C3a, C4a, and C5a anaphylatoxins generated during complement activation play a key role in inflammation. C5a is the most potent of the three anaphylatoxins in eliciting biological responses. The effects of C5a are mediated by its binding to C5a receptor (C5aR, CD88). To date, C5aR has only been identified and cloned in mammalian species, and its evolutionary history remains ill-defined. To gain insights into the evolution, conserved structural domains, and functions of C5aR, we have cloned and characterized a C5aR in rainbow trout, a teleost fish. The isolated cDNA encoded a 350-aa protein that showed the highest sequence similarity to C5aR from other species. Genomic analysis revealed the presence of one continuous exon encoding the entire open reading frame. Northern blot analysis showed significant expression of the trout C5a receptor (TC5aR) message in PBLs and kidney. Flow cytometric analysis showed that two Abs generated against two different areas of the extracellular N-terminal region of TC5aR positively stained the same leukocyte populations from PBLs. B lymphocytes and granulocytes comprised the majority of cells recognized by the anti-TC5aR. More importantly, these Abs inhibited chemotaxis of PBLs toward a chemoattractant fraction purified from complement-activated trout serum. Our data suggest that the split between C5aR and C3aR from a common ancestral molecule occurred before the emergence of teleost fish. Moreover, we demonstrate that the overall structure of C5aR as well as its role in chemotaxis have remained conserved for >300 million years.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Immunologists","doi":"10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4381","usgsCitation":"Boshra, H., Li, J., Peters, R., Hansen, J., Matlapudi, A., and Sunyer, J.O., 2004, Cloning, expression, cellular distribution, and role in chemotaxis of a C5a receptor in rainbow trout: The first identification of a C5a receptor in a nonmammalian species: Journal of Immunology, v. 172, no. 7, p. 4381-4390, https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4381.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"4381","endPage":"4390","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4381","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":320711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"172","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5723342ce4b0b13d39148cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boshra, Hani","contributorId":169019,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boshra","given":"Hani","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Li, Jun","contributorId":169020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Jun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, Rodney","contributorId":169021,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peters","given":"Rodney","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansen, John","contributorId":21066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Matlapudi, Anjan","contributorId":169022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matlapudi","given":"Anjan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sunyer, J. Oriol","contributorId":169023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sunyer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Oriol","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70170834,"text":"70170834 - 2004 - Major histocompatibility complex loci are associated with susceptibility of Atlantic salmon to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T15:25:34","indexId":"70170834","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Major histocompatibility complex loci are associated with susceptibility of Atlantic salmon to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus","docAbstract":"Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is one of the most significant viral pathogens of salmonids and is a leading cause of death among cultured juvenile fish. Although several vaccine strategies have been developed, some of which are highly protective, the delivery systems are still too costly for general use by the aquaculture industry. More cost effective methods could come from the identification of genes associated with IHNV resistance for use in selective breeding. Further, identification of susceptibility genes may lead to an improved understanding of viral pathogenesis and may therefore aid in the development of preventive and therapeutic measures. Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), involved in the primary recognition of foreign pathogens in the acquired immune response, are associated with resistance to a variety of diseases in vertebrate organisms. We conducted a preliminary analysis of MHC disease association in which an aquaculture strain of Atlantic salmon was challenged with IHNV at three different doses and individual fish were genotyped at three MHC loci using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), followed by sequencing of all differentiated alleles. Nine to fourteen alleles per exon-locus were resolved, and alleles potentially associated with resistance or susceptibility were identified. One allele (Sasa-B-04) from a potentially non-classical class I locus was highly associated with resistance to infectious hematopoietic necrosis (p < 0.01). This information can be used to design crosses of specific haplotypes for family analysis of disease associations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022874.48341.0f","usgsCitation":"Miller, K.M., Winton, J.R., Schulze, A.D., Purcell, M., and Ming, T.J., 2004, Major histocompatibility complex loci are associated with susceptibility of Atlantic salmon to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 69, no. 1, p. 307-316, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022874.48341.0f.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"316","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023/b:ebfi.0000022874.48341.0f","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":320928,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5729cbb7e4b0b13d3919a3b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Kristina M.","contributorId":169133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Kristina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winton, James R. 0000-0002-3505-5509 jwinton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":1944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"James","email":"jwinton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulze, Angela D.","contributorId":169134,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schulze","given":"Angela","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Purcell, Maureen K. mpurcell@usgs.gov","contributorId":138685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purcell","given":"Maureen K.","email":"mpurcell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ming, Tobi J.","contributorId":169135,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ming","given":"Tobi","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":58304,"text":"sir20045239 - 2004 - Ground-water pumpage and artificial recharge estimates for calendar year 2000 and average annual natural recharge and interbasin flow by hydrographic area, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T13:20:53.801844","indexId":"sir20045239","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5239","title":"Ground-water pumpage and artificial recharge estimates for calendar year 2000 and average annual natural recharge and interbasin flow by hydrographic area, Nevada","docAbstract":"Nevada's reliance on ground-water resources has increased because of increased development and surface-water resources being fully appropriated. The need to accurately quantify Nevada's water resources and water use is more critical than ever to meet future demands. Estimated ground-water pumpage, artificial and natural recharge, and interbasin flow can be used to help evaluate stresses on aquifer systems. In this report, estimates of ground-water pumpage and artificial recharge during calendar year 2000 were made using data from a variety of sources, such as reported estimates and estimates made using Landsat satellite imagery. Average annual natural recharge and interbasin flow were compiled from published reports.\r\n\r\nAn estimated 1,427,100 acre-feet of ground water was pumped in Nevada during calendar year 2000. This total was calculated by summing six categories of ground-water pumpage, based on water use. Total artificial recharge during 2000 was about 145,970 acre-feet. At least one estimate of natural recharge was available for 209 of the 232 hydrographic areas (HAs). Natural recharge for the 209 HAs ranges from 1,793,420 to 2,583,150 acre-feet. Estimates of interbasin flow were available for 151 HAs.\r\n\r\nThe categories and their percentage of the total ground-water pumpage are irrigation and stock watering (47 percent), mining (26 percent), water systems (14 percent), geothermal production (8 percent), self-supplied domestic (4 percent), and miscellaneous (less than 1 percent). Pumpage in the top 10 HAs accounted for about 49 percent of the total ground-water pumpage. The most ground-water pumpage in an HA was due to mining in Pumpernickel Valley (HA 65), Boulder Flat (HA 61), and Lower Reese River Valley (HA 59). Pumpage by water systems in Las Vegas Valley (HA 212) and Truckee Meadows (HA 87) were the fourth and fifth highest pumpage in 2000, respectively. Irrigation and stock watering pumpage accounted for most ground-water withdrawals in the HAs with the sixth through ninth highest pumpage. Geothermal production accounted for most pumpage in the Carson Desert (HA 101).