{"pageNumber":"2737","pageRowStart":"68400","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":70185110,"text":"70185110 - 2004 - Alkaline hydrolysis/polymerization of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene:  Characterization of products by 13C and 15N NMR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-10T20:32:13.663444","indexId":"70185110","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Alkaline hydrolysis/polymerization of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene:  Characterization of products by <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>15</sup>N NMR","title":"Alkaline hydrolysis/polymerization of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene:  Characterization of products by 13C and 15N NMR","docAbstract":"<p><span>Alkaline hydrolysis has been investigated as a nonbiological procedure for the destruction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in explosives contaminated soils and munitions scrap. Nucleophilic substitutions of the nitro and methyl groups of TNT by hydroxide ion are the initial steps in the alkaline degradation of TNT. Potential applications of the technique include both in situ surface liming and ex situ alkaline treatment of contaminated soils. A number of laboratory studies have reported the formation of an uncharacterized polymeric material upon prolonged treatment of TNT in base. As part of an overall assessment of alkaline hydrolysis as a remediation technique, and to gain a better understanding of the chemical reactions underlying the hydrolysis/polymerization process, the soluble and precipitate fractions of polymeric material produced from the calcium hydroxide hydrolysis of unlabeled and&nbsp;</span><sup>15</sup><span>N-labeled TNT were analyzed by elemental analysis and&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup><span>C and&nbsp;</span><sup>15</sup><span>N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Spectra indicated that reactions leading to polymerization included nucleophilic displacement of nitro groups by hydroxide ion, formation of ketone, carboxyl, alcohol, ether, and other aliphatic carbons, conversion of methyl groups to diphenyl methylene carbons, and recondensation of aromatic amines and reduced forms of nitrite, including ammonia and possibly hydroxylamine, into the polymer. Compared to the distribution of carbons in TNT as 14% sp</span><sup>3</sup><span>- and 86% sp</span><sup>2</sup><span>-hybridized, the precipitate fraction from hydrolysis of unlabeled TNT contained 33% sp</span><sup>3</sup><span>- and 67% sp</span><sup>2</sup><span>-hybridized carbons. The concentration of nitrogen in the precipitate was 64% of that in TNT. The&nbsp;</span><sup>15</sup><span>N NMR spectra showed that, in addition to residual nitro groups, forms of nitrogen present in the filtrate and precipitate fractions include aminohydroquinone, primary amide, indole, imine, and azoxy, among others. Unreacted nitrite was recovered in the filtrate fraction. The toxicities and susceptibilities to microbial or chemical degradation of the polymeric materials remain unknown.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es030655a","usgsCitation":"Thorn, K.A., Thorne, P.G., and Cox, L.G., 2004, Alkaline hydrolysis/polymerization of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene:  Characterization of products by 13C and 15N NMR: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 7, p. 2224-2231, https://doi.org/10.1021/es030655a.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2224","endPage":"2231","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-02-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c90129e4b0849ce97abd0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorn, Kevin A. 0000-0003-2236-5193 kathorn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-5193","contributorId":3288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"Kevin","email":"kathorn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorne, Philip G.","contributorId":188040,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thorne","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cox, Larry G. lgcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":3310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Larry","email":"lgcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":684377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027112,"text":"70027112 - 2004 - Immunomodulation and disease resistance in postyearling rainbow trout infected with Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-26T17:44:00.288567","indexId":"70027112","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Immunomodulation and disease resistance in postyearling rainbow trout infected with <i>Myxobolus cerebralis</i>, the causative agent of whirling disease","title":"Immunomodulation and disease resistance in postyearling rainbow trout infected with Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease","docAbstract":"<p><i>Myxobolus cerebralis</i><span>, the myxosporean parasite that causes whirling disease, has a number of deleterious effects on its salmonid host. Although it is well established that juvenile salmonids in the active stages of whirling disease mount an immune response to the pathogen, the occurrence and longevity of any related immunomodulatory effects are unknown. In this study, postyearling rainbow trout&nbsp;</span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span>&nbsp;infected with&nbsp;</span><i>M. cerebralis</i><span>&nbsp;were examined for leukocyte functions and for resistance to&nbsp;</span><i>Yersinia ruckeri</i><span>, a bacterial pathogen of salmonids. Compared with uninfected controls,&nbsp;</span><i>M. cerebralis</i><span>-infected fish showed lower proliferative lymphocyte responses to four mitogens (concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide). Conversely,&nbsp;</span><i>M. cerebralis</i><span>-infected fish displayed greater bactericidal activity of anterior kidney macrophages than did uninfected fish. After bath challenges with&nbsp;</span><i>Y. ruckeri</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>M. cerebralis</i><span>-infected fish had slightly lower survival and a more rapid onset of mortality than did the control fish. Renal tissue and fecal samples from&nbsp;</span><i>M. cerebralis</i><span>-infected and uninfected survivors were cultured for the presence of&nbsp;</span><i>Y. ruckeri</i><span>, and no difference in prevalence was noted between the two groups. Because immunomodulatory changes in the&nbsp;</span><i>M. cerebralis</i><span>-infected fish involved functional enhancement and suppression of different leukocyte populations, disease resistance among&nbsp;</span><i>M. cerebralis</i><span>-infected fish in the later stages of whirling disease will probably vary with the secondary pathogen and the nature of immune response the pathogen evokes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/H03-039.1","usgsCitation":"Densmore, C.L., Ottinger, C.A., Blazer, V., Iwanowicz, L.R., and Smith, D., 2004, Immunomodulation and disease resistance in postyearling rainbow trout infected with Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 16, no. 2, p. 73-82, https://doi.org/10.1577/H03-039.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38a3e4b0c8380cd61635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Densmore, Christine L. 0000-0001-6440-0781 cdensmore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6440-0781","contributorId":4560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Christine","email":"cdensmore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ottinger, Christopher A. 0000-0003-2551-1985 cottinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-1985","contributorId":2559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"Christopher","email":"cottinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blazer, Vicki S. 0000-0001-6647-9614 vblazer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":149414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"Vicki S.","email":"vblazer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Iwanowicz, Luke R. 0000-0002-1197-6178 liwanowicz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1197-6178","contributorId":190787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwanowicz","given":"Luke","email":"liwanowicz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027176,"text":"70027176 - 2004 - Evaluation of stomach tubes and gastric lavage for sampling diets from blue catfish and flathead catfish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027176","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of stomach tubes and gastric lavage for sampling diets from blue catfish and flathead catfish","docAbstract":"We compared the ability to extract all stomach contents by using stomach tubes or gastric lavage to sample diets from blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus and flathead catfish Pylodictus olivarus. Pulsed gastric lavage (PGL) removed a significantly greater proportion of stomach content mass (95.6%) from blue catfish than did stomach tubes (14.6%). Percent mass of flathead catfish contents removed with PGL (96.0%) was not significantly different from that removed with stomach tubes (86.9%). Based on the greater effectiveness of PGL for blue catfish, combined with a shorter mean time required per sample (69 versus 118 s) and the better preservation of extracted diet material, we recommend using PGL as a nonlethal technique to collect diet samples from large catfishes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M02-156","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Waters, D., Kwak, T., Arnott, J., and Pine, W., 2004, Evaluation of stomach tubes and gastric lavage for sampling diets from blue catfish and flathead catfish: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 1, p. 258-261, https://doi.org/10.1577/M02-156.","startPage":"258","endPage":"261","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209099,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M02-156"},{"id":235299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cc7e4b0c8380cd52cc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waters, D.S.","contributorId":67701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waters","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kwak, T.J.","contributorId":104236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwak","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arnott, J.B.","contributorId":105500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnott","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pine, William E. III","contributorId":56759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pine","given":"William E.