Acid drainage from abandoned coal mines is affecting thousands of miles of rivers in the eastern United States. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists are finding that neutral drainage is sometimes being mistaken for acidic drainage because both involve the formation of iron oxide-rich materials. USGS scientists are adapting microbial techniques to learn about the processes that form the acidic and neutral iron oxide-rich flocculates and are developing spectral reflectance techniques that differentiate between acid and neutral materials. Federal and State regulatory agencies are using these data to help make land-use decisions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs11899","usgsCitation":"Robbins, E.I., 1999, Microbial and spectral reflectance techniques to distinguish neutral and acidic drainage: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 118-99, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11899.","productDescription":"4 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0118/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":340288,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0118/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62dee5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, Eleanora I.","contributorId":44527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Eleanora","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24061,"text":"ofr9934 - 1999 - Geologic map of the Hart Peak quadrangle, California and Nevada: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-14T14:47:54.029909","indexId":"ofr9934","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-34","title":"Geologic map of the Hart Peak quadrangle, California and Nevada: A digital database","docAbstract":"The Hart Peak 1:24,000-scale quadrangle is located about 12 km southwest of Searchlight, Nevada, comprehending the eastern part of the Castle Peaks, California, and most of the Castle Mountains and the northwestern part of the Piute Range, in California and Nevada. The Castle Peaks area constitutes the northeasternmost part of the northeast-trending New York Mountains. The Castle Mountains straddle the California-Nevada State line between the Castle Peaks and north-trending Piute Range. The southern part of the Piute Range, near Civil War-era Fort Piute, adjoins Homer Mountain mapped by Spencer and Turner (1985). Adjacent and nearby 1:24,000-scale quadrangles include Castle Peaks, East of Grotto Hills, Homer Mountain, and Signal Hill, Calif.; also Tenmile Well and West of Juniper Mine, Calif. and Nev.\n\nThe oldest rocks in the Hart Peak quadrangle are Early Proterozoic gneiss and foliated granite that crop out in the northern part of the quadrangle on the eastern flank of the Castle Peaks and in the central Castle Mountains (Wooden and Miller, 1990). Paleozoic rocks are uncommon and Mesozoic granitic rocks are not found in the map area. The older rocks are overlain nonconformably by several km of Miocene volcanic deposits, which accumulated in local basins. Local dikes and domes are sources of most Miocene eruptive units; younger Miocene intrusions cut all the older rocks. Upper Miocene to Quaternary gravel deposits interfinger with the uppermost volcanic flows; the contact between volcanic rocks and the gravel deposits is unconformable locally. Canyons and intermontane valleys contain dissected Quaternary alluvialfan deposits that are mantled by active drainage and alluvial fan detritus.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9934","usgsCitation":"Nielson, J.E., Turner, R., and Bedford, D., 1999, Geologic map of the Hart Peak quadrangle, California and Nevada: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-34, Pamphlet: 44 p., 1 Plate: 40.00 x 36.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9934.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: 44 p., 1 Plate: 40.00 x 36.00 inches","numberOfPages":"44","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1731,"rank":10,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0034/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":108386,"rank":12,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0034/pdf/hpk_geo.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13175"},{"id":156778,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0034/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53235,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0034/pdf/hpk_map.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284851,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0034/hpk_geol.e00.gz"},{"id":284852,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0034/hpk_str.e00.gz"},{"id":284853,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0034/hpk_smpl.e00.gz"},{"id":284854,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0034/hpk_shr.e00.gz"},{"id":284855,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0034/of99-34_3a.tar.gz"},{"id":284856,"rank":7,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0034/import.aml"},{"id":284857,"rank":8,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0034/of99-34_2a.txt"},{"id":397727,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13175.htm"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"National Geodetic Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Hart Peak quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.125,35.25 ], [ -115.125,35.375 ], [ -115.0,35.375 ], [ -115.0,35.25 ], [ -115.125,35.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5c8be4b0b290850fa8a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielson, Jane E.","contributorId":9701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, Ryan D.","contributorId":76596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Ryan D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bedford, David R.","contributorId":26352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedford","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22606,"text":"ofr997A - 1999 - An interpretation of the 1997 airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey, Fort Huachuca vicinity, Cochise County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T11:53:16.683449","indexId":"ofr997A","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-7","chapter":"A","title":"An interpretation of the 1997 airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey, Fort Huachuca vicinity, Cochise County, Arizona","docAbstract":"Executive Summary -- In March of 1997, an airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey of the Fort Huachuca Military Reservation and immediate surrounds (location map, http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of99-007-b/index.jpg) was conducted. This survey was sponsored by the U.S. Army and contracted through the Geologic Division of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Data were gathered by Geoterrex-Dighem Ltd. of Ottawa, Canada. The survey aircraft is surrounded by a coil through which a large current pulse is passed. This pulse induces currents in the Earth which are recorded by a set of three mutually perpendicular coils towed in a 'bird' about 100 m behind and below the aircraft. The bird also records the Earth's magnetic field. The system samples the Earth response to the electromagnetic pulse about every 16 m along the aircraft flight path. For this survey, the bulk of the flightpaths were spaced about 400 m apart and oriented in a northeast-southwest direction extending from bedrock over the Huachuca Mountains to bedrock over the Tombstone Hills. A preliminary report on the unprocessed data collected in the field was delivered to the U.S. Army by USGS in July 1997 (USGS Open-File Report 97?457). The final data were delivered in March, 1998 by the contractor to USGS and thence to the U.S. Army. The present report represents the final interpretive report from USGS. The objectives of the survey were to: 1) define the structure of the San Pedro basin in the Sierra Vista-Fort Huachuca-Huachuca City area, including the depth and shape of the basin, and to delineate large faults that may be active within the basin fill and therefore important in the hydrologic regime; 2) define near surface and subsurface areas that contain a large volume fraction of silt and clay in the basin fill and which both reduce the volume of available storage for water and reduce the permeability of the aquifer; and 3) to evaluate the use of the time domain electromagnetic method in the southwest desert setting as a means of mapping depth to water. Chapter one, written by M.E. Gettings, reports the results of the analysis of the aeromagnetic anomaly data. Depths to magnetic rocks computed from these data are in good agreement with depths from gravity anomaly models (Gettings and Houser, in prep.) and confirm and refine the location of the bedrock highs which reach to within 200 m of the surface in several parts of the study area. The highly faulted and generally shallow character of the basin within the study area deduced from the gravity studies is also evident in the aeromagnetic data. The caldera ring fault delimiting the buried structural southwest edge of the Tombstone caldera is expressed in the magnetic data and deeper intrusives extending outside the caldera to the southwest are inferred. Several magnetic bodies occur at shallow depths within the Precambrian granite of the Huachuca Mountains along the eastern foothills of the mountains. These are inferred to be Tertiary intrusives but remain to be confirmed by field work if any of their uppermost dikes or apotheses are exposed. Faults delineating the east-west trending bedrock high beneath the city of Sierra Vista appear to be shallow and should be investigated for surface expressions. Chapter two, written by Jeff Wynn, analyzes and interprets the conductivity depth transforms (CDTs) and provides a general evaluation of the data quality. He concludes that there is a good general correlation between the uppermost conductor seen in the CDTs and water table depth in many cases. Detailed comparisons between the ground-based vertical electric soundings (VES) and the CDTs are reported in this chapter. The two sets of data compare well in general for most sounding sites where the VES data are not noisy.