\r\n\r\nReinjection of ground water pumped for geothermal energy production accounted for about 64 percent (93,310 acre-feet) of the total artificial recharge. The only artificial recharge by water systems was in Las Vegas Valley, where 29,790 acre-feet of water from the Colorado River was injected into the aquifer system. Artificial recharge by mining totaled 22,870 acre-feet.\r\n\r\nNet ground-water flow was estimated only for the 143 HAs with available estimates of both natural recharge and interbasin flow. Of the 143 estimates, 58 have negative net ground-water flow, indicating that ground-water storage could be depleted if pumpage continues at the same rate. The State has designated HAs where permitted ground-water rights approach or exceed the estimated average annual recharge. Ten HAs were identified that are not designated and have a net ground-water flow between -1,000 to -35,000 acre-feet. Due to uncertainties in recharge, the water budgets for these HAs may need refining to determine if ground-water storage is being depleted.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045239","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., and Evetts, D.M., 2004, Ground-water pumpage and artificial recharge estimates for calendar year 2000 and average annual natural recharge and interbasin flow by hydrographic area, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5239, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045239.","productDescription":"88 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5885,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045239/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65daed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, Thomas J. tjlopes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"Thomas","email":"tjlopes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evetts, David M. devetts@usgs.gov","contributorId":5097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evetts","given":"David","email":"devetts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1016565,"text":"1016565 - 2004 - Invertebrate egg banks of restored, natural, and drained wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-08T15:32:10.579912","indexId":"1016565","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invertebrate egg banks of restored, natural, and drained wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States","docAbstract":"Analogous to ‘seed banks,’ ‘egg banks’ are important for seasonal succession and maintenance of invertebrate species diversity throughout wet and dry cycles in the prairie pothole region. Further, recruitment of invertebrates from relic egg banks in the sediments and dispersal of eggs into wetlands is believed to be important for reestablishment of invertebrates in recently restored wetlands. Alhough tens-ofthousands of wetlands have been restored in the prairie pothole region of the United States, studies have not been conducted to evaluate the recovery of invertebrate egg banks in restored wetlands. We used taxon richness and abundance as indicators of potential egg bank recovery and compared these parameters in restored wetlands to those of non-drained and drained wetlands with a history of cultivation and also to reference wetlands with no history of cultivation. We found few significant differences among wetland categories within three physiographic regions (Glaciated Plains, Missouri Coteau, and Prairie Coteau). Most statistical comparisons indicated that restored wetlands had invertebrate egg banks similar to reference, nondrained, and drained wetlands. The one exception was drained seasonal wetlands in the Glaciated Plains, which had significantly lower taxon richness and invertebrate abundance than the other wetland categories. Trends did suggest that invertebrate egg bank taxon richness and abundance are increasing in restored seasonal wetlands relative to their drained analogues, whereas a similar trend was not observed for restored semi-permanent wetlands. Although recovery was not related to years since restoration, comparisons of restored wetlands with reference wetlands suggest that recovery potential may be inversely related to the extent of wetland drainage and intensive agriculture that varies spatially in the prairie pothole region. Our research suggests that periodic drawdowns of semi-permanent restored wetlands may be needed to promote production and development of invertebrate egg banks. Inoculation of restored wetlands may also be needed in areas where extensive wetland drainage has resulted in fewer wetland habitats to provide sources of passively dispersed eggs to newly restored wetlands.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0562:IEBORN]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gleason, R., Euliss, N., Hubbard, D., and Duffy, W., 2004, Invertebrate egg banks of restored, natural, and drained wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States: Wetlands, v. 24, no. 3, p. 562-572, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0562:IEBORN]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"562","endPage":"572","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.04882812499999,\n 45.706179285330826\n ],\n [\n -104.150390625,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -103.798828125,\n 43.19716728250125\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 42.68243539838623\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 40.38002840251183\n ],\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 40.51379915504411\n ],\n [\n -90.703125,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -92.37304687500001,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -91.845703125,\n 46.67959446564017\n ],\n [\n -90.439453125,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 49.095452162534826\n ],\n [\n -103.271484375,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n -116.27929687499999,\n 48.86471476180277\n ],\n [\n -115.04882812499999,\n 45.706179285330826\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b6e4b07f02db533fb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gleason, R.A.","contributorId":46035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Euliss, N.H. Jr.","contributorId":54917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hubbard, D.E.","contributorId":87099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duffy, W.G.","contributorId":25506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffy","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027290,"text":"70027290 - 2004 - Age estimation for shovelnose sturgeon: A cautionary note based on annulus formation in pectoral fin rays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70027290","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age estimation for shovelnose sturgeon: A cautionary note based on annulus formation in pectoral fin rays","docAbstract":"Numerous studies have examined the age and growth of shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, but only one study attempted to validate age estimation techniques. Therefore, our objective was to use marginal increment analysis to validate annulus formation in pectoral fin rays of shovelnose sturgeon collected from the Missouri River. We also compared the precision of age estimates between two different readers. Marginal increment distance indicated that for most of the populations an opaque band was laid down in pectoral fin rays during the summer. However, opaque bands were formed throughout the year in some individuals, which could be problematic when using fin rays for age estimation. The agreement of age estimates by two readers for shovelnose sturgeon was only 18%, and differences in ages between the two readers increased for older fish. The presence of split annuli, false annuli, spawning bands, imbedded rays, and deteriorating sections made individual growth rings difficult to separate. Our findings verified that opaque bands are formed annually during the summer in the pectoral fin rays of most shovelnose sturgeon, but some individuals form opaque bands during other times. Pectoral fin rays will probably continue to be the most practical method of age estimation in shovelnose sturgeon, but ages estimated by this method should be used with caution.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M03-090.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Whiteman, K., Travnichek, V., Wildhaber, M., DeLonay, A., Papoulias, D., and Tillett, D., 2004, Age estimation for shovelnose sturgeon: A cautionary note based on annulus formation in pectoral fin rays: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 2, p. 731-734, https://doi.org/10.1577/M03-090.1.","startPage":"731","endPage":"734","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209180,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M03-090.1"},{"id":235420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8ebe4b0c8380cd47f8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whiteman, K.W.","contributorId":41635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whiteman","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Travnichek, V.H.","contributorId":104684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Travnichek","given":"V.