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70194311,"text":"70194311 - 2004 - Modeling demographic performance of northern spotted owls relative to forest habitat in Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T19:23:25","indexId":"70194311","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling demographic performance of northern spotted owls relative to forest habitat in Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>Northern spotted owls (<i>Strix occidentalis caurina</i>) are known to be associated with late-successional forests in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, but the effects of habitat on their demographic performance are relatively unknown. We developed statistical models relating owl survival and productivity to forest cover types within the Roseburg Study Area in the Oregon Coast Range of Oregon, USA. We further combined these demographic parameters using a Leslie-type matrix to obtain an estimate of habitat fitness potential for each owl territory (<i>n</i> = 94). We used mark–recapture methods to develop models for survival and linear mixed models for productivity. We measured forest composition and landscape patterns at 3 landscape scales centered on nest and activity sites within owl territories using an aerial photo-based map and a Geographic Information System (GIS). We also considered additional covariates such as age, sex, and presence of barred owls (<i>Strix varia</i>), and seasonal climate variables (temperature and precipitation) in our models. We used Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to rank and compare models. Survival had a quadratic relationship with the amount of late- and mid-seral forests within 1,500 m of nesting centers. Survival also was influenced by the amount of precipitation during the nesting season. Only 16% of the variability in survival was accounted for by our best model, but 85% of this was due to the habitat variable. Reproductive rates fluctuated biennially and were positively related to the amount of edge between late- and mid-seral forests and other habitat classes. Reproductive rates also were influenced by parent age, amount of precipitation during nesting season, and presence of barred owls. Our best model accounted for 84% of the variability in productivity, but only 3% of that was due to the habitat variable. Estimates of habitat fitness potential (which may range from 0 to infinity) for the 94 territories ranged from 0.74 to 1.15 (<i>x̄</i> = 1.05, SE = 0.07). All but 1 territory had 95% confidence intervals overlapping 1.0, indicating a potentially stable population based on habitat pattern. Our results seem to indicate that while mid- and late-seral forests are important to owls, a mixture of these forest types with younger forest and nonforest may be best for owl survival and reproduction. Our results are consistent with those of researchers in northern California, USA, who used similar methods in their analyses. However, we believe that given the low variability in survival and productivity attributed to habitat, further study is needed to confirm our conclusions before they can be used to guide forest management actions for spotted owls.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[1039:MDPONS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Olson, G.S., Glenn, E.M., Anthony, R., Forsman, E.D., Reid, J.A., Loschl, P.J., and Ripple, W.J., 2004, Modeling demographic performance of northern spotted owls relative to forest habitat in Oregon: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 68, no. 4, p. 1039-1053, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[1039:MDPONS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1039","endPage":"1053","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349254,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61194be4b06e28e9c2597f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Gail S.","contributorId":19884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Gail","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glenn, Elizabeth M.","contributorId":150580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glenn","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anthony, Robert G.","contributorId":61324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"Robert G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Forsman, Eric D.","contributorId":96792,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Forsman","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reid, Janice A.","contributorId":98034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Janice","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Loschl, Peter J.","contributorId":7195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loschl","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ripple, William J.","contributorId":24271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ripple","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70026953,"text":"70026953 - 2004 - Entry of alkalis into type-I chondrules at both high and low temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70026953","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Entry of alkalis into type-I chondrules at both high and low temperatures","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10869379","usgsCitation":"Grossman, J.N., and Alexander, C.M., 2004, Entry of alkalis into type-I chondrules at both high and low temperatures: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 39, no. SUPPL.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"SUPPL.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0985e4b0c8380cd51f61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossman, J. N.","contributorId":41840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, C. M. O’D.","contributorId":105418,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alexander","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. O’D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026363,"text":"70026363 - 2004 - In-flight validation and recovery of water surface temperature with Landsat-5 thermal infrared data using an automated high-altitude lake validation site at Lake Tahoe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:00:46","indexId":"70026363","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In-flight validation and recovery of water surface temperature with Landsat-5 thermal infrared data using an automated high-altitude lake validation site at Lake Tahoe","docAbstract":"<p><span>The absolute radiometric accuracy of the thermal infrared band (B6) of the Thematic Mapper (TM) instrument on the Landsat-5 (L5) satellite was assessed over a period of approximately four years using data from the Lake Tahoe automated validation site (California-Nevada). The Lake Tahoe site was established in July 1999, and measurements of the skin and bulk temperature have been made approximately every 2 min from four permanently moored buoys since mid-1999. Assessment involved using a radiative transfer model to propagate surface skin temperature measurements made at the time of the L5 overpass to predict the at-sensor radiance. The predicted radiance was then convolved with the L5B6 system response function to obtain the predicted L5B6 radiance, which was then compared with the radiance measured by L5B6. Twenty-four cloud-free scenes acquired between 1999 and 2003 were used in the analysis with scene temperatures ranging between 4/spl deg/C and 22/spl deg/C. The results indicate L5B6 had a radiance bias of 2.5% (1.6/spl deg/C) in late 1999, which gradually decreased to 0.8% (0.5/spl deg/C) in mid-2002. Since that time, the bias has remained positive (predicted minus measured) and between 0.3% (0.2/spl deg/C) and 1.4% (0.9/spl deg/C). The cause for the cold bias (L5 radiances are lower than expected) is unresolved, but likely related to changes in instrument temperature associated with changes in instrument usage. The in situ data were then used to develop algorithms to recover the skin and bulk temperature of the water by regressing the L5B6 radiance and the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) total column water data to either the skin or bulk temperature. Use of the NCEP data provides an alternative approach to the split-window approach used with instruments that have two thermal infrared bands. The results indicate the surface skin and bulk temperature can be recovered with a standard error of 0.6/spl deg/C. This error is larger than errors obtained with other instruments due, in part, to the calibration bias. L5 provides the only long-duration high spatial resolution thermal infrared measurements of the land surface. If these data are to be used effectively in studies designed to monitor change, it is essential to continue to monitor instrument performance in-flight and develop quantitative algorithms for recovering surface temperature.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2004.839092","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Hook, S., Chander, G., Barsi, J., Alley, R., Abtahi, A., Palluconi, F.D., Markham, B.L., Richards, R., Schladow, S., and Helder, D., 2004, In-flight validation and recovery of water surface temperature with Landsat-5 thermal infrared data using an automated high-altitude lake validation site at Lake Tahoe: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 12, p. 2767-2776, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.839092.