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr997A","usgsCitation":"Bultman, M., Gettings, M.E., and Wynn, J., 1999, An interpretation of the 1997 airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey, Fort Huachuca vicinity, Cochise County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-7, CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr997A.","productDescription":"CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423389,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16676.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155985,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizzona","county":"Cochise County","otherGeospatial":"Fort Huachuca","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.5,31.333333 ], [ -110.5,31.833333 ], [ -110.0,31.833333 ], [ -110.0,31.333333 ], [ -110.5,31.333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68441f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bultman, M.W.","contributorId":107306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bultman","given":"M.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gettings, M. E.","contributorId":25148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wynn, Jeff 0000-0002-8102-3882 jwynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8102-3882","contributorId":2803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeff","email":"jwynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6612,"text":"fs17398 - 1999 - Eruptions of Lassen Peak, California, 1914 to 1917","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":6612,"text":"fs17398 - 1999 - Eruptions of Lassen Peak, California, 1914 to 1917","indexId":"fs17398","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Eruptions of Lassen Peak, California, 1914 to 1917"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70134744,"text":"fs20143119 - 2014 - A sight \"fearfully grand\": eruptions of Lassen Peak, California, 1914 to 1917","indexId":"fs20143119","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"A sight \"fearfully grand\": eruptions of Lassen Peak, California, 1914 to 1917"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70134744,"text":"fs20143119 - 2014 - A sight \"fearfully grand\": eruptions of Lassen Peak, California, 1914 to 1917","indexId":"fs20143119","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"A sight \"fearfully grand\": eruptions of Lassen Peak, California, 1914 to 1917"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T15:15:10","indexId":"fs17398","displayToPublicDate":"1999-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"173-98","title":"Eruptions of Lassen Peak, California, 1914 to 1917","docAbstract":"On May 22, 1915, an explosive eruption at Lassen Peak, California, the southernmost active volcano in the Cascade Range, devastated nearby areas and rained volcanic ash as far away as 200 miles to the east. This explosion was the most powerful in a 1914–17 series of eruptions that were the last to occur in the Cascades before the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Recent work by scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the National Park Service is shedding new light on these eruptions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs17398","collaboration":"Produced in cooperation with the National Park Service, Lassen Association, and the U.S. Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Clynne, M.A., Christiansen, R.L., Felger, T.J., Stauffer, P.H., and Hendley, J.W., 1999, Eruptions of Lassen Peak, California, 1914 to 1917: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 173-98, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs17398.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1914-01-01","temporalEnd":"1917-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_173_98.jpg"},{"id":915,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1998/fs173-98/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lassen Peak","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdead","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clynne, Michael A. 0000-0002-4220-2968 mclynne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-2968","contributorId":2032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"Michael","email":"mclynne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christiansen, Robert L. 0000-0002-8017-3918 rchris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":4412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Robert","email":"rchris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Felger, Tracey J. 0000-0003-0841-4235 tfelger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0841-4235","contributorId":1117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felger","given":"Tracey","email":"tfelger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":153023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hendley, James W. II jhendley@usgs.gov","contributorId":2547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendley","given":"James","suffix":"II","email":"jhendley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70209413,"text":"70209413 - 1999 - Historical trends in salinity and substrate in central and northern Florida Bay: A Paleoecological Reconstruction using modern analogue data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-04T16:52:53.215409","indexId":"70209413","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-04T11:51:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical trends in salinity and substrate in central and northern Florida Bay: A Paleoecological Reconstruction using modern analogue data","docAbstract":"Understanding the natural spatial and temporal variability that exists within an ecosystem is a critical component of efforts to restore systems to their natural state. Analysis of benthic foraminifers and molluscs from modern monitoring sites within Florida Bay allows us to determine what environmental parameters control spatial and temporal variability of their assemblages. Faunal assemblages associated with specific environmental parameters, including salinity and substrate, serve as proxies for an interpretation of paleoecologic data. The faunal record preserved in two shallow (<2 m) cores in central Florida Bay (Russell Bank and Bob Allen Bank) provides a record of historical trends in environmental parameters for those sites. Analysis of these two cores has revealed two distinct patterns of salinity change at these sites: 1) a long-term trend of slightly increasing average salinity; and 2) a relatively rapid change to salinity fluctuations of greater frequency and amplitude, beginning around the turn of the century and becoming most pronounced after 1940. The degree of variability in substrate types at each locality limits interpretations of substrate trends to specific sites. A common sequence of change is present in the Russell Bank and Bob Allen Bank cores: from mixed grass and bare-sediment indicators at the bottom of the cores, to bare-sediment dwellers in the center, to a dominance of vegetative-cover indicators at the top of the cores. Changes in interpreted salinity patterns around the turn of the century are consistent with the timing of the construction of the Flagler Railroad from 1905 to 1912, and the Tamiami Trail and the canal and levee systems between 1915 and 1928. Beginning around 1940, the changes in the frequency and amplitude of salinity fluctuations may be related to changes in water management practices, meteorologic events (frequent hurricanes coupled with severe droughts in 1943 and 1944), or a combination of factors. The correspondence of these changes in Florida Bay with changes in the terrestrial Everglades suggests factors affecting the entire ecosystem are responsible for the salinity and substrate patterns seen in Florida Bay.
