the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. The adsorption isotherms suggest that Hg is more mobile in the O horizon of the unburned Hadlock watershed because of higher solubility of organic carbon resulting in higher DOC concentrations in that watershed. Methylmercury concentrations, however, were consistently higher in the burned Cadillac O horizon (0.20??0.13 ng Hg g-1 dry weight) than in the unburned Hadlock O horizon (0.07??0.07 ng Hg g-1 dry weight). Similarly, Cadillac soils possessed a higher MeHg content (0.30 g MeHg ha-1) than Hadlock soils (0.16 g MeHg ha-1). The higher MeHg concentrations in Cadillac soils may reflect generally faster rates of microbial metabolism due to more rapid nutrient cycling and higher soil pH in the deciduous forest. In this research, we have shown that the amount of MeHg is not a function of the total pool of Hg in the watershed. Indeed, MeHg was inversely proportional to total Hg, suggesting that landscape factors such as soil pH, vegetation type, or land use history (e.g., fire) may be the determining factors for susceptibility to high Hg in biota. ?? 2004 Kluwer Academic Publisher. Printed in the Netherlands.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:WATE.0000015369.02804.15","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Amirbahman, A., Ruck, P., Fernandez, I., Haines, T., and Kahl, J.S., 2004, The effect of fire on mercury cycling in the soils of forested watersheds: Acadia National Park, Maine, U.S.A: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 152, no. 1-4, p. 313-331, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WATE.0000015369.02804.15.","startPage":"313","endPage":"331","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267623,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:WATE.0000015369.02804.15"}],"volume":"152","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab28e4b08c986b322c70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amirbahman, A.","contributorId":25111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amirbahman","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruck, P.L.","contributorId":98091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruck","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fernandez, I.J.","contributorId":61221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"I.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haines, T.A.","contributorId":83062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kahl, J. S.","contributorId":77885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kahl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026239,"text":"70026239 - 2004 - Phytosociological study of the dwarf shrub heath of Simeonof Wilderness, Shumagin Islands, Southwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T18:27:15","indexId":"70026239","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3079,"text":"Phytocoenologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phytosociological study of the dwarf shrub heath of Simeonof Wilderness, Shumagin Islands, Southwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"The maritime dwarf shrub heath vegetation of the Northern Pacific, Simeonof Island, Shumagin Islands, Southwestern Alaska, was studied according to the Braun-Blanquet approach. Based on 30 releve??s of 16 m2 that include vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens, two new associations could be described belonging to the class Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea (order Rhododendro-Vaccinietalia): Rubo-Empetretum nigri and Carici-Empetretum nigri. The wind-sheltered Rubo-Empetretum nigri (alliance Phyllodoco-Vaccinion) mainly occurs in the lowlands on level terrain or sloping sites at lower foot slopes of mountains on deeper, mesic soil; this association is the zonal vegetation of the lowlands. Boreal, widespread and amphi-Beringian species are prominent in the distribution-type spectrum of the vascular plants. Two variants of Rubo-Empetretum nigri are described. A Geranium erianthum variant occurs on south-facing slopes and is rich in vascular plants species. A Plagiothecium undulatum variant is restricted to northern exposures and is rich in bryophytes and lichens. A Carici-Empetretum nigri (alliance Loiseleurio-Diapension) occurs on shallow soil on wind exposed sites at higher elevations in the mountains. It is very rich in lichen species of arctic-alpine distribution. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) suggests that altitude, nutrient content of the soil and exposition are the most important differential ecological factors. Soil depth, total carbon and nitrogen content, plant available phosphorus and all other measured cation contents are higher in Rubo-Empetretum than in Carici-Empetretum. Literature comparisons confirm the occurrence of both associations in other areas on the Southwest Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands. Presumably both associations have an amphi-Beringian distribution. The syntaxonomy of boreal-montane dwarf shrub heaths and synecological aspects are briefly discussed. ?? 2004 Gebru??der Borntraeger.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Phytocoenologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1127/0340-269X/2004/0034-0465","issn":"0340269X","usgsCitation":"Daniels, F.J., Talbot, S., Talbot, S.L., and Schofield, W., 2004, Phytosociological study of the dwarf shrub heath of Simeonof Wilderness, Shumagin Islands, Southwestern Alaska: Phytocoenologia, v. 34, no. 3, p. 465-489, https://doi.org/10.1127/0340-269X/2004/0034-0465.","startPage":"465","endPage":"489","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208306,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0340-269X/2004/0034-0465"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b3fe4b0c8380cd79338","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Daniels, Fred J.A.","contributorId":70702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniels","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Talbot, Stephen S.","contributorId":73266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Stephen S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":408692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schofield, Wilfred B.","contributorId":97827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schofield","given":"Wilfred B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026601,"text":"70026601 - 2004 - Analytical error in the identification of fibrous and asbestiform amphiboles: Implications for the analytical and regulatory communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026601","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Analytical error in the identification of fibrous and asbestiform amphiboles: Implications for the analytical and regulatory communities","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkTitle":"Microscopy and Microanalysis","language":"English","doi":"10.1017/S1431927604882400","issn":"14319276","usgsCitation":"Meeker, G., and Lowers, H., 2004, Analytical error in the identification of fibrous and asbestiform amphiboles: Implications for the analytical and regulatory communities, in Microscopy and Microanalysis, v. 10, no. SUPPL. 