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2767","endPage":"2776","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":208470,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.839092"},{"id":234226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39bee4b0c8380cd61a1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hook, S.J.","contributorId":21711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hook","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chander, G.","contributorId":51449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barsi, J. A.","contributorId":24085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barsi","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alley, R.E.","contributorId":98599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abtahi, A.","contributorId":9133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abtahi","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Palluconi, Frank Don","contributorId":14952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palluconi","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Don","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Markham, B. L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Richards, R.C.","contributorId":50793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schladow, S.G.","contributorId":92791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schladow","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Helder, D. L. 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":51496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70026362,"text":"70026362 - 2004 - The Cottage Grove fault system (Illinois Basin): Late Paleozoic transpression along a Precambrian crustal boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026362","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Cottage Grove fault system (Illinois Basin): Late Paleozoic transpression along a Precambrian crustal boundary","docAbstract":"The Cottage Grove fault system in southern Illinois has long been interpreted as an intracratonic dextral strike-slip fault system. We investigated its structural geometry and kinematics in detail using (1) outcrop data, (2) extensive exposures in underground coal mines, (3) abundant borehole data, and (4) a network of industry seismic reflection profiles, including data reprocessed by us. Structural contour mapping delineates distinct monoclines, broad anticlines, and synclines that express Paleozoic-age deformation associated with strike slip along the fault system. As shown on seismic reflection profiles, prominent near-vertical faults that cut the entire Paleozoic section and basement-cover contact branch upward into outward-splaying, high-angle reverse faults. The master fault, sinuous along strike, is characterized along its length by an elongate anticline, ???3 km wide, that parallels the southern side of the master fault. These features signify that the overall kinematic regime was transpressional. Due to the absence of suitable piercing points, the amount of slip cannot be measured, but is constrained at less than 300 m near the ground surface. The Cottage Grove fault system apparently follows a Precambrian terrane boundary, as suggested by magnetic intensity data, the distribution of ultramafic igneous intrusions, and patterns of earthquake activity. The fault system was primarily active during the Alleghanian orogeny of Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian time, when ultramatic igneous magma intruded along en echelon tensional fractures. ?? 2004 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B25413.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Duchek, A., McBride, J., Nelson, W., and Leetaru, H., 2004, The Cottage Grove fault system (Illinois Basin): Late Paleozoic transpression along a Precambrian crustal boundary: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 11-12, p. 1465-1484, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25413.1.","startPage":"1465","endPage":"1484","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208445,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25413.1"}],"volume":"116","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba6f0e4b08c986b3212ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duchek, A.B.","contributorId":44328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duchek","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McBride, J.H.","contributorId":99712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, W.J.","contributorId":17762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leetaru, H.E.","contributorId":47123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leetaru","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026366,"text":"70026366 - 2004 - Modes of occurrence of mercury and other trace elements in coals from the warrior field, Black Warrior Basin, Northwestern Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026366","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modes of occurrence of mercury and other trace elements in coals from the warrior field, Black Warrior Basin, Northwestern Alabama","docAbstract":"The mineralogic residence and abundance of trace metals is an important environmental issue. Data from the USGS coal quality database show that potentially toxic elements, including Hg, As, Mo, Se, Cu, and Tl are enriched in a subset of coal samples in the Black Warrior Basin of Alabama, USA. Although the coal as-mined typically is low in these elements, localized enrichments occur in high-pyrite coals and near faults. Microscopic analyses demonstrate that the residence of these elements is dominantly in a late-stage pyrite associated with structurally disrupted coal. Further, our data suggest addition of Hg to the coal matrix as well. The source of these trace elements was hydrothermal fluids driven into the Black Warrior Basin by Alleghanian age tectonism. ?? 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2004.02.003","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Diehl, S.F., Goldhaber, M., and Hatch, J.R., 2004, Modes of occurrence of mercury and other trace elements in coals from the warrior field, Black Warrior Basin, Northwestern Alabama: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 59, no. 3-4, p. 193-208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2004.02.003.","startPage":"193","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208489,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2004.02.003"},{"id":234262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ca8e4b0c8380cd6fe6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diehl, S. F.","contributorId":84780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatch, J. R.","contributorId":14775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026361,"text":"70026361 - 2004 - Comparison of seven protocols to identify fecal contamination sources using Escherichia coli","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026361","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of seven protocols to identify fecal contamination sources using Escherichia coli","docAbstract":"Microbial source tracking (MST) uses various approaches to classify fecal-indicator microorganisms to source hosts. Reproducibility, accuracy, and robustness of seven phenotypic and genotypic MST protocols were evaluated by use of Escherichia coli from an eight-host library of known-source isolates and a separate, blinded challenge library. In reproducibility tests, measuring each protocol's ability to reclassify blinded replicates, only one (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; PFGE) correctly classified all test replicates to host species; three protocols classified 48-62% correctly, and the remaining three classified fewer than 25% correctly. In accuracy tests, measuring each protocol's ability to correctly classify new isolates, ribotyping with EcoRI and PvuII approached 100% correct classification but only 6% of isolates were classified; four of the other six protocols (antibiotic resistance analysis, PFGE, and two repetitive-element PCR protocols) achieved better than random accuracy rates when 30-100% of challenge isolates were classified. In robustness tests, measuring each protocol's ability to recognize isolates from nonlibrary hosts, three protocols correctly classified 33-100% of isolates as \"unknown origin,\" whereas four protocols classified all isolates to a source category. A relevance test, summarizing interpretations for a hypothetical water sample containing 30 challenge isolates, indicated that false-positive classifications would hinder interpretations for most protocols. Study results indicate that more representation in known-source libraries and better classification accuracy would be needed before field application. Thorough reliability assessment of classification results is crucial before and during application of MST protocols.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es0354519","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Stoeckel, D.M., Mathes, M., Hyer, K., Hagedorn, C., Kator, H., Lukasik, J., O’Brien, T.L., Fenger, T., Samadpour, M., Strickler, K., and Wiggins, B., 2004, Comparison of seven protocols to identify fecal contamination sources using Escherichia coli: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 22, p. 6109-6117, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0354519.","startPage":"6109","endPage":"6117","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208444,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0354519"}],"volume":"38","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f88de4b0c8380cd4d19b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoeckel, D. M.","contributorId":84855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeckel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mathes, M.V.","contributorId":44916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathes","given":"M.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hyer, K.E. 0000-0002-7156-7472","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7156-7472","contributorId":13018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyer","given":"K.