In response to requests from the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a mineral resource assessment in the Dillon BLM Resource Area in Beaverhead and Madison Counties, southwestern Montana. These agencies use mineral resource data in creating and updating land-use management plans for federal lands for the reasonably foreseeable future. Mineral resources that have not been developed in the past may be developed in the future, based on changing commodity demands and market conditions. Therefore, federal land managers need geologic information on known mineral occurrences as well as on areas that are permissive for the occurrence of undiscovered mineral resources. This map was prepared to provide this type of geologic information for mineral deposits that can be associated with ultramafic rocks. Areas of exposed Precambrian ultramafic rocks are labeled with uppercase letters (A-F). Sources of geologic maps used to compile this map are shown on the smaller index map (\"Index to Geologic Mapping\"); lowercase letters (a-m) on the index map are keyed to the reference list.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98224D","usgsCitation":"Hammarstrom, J.M., Van Gosen, B.S., Carlson, R.R., and Kulik, D.M., 1999, Map showing the potential for mineral deposits associated with Precambrian mafic and ultramafic rocks in the Blacktail and Henrys Lake Mountains and the Greenhorn and Ruby Ranges of southwestern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-224, 1 Plate: 44.00 × 35.54 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98224D.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 44.00 × 35.54 inches","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":164367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3106,"rank":300,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0224-d/98-224d.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":389170,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22996.htm"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.0,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -111.25,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -111.25,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -113.0,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -113.0,\n 44.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a3e4b07f02db4963a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammarstrom, Jane M. 0000-0003-2742-3460 jhammars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-3460","contributorId":1226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"Jane","email":"jhammars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Gosen, Bradley S. 0000-0003-4214-3811 bvangose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3811","contributorId":1174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Gosen","given":"Bradley","email":"bvangose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, Robert R.","contributorId":71944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kulik, Dolores M.","contributorId":83091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulik","given":"Dolores","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209353,"text":"70209353 - 1999 - Structural and kinematic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana upland tectonites, east-central Alaska: A record of late Paleozoic to Mesozoic crustal assembly: Discussion and Reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-03T13:34:18.844049","indexId":"70209353","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T14:05:11","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural and kinematic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana upland tectonites, east-central Alaska: A record of late Paleozoic to Mesozoic crustal assembly: Discussion and Reply","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1416:SAKEOT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Mihalynuk, M., Nelson, J.L., Murphy, D., Brew, D.A., Erdmer, P., Hansen, V.L., and Oliver, D., 1999, Structural and kinematic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana upland tectonites, east-central Alaska: A record of late Paleozoic to Mesozoic crustal assembly: Discussion and Reply: GSA Bulletin, v. 111, no. 9, p. 1416-1422, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1416:SAKEOT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1416","endPage":"1422","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373720,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.40332031249997,\n 55.85064987433714\n ],\n [\n -131.396484375,\n 55.85064987433714\n ],\n [\n -131.396484375,\n 63.99523519297698\n ],\n [\n -148.40332031249997,\n 63.99523519297698\n ],\n [\n -148.40332031249997,\n 55.85064987433714\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mihalynuk, M.G.","contributorId":221563,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mihalynuk","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, JoAnne L.","contributorId":221362,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"JoAnne","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murphy, Donald","contributorId":221365,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brew, David A. dbrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":3244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"David","email":"dbrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":786261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Erdmer, Philippe","contributorId":221315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erdmer","given":"Philippe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hansen, V. L.","contributorId":82400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Oliver, D.H.","contributorId":221313,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oliver","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":3674,"text":"cir1173A - 1999 - Environmental characteristics and water quality of hydrologic benchmark network stations in the Eastern United States, 1963-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"cir1173A","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1173","chapter":"A","title":"Environmental characteristics and water quality of hydrologic benchmark network stations in the Eastern United States, 1963-95","docAbstract":"The information in this report was compiled to aid in the application and interpretation of historical water-quality data collected as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Benchmark Network program, which was established in 1963 to provide long-term measurements of streamflow and water quality in areas that are minimally affected by human activities. This report describes the