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wildhaber, M. L. 0000-0002-6538-9083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":62961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeLonay, A.","contributorId":103054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLonay","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Papoulias, D. 0000-0002-5106-2469","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-2469","contributorId":33886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papoulias","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tillett, D.","contributorId":76918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillett","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70027391,"text":"70027391 - 2004 - U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of the McCoy Mountains Formation, southeastern California: A Cretaceous retroarc foreland basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:47","indexId":"70027391","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of the McCoy Mountains Formation, southeastern California: A Cretaceous retroarc foreland basin","docAbstract":"The timing of deposition of fluvial sediments now forming the >7-km-thick McCoy Mountains Formation is one of the key uncertainties in reconstructing the Mesozoic poleogeography of southern California and western Arizona. Ion-microprobe U-Pb geochronologic data for individual zircons from nine sandstones from the McCoy Mountains type section and six associated igneous rocks provide significant new constraints on the tectonic setting and the timing of deposition within the northwest-trending McCoy basin. U-Pb zircon data from a metavolcanic rock of the underlying Dome Rock sequence in the Palen Mountains confirm that the McCoy Mountains Formation was deposited after regional Middle to Late Jurassic arc magmatism. U-Ph zircon data from a Late Cretaceous granodiorite intruding the formation in the Coxcomb Mountains confirm that the formation was deformed and metamorphosed prior to 73.5 ?? 1.3 Ma. Populations of detrital zircons vary systematically with both rock type and stratigraphic height; lithic arkoses predominantly derived from the west have consistently more abundant younger zircons than do litharenite sandstones predominantly derived from the north, and the youngest zircons yield maximum depositional ages that decrease from 116 Ma near the base to 84 Ma near the top of the section. The detrital-zircon data permit a Late Jurassic age for the basal, comparatively quartz-rich sandstone. However, the data further suggest that >90% of the formation was deposited between middle Early and middle Late Cretaceous time. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that most of the McCoy Mountains Formation represents a retroarc foreland basin, deposited behind the active, evolving Cretaceous Cordilleran continental-margin magmatic arc that lay to the west and in the foreland of the actively deforming Cretaceous Maria fold-and-thrust belt.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B25288.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Barth, A.P., Wooden, J.L., Jacobson, C., and Probst, K., 2004, U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of the McCoy Mountains Formation, southeastern California: A Cretaceous retroarc foreland basin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 1-2, p. 142-153, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25288.1.","startPage":"142","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210970,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25288.1"}],"volume":"116","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9c9e4b08c986b327de7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barth, A. P.","contributorId":16997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barth","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jacobson, C.E.","contributorId":46234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Probst, K.","contributorId":51088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Probst","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027456,"text":"70027456 - 2004 - Geographic structure of adelie penguin populations: overlap in colony-specific foraging areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-06T13:19:36","indexId":"70027456","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic structure of adelie penguin populations: overlap in colony-specific foraging areas","docAbstract":"In an investigation of the factors leading to geographic structuring among Ade??lie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) populations, we studied the size and overlap of colony-specific foraging areas within an isolated cluster of colonies. The study area, in the southwestern Ross Sea, included one large and three smaller colonies, ranging in size from 3900 to 135000 nesting pairs, clustered on Ross and Beaufort Islands. We used triangulation of radio signals from transmitters attached to breeding penguins to determine foraging locations and to define colony-specific foraging areas during the chick-provisioning period of four breeding seasons, 1997-2000. Colony populations (nesting pairs) were determined using aerial photography just after egg-laying; reproductive success was estimated by comparing ground counts of chicks fledged to the number of breeding pairs apparent in aerial photos. Foraging-trip duration, meal size, and adult body mass were estimated using RFID (radio frequency identification) tags and an automated reader and weighbridge. Chick growth was assessed by weekly weighing. We related the following variables to colony size: foraging distance, area, and duration; reproductive success; chick meal size and growth rate; and seasonal variation in adult body mass. We found that penguins foraged closest to their respective colonies, particularly at the smaller colonies. However, as the season progressed, foraging distance, duration, and area increased noticeably, especially at the largest colony. The foraging areas of the smaller colonies overlapped broadly, but very little foraging area overlap existed between the large colony and the smaller colonies, even though the foraging area of the large colony was well within range of the smaller colonies. Instead, the foraging areas of the smaller colonies shifted as that of the large colony grew. Colony size was not related to chick meal size, chick growth, or parental body mass. This differed from the year previous to the study, when foraging trips of the large colony were very long, parents lost mass, and chick meals were smaller. In light of existing data on prey abundance in neritic waters in Antarctica suggesting that krill are relatively evenly distributed and in high abundance in the Southern Ross Sea, we conclude that penguins depleted or changed the availability of their prey, that the degree of alteration was a function of colony size, and that the large colony affected the location (and perhaps ultimately the size) of foraging areas for the smaller colonies. It appears, therefore, that foraging dynamics play a role in the geographic structuring of colonies in this species. ?? 2004 by the Ecological Society of America.","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/02-4073","issn":"00129615","usgsCitation":"Ainley, D., Ribic, C., Ballard, G., Heath, S., Gaffney, I., Karl, B.J., Barton, K.J., Wilson, P.R., and Webb, S., 2004, Geographic structure of adelie penguin populations: overlap in colony-specific foraging areas: Ecological Monographs, v. 74, no. 1, p. 159-178, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-4073.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"178","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1782e4b0c8380cd55518","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ainley, D. G.","contributorId":77870,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ainley","given":"D. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ribic, C. A. 0000-0003-2583-1778","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-1778","contributorId":6026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribic","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballard, G.","contributorId":75314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ballard","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heath, S.","contributorId":55203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heath","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gaffney, I.","contributorId":30032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaffney","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Karl, B. J.","contributorId":43544,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karl","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Barton, K. J.","contributorId":66897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barton","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wilson, P. R.","contributorId":11388,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Webb, S.","contributorId":36356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70027480,"text":"70027480 - 2004 - Biochemical characterization of the eelgrass Zostera marina at its southern distribution limit in the North Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T21:14:30.498795","indexId":"70027480","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1239,"text":"Ciencias Marinas","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Biochemical characterization of the eelgrass Zostera marina at its southern distribution limit in the North Pacific","title":"Biochemical characterization of the eelgrass Zostera marina at its southern distribution limit in the North Pacific","docAbstract":"The eelgrass Zostera marina L. is distributed along the Baja California Peninsula (Mexico) where it is exposed to a wide range of irradiances and temperatures that could promote changes in its biochemical composition. Consequently, the