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hagedorn, C.","contributorId":13019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagedorn","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kator, H.","contributorId":90672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kator","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lukasik, J.","contributorId":24535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lukasik","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"O’Brien, T. L.","contributorId":74177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fenger, T.W.","contributorId":40385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenger","given":"T.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Samadpour, M.","contributorId":30409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samadpour","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Strickler, K.M.","contributorId":33497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickler","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Wiggins, B.A.","contributorId":93673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiggins","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70026359,"text":"70026359 - 2004 - From in-situ coal to fly ash: A study of coal mines and power plants from Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026359","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"From in-situ coal to fly ash: A study of coal mines and power plants from Indiana","docAbstract":"This paper presents data on the properties of coal and fly ash from two coal mines and two power plants that burn single-source coal from two mines in Indiana. One mine is in the low-sulfur (<1%) Danville Coal Member of the Dugger Formation (Pennsylvanian) and the other mines the high-sulfur (>5%) Springfield Coal Member of the Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvanian). Both seams have comparable ash contents (???11%). Coals sampled at the mines (both raw and washed fractions) were analyzed for proximate/ultimate/sulfur forms/heating value, major oxides, trace elements and petrographic composition. The properties of fly ash from these coals reflect the properties of the feed coal, as well as local combustion and post-combustion conditions. Sulfur and spinel content, and As, Pb and Zn concentrations of the fly ash are the parameters that most closely reflect the properties of the source coal. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2004.01.005","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Mastalerz, M., Hower, J., Drobniak, A., Mardon, S., and Lis, G., 2004, From in-situ coal to fly ash: A study of coal mines and power plants from Indiana: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 59, no. 3-4, p. 171-192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2004.01.005.","startPage":"171","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208394,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2004.01.005"},{"id":234122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13f9e4b0c8380cd54855","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drobniak, A.","contributorId":11748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobniak","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mardon, S.M.","contributorId":12662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mardon","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lis, G.","contributorId":62806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lis","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026367,"text":"70026367 - 2004 - Contemporary tectonic deformation of the Basin and Range province, western United States: 10 years of observation with the Global Positioning System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-08T14:30:37.661319","indexId":"70026367","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contemporary tectonic deformation of the Basin and Range province, western United States: 10 years of observation with the Global Positioning System","docAbstract":"<p><span class=\"paraNumber\">[1]<span>&nbsp;</span></span><span>We have estimated patterns and rates of crustal movement across 800 km of the Basin and Range at ∼39° north latitude with Global Positioning System surveys in 1992, 1996, 1998, and 2002. The total rate of motion tangent to the small circle around the Pacific‐North America pole of rotation is 10.4 ± 1.0 mm/yr, and motion normal to this small circle is 3.9 ± 0.9 mm/yr compared to the east end of our network. On the Colorado Plateau the east end of our network moves by ∼1–2 mm/yr westerly with respect to North America. Transitions in strain rates delimit six major tectonic domains within the province. These deformation zones coincide with areas of modern seismicity and are, from east to west, (1) east‐west extension in the Wasatch Fault zone, (2) low rate east‐west extension centered near the Nevada‐Utah border, (3) low rate east‐west contraction between 114.7°W and 117.9°W, (4) extension normal to and strike‐slip motion across the N10°E striking Central Nevada Seismic Zone, (5) right lateral simple shear oriented N13°W inside the Walker Lane Belt, and (6) shear plus extension near the Sierra Nevada frontal faults. Concentration of shear and dilatational deformation across the three westernmost zones suggests that the Walker Lane Belt lithosphere is rheologically weak. However, we show that linear gradients in viscosity and gravitational potential energy can also effectively concentrate deformation. In the Basin and Range, gradients in gravitational potential are spatially anticorrelated with dilatational strain rates, consistent with the presence of horizontal variations in viscosity of the lithosphere.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002746","usgsCitation":"Hammond, W., and Thatcher, W., 2004, Contemporary tectonic deformation of the Basin and Range province, western United States: 10 years of observation with the Global Positioning System: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. B8, B08403, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002746.","productDescription":"B08403, 21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478056,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.180.2817","text":"External Repository"},{"id":234296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208511,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/2003JB002746"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.431640625,\n              35.02999636902566\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.0830078125,\n              35.02999636902566\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.0830078125,\n              40.44694705960048\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.431640625,\n              40.44694705960048\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.431640625,\n              35.02999636902566\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa4ce4b0c8380cd4da24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammond, W.C.","contributorId":19347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026368,"text":"70026368 - 2004 - Application of SAXS and SANS in evaluation of porosity, pore size distribution and surface area of coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026368","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of SAXS and SANS in evaluation of porosity, pore size distribution and surface area of coal","docAbstract":"This paper discusses the applicability of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques for determining the porosity, pore size distribution and internal specific surface area in coals. The method is noninvasive, fast, inexpensive and does not require complex sample preparation. It uses coal grains of about 0.8 mm size mounted in standard pellets as used for petrographic studies. Assuming spherical pore geometry, the scattering data are converted into the pore size distribution in the size range 1 nm (10 A??) to 20 ??m (200,000 A??) in diameter, accounting for both open and closed pores. FTIR as well as SAXS and SANS data for seven samples of oriented whole coals and corresponding pellets with vitrinite reflectance (Ro) values in the range 0.55% to 5.15% are presented and analyzed. Our results demonstrate that pellets adequately represent the average microstructure of coal samples. The scattering data have been used to calculate the maximum surface area available for methane adsorption. Total porosity as percentage of sample volume is calculated and compared with worldwide trends. By demonstrating the applicability of SAXS and SANS techniques to determine the porosity, pore size distribution and surface area in coals, we provide a new and efficient tool, which can be used for any type of coal sample, from a thin slice to a representative sample of a thick seam. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2004.03.002","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Radlinski, A.P., Mastalerz, M., Hinde, A., Hainbuchner, M., Rauch, H., Baron, M., Lin, J., Fan, L., and Thiyagarajan, P., 2004, Application of SAXS and SANS in evaluation of porosity, pore size distribution and surface area of coal: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 59, no. 3-4, p. 245-271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2004.03.002.","startPage":"245","endPage":"271","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208512,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2004.03.002"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec88e4b0c8380cd49314","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Radlinski, A. P.","contributorId":30413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radlinski","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinde, A.L.","contributorId":58065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinde","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hainbuchner, M.","contributorId":85755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hainbuchner","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rauch, H.","contributorId":49574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rauch","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baron, M.","contributorId":33892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lin, J.S.","contributorId":31554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fan, L.","contributorId":73383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fan","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Thiyagarajan, P.","contributorId":31174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiyagarajan","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":53434,"text":"ofr20041011 - 2004 - Emergency assessment of debris-flow hazards from basins burned by the Cedar and Paradise Fires of 2003, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:58","indexId":"ofr20041011","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1011","title":"Emergency assessment of debris-flow hazards from basins burned by the Cedar and Paradise Fires of 2003, southern California","docAbstract":"These maps present preliminary assessments of the probability of debris-flow activity and estimates of peak discharges that can potentially be generated by debris flows issuing from basins burned by the Cedar and Paradise Fires of October 2003 in southern California in response to 25-year, 10-year, and 2-year recurrence, 1-hour duration rain storms. The probability maps are based on the application of a logistic multiple regression model that describes the percent chance of debris-flow production from an individual basin as a function of burned extent, soil properties, basin gradients, and storm rainfall. The peak-discharge maps are based on application of a multiple-regression model that can be used to estimate debris-flow peak discharge at a basin outlet as a function of basin gradient, burn extent, and storm rainfall. Probabilities of debris-flow occurrence for the Cedar Fire range between 0 and 98% and estimates of debris-flow peak discharges range between 893 and 5,987 ft3/s (25 to 170 m3/s). Basins burned by the Paradise Fire show probabilities for debris-flow occurrence between 2 and 98%, and peak discharge estimates between 1,814 and 5,980 ft3/s (51 and 169 m3/s). These maps are intended to identify those basins that are most prone to the largest debris-flow events and provide information for the preliminary design of mitigation measures and for the planning of evacuation timing and routes.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041011","usgsCitation":"Cannon, S.H., Gartner, J.E., Rupert, M.G., and Michael, J.A., 2004, Emergency assessment of debris-flow hazards from basins burned by the Cedar and Paradise Fires of 2003, southern California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1011, 90 by 36 inch map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041011.","productDescription":"90 by 36 inch map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5214,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1011/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, Susan H. cannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":1019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Susan","email":"cannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gartner, Joseph E. jegartner@usgs.gov","contributorId":1876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gartner","given":"Joseph","email":"jegartner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Michael, John A. jmichael@usgs.gov","contributorId":1877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"John","email":"jmichael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":247581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026369,"text":"70026369 - 2004 - Transport of Cryptosporidium oocysts in porous media: Role of straining and physicochemical filtration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70026369","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of Cryptosporidium oocysts in porous media: Role of straining and physicochemical filtration","docAbstract":"The transport and filtration behavior of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in columns packed with quartz sand was systematically examined under repulsive electrostatic conditions. An increase in solution ionic strength resulted in greater oocyst deposition rates despite theoretical predictions of a significant electrostatic energy barrier to deposition. Relatively high deposition rates obtained with both oocysts and polystyrene latex particles of comparable size at low ionic strength (1 mM) suggest that a physical mechanism may play a key role in oocyst removal. Supporting experiments conducted with latex particles of varying sizes, under very low ionic strength conditions where physicochemical filtration is negligible, clearly indicated that physical straining is an important capture mechanism. The results of this study indicate that irregularity of sand grain shape (verified by SEM imaging) contributes considerably to the straining potential of the porous medium. Hence, both straining and physicochemical filtration are expected to control the removal of C. parvum oocysts in settings typical of riverbank filtration, soil infiltration, and slow sand filtration. Because classic colloid filtration theory does not account for removal by straining, these observations have important implications with respect to predictions of oocyst transport.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es049789u","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Tufenkji, N., Miller, G., Ryan, J.N., Harvey, R., and Elimelech, M., 2004, Transport of Cryptosporidium oocysts in porous media: Role of straining and physicochemical filtration: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 22, p. 5932-5938, https://doi.org/10.1021/es049789u.","startPage":"5932","endPage":"5938","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208527,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049789u"},{"id":234330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb748e4b08c986b327184","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tufenkji, N.","contributorId":21320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tufenkji","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, G.F.","contributorId":95242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryan, J. N.","contributorId":102649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Elimelech, M.","contributorId":105469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elimelech","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026707,"text":"70026707 - 2004 - Scanning electron microscopy investigations of laboratory-grown gas clathrate hydrates formed from melting ice, and comparison to natural hydrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70026707","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scanning electron microscopy investigations of laboratory-grown gas clathrate hydrates formed from melting ice, and comparison to natural hydrates","docAbstract":"Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate grain texture and pore structure development within various compositions of pure sI and sII gas hydrates synthesized in the laboratory, as well as in natural samples retrieved from marine (Gulf of Mexico) and permafrost (NW Canada) settings. Several samples of methane hydrate were also quenched after various extents of partial reaction for assessment of mid-synthesis textural progression. All laboratory-synthesized hydrates were grown under relatively high-temperature and high-pressure conditions from rounded ice grains with geometrically simple pore shapes, yet all resulting samples displayed extensive recrystallization with complex pore geometry. Growth fronts of mesoporous methane hydrate advancing into dense ice reactant were prevalent in those samples quenched after limited reaction below and at the ice point. As temperatures transgress the ice point, grain surfaces continue to develop a discrete \"rind\" of hydrate, typically 5 to 30 ??m thick. The cores then commonly melt, with rind microfracturing allowing migration of the melt to adjacent grain boundaries where it also forms hydrate. As the reaction continues under progressively warmer conditions, the hydrate product anneals to form dense and relatively pore-free regions of hydrate grains, in which grain size is typically several tens of micrometers. The prevalence of hollow, spheroidal shells of hydrate, coupled with extensive redistribution of reactant and product phases throughout reaction, implies that a diffusion-controlled shrinking-core model is an inappropriate description of sustained hydrate growth from melting ice. Completion of reaction at peak synthesis conditions then produces exceptional faceting and euhedral crystal growth along exposed pore walls. Further recrystallization or regrowth can then accompany even short-term exposure of synthetic hydrates to natural ocean-floor conditions, such that the final textures may closely mimic those observed in natural samples of marine origin. Of particular note, both the mesoporous and highly faceted textures seen at different stages during synthetic hydrate growth were notably absent from all examined hydrates recovered from a natural marine-environment setting.