environmental characteristics and water quality at 16 benchmark basins in the Eastern United States. In most of the basins, stream-water chemistry seems to be controlled by the interaction of acidic precipitation with the underlying soils and bedrock. Land use had a minimal effect on stream-water chemistry at most of the gaging stations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey Informations Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/cir1173A","usgsCitation":"Mast, M.A., and Turk, J.T., 1999, Environmental characteristics and water quality of hydrologic benchmark network stations in the Eastern United States, 1963-95: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1173, xi, 158 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1173A.","productDescription":"xi, 158 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1173","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1999/1173a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30722,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1999/1173a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6024d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":147386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turk, John T.","contributorId":53363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021610,"text":"70021610 - 1999 - The origin and paleoecologic significance of the trace fossil Asteriadtes in the Pennsylvanian of Kansas and Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-01T16:57:42.967541","indexId":"70021610","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2614,"text":"Lethaia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The origin and paleoecologic significance of the trace fossil Asteriadtes in the Pennsylvanian of Kansas and Missouri","docAbstract":"The trace fossil Asteriacites, recorded in Cambrian to Recent shallow- and deep-marine facies, is traditionally interpreted as the resting trace of asterozoans. Well-preserved specimens of A. lumbricalis are abundant in Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous) shallow- and marginal-marine siliciclastic deposits of eastern Kansas and western Missouri. Detailed morphologic analysis of these specimens suggests that they record the activities of mobile epifaunal ophiuroids. Evidence of a brittle star (ophiuroid) producer rather than sea star (asteroid) is provided by (1) trace-fossil morphologic features reflecting the anatomy of the producer (e.g., well-differentiated central structure, slender vermiform arms) and ophiuroid burrowing technique (e.g., proximal arm expansion, arm branching), and (2) mode of occurrence (e.g., gregarious behavior, horizontal and vertical repetition). Vertical and horizontal repetition produces complex aggregates of A. lumbricalis that are interpreted either as escape structures (fugichnia) or as feeding structures, respectively. Ophiura texturata is proposed as a modern analogue for the A. lumbricalis producer, based on inferred life habit and feeding behavior. Asteriacites lumbricalis is present in two different intertidal trace-fossil assemblages. The first assemblage is characterized by high diversity and records tidal flats developed outside of embayments under normal marine conditions. The second assemblage consists of A. lumbricalis together with a few other ichnotaxa and represents a depauperate association that developed in restricted tidal flats within an embayment or estuarine setting. This challenges the conventional view of Asteriacites as a normal-marine salinity indicator. Some echinoderms, and particularly asterozoans, penetrate and inhabit modern environments of depressed salinity. The presence of Asteriacites in Pennsylvanian marginal-marine facies of Kansas and Missouri provides evidence that ophiuroids had adapted to brackish-water conditions by the late Paleozoic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1502-3931.1999.tb00577.x","issn":"00241164","usgsCitation":"Mángano, M., Buatois, L., West, R., and Maples, C., 1999, The origin and paleoecologic significance of the trace fossil Asteriadtes in the Pennsylvanian of Kansas and Missouri: Lethaia, v. 32, no. 1, p. 17-30, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1999.tb00577.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.78743457517571,\n 40.57055423435091\n ],\n [\n -95.42548524020488,\n 39.994251126739925\n ],\n [\n -96.53059573719439,\n 38.7508393332237\n ],\n [\n -96.69469650025734,\n 37.05229924209462\n ],\n [\n -95.25659749165769,\n 36.982917252089536\n ],\n [\n -95.1890600833755,\n 38.82938607710616\n ],\n [\n -94.29150626451565,\n 40.57055423435091\n ],\n [\n -95.78743457517571,\n 40.57055423435091\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae66e4b08c986b324082","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mángano, M. Gabriela","contributorId":57619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mángano","given":"M. Gabriela","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buatois, L.A.","contributorId":40740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buatois","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"West, R.R.","contributorId":37491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maples, C.G.","contributorId":7425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maples","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223819,"text":"5223819 - 1999 - Of elephants and blind men: Deer management in the U.S. National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T19:35:58.013548","indexId":"5223819","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T12:18:49","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Of elephants and blind men: Deer management in the U.S. National Parks","docAbstract":"Overabundant populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are becoming common in the eastern United States. Faced with burgeoning deer populations in eastern parks, the National Park Service (NPS) formulated policy based on its long experience with ungulate management in western parks. That the NPS failed to find a management solution acceptable to its many constituencies was inevitable. Like blind men touching different parts of an elephant and disagreeing about its form, those engaged in the debate about deer management in parks are viewing different parts of the ecological system. None has seen the entire system, and consequently, there is neither common agreement on the nature of the problem nor on the solutions. We explore the quandary of deer management in eastern parks by addressing three questions: (1) Can the National Park Service reconcile its management goals with those of its neighbors? (2) Can thresholds be identified for