objective of this study was to characterize the variations in the levels of chlorophyll, carbohydrates, proteins, fiber, ash and calories in the shoots of Z. marina from the north (San Quintin) and south (Ojo de Liebre and San Ignacio lagoons) of the peninsula. Temperature in the southern lagoons was 5-6??C higher than in the northern lagoon; likewise, in situ irradiance was two-fold greater in the south than in the north. As a result of the lower irradiance levels, the concentration of chlorophyll in the shoots of Z. marina was twice as high (1.7 mg gWW-1) in the northern lagoon than in the southern ones (0.8 mg gWW-1). Similar to chlorophyll levels, the concentration of soluble carbohydrates in the shoots was greater in the northern lagoon than in the southern ones, suggesting that the high levels of chlorophyll are enough to compensate for the low irradiance levels and to maintain a positive carbon balance at San Quintin. On the other hand, the levels of proteins in the shoots from the north of the peninsula were slightly lower than those from the southern populations. In general, these results suggest that the different environmental conditions to which Z. marina is exposed along the peninsula impact its biochemical composition.","language":"Spanish, English","doi":"10.7773/cm.v30i11.123","usgsCitation":"Cabello-Pasini, A., Muniz-Salazar, R., and Ward, D.H., 2004, Biochemical characterization of the eelgrass Zostera marina at its southern distribution limit in the North Pacific: Ciencias Marinas, v. 30, no. 1 A, p. 21-34, https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v30i11.123.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"34","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238333,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":478262,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v30i11.123","text":"Publisher Index Page"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1 A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f141e4b0c8380cd4ab1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cabello-Pasini, Alejandro","contributorId":80636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cabello-Pasini","given":"Alejandro","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muniz-Salazar, Raquel","contributorId":194242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muniz-Salazar","given":"Raquel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":413836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027751,"text":"70027751 - 2004 - Application of ground-penetrating radar, digital optical borehole images, and cores for characterization of porosity hydraulic conductivity and paleokarst in the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:17","indexId":"70027751","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of ground-penetrating radar, digital optical borehole images, and cores for characterization of porosity hydraulic conductivity and paleokarst in the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida, USA","docAbstract":"This paper presents examples of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data from two study sites in southeastern Florida where karstic Pleistocene platform carbonates that comprise the unconfined Biscayne aquifer were imaged. Important features shown on resultant GPR profiles include: (1) upward and lateral qualitative interpretative distribution of porosity and hydraulic conductivity; (2) paleotopographic relief on karstic subaerial exposure surfaces; and (3) vertical stacking of chronostratigraphic high-frequency cycles (HFCs). These characteristics were verified by comparison to rock properties observed and measured in core samples, and identified in digital optical borehole images. Results demonstrate that an empirical relation exists between measured whole-core porosity and hydraulic conductivity, observed porosity on digital optical borehole images, formation conductivity, and GPR reflection amplitudes-as porosity and hydraulic conductivity determined from core and borehole images increases, formation conductivity increases, and GPR reflection amplitude decreases. This relation allows for qualitative interpretation of the vertical and lateral distribution of porosity and hydraulic conductivity within HFCs. Two subtidal HFCs in the uppermost Biscayne aquifer have significantly unique populations of whole-core porosity values and vertical hydraulic conductivity values. Porosity measurements from one cycle has a median value about two to three times greater than the values from the other HFC, and median values of vertical hydraulic-conductivity about three orders of magnitude higher than the other HFC. The HFC with the higher porosity and hydraulic conductivity values is shown as a discrete package of relatively low-amplitude reflections, whereas the HFC characterized by lower porosity and hydraulic-conductivity measurements is expressed by higher amplitude reflections. Porosity and hydraulic-conductivity values measured from whole-core samples, and vuggy porosity identified on digital borehole images from shallowing-upward, peritidal HFCs show that the highest porosity occurs at the base of the cycles, moderate porosity at the middle of the cycles, and lowest porosity occurs at the top of cycles. Hydraulic conductivity is also highest at the base of the peritidal cycles and lowest in the middle to upper parts of cycles. This change in porosity and hydraulic conductivity from bottom to top is visible as an upward variation in reflection amplitude on GPR profiles-lowest amplitudes at the base and highest at the cycle tops. This study demonstrates that GPR can be used to show the qualitative distribution of porosity and hydraulic conductivity within a cycle-stratigraphic framework composed of carbonate HFCs. The distribution of porosity and hydraulic conductivity within HFCs is related to depositional textures. The upward and lateral patterns of the rock facies within the HFCs can be translated to geophysical-log properties and radar facies configurations that could aid in interpretation and prediction of ground-water flow through a carbonate aquifer. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.06.005","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, K., 2004, Application of ground-penetrating radar, digital optical borehole images, and cores for characterization of porosity hydraulic conductivity and paleokarst in the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida, USA: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 55, no. 1-2, p. 61-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.06.005.","startPage":"61","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211249,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.06.005"},{"id":238505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eca2e4b0c8380cd493c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, K.J.","contributorId":39852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026462,"text":"70026462 - 2004 - A physical model for strain accumulation in the San Francisco Bay region: Stress evolution since 1838","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70026462","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A physical model for strain accumulation in the San Francisco Bay region: Stress evolution since 1838","docAbstract":"Understanding of the behavior of plate boundary zones has progressed to the point where reasonably comprehensive physical models can predict their evolution. The San Andreas fault system in the San Francisco Bay region (SFBR) is dominated by a few major faults whose behavior over about one earthquake cycle is fairly well understood. By combining the past history of large ruptures on SFBR faults with a recently proposed physical model of strain accumulation in the SFBR, we derive the evolution of regional stress from 1838 until the present. This effort depends on (1) an existing compilation of the source properties of historic and contemporary SFBR earthquakes based on documented shaking, geodetic data, and seismic data (Bakun, 1999) and (2) a few key parameters of a simple regional viscoelastic coupling model constrained by recent GPS data (Pollitz and Nyst, 2004). Although uncertainties abound in the location, magnitude, and fault geometries of historic ruptures and the physical model relies on gross simplifications, the resulting stress evolution model is sufficiently detailed to provide a useful window into the past stress history. In the framework of Coulomb failure stress, we find that virtually all M ??? 5.8 earthquakes prior to 1906 and M ??? 5.5 earthquakes after 1906 are consistent with stress triggering from previous earthquakes. These events systematically lie in zones of predicted stress concentration elevated 5-10 bars above the regional average. The SFBR is predicted to have emerged from the 1906 \"shadow\" in about 1980, consistent with the acceleration in regional seismicity at that time. The stress evolution model may be a reliable indicator of the most likely areas to experience M ??? 5.5 shocks in the future.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003003","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., Bakun, W.H., and Nyst, M., 2004, A physical model for strain accumulation in the San Francisco Bay region: Stress evolution since 1838: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 11, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003003.