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Stern, L., Kirby, S.H., Circone, S., and Durham, W., 2004, Scanning electron microscopy investigations of laboratory-grown gas clathrate hydrates formed from melting ice, and comparison to natural hydrates: American Mineralogist, v. 89, no. 8-9, p. 1162-1175.","startPage":"1162","endPage":"1175","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"8-9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8726e4b08c986b316338","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stern, L.A.","contributorId":38293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Circone, S.","contributorId":35901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Circone","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Durham, W.B.","contributorId":72135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durham","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026644,"text":"70026644 - 2004 - Relationships between wintering waterbirds and invertebrates, sediments and hydrology of coastal marsh ponds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-29T16:12:25.539122","indexId":"70026644","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between wintering waterbirds and invertebrates, sediments and hydrology of coastal marsh ponds","docAbstract":"<p>We studied relationships among sediment variables (carbon content, C:N, hardness, oxygen penetration, silt-clay fraction), hydrologic variables (dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature, transparency, water depth), sizes and biomass of common invertebrate classes, and densities of 15 common waterbird species in ponds of impounded freshwater, oligohaline, mesohaline, and unimpounded mesohaline marshes during winters 1997-98 to 1999-2000 on Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana, USA. Canonical correspondence analysis and forward selection was used to analyze the above variables. Water depth and oxygen penetration were the variables that best segregated habitat characteristics that resulted in maximum densities of common waterbird species. Most common waterbird species were associated with specific marsh types, except Green-winged Teal (<i>Anas crecca</i>) and Northern Shoveler (<i>Anas clypeata</i>). We concluded that hydrologic manipulation of marsh ponds is the best way to manage habitats for these birds, if the hydrology can be controlled adequately.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0333:RBWWAI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bolduc, F., and Afton, A., 2004, Relationships between wintering waterbirds and invertebrates, sediments and hydrology of coastal marsh ponds: Waterbirds, v. 27, no. 3, p. 333-341, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0333:RBWWAI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"341","costCenters":[{"id":368,"text":"Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.89489746093751,\n              29.6880527498568\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.7960205078125,\n              29.642110767321984\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.66624450683594,\n              29.597341920567366\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.60444641113281,\n              29.581817412664453\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.56668090820312,\n              29.580025969598903\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.56118774414062,\n              29.70296446463708\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.89077758789062,\n              29.74947478464018\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.89489746093751,\n              29.6880527498568\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa65ce4b0c8380cd84df5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bolduc, F.","contributorId":76444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolduc","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Afton, A. D.","contributorId":83467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afton","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026370,"text":"70026370 - 2004 - Edwards plateau: Analysis of land cover trends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70026370","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Edwards plateau: Analysis of land cover trends","docAbstract":"The Land Cover Trends project studies the rates, causes, and consequences of contemporary (1973-2000) change in land use and land cover in the United States on an ecoregional basis. The Edwards Plateau ecoregion is the focus of this report. Landsat imagery from five dates during a nearly 30-year period are interpreted for randomly selected sample blocks. The resulting data provide the foundation for estimating change. Along with the image analysis, site visits to 90% of the sampled areas, geographical profiles, and socioeconomic data for the ecoregion are synthesized to assess regional driving forces and consequences of change. Complete project methodology can be found in Loveland et al [1].","largerWorkTitle":"International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)","conferenceTitle":"2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings: Science for Society: Exploring and Managing a Changing Planet. IGARSS 2004","conferenceDate":"20 September 2004 through 24 September 2004","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Friesen, B., Hester, D., and Casey, K., 2004, Edwards plateau: Analysis of land cover trends, <i>in</i> International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), v. 4, Anchorage, AK, 20 September 2004 through 24 September 2004, p. 2639-2642.","startPage":"2639","endPage":"2642","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05b0e4b0c8380cd50ee4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friesen, B.A.","contributorId":77713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friesen","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hester, D.J.","contributorId":43145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hester","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Casey, K.A.","contributorId":66035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027683,"text":"70027683 - 2004 - Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in western North America under a 'business as usual' climate change scenario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:58:03","indexId":"70027683","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in western North America under a 'business as usual' climate change scenario","docAbstract":"<p>Spring snowmelt is the most important contribution of many rivers in western North America. If climate changes, this contribution may change. A shift in the timing of springtime snowmelt towards earlier in the year already is observed during 1948-2000 in many western rivers. Streamflow timing changes for the 1995-2099 period are projected using regression relations between observed streamflow-timing responses in each river, measured by the temporal centroid of streamflow (CT) each year, and local temperature (TI) and precipitation (PI) indices. Under 21st century warming trends predicted by the Parallel Climate Model (PCM) under business-as-usual greenhouse-gas emissions, streamflow timing trends across much of western North America suggest even earlier springtime snowmelt than observed to date. Projected CT changes are consistent with observed rates and directions of change during the past five decades, and are strongest in the Pacific Northwest, Sierra Nevada, and Rocky Mountains, where many rivers eventually run 30-40 days earlier. The modest PI changes projected by PCM yield minimal CT changes. The responses of CT to the simultaneous effects of projected TI and PI trends are dominated by the TI changes. Regression-based CT projections agree with those from physically-based simulations of rivers in the Pacific Northwest and Sierra Nevada.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013702.22656.e8","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Stewart, I., Cayan, D., and Dettinger, M.D., 2004, Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in western North America under a 'business as usual' climate change scenario: Climatic Change, v. 62, no. 1-3, p. 217-232, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013702.22656.e8.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"232","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210939,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013702.22656.e8"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f426e4b0c8380cd4bb87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, I.T.","contributorId":80062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"I.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel drcayan@usgs.gov","contributorId":149912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":149896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1001748,"text":"1001748 - 2004 - The flora of the Cottonwood Lake Study Area, Stutsman County, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:16:27","indexId":"1001748","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The flora of the Cottonwood Lake Study Area, Stutsman County, North Dakota","docAbstract":"The 92 ha Cottonwood Lake Study Area is located in south-central North Dakota along the eastern edge of a glacial stagnation moraine known as the Missouri Coteau. The study area has been the focus of biologic and hydrologic research since the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service purchased the site in 1963. We studied the plant communities of the Cottonwood Lake Study Area from 1992 to 2001. During this time period, the vascular flora of the study area consisted of 220 species representing 51 families. Over half of the species were perennial forbs (117 species). Perennial grasses (26 species) and annual forbs (22 species) made up the next two largest physiognomic groupings. The flora, having a mean Coefficient of Conservatism of 4.6 and a Floristic Quality Index of 62, consisted of 187 native species. Thirty-three species were non-natives. Our annotated list should provide information useful to researchers, graduate students, and others as they design and implement future studies in wetlands and uplands both in and around the Cottonwood Lake Study Area.","language":"English","publisher":"Prairie Naturalist","usgsCitation":"Mushet, D., Euliss, N., Lane, S., and Goldade, C., 2004, The flora of the Cottonwood Lake Study Area, Stutsman County, North Dakota: Prairie Naturalist, v. 36, p. 43-62.