determining when to intervene in natural processes? (3) Is there a scientific foundation for proceeding with effective management of deer? We argue that reconciling the NPS management with that of state conservation agencies is not possible because management policy guides these agencies in opposite directions: the NPS is charged with limiting human impact on ecological processes, and state agencies are charged with exerting human control over population abundance. Questions about thresholds and a scientific basis for management arise from concern that irrupting deer populations are a manifestation of disrupted natural processes. Several population growth paradigms are at the heart of this ecological question. The science provides no consensus about which of these paradigms are appropriate to deer in eastern ecosystems. Thus, it is premature to expect science to identify if or when natural processes have been disrupted. While the NPS cannot effectively achieve its goals without better science, neither can it wait for science to fully understand the dynamics of plant–herbivore interactions. The best hope for resolving both the biological and political dilemmas surrounding deer management is through an adaptive management approach.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0003:OEABMD]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Porter, W., and Underwood, H.B., 1999, Of elephants and blind men: Deer management in the U.S. National Parks: Ecological Applications, v. 9, no. 1, p. 3-9, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0003:OEABMD]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202232,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691e49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, W.F.","contributorId":81597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Underwood, H. Brian 0000-0002-2064-9128","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2064-9128","contributorId":112421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220369,"text":"70220369 - 1999 - Stable isotopes and mineral resource investigations in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-06T20:10:53.198343","indexId":"70220369","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T16:10:41","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8585,"text":"Information Handout","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Stable isotopes and mineral resource investigations in the United States","docAbstract":"The elements oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and carbon are important constituents of hydrothermal ore-forming systems and the weathering processes of mineral deposits in the surficial environment. They also play key roles in volcanic activity, ecosystem dynamics, climate change, and hydrologic and atmospheric processes. Therefore, study of the stable isotopes of these elements can provide powerful insights into these processes. This is especially true for ongoing U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) projects in the Eastern United States that are concerned with the origins of base (copper, lead, and zinc) and precious (gold and silver) metal deposits in the Carolina slate belt and northern Maine and with the environmental effects of weathering of mineral deposits (fig. 1).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70220369","usgsCitation":"Seal,, R., 1999, Stable isotopes and mineral resource investigations in the United States: Information Handout, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70220369.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385516,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":385515,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/info/seal2/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n ],\n [\n -93.63087,\n 48.60926\n ],\n [\n -92.61,\n 48.45\n ],\n [\n -91.64,\n 48.14\n ],\n [\n -90.83,\n 48.27\n ],\n [\n -89.6,\n 48.01\n ],\n [\n -89.27292,\n 48.01981\n ],\n [\n -88.37811,\n 48.30292\n ],\n [\n -87.43979,\n 47.94\n ],\n [\n -86.46199,\n 47.55334\n ],\n [\n -85.65236,\n 47.22022\n ],\n [\n -84.87608,\n 46.90008\n ],\n [\n -84.77924,\n 46.6371\n ],\n [\n -84.54375,\n 46.53868\n ],\n [\n -84.6049,\n 46.4396\n ],\n [\n -84.3367,\n 46.40877\n ],\n [\n -84.14212,\n 46.51223\n ],\n [\n -84.09185,\n 46.27542\n ],\n [\n -83.89077,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.61613,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.46955,\n 45.99469\n ],\n [\n -83.59285,\n 45.81689\n ],\n [\n -82.55092,\n 45.34752\n ],\n [\n -82.33776,\n 44.44\n ],\n [\n -82.13764,\n 43.57109\n ],\n [\n -82.43,\n 42.98\n ],\n [\n -82.9,\n 42.43\n ],\n [\n -83.12,\n 42.08\n ],\n [\n -83.142,\n 41.97568\n ],\n [\n -83.02981,\n 41.8328\n ],\n [\n -82.69009,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -82.43928,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -81.27775,\n 42.20903\n ],\n [\n -80.24745,\n 42.3662\n ],\n [\n -78.93936,\n 42.86361\n ],\n [\n -78.92,\n 42.965\n ],\n [\n -79.01,\n 43.27\n ],\n [\n -79.17167,\n 43.46634\n ],\n [\n -78.72028,\n 43.62509\n ],\n [\n -77.73789,\n 43.62906\n ],\n [\n -76.82003,\n 43.62878\n ],\n [\n -76.5,\n 44.01846\n ],\n [\n -76.375,\n 44.09631\n ],\n [\n -75.31821,\n 44.81645\n ],\n [\n -74.867,\n 45.00048\n ],\n [\n -73.34783,\n 45.00738\n ],\n [\n -71.50506,\n 45.0082\n ],\n [\n -71.405,\n 45.255\n ],\n [\n -71.08482,\n 45.30524\n ],\n [\n -70.66,\n 45.46\n ],\n [\n -70.305,\n 45.915\n ],\n [\n -69.99997,\n 46.69307\n ],\n [\n -69.23722,\n 47.44778\n ],\n [\n -68.905,\n 47.185\n ],\n [\n -68.23444,\n 47.35486\n ],\n [\n -67.79046,\n 47.06636\n ],\n [\n -67.79134,\n 45.70281\n ],\n [\n -67.13741,\n 45.13753\n ],\n [\n -66.96466,\n 44.8097\n ],\n [\n -68.03252,\n 44.3252\n ],\n [\n -69.06,\n 43.98\n ],\n [\n -70.11617,\n 43.68405\n ],\n [\n -70.64548,\n 43.09024\n ],\n [\n -70.81489,\n 42.8653\n ],\n [\n -70.825,\n 42.335\n ],\n [\n -70.495,\n 41.805\n ],\n [\n -70.08,\n 41.78\n ],\n [\n -70.185,\n 42.145\n ],\n [\n -69.88497,\n 41.92283\n ],\n [\n -69.96503,\n 41.63717\n ],\n [\n -70.64,\n 41.475\n ],\n [\n -71.12039,\n 41.49445\n ],\n [\n -71.86,\n 41.32\n ],\n [\n -72.295,\n 41.27\n ],\n [\n -72.87643,\n 41.22065\n ],\n [\n -73.71,\n 40.9311\n ],\n [\n -72.24126,\n 41.11948\n ],\n [\n -71.945,\n 40.93\n ],\n [\n -73.345,\n 40.63\n ],\n [\n -73.982,\n 40.628\n ],\n [\n -73.95232,\n 40.75075\n ],\n [\n -74.25671,\n 40.47351\n ],\n [\n -73.96244,\n 40.42763\n ],\n [\n -74.17838,\n 39.70926\n ],\n [\n -74.90604,\n 38.93954\n ],\n [\n -74.98041,\n 39.1964\n ],\n [\n -75.20002,\n 39.24845\n ],\n [\n -75.52805,\n 39.4985\n ],\n [\n -75.32,\n 38.96\n ],\n [\n -75.07183,\n 38.78203\n ],\n [\n -75.05673,\n 38.40412\n ],\n [\n -75.37747,\n 