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208372,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003003"},{"id":234088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4d8e4b0c8380cd46987","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, F.","contributorId":66449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nyst, M.","contributorId":66453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyst","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026461,"text":"70026461 - 2004 - Petroleum reserves and undiscovered resources in the total petroleum systems of Iraq: Reserve growth and production implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-01T16:16:55.013639","indexId":"70026461","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1744,"text":"GeoArabia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petroleum reserves and undiscovered resources in the total petroleum systems of Iraq: Reserve growth and production implications","docAbstract":"Iraq is one of the world's most petroleum-rich countries and, in the future, it could become one of the main producers. Iraq's petroleum resources are estimated to be 184 billion barrels, which include oil and natural gas reserves, and undiscovered resources. With its proved (or remaining) reserves of 113 billion barrels of oil (BBO) as of January 2003, Iraq ranks second to Saudi Arabia with 259 BBO in the Middle East. Iraq's proved reserves of 110 trillion cubic feet of gas (TCFG) rank tenth in the world. In addition to known reserves, the combined undiscovered hydrocarbon potential for the three Total Petroleum Systems (Paleozoic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous/Tertiary) in Iraq is estimated to range from 14 to 84 BBO (45 BBO at the mean), and 37 to 227 TCFG (120 TCFG at the mean). Additionally, of the 526 known prospective structures, some 370 remain undrilled. Petroleum migration models and associated geological and geochemical studies were used to constrain the undiscovered resource estimates of Iraq. Based on a criterion of recoverable reserves of between 1 and 5 BBO for a giant field, and more than 5 BBO for a super-giant, Iraq has 6 super-giant and 11 giant fields, accounting for 88% of its recoverable reserves, which include proved reserves and cumulative production. Of the 28 producing fields, 22 have recovery factors that range from 15 to 42% with an overall average of less than 30%. The recovery factor can be increased with water injection, improved and enhanced oil recovery methods (IOR and EOR) in various reservoirs, thus potentially increasing Iraq's reserves by an additional 50 to 70 BBO. Reserve growth is a significant factor that has been observed, to some extent, in nearly all Iraqi oil fields. Historically, producing fields have shown an average growth of 1.6 fold (or 60%) in their recoverable reserves over a 20-year period (1981-2001). With periodic assessments of reservoirs, application of available technology, and an upgrading of facilities, increases in reserves are expected in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/geoarabia090351","usgsCitation":"Verma, M., Ahlbrandt, T., and Al-Gailani, M., 2004, Petroleum reserves and undiscovered resources in the total petroleum systems of Iraq: Reserve growth and production implications: GeoArabia, v. 9, no. 3, p. 51-74, https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia090351.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"74","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478057,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia090351","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iraq","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 43.41796875,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n 43.9453125,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n 44.05517578124999,\n 37.47485808497102\n ],\n [\n 44.29687499999999,\n 37.24782120155428\n ],\n [\n 44.4287109375,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n 44.6923828125,\n 37.24782120155428\n ],\n [\n 45,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n 45.02197265624999,\n 36.82687474287728\n ],\n [\n 45.26367187499999,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n 45.52734375,\n 36.20882309283712\n ],\n [\n 45.81298828124999,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n 46.0986328125,\n 35.90684930677121\n ],\n [\n 46.494140625,\n 35.79999392988527\n ],\n [\n 46.12060546875,\n 35.62158189955968\n ],\n [\n 46.16455078125,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n 46.1865234375,\n 35.08395557927643\n ],\n [\n 45.9228515625,\n 34.939985151560435\n ],\n [\n 45.81298828124999,\n 34.66935854524545\n ],\n [\n 45.703125,\n 34.488447837809304\n ],\n [\n 45.615234375,\n 34.08906131584996\n ],\n [\n 45.9228515625,\n 33.76088200086917\n ],\n [\n 46.318359375,\n 33.35806161277885\n ],\n [\n 46.34033203125,\n 33.119150226768866\n ],\n [\n 47.0654296875,\n 32.713355353177555\n ],\n [\n 47.52685546875,\n 32.45415593941475\n ],\n [\n 47.92236328125,\n 31.840232667909365\n ],\n [\n 47.79052734375,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n 48.0322265625,\n 31.071755902820108\n ],\n [\n 48.14208984375,\n 30.770159115784214\n ],\n [\n 48.47167968749999,\n 30.278044377800153\n ],\n [\n 48.5595703125,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n 48.427734375,\n 29.84064389983444\n ],\n [\n 47.87841796875,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n 47.48291015625,\n 30.012030680358613\n ],\n [\n 47.2412109375,\n 29.973970240516614\n ],\n [\n 47.109375,\n 29.649868677972304\n ],\n [\n 46.9775390625,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n 46.6259765625,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n 44.6923828125,\n 29.171348850951507\n ],\n [\n 42.86865234375,\n 30.4297295750316\n ],\n [\n 42.86865234375,\n 30.78903675126116\n ],\n [\n 39.92431640625,\n 32.06395559466043\n ],\n [\n 39.04541015625,\n 32.26855544621479\n ],\n [\n 38.8037109375,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n 38.82568359375,\n 33.00866349457558\n ],\n [\n 38.73779296874999,\n 33.486435450999885\n ],\n [\n 40.53955078125,\n 34.415973384481866\n ],\n [\n 40.95703125,\n 34.43409789359469\n ],\n [\n 41.1767578125,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n 41.11083984375,\n 35.496456056584165\n ],\n [\n 41.220703125,\n 35.782170703266075\n ],\n [\n 41.220703125,\n 36.38591277287654\n ],\n [\n 41.28662109375,\n 36.66841891894786\n ],\n [\n 41.85791015625,\n 36.66841891894786\n ],\n [\n 42.36328124999999,\n 37.21283151445594\n ],\n [\n 42.56103515625,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n 42.69287109375,\n 37.47485808497102\n ],\n [\n 42.978515625,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n 43.41796875,\n 37.3002752813443\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a77fee4b0c8380cd785ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verma, M.K.","contributorId":90375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verma","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ahlbrandt, Thomas S.","contributorId":58279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahlbrandt","given":"Thomas S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Al-Gailani, M.","contributorId":35919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Al-Gailani","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026460,"text":"70026460 - 2004 - Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:20:42","indexId":"70026460","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant","docAbstract":"In a study conducted by the US Geological Survey and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 24 water samples were collected at selected locations within a drinking-water-treatment (DWT) facility and from the two streams that serve the facility to evaluate the potential for wastewater-related organic contaminants to survive a conventional treatment process and persist in potable-water supplies. Stream-water samples as well as samples of raw, settled, filtered, and finished water were collected during low-flow conditions, when the discharge of effluent from upstream municipal sewage-treatment plants accounted for 37–67% of flow in stream 1 and 10–20% of flow in stream 2. Each sample was analyzed for 106 organic wastewater-related contaminants (OWCs) that represent a diverse group of extensively used chemicals. Forty OWCs were detected in one or more samples of stream water or raw-water supplies in the treatment plant; 34 were detected in more than 10% of these samples. Several of these compounds also were frequently detected in samples of finished water; these compounds include selected prescription and non-prescription drugs and their metabolites, fragrance compounds, flame retardants and plasticizers, cosmetic compounds, and a solvent. The detection of these compounds suggests that they resist removal through conventional water-treatment processes. Other compounds that also were frequently detected in samples of stream water and raw-water supplies were not detected in samples of finished water; these include selected prescription and non-prescription drugs and their metabolites, disinfectants, detergent metabolites, and plant and animal steroids. The non-detection of these compounds indicates that their concentrations are reduced to levels less than analytical detection limits or that they are transformed to degradates through conventional DWT processes. Concentrations of OWCs detected in finished water generally were low and did not exceed Federal drinking-water standards or lifetime health advisories, although such standards or advisories have not been established for most of these compounds. Also, at least 11 and as many as 17 OWCs were detected in samples of finished water. Drinking-water criteria currently are based on the toxicity of individual compounds and not combinations of compounds. Little is known about potential human-health effects associated with chronic exposure to trace levels of multiple OWCs through routes such as drinking water. The occurrence in drinking-water supplies of many of the OWCs analyzed for during this study is unregulated and most of these compounds have not been routinely monitored for in the Nation's source- or potable-water supplies. This study provides the first documentation that many of these compounds can survive conventional water-treatment processes and occur in potable-water supplies. It thereby provides information that can be used in setting research and regulatory priorities and in designing future monitoring programs. The results of this study also indicate that improvements in water-treatment processes may benefit from consideration of the response of OWCs and other trace organic contaminants to specific physical and chemical treatments.