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65daf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mushet, D.M. 0000-0002-5910-2744","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":59377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Euliss, N.H. Jr.","contributorId":54917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, S.P.","contributorId":75495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldade, C.M.","contributorId":83471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027027,"text":"70027027 - 2004 - Occurrence of hexavalent chromium in ground water in the western Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T09:25:35","indexId":"70027027","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of hexavalent chromium in ground water in the western Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"About 200 samples from selected public supply, domestic, and observation wells completed in alluvial aquifers underlying the western Mojave Desert were analyzed for total dissolved Cr and Cr(VI). Because Cr(VI) is difficult to preserve, samples were analyzed by 3 methods. Chromium(VI) was determined in the field using both a direct colorimetric method and EPA method 218.6, and samples were speciated in the field for later analysis in the laboratory using a cation-exchange method developed for the study described in this paper. Comparison of the direct colorimetric method and EPA method 218.6 with the new cation-exchange method yielded r2 values of 0.9991 and 0.9992, respectively. Total dissolved Cr concentrations ranged from less than the 0.1 ??g/l detection limit to 60 ??g/l, and almost all the Cr present was Cr(VI). Near recharge areas along the mountain front pH values were near neutral, dissolved O2 concentrations were near saturation, and Cr(VI) concentrations were less than the 0.1 ??g/l detection limit. Chromium(VI) concentrations and pH values increased downgradient as long as dissolved O 2 was present. However, low Cr(VI) concentrations were associated with low dissolved O2 concentrations near ground-water discharge areas along dry lakes. Chromium(VI) concentrations as high as 60 ??g/l occurred in ground water from the Sheep Creek fan alluvial deposits weathered from mafic rock derived from the San Gabriel Mountains, and Cr(VI) concentrations as high as about 36 ??g/l were present in ground water from alluvial deposits weathered from less mafic granitic, metamorphic, and volcanic rocks. Chromium(III) was the predominant form of Cr only in areas where dissolved O2 concentrations were less than 1 mg/l and was detected at a median concentration of 0.1 ??g/l, owing to its low solubility in water of near-neutral pH. Depending on local hydrogeologic conditions and the distribution of dissolved O2, Cr(VI) concentrations may vary considerably with depth. Samples collected under pumping conditions from different depths within wells show that Cr(VI) concentrations can range from less than the 0.1 ??g/l detection limit to 36 ??g/l in a single well and that dissolved O2 concentrations likely control the concentration and redox speciation of Cr in ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.01.011","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Ball, J., and Izbicki, J., 2004, Occurrence of hexavalent chromium in ground water in the western Mojave Desert, California: Applied Geochemistry, v. 19, no. 7, p. 1123-1135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.01.011.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1123","endPage":"1135","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208981,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.01.011"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.5,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.5,\n              35.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.5,\n              34\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6bf3e4b0c8380cd749a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, J.W.","contributorId":67507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, J. A. 0000-0003-0816-4408","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":28244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026371,"text":"70026371 - 2004 - Stress transfer to the Denali and other regional faults from the M 9.2 Alaska earthquake of 1964","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-15T09:59:47.056133","indexId":"70026371","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress transfer to the Denali and other regional faults from the M 9.2 Alaska earthquake of 1964","docAbstract":"<p>Stress transfer from the great 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake is modeled on the Denali fault, including the Denali-Totschunda fault segments that ruptured in 2002, and on other regional fault systems where M 7.5 and larger earthquakes have occurred since 1900. The results indicate that analysis of Coulomb stress transfer from the dominant earthquake in a region is a potentially powerful tool in assessing time-varying earthquake hazard. Modeled Coulomb stress increases on the northern Denali and Totschunda faults from the great 1964 earthquake coincide with zones that ruptured in the 2002 Denali fault earthquake, although stress on the Susitna Glacier thrust plane, where the 2002 event initiated, was decreased. A southeasterlytrending Coulomb stress transect along the right-lateral Totschunda-Fairweather-Queen Charlotte trend shows stress transfer from the 1964 event advancing slip on the Totschunda, Fairweather, and Queen Charlotte segments, including the southern Fairweather segment that ruptured in 1972. Stress transfer retarding right-lateral strike slip was observed from the southern part of the Totschunda fault to the northern end of the Fairweather fault (1958 rupture). This region encompasses a gap with shallow thrust faulting but with little evidence of strike-slip faulting connecting the segments to the northwest and southeast. Stress transfer toward failure was computed on the north-south trending right-lateral strike-slip faults in the Gulf of Alaska that ruptured in 1987 and 1988, with inhibitory stress changes at the northern end of the northernmost (1987) rupture. The northern Denali and Totschunda faults, including the zones that ruptured in the 2002 earthquakes, follow very closely (within 3%), for about <span>90°</span>, an arc of a circle of radius 375 km. The center of this circle is within a few kilometers of the intersection at depth of the Patton Bay fault with the Alaskan megathrust. This inferred asperity edge may be the pole of counterclockwise rotation of the block south of the Denali fault. These observations suggest that the asperity and its recurrent rupture in great earthquakes as in 1964 may have influenced the tectonics of the region during the later stages of evolution of the Denali strike-slip fault system.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040622","usgsCitation":"Bufe, C., 2004, Stress transfer to the Denali and other regional faults from the M 9.2 Alaska earthquake of 1964: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. 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,{"id":70026710,"text":"70026710 - 2004 - The helium isotopic chemistry of Lake Bonney, Taylor Valley, Antarctica: Timing of late holocene climate change in Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026710","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":866,"text":"Aquatic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The helium isotopic chemistry of Lake Bonney, Taylor Valley, Antarctica: Timing of late holocene climate change in Antarctica","docAbstract":"To better understand the long-term climate history of Antarctica, we studied Lake Bonney in Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land (78?? S). Helium isotope ratios and He, Ne, Ar and N2 concentration data, obtained from hydrocasts in the East (ELB) and West (WLB) Lobesof Lake Bonney, provided important constraints on the lake's Holocene evolution. Based on very low concentrations of Ar and N2 in the ELB bottom waters, ELB was free of ice until 200 ?? 50 years ago. After which, low salinity water flowing over the sill from WLB to ELB, covered ELB and formed a perennial ice cover, inhibiting the exchange of gases with the atmosphere. In contrast to the ELB, the WLB retained an ice cover through the Holocene. The brine in the WLB bottom waters has meteoric N2 and Ar gas concentrations indicating that it has not been significantly modified by atmospheric exchange or ice formation. The helium concentrations in the deep water of WLB are the highest measured in non-thermal surface water. By fitting a diffusional loss to the 3He/4He, helium, and Cl profiles, we calculate a time of ???3000 years for the initiation of flow over the sill separating the East and West Lobes. To supply this flux of helium to the lake, a helium-rich sediment beneath the lake must be providing the helium by diffusion. If at any time during the last million years the ice cover left WLB, there would be insufficient helium available to provide the current flux to WLB. The variations in water levels in Lake Bonney can be related to climatic events that have been documented within the Southern Victoria Land region and indicate that the lakes respond significantly to regional and, perhaps, global climate forcing. ?? 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10498-004-2265-z","issn":"13806165","usgsCitation":"Poreda, R., Hunt, A., Berry, L.W., and Welch, K., 2004, The helium isotopic chemistry of Lake Bonney, Taylor Valley, Antarctica: Timing of late holocene climate change in Antarctica: Aquatic Geochemistry, v. 10, no. 3-4, p. 353-371, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-004-2265-z.","startPage":"353","endPage":"371","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208507,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10498-004-2265-z"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacb5e4b08c986b3236a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poreda, R.J.","contributorId":97138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poreda","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, A.G.","contributorId":68691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berry, Lyons W.","contributorId":43633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Lyons","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Welch, K.A.","contributorId":44315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":53204,"text":"ofr03469 - 2004 - Photomosaics and logs of trenches on the San Andreas Fault at Mill Canyon near Watsonville, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T16:37:40.670524","indexId":"ofr03469","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-469","title":"Photomosaics and logs of trenches on the San Andreas Fault at Mill Canyon near Watsonville, California","docAbstract":"<p>We present photomosaics and logs of the walls of trenches excavated for a paleoseismic study at Mill Canyon, one of two sites along the San Andreas fault in the Santa Cruz Mtns. on the Kelley-Thompson Ranch. This site was a part of Rancho Salsipuedes beginning in 1834. It was purchased by the present owner’s family in 1851. Remnants of a cabin/mill operations still exist up the canyon dating from 1908 when the area was logged. At this location, faulting has moved a shutter ridge across the mouth of Mill Canyon ponding Holocene sediment. Recent faulting is confined to a narrow zone near the break in slope.