38.01551\n ],\n [\n -75.94023,\n 37.21689\n ],\n [\n -76.03127,\n 37.2566\n ],\n [\n -75.72205,\n 37.93705\n ],\n [\n -76.23287,\n 38.31921\n ],\n [\n -76.35,\n 39.15\n ],\n [\n -76.54272,\n 38.71762\n ],\n [\n -76.32933,\n 38.08326\n ],\n [\n -76.99,\n 38.23999\n ],\n [\n -76.30162,\n 37.91794\n ],\n [\n -76.25874,\n 36.9664\n ],\n [\n -75.9718,\n 36.89726\n ],\n [\n -75.86804,\n 36.55125\n ],\n [\n -75.72749,\n 35.55074\n ],\n [\n -76.36318,\n 34.80854\n ],\n [\n -77.39763,\n 34.51201\n ],\n [\n -78.05496,\n 33.92547\n ],\n [\n -78.55435,\n 33.86133\n ],\n [\n -79.06067,\n 33.49395\n ],\n [\n -79.20357,\n 33.15839\n ],\n [\n -80.30132,\n 32.50935\n ],\n [\n -80.86498,\n 32.0333\n ],\n [\n -81.33629,\n 31.44049\n ],\n [\n -81.49042,\n 30.72999\n ],\n [\n -81.31371,\n 30.03552\n ],\n [\n -80.98,\n 29.18\n ],\n [\n -80.53558,\n 28.47213\n ],\n [\n -80.53,\n 28.04\n ],\n [\n -80.05654,\n 26.88\n ],\n [\n -80.08801,\n 26.20576\n ],\n [\n -80.13156,\n 25.81677\n ],\n [\n -80.38103,\n 25.20616\n ],\n [\n -80.68,\n 25.08\n ],\n [\n -81.17213,\n 25.20126\n ],\n [\n -81.33,\n 25.64\n ],\n [\n -81.71,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -82.24,\n 26.73\n ],\n [\n -82.70515,\n 27.49504\n ],\n [\n -82.85526,\n 27.88624\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 28.55\n ],\n [\n -82.93,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -83.70959,\n 29.93656\n ],\n [\n -84.1,\n 30.09\n ],\n [\n -85.10882,\n 29.63615\n ],\n [\n -85.28784,\n 29.68612\n ],\n [\n -85.7731,\n 30.15261\n ],\n [\n -86.4,\n 30.4\n ],\n [\n -87.53036,\n 30.27433\n ],\n [\n -88.41782,\n 30.3849\n ],\n [\n -89.18049,\n 30.31598\n ],\n [\n -89.59383,\n 30.15999\n ],\n [\n -89.41373,\n 29.89419\n ],\n [\n -89.43,\n 29.48864\n ],\n [\n -89.21767,\n 29.29108\n ],\n [\n -89.40823,\n 29.15961\n ],\n [\n -89.77928,\n 29.30714\n ],\n [\n -90.15463,\n 29.11743\n ],\n [\n -90.88022,\n 29.14854\n ],\n [\n -91.62678,\n 29.677\n ],\n [\n -92.49906,\n 29.5523\n ],\n [\n -93.22637,\n 29.78375\n ],\n [\n -93.84842,\n 29.71363\n ],\n [\n -94.69,\n 29.48\n ],\n [\n -95.60026,\n 28.73863\n ],\n [\n -96.59404,\n 28.30748\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 27.83\n ],\n [\n -97.37,\n 27.38\n ],\n [\n -97.38,\n 26.69\n ],\n [\n -97.33,\n 26.21\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -97.53,\n 25.84\n ],\n [\n -98.24,\n 26.06\n ],\n [\n -99.02,\n 26.37\n ],\n [\n -99.3,\n 26.84\n ],\n [\n -99.52,\n 27.54\n ],\n [\n -100.11,\n 28.11\n ],\n [\n -100.45584,\n 28.69612\n ],\n [\n -100.9576,\n 29.38071\n ],\n [\n -101.6624,\n 29.7793\n ],\n [\n -102.48,\n 29.76\n ],\n [\n -103.11,\n 28.97\n ],\n [\n -103.94,\n 29.27\n ],\n [\n -104.45697,\n 29.57196\n ],\n [\n -104.70575,\n 30.12173\n ],\n [\n -105.03737,\n 30.64402\n ],\n [\n -105.63159,\n 31.08383\n ],\n [\n -106.1429,\n 31.39995\n ],\n [\n -106.50759,\n 31.75452\n ],\n [\n -108.24,\n 31.75485\n ],\n [\n -108.24194,\n 31.34222\n ],\n [\n -109.035,\n 31.34194\n ],\n [\n -111.02361,\n 31.33472\n ],\n [\n -113.30498,\n 32.03914\n ],\n [\n -114.815,\n 32.52528\n ],\n [\n -114.72139,\n 32.72083\n ],\n [\n -115.99135,\n 32.61239\n ],\n [\n -117.12776,\n 32.53534\n ],\n [\n -117.29594,\n 33.04622\n ],\n [\n -117.944,\n 33.62124\n ],\n [\n -118.4106,\n 33.74091\n ],\n [\n -118.51989,\n 34.02778\n ],\n [\n -119.081,\n 34.078\n ],\n [\n -119.43884,\n 34.34848\n ],\n [\n -120.36778,\n 34.44711\n ],\n [\n -120.62286,\n 34.60855\n ],\n [\n -120.74433,\n 35.15686\n ],\n [\n -121.71457,\n 36.16153\n ],\n [\n -122.54747,\n 37.55176\n ],\n [\n -122.51201,\n 37.78339\n ],\n [\n -122.95319,\n 38.11371\n ],\n [\n -123.7272,\n 38.95166\n ],\n [\n -123.86517,\n 39.76699\n ],\n [\n -124.39807,\n 40.3132\n ],\n [\n -124.17886,\n 41.14202\n ],\n [\n -124.2137,\n 41.99964\n ],\n [\n -124.53284,\n 42.76599\n ],\n [\n -124.14214,\n 43.70838\n ],\n [\n -124.02053,\n 44.6159\n ],\n [\n -123.89893,\n 45.52341\n ],\n [\n -124.07963,\n 46.86475\n ],\n [\n -124.39567,\n 47.72017\n ],\n [\n -124.68721,\n 48.18443\n ],\n [\n -124.5661,\n 48.37971\n ],\n [\n -123.12,\n 48.04\n ],\n [\n -122.58736,\n 47.096\n ],\n [\n -122.34,\n 47.36\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 48.18\n ],\n [\n -122.84,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -117.03121,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -116.04818,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -110.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -107.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -104.04826,\n 48.99986\n ],\n [\n -100.65,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -97.22872,\n 49.0007\n ],\n [\n -95.15907,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -95.15609,\n 49.38425\n ],\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"United States\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":815269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220368,"text":"70220368 - 1999 - Environmental processes that affect mineral deposits in the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-06T20:08:19.512337","indexId":"70220368","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T16:08:04","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8585,"text":"Information Handout","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Environmental processes that affect mineral deposits in the eastern United States","docAbstract":"A thorough understanding of the environmental processes that affect mineral deposits and mine wastes has become increasingly important as the Nation wrestles with how to meet our current demand for metals without compromising the environment and how to mitigate the damage caused by the mining practices of previous generations. Regulatory requirements are dominated by empirical approaches to environmental problems associated with mining, but mitigation and reclamation can be enhanced greatly by a theoretical and conceptual understanding of the processes that affect the availability, transport, and fixation of metals and the generation of acidic waters.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research efforts in the Eastern United States are concentrating on environmental processes that affect a class of mineral deposits known as massive sulfide deposits. These occurrences were valued historically for their sulfur content and recently for their metals. This deposit type is a research priority because of its economic significance and high potential for adverse environmental impact due to its high sulfide content and the low acid-buffering capacity of host rocks. Numerous examples of these deposits are found in the East, including reclaimed mine sites, abandoned mines, active mines, and sites currently in the permitting process for future production.