2, p. 902-903, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927604882400.","startPage":"902","endPage":"903","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208320,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1431927604882400"},{"id":233988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"SUPPL. 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb68e4b0c8380cd48da4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meeker, G.P.","contributorId":34539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowers, H.A. 0000-0001-5360-9264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":31843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"H.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1016247,"text":"1016247 - 2004 - Terrestrial movements of juvenile and adult tailed frogs in relation to timber harvest in coastal British Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T16:42:53","indexId":"1016247","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrestrial movements of juvenile and adult tailed frogs in relation to timber harvest in coastal British Columbia","docAbstract":"Tailed frog (Ascaphus truei Stejneger) populations are at risk in much of the Pacific Northwest, and recolonization of sites may be slow postlogging. To examine the terrestrial movements of Ascaphus in clearcuts and old growth, we employed pitfall traps and drift-fence arrays installed along streams and 100 m into upland habitat. In the fall, we captured frogs farther from streams in old growth than in clearcuts, and more frogs were captured a??25 m from streams in clearcuts. Stronger stream affinity in clearcuts was most evident with juvenile frogs, which exhibited more upstream movements than adults. Compared with inland sites where frogs remained close to streams (e.g., 12 m), frogs at our coastal sites were captured at greater distances from streams (a?Y100 m), having lower stream affinity than frogs at inland sites. Long-distance overland movements appear more likely where forested stands are present. Aggregations of Ascaphus at individual streams may not represent distinct populations and should not be managed as distinct units. Preserving groups of interconnected streams within watersheds instead of individual streams will improve the conservation status of Ascaphus. Population monitoring can ensure conservation measures promote long-term persistence.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Wahbe, T.R., Bunnell, F.L., and Bury, R.B., 2004, Terrestrial movements of juvenile and adult tailed frogs in relation to timber harvest in coastal British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 34, no. 12, p. 2455-2466.","productDescription":"p. 2455-2466","startPage":"2455","endPage":"2466","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e47a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wahbe, Tanya R.","contributorId":45678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahbe","given":"Tanya","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bunnell, Fred L.","contributorId":100813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bury, R. Bruce buryb@usgs.gov","contributorId":3660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bury","given":"R.","email":"buryb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":323816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026459,"text":"70026459 - 2004 - Using an ecoregion framework to analyze land-cover and land-use dynamics.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:55:27","indexId":"70026459","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using an ecoregion framework to analyze land-cover and land-use dynamics.","docAbstract":"The United States has a highly varied landscape because of wide-ranging differences in combinations of climatic, geologic, edaphic, hydrologic, vegetative, and human management (land use) factors. Land uses are dynamic, with the types and rates of change dependent on a host of variables, including land accessibility, economic considerations, and the internal increase and movement of the human population. There is a convergence of evidence that ecoregions are very useful for organizing, interpreting, and reporting information about land-use dynamics. Ecoregion boundaries correspond well with patterns of land cover, urban settlement, agricultural variables, and resource-based industries. We implemented an ecoregion framework to document trends in contemporary land-cover and land-use dynamics over the conterminous United States from 1973 to 2000. Examples of results from six eastern ecoregions show that the relative abundance, grain of pattern, and human alteration of land-cover types organize well by ecoregion and that these characteristics of change, themselves, change through time.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-0145-3","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Gallant, A.L., Loveland, T., Sohl, T.L., and Napton, D., 2004, Using an ecoregion framework to analyze land-cover and land-use dynamics.: Environmental Management, v. 34, p. S89-S110, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0145-3.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"S89","endPage":"S110","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269302,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0145-3"}],"volume":"34","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc033e4b08c986b329fab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gallant, Alisa L. 0000-0002-3029-6637","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":23508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":409600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sohl, Terry L. 0000-0002-9771-4231","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-4231","contributorId":76419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Napton, D.E.","contributorId":23720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Napton","given":"D.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}