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03469","usgsCitation":"Fumal, T.E., Dawson, T.E., Flowers, R., Hamilton, J.C., Heingartner, G.F., Kessler, J., and Samrad, L., 2004, Photomosaics and logs of trenches on the San Andreas Fault at Mill Canyon near Watsonville, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-469, 1 Plate: 67.65 x 35.18 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03469.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 67.65 x 35.18 inches","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177134,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03469.jpg"},{"id":283966,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0469/pdf/of03-469.pdf"},{"id":4831,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0469/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Watsonville","otherGeospatial":"Mill Canyon, San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.022445,36.858232 ], [ -122.022445,37.08012 ], [ -121.566315,37.08012 ], [ -121.566315,36.858232 ], [ -122.022445,36.858232 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685dd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fumal, Thomas E.","contributorId":67882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":24429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. Geol. Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":246904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flowers, Rebecca","contributorId":73269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flowers","given":"Rebecca","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, John C. jhamilton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"John","email":"jhamilton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Heingartner, Gordon F.","contributorId":11275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heingartner","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kessler, James","contributorId":21629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kessler","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Samrad, Laura","contributorId":83997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samrad","given":"Laura","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70026611,"text":"70026611 - 2004 - Laboratory observations of red imported fire ant (<i>Hymenoptera: Formicidae</i>) predation upon eastern tent caterpillars (<i>Lepidoptera: Lasiocampida</i>e)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T18:08:56.504811","indexId":"70026611","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2253,"text":"Journal of Entomological Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Laboratory observations of red imported fire ant (<i>Hymenoptera: Formicidae</i>) predation upon eastern tent caterpillars (<i>Lepidoptera: Lasiocampida</i>e)","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Georgia Entomological Society","doi":"10.18474/0749-8004-39.3.472","usgsCitation":"Garmestani, A., Allen, C.R., LaBram, J., and Peck, A., 2004, Laboratory observations of red imported fire ant (<i>Hymenoptera: Formicidae</i>) predation upon eastern tent caterpillars (<i>Lepidoptera: Lasiocampida</i>e): Journal of Entomological Science, v. 39, no. 3, p. 472-473, https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-39.3.472.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"472","endPage":"473","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4114e4b0c8380cd65297","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garmestani, A.S.","contributorId":86882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garmestani","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":410186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LaBram, J.A.","contributorId":101081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBram","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peck, A.E.","contributorId":13432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026649,"text":"70026649 - 2004 - Mars chronology: Assessing techniques for quantifying surficial processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026649","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1431,"text":"Earth-Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mars chronology: Assessing techniques for quantifying surficial processes","docAbstract":"Currently, the absolute chronology of Martian rocks, deposits and events is based mainly on crater counting and remains highly imprecise with epoch boundary uncertainties in excess of 2 billion years. Answers to key questions concerning the comparative origin and evolution of Mars and Earth will not be forthcoming without a rigid Martian chronology, enabling the construction of a time scale comparable to Earth's. Priorities for exploration include calibration of the cratering rate, dating major volcanic and fluvial events and establishing chronology of the polar layered deposits. If extinct and/or extant life is discovered, the chronology of the biosphere will be of paramount importance. Many radiometric and cosmogenic techniques applicable on Earth and the Moon will apply to Mars after certain baselines (e.g. composition of the atmosphere, trace species, chemical and physical characteristics of Martian dust) are established. The high radiation regime may pose a problem for dosimetry-based techniques (e.g. luminescence). The unique isotopic composition of nitrogen in the Martian atmosphere may permit a Mars-specific chronometer for tracing the time-evolution of the atmosphere and of lithic phases with trapped atmospheric gases. Other Mars-specific chronometers include measurement of gas fluxes and accumulation of platinum group elements (PGE) in the regolith. Putting collected samples into geologic context is deemed essential, as is using multiple techniques on multiple samples. If in situ measurements are restricted to a single technique it must be shown to give consistent results on multiple samples, but in all cases, using two or more techniques (e.g. on the same lander) will reduce error. While there is no question that returned samples will yield the best ages, in situ techniques have the potential to be flown on multiple missions providing a larger data set and broader context in which to place the more accurate dates. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth-Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.04.001","issn":"00128252","usgsCitation":"Doran, P., Clifford, S., Forman, S., Nyquist, L., Papanastassiou, D., Stewart, B., Sturchio, N., Swindle, T.D., Cerling, T., Kargel, J., McDonald, G., Nishiizumi, K., Poreda, R., Rice, J., and Tanaka, K., 2004, Mars chronology: Assessing techniques for quantifying surficial processes: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 67, no. 3-4, p. 313-337, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.04.001.","startPage":"313","endPage":"337","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208434,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.04.001"},{"id":234175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5222e4b0c8380cd6c199","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doran, P.T.","contributorId":52347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clifford, S.M.","contributorId":68509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifford","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forman, S.L.","contributorId":38597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forman","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nyquist, Larry","contributorId":83808,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nyquist","given":"Larry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Papanastassiou, D.A.","contributorId":30357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papanastassiou","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stewart, B.W.","contributorId":97784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sturchio, N.C.","contributorId":16580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturchio","given":"N.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Swindle, T. D.","contributorId":68042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swindle","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cerling, T.","contributorId":49525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cerling","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kargel, J.","contributorId":81295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"McDonald, G.","contributorId":67782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Nishiizumi, K.","contributorId":55945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishiizumi","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Poreda, R.","contributorId":69540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poreda","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Rice, J.W.","contributorId":103046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Tanaka, K.","contributorId":6240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}}
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