Trichloroethene (TCE) was detected in cores of trees growing above TCE-contaminated ground at three sites: the Carswell Golf Course in Texas, Air Force Plant PJKS in Colorado, and Naval Weapons Station Charleston in South Carolina. This was true even when the depth to water was 7.9 m or when the contaminated aquifer was confined beneath ∼3 m of clay. Additional ground water contaminants detected in the tree cores were cis-1,2-dichloroethene at two sites and tetrachloroethene at one site. Thus, tree coring can be a rapid and effective means of locating shallow subsurface chlorinated ethenes and possibly identifying zones of active TCE dechlorination. Tree cores collected over time were useful in identifying the onset of ground water contamination. Several factors affecting chlorinated ethene concentrations in tree cores were identified in this investigation. The factors include ground water chlorinated ethene concentrations and depth to ground water contamination. In addition, differing TCE concentrations around the trunk of some trees appear to be related to the roots deriving water from differing areas. Opportunistic uptake of infiltrating rainfall can dilute prerain TCE concentrations in the trunk. TCE concentrations in core headspace may differ among some tree species. In some trees, infestation of bacteria in decaying heartwood may provide a TCE dechlorination mechanism within the trunk.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.2004.tb01299.x","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D., Clinton, B., Vose, J., Casey, C., Harvey, G.J., and Bradley, P., 2004, Ground water chlorinated ethenes in tree trunks: Case studies, influence of recharge, and potential degradation mechanism: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 24, no. 3, p. 124-138, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2004.tb01299.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"124","endPage":"138","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2aaae4b0c8380cd5b377","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clinton, B.D.","contributorId":10204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clinton","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vose, J.M.","contributorId":22539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vose","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casey, C.C.","contributorId":10206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harvey, G. J.","contributorId":72984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026508,"text":"70026508 - 2004 - Evidence for landscape-level, pollen-mediated gene flow from genetically modified creeping bentgrass with CP4 EPSPS as a marker","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026508","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for landscape-level, pollen-mediated gene flow from genetically modified creeping bentgrass with CP4 EPSPS as a marker","docAbstract":"Sampling methods and results of a gene flow study are described that will be of interest to plant scientists, evolutionary biologists, ecologists, and stakeholders assessing the environmental safety of transgenic crops. This study documents gene flow on a landscape level from creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), one of the first wind-pollinated, perennial, and highly outcrossing transgenic crops being developed for commercial use. Most of the gene flow occurred within 2 km in the direction of prevailing winds. The maximal gene flow distances observed were 21 km and 14 km in sentinel and resident plants, respectively, that were located in primarily nonagronomic habitats. The selectable marker used in these studies was the CP4 EPSPS gene derived from Agrobacterium spp. strain CP4 that encodes 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase and confers resistance to glyphosate herbicide. Evidence for gene flow to 75 of 138 sentinel plants of A. stolonifera and to 29 of 69 resident Agrostis plants was based on seedling progeny survival after spraying with glyphosate in greenhouse assays and positive TraitChek, PCR, and sequencing results. Additional studies are needed to determine whether introgression will occur and whether it will affect the ecological fitness of progeny or the structure of plant communities in which transgenic progeny may become established.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0405154101","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Watrud, L., Lee, E., Fairbrother, A., Burdick, C., Reichman, J., Bollman, M., Storm, M., King, G., and Van De Water, P.K., 2004, Evidence for landscape-level, pollen-mediated gene flow from genetically modified creeping bentgrass with CP4 EPSPS as a marker: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 101, no. 40, p. 14533-14538, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0405154101.","startPage":"14533","endPage":"14538","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478191,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/521937","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208475,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0405154101"},{"id":234236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"40","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d44e4b0c8380cd52ef0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watrud, L.S.","contributorId":10963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watrud","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, E.H.","contributorId":59996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fairbrother, A.","contributorId":25500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairbrother","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burdick, C.","contributorId":88918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burdick","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reichman, J.R.","contributorId":78130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichman","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bollman, M.","contributorId":61219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollman","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Storm, M.","contributorId":31173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storm","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"King, G.","contributorId":74521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Van De Water, Peter K.","contributorId":51484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van De Water","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70027797,"text":"70027797 - 2004 - Holocene fault scarps near Tacoma, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70027797","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene fault scarps near Tacoma, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"Airborne laser mapping confirms that Holocene active faults traverse the Puget Sound metropolitan area, northwestern continental United States. The mapping, which detects forest-floor relief of as little as 15 cm, reveals scarps along geophysical lineaments that separate areas of Holocene uplift and subsidence. Along one such line of scarps, we found that a fault warped the ground surface between A.D. 770 and 1160. This reverse fault, which projects through Tacoma, Washington, bounds the southern and western sides of the Seattle uplift. The northern flank of the Seattle uplift is bounded by a reverse fault beneath Seattle that broke in A.D. 900-930. Observations of tectonic scarps along the Tacoma fault demonstrate that active faulting with associated surface rupture and ground motions pose a significant hazard in the Puget Sound region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G19914.