Published studies of mine drainage chemistry from the Iron Mountain massive sulfide deposit in California have documented extreme conditions of very low pH and high heavy-metal concentrations. These extreme conditions are attributed to the unique hydrologic and climatic settings of the deposit and probably are independent of the mineral deposit type.
Areas currently under study include Bald Mountain, Maine, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the Vermont copper belt, Contrary Creek, Virginia, and Prince William Forest Park, Virginia (fig.1). Goals of the research are (1) to give land-use planners and the mining industry a better empirical framework from which to assess potential environmental impacts of mining, particularly under eastern climatic conditions, and (2) to provide a better theoretical and conceptual framework from which to design more effective and cost efficient mitigation and reclamation programs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70220368","usgsCitation":"Seal,, R., 1999, Environmental processes that affect mineral deposits in the eastern United States: Information Handout, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70220368.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385514,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":385513,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/info/seal1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":815268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70068931,"text":"70068931 - 1999 - Laramide to Holocene structural development of the northern Colorado Front Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-30T11:56:08","indexId":"70068931","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T14:31:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Laramide to Holocene structural development of the northern Colorado Front Range","docAbstract":"The Rocky Mountain province of the United States is a classic basement-involved foreland orogen. Deformation during the Late Cretaceous to Eocene Laramide orogeny created an anastomosing system of basement-cored arches that bound the northern and eastern margins of the Colorado Plateau and the elliptical sedimentary basins of the Rockies. The tectonic mechanism for Laramide deformation remains controversial, with proposed mechanisms ranging from subcrustal shear during low-angle subduction (Bird, 1988, 1998; Hamilton, 1988) to detachment of the upper crust during plate collision to the west (Oldow and others, 1990; Erslev, 1993). The Rocky Mountains south of Wyoming have the additional complication of a period of mid-Tertiary igneous activity and sedimentation that coincides with Neogene extension along the Rio Grande rift.
\nThis field trip (Fig. 1) will explore the Laramide to Holocene structural development of the southern Rocky Mountains by examining the geologic record exposed in the northern Front Range of Colorado. The Front Range starts north of Canon City, Colorado, and trends north-northwest to Golden, Colorado. North of Golden, the range takes a more northerly trend toward the Wyoming border where it bifurcates into the north-trending Laramie Range (Brewer and others, 1982) and the north-northwest-trending Medicine Bow Range.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Colorado and adjacent areas","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-0001-9.21","usgsCitation":"Erslev, E.A., Kellogg, K., Bryant, B., Ehrlich, T.K., Holdaway, S.M., and Naeser, C.W., 1999, Laramide to Holocene structural development of the northern Colorado Front Range, chap. of Colorado and adjacent areas, v. 1, p. 21-40, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0001-9.21.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280913,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280910,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0001-9.21"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Front Range","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.25,37.72 ], [ -107.25,40.96 ], [ -103.71,40.96 ], [ -103.71,37.72 ], [ -107.25,37.72 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6418e4b0b290850ff3a6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lageson, David R.","contributorId":113216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lageson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509690,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lester, Alan Trudgill Trudgill, Bruce","contributorId":111607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lester","given":"Alan","suffix":"Trudgill, Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"Trudgill","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509689,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Erslev, Eric A.","contributorId":42135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erslev","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kellogg, Karl S.","contributorId":89896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Karl S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bryant, Bruce bbryant@usgs.gov","contributorId":1355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"Bruce","email":"bbryant@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ehrlich, Timothy K.","contributorId":102793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehrlich","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holdaway, Steven M.","contributorId":16749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holdaway","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Naeser, Charles W.","contributorId":76281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70006976,"text":"70006976 - 1999 - Influence of temperature and substrate on infection rate, triactinomyxon production, and release duration from eastern tubifex worms infected with Myxobolus cerebralis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T13:55:19","indexId":"70006976","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T13:47:33","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Influence of temperature and substrate on infection rate, triactinomyxon production, and release duration from eastern tubifex worms infected with Myxobolus cerebralis","docAbstract":"Salmonid whirling disease is caused by Myxobolus cerebralis, a metazoan parasite with a two host life cycle involving salmonid fish a an aquatic oligochaete, Tubifex tubifex (Wolf, Markiw and Hiltunen, 1986). Whirling disease has been reported in 22 U.S. states with the greatest losses occurring in the salmonid fisheries of western and Midwestern states. Although whirling disease is endemic in the eastern United States, serious documented losses to wild populations have not been reported. Two high priority research needs identified in 1996 were a better understanding of how worm and parasite populations might differ from different geographic areas and how environmental factors affect the various stages of whirling disease. To begin to address these research needs we established \"eastern\" populations of worms, parasite and fish hosts. This abstract will present data on the effects of temperature and substrate upon eastern T. tubifex worms infected with an eastern isolate of M. cerebralis. The influences of these abiotic factors upon the ability to infect the worms and subsequently their ability to produce waterborne triactinomyxons.