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Sherrod, B., Brocher, T., Weaver, C., Bucknam, R., Blakely, R., Kelsey, H., Nelson, A., and Haugerud, R., 2004, Holocene fault scarps near Tacoma, Washington, USA: Geology, v. 32, no. 1, p. 9-12, https://doi.org/10.1130/G19914.1.","startPage":"9","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210984,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G19914.1"},{"id":238107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31e6e4b0c8380cd5e31d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherrod, B.L.","contributorId":68937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bucknam, R.C.","contributorId":35744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bucknam","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kelsey, H.M.","contributorId":84300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelsey","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nelson, A.R. 0000-0001-7117-7098","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-7098","contributorId":55078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Haugerud, R.","contributorId":59618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugerud","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70027232,"text":"70027232 - 2004 - Probabilistic assessment of precipitation-triggered landslides using historical records of landslide occurrence, Seattle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T08:30:58","indexId":"70027232","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Probabilistic assessment of precipitation-triggered landslides using historical records of landslide occurrence, Seattle, Washington","docAbstract":"Ninety years of historical landslide records were used as input to the Poisson and binomial probability models. Results from these models show that, for precipitation-triggered landslides, approximately 9 percent of the area of Seattle has annual exceedance probabilities of 1 percent or greater. Application of the Poisson model for estimating the future occurrence of individual landslides results in a worst-case scenario map, with a maximum annual exceedance probability of 25 percent on a hillslope near Duwamish Head in West Seattle. Application of the binomial model for estimating the future occurrence of a year with one or more landslides results in a map with a maximum annual exceedance probability of 17 percent (also near Duwamish Head). Slope and geology both play a role in localizing the occurrence of landslides in Seattle. A positive correlation exists between slope and mean exceedance probability, with probability tending to increase as slope increases. Sixty-four percent of all historical landslide locations are within 150 m (500 ft, horizontal distance) of the Esperance Sand/Lawton Clay contact, but within this zone, no positive or negative correlation exists between exceedance probability and distance to the contact.","language":"English","publisher":"GSW","doi":"10.2113/10.2.103","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"Coe, J.A., Michael, J.A., Crovelli, R., Savage, W.U., Nashem, W., and Laprade, W., 2004, Probabilistic assessment of precipitation-triggered landslides using historical records of landslide occurrence, Seattle, Washington: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 10, no. 2, p. 103-122, https://doi.org/10.2113/10.2.103.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science 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A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savage, William U. wusavage@usgs.gov","contributorId":2448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"William","email":"wusavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":763668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nashem, W.D.","contributorId":82104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nashem","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Laprade, W.T.","contributorId":17411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laprade","given":"W.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70027235,"text":"70027235 - 2004 - Nitrogen fluxes and retention in urban watershed ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-18T16:06:29.300817","indexId":"70027235","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen fluxes and retention in urban watershed ecosystems","docAbstract":"Although the watershed approach has long been used to study whole-ecosystem function, it has seldom been applied to study human-dominated systems, especially those dominated by urban and suburban land uses. Here we present 3 years of data on nitrogen (N) losses from one completely forested, one agricultural, and six urban/suburban watersheds, and input-output N budgets for suburban, forested, and agricultural watersheds. The work is a product of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study, a long-term study of urban and suburban ecosystems, and a component of the US National Science Foundation's long-term ecological research (LTER) network. As expected, urban and suburban watersheds had much higher N losses than did the completely forested watershed, with N yields ranging from 2.9 to 7.9 kg N ha−1 y−1 in the urban and suburban watersheds compared with less than 1 kg N ha−1 y−1 in the completely forested watershed. Yields from urban and suburban watersheds were lower than those from an agricultural watershed (13-19.8 kg N ha−1 y−1). Retention of N in the suburban watershed was surprisingly high, 75% of inputs, which were dominated by home lawn fertilizer (14.4 kg N ha−1 y−1) and atmospheric deposition (11.2 kg N ha−1 y−1). Detailed analysis of mechanisms of N retention, which must occur in the significant amounts of pervious surface present in urban and suburban watersheds, and which include storage in soils and vegetation and gaseous loss, is clearly warranted.
","language":"English","publisher":"SpringerLink","doi":"10.1007/s10021-003-0039-x","usgsCitation":"Groffman, P., Law, N., Belt, K., Band, L., and Fisher, G.T., 2004, Nitrogen fluxes and retention in urban watershed ecosystems: Ecosystems, v. 7, no. 4, p. 393-403, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0039-x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"403","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","city":"Baltimore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.7779541015625,\n 39.3130504637139\n ],\n [\n -76.75598144531251,\n 39.198205348894795\n ],\n [\n -76.5142822265625,\n 39.12153746241922\n ],\n [\n -76.409912109375,\n 39.257778150283364\n ],\n [\n -76.387939453125,\n 39.317300373271024\n ],\n [\n -76.4263916015625,\n 39.393754592243454\n ],\n [\n -76.453857421875,\n 39.44891948347229\n ],\n [\n -76.61865234374999,\n 39.46164364205549\n ],\n [\n -76.761474609375,\n 39.41497702499074\n ],\n [\n -76.7779541015625,\n 39.3130504637139\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66d9e4b0c8380cd73014","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groffman, P.M.","contributorId":21904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groffman","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Law, N.L.","contributorId":90515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Law","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belt, K.T.","contributorId":79997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belt","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Band, L.E.","contributorId":70342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Band","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fisher, G. T.","contributorId":49359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027285,"text":"70027285 - 2004 - Posteruption glacier development within the crater of Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027285","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Posteruption glacier development within the crater of Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"The cataclysmic eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980, resulted in a large, north-facing amphitheater, with a steep headwall rising 700 m above the crater floor. In this deeply shaded niche a glacier, here named the Amphitheater glacier, has formed. Tongues of ice-containing crevasses extend from the main ice mass around both the east and the west sides of the lava dome that occupies the center of the crater floor. Aerial photographs taken in September 1996 reveal a small glacier in the southwest portion of the amphitheater containing several crevasses and a bergschrund-like feature at its head. The extent of the glacier at this time is probably about 0.1 km2. By September 2001, the debris-laden glacier had grown to about 1 km2 in area, with a maximum thickness of about 200 m, and contained an estimated 120,000,000 m3 of ice and rock debris. Approximately one-third of the volume of the glacier is thought to be rock debris derived mainly from rock avalanches from the surrounding amphitheater walls. The newly formed Amphitheater glacier is not only the largest glacier on Mount St. Helens but its aerial extent exceeds that of all other remaining glaciers combined. Published by University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2003.11.002","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Schilling, S., Carrara, P., Thompson, R.A., and Iwatsubo, E., 2004, Posteruption glacier development within the crater of Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 61, no. 3, p. 325-329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2003.11.002.","startPage":"325","endPage":"329","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209132,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2003.11.002"},{"id":235344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e7ee4b0c8380cd7a598","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, S. P.","contributorId":42606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carrara, P. E.","contributorId":33727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrara","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, R. A.","contributorId":100420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Iwatsubo, E.Y.","contributorId":20753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwatsubo","given":"E.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027289,"text":"70027289 - 2004 - Flow path of the 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-oki earthquake seismoturbidite, suthern margin of the Japan sea north basin, inferred from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70027289","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow path of the 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-oki earthquake seismoturbidite, suthern margin of the Japan sea north basin, inferred from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility","docAbstract":"A magnetic fabric analysis has been carried out on standard cube samples from one gravity and three multiple cores extracted from the Shiribeshi trough and Okushiri basin in the southern margin of the Japan sea north basin. It is aimed at tracing the flow path of turbidites that are assumed to have deposited in response to the 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-oki earthquake. Magnetic remanence was used for reorientation to the geographic coordinates. Magnetomineralogical investigations including low-temperature magnetometry, magnetic hysteresis loops and isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition experiments indicate that pseudosingle domain to multidomain magnetite is the principal magnetic carrier and is, therefore, capable of providing reliable anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) palaeocurrent direction estimates. A well-developed near-horizontal magnetic foliation and minimum susceptibility axes lying close to vertical are recorded at all sites reflecting an original depositional fabric. Clearly defined magnetic lineation was observed at all sites and is considered to reflect the palaeocurrent direction. Down-core changes of susceptibility and key AMS parameters show good correspondence to occurrences of turbidite layers marking the increase of input of influx materials. In agreement with results from recent marine surveys and IZANAGI side-scan sonar images, an NNE transportation trend has been estimated for sediments at sites from the Shiribeshi trough with a possible depositing path initiating from the slope bounding the south and southeastern margin down to the trough floor. Similarly, a SSE palaeocurrent direction has been estimated for sediments from the Okushiri basin with evidence for a relatively strong transporting current flowing through the canyons along the steep slope bounding the north and northeastern margins of the basin. The present results agree with the view that slope failure is the most probable mechanism for the down-slope transport of the sand from the shelves and upper slopes down to floors of basins and troughs in the southern margin of the Japan sea north basin. They further support the ongoing assumption that the 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-oki and other strong historical earthquakes together with associated tsunamis are the principal triggering forces for the down-slope mass gravitational transport and formation of turbidites in this seismically active area. ?? 2004 RAS.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02210.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Abdeldayem, A., Ikehara, K., and Yamazaki, T., 2004, Flow path of the 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-oki earthquake seismoturbidite, suthern margin of the Japan sea north basin, inferred from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility: Geophysical Journal International, v. 157, no. 1, p. 15-24, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02210.x.","startPage":"15","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478104,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2004.02210.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209155,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02210.x"},{"id":235383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"157","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a124be4b0c8380cd54253","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abdeldayem, A.L.","contributorId":46282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abdeldayem","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ikehara, K.","contributorId":11814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikehara","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yamazaki, T.","contributorId":82064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamazaki","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027296,"text":"70027296 - 2004 - Density and success of bird nests relative to grazing on western Montana grasslands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-08T12:26:32","indexId":"70027296","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density and success of bird nests relative to grazing on western Montana grasslands","docAbstract":"Grassland birds are declining at a faster rate than any other group of North American bird species. Livestock grazing is the primary economic use of grasslands in the western United States, but the effects of this use on distribution and productivity of grassland birds are unclear. We examined nest density and success of ground-nesting birds on grazed and ungrazed grasslands in western Montana. In comparison to grazed plots, ungrazed plots had reduced forb cover, increased litter cover, increased litter depth, and increased visual obstruction readings (VOR) of vegetation. Nest density among 10 of 11 common bird species was most strongly correlated with VOR of plots, and greatest nest density for each species occurred where mean VOR of the plot was similar to mean VOR at nests. Additionally, all bird species were relatively consistent in their choice of VOR at nests despite substantial differences in VOR among plots. We suggest that birds selected plots based in part on availability of suitable nest sites and that variation in nest density relative to grazing reflected the effect of grazing on availability of nest sites. Nest success was similar between grazed plots and ungrazed plots for two species but was lower for nests on grazed plots than on ungrazed plots for two other species because of increased rates of predation, trampling, or parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Other species nested almost exclusively on ungrazed plots (six species) or grazed plots (one species), precluding evaluation of the effects of grazing on nest success. We demonstrate that each species in a diverse suite of ground-nesting birds preferentially used certain habitats for nesting and that grazing altered availability of preferred nesting habitats through changes in vegetation structure and plant species composition. We also show that grazing directly or indirectly predisposed some bird species to increased nesting mortality. Management alternatives that avoid intensive grazing during the breeding season would be expected to benefit many grassland bird species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00293-3","issn":"00063207","usgsCitation":"Fondell, T., and Ball, I., 2004, Density and success of bird nests relative to grazing on western Montana grasslands: Biological Conservation, v. 117, no. 2, p. 203-213, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00293-3.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"213","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Flathead Indian Reservation, Mission Valley, Ninepipe National Wildlife Refuge","volume":"117","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fea3e4b0c8380cd4ee3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fondell, Thomas F. tfondell@usgs.gov","contributorId":139310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fondell","given":"Thomas F.","email":"tfondell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":413076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball, I.J.","contributorId":104427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026246,"text":"70026246 - 2004 - Remotely triggered seismicity on the United States west coast following the Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-02T15:22:01.201242","indexId":"70026246","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Remotely triggered seismicity on the United States west coast following the Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake","title":"Remotely triggered seismicity on the United States west coast following the Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake","docAbstract":"The Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake in central Alaska of 3 November 2002 triggered earthquakes across western North America at epicentral distances of up to at least 3660 km. We describe the spatial and temporal development of triggered activity in California and the Pacific Northwest, focusing on Mount Rainier, the Geysers geothermal field, the Long Valley caldera, and the Coso geothermal field.
The onset of triggered seismicity at each of these areas began during the Love and Raleigh waves of the Mw 7.9 wave train, which had dominant periods of 15 to 40 sec, indicating that earthquakes were triggered locally by dynamic stress changes due to low-frequency surface wave arrivals. Swarms during the wave train continued for ∼4 min (Mount Rainier) to ∼40 min (the Geysers) after the surface wave arrivals and were characterized by spasmodic bursts of small (M ≤ 2.5) earthquakes. Dynamic stresses within the surface wave train at the time of the first triggered earthquakes ranged from 0.01 MPa (Coso) to 0.09 MPa (Mount Rainier). In addition to the swarms that began during the surface wave arrivals, Long Valley caldera and Mount Rainier experienced unusually large seismic swarms hours to days after the Denali fault earthquake. These swarms seem to represent a delayed response to the Denali fault earthquake. The occurrence of spatially and temporally distinct swarms of triggered seismicity at the same site suggests that earthquakes may be triggered by more than one physical process.
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