","largerWorkTitle":"5th Annual Whirling Disease Symposium: Research and Management Perspectives","conferenceLocation":"Missoula, Montana","language":"English","publisher":"Whirling Disease Foundation","publisherLocation":"Bozeman, MT","usgsCitation":"Waldrop, T., Blazer, V., Smith, D., Schill, B., and Densmore, C., 1999, Influence of temperature and substrate on infection rate, triactinomyxon production, and release duration from eastern tubifex worms infected with Myxobolus cerebralis, p. 251-255.","productDescription":"p. 251-255","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289232,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286f2e4b07b8813a554cc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schill, B.","contributorId":17576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508417,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waldrop, T.","contributorId":113654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldrop","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508418,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blazer, V. 0000-0001-6647-9614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":6799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508416,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Waldrop, Thomas","contributorId":56977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldrop","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blazer, Vicki 0000-0001-6647-9614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":102880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"Vicki","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":355592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, David","contributorId":56303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schill, Bane","contributorId":49453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"Bane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Densmore, Christine","contributorId":29312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Christine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70220361,"text":"70220361 - 1999 - Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-06T15:33:23.8776","indexId":"70220361","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T11:33:03","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8585,"text":"Information Handout","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa","docAbstract":"Many Americans think of Iowa as having little topographic variation. However, in westernmost Iowa the Loess Hills rise 200 feet above the flat plains forming a narrow band running north-south 200 miles along the Missouri River. The steep angles and sharp bluffs on the western side of the Loess Hills are in sharp contrast to the flat rectangular cropfields of the Missouri River flood plain. From the east, gently rolling hills blend into steep ridges.
Loess (pronounced \"luss\"), is German for loose or crumbly. It is a gritty, lightweight, porous material composed of tightly packed grains of quartz, feldspar, mica, and other minerals. Loess is the source of most of our Nation's rich agricultural soils and is common in the U.S. and around the world. However, Iowa's Loess Hills are unusual because the layers of loess are extraordinarily thick, as much as 200 feet in some places. The extreme thickness of the loess layers and the intricately carved terrain of the Loess Hills make them a rare geologic feature. Shaanxi, China, is the only other location where loess layers are as deep and extensive. Though much older (2.5 million years) and much thicker (nearly 300 feet) than Iowa's loess, the Shaanxi loess hills have been greatly altered by both natural and human activity and no longer retain their original characteristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70220361","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1999, Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa: Information Handout, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70220361.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385499,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":385498,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/info/loess/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Loess Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.800537109375,\n 40.57224011776902\n ],\n [\n -95.262451171875,\n 40.57224011776902\n ],\n [\n -95.262451171875,\n 43.092960677116295\n ],\n [\n -96.800537109375,\n 43.092960677116295\n ],\n [\n -96.800537109375,\n 40.57224011776902\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70074636,"text":"70074636 - 1999 - 200,000 years of climate change recorded in eolian sediments of the High Plains of eastern Colorado and western Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-30T11:56:42","indexId":"70074636","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T11:22:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"200,000 years of climate change recorded in eolian sediments of the High Plains of eastern Colorado and western Nebraska","docAbstract":"Loess and eolian sand cover vast areas of the western Great \nPlains of Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado (Fig. 1). In recent \nstudies of Quaternary climate change, there has been a renewed \ninterest in loess and eolian sand. Much of the attention now \ngiven to loess stems from new studies of long loess sequences \nthat contain detailed records of Quaternary glacial-interglacial \ncycles, thought to be a terrestrial equivalent to the foraminiferal \noxygen isotope record in deep-sea sediments (Fig. 2). Loess is \nalso a direct record of atmospheric circulation, and identification \nof loess paleowinds in the geologic record can test atmospheric \ngeneral circulation models. Until recently, eolian sand on \nthe Great Plains had received little attention from Quaternary \ngeologists. The past decade has seen a proliferation of studies of \nGreat Plains dune sands, and many studies, summarized below, \nindicate that landscapes characterized by eolian sand have had \ndynamic histories.
\nOn this field trip, we will visit some key eolian sand and \nloess localities in eastern Colorado and southwestern Nebraska \n(Fig. 1). Stratigraphic studies at some of these localities have \nbeen conducted for more than 50 years, but others have been \nsystematically studied only in the past few years. Many of the \ndata which appear in this guidebook have been derived from \nprevious studies (Swinehart and Diffendal, 1990; Madole, \n1994; Loope and others, 1995; Maat and Johnson, 1996; Muhs \nand others, 1996, 1997a, 1999; Mason and others, 1997; \nAleinikoff and others, 1999), but some are presented here for \nthe first time.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Colorado and adjacent areas","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-0001-9.71","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D.R., Swinehart, J.B., Loope, D.B., Aleinikoff, J.N., and Been, J., 1999, 200,000 years of climate change recorded in eolian sediments of the High Plains of eastern Colorado and western Nebraska, chap. of Colorado and adjacent areas, v. 1, p. 71-91, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0001-9.71.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281731,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281730,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0001-9.71"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.5,39.0 ], [ -105.5,42.0 ], [ -100.0,42.0 ], [ -100.0,39.0 ], [ -105.5,39.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539a2a0ee4b0a59b26496f72","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lageson, David R.","contributorId":113216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lageson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509778,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lester, Alan","contributorId":112192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lester","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509776,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trudgill, Bruce","contributorId":112581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trudgill","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509777,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, Daniel R. 0000-0001-7449-251X dmuhs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":1857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"Daniel","email":"dmuhs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swinehart, James B.","contributorId":85270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swinehart","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loope, David B.","contributorId":59589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Been, Josh","contributorId":19340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Been","given":"Josh","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70006996,"text":"70006996 - 1999 - Assessment of landscape correlates of Eastern hemlock decline due to hemlock woolly adelgid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-27T10:17:00","indexId":"70006996","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T10:12:14","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Assessment of landscape correlates of Eastern hemlock decline due to hemlock woolly adelgid","docAbstract":"Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is in decline\nthroughout its range in the eastern US due to infestation by\nan exotic insect pest, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges\ntsugae). In Shenandoah National Park, the hemlock woolly\nadelgid (HWA) rapidly killed many stands of hemlock after\nfirst appearing in the late-1980’s, while having only minor\nimpact in other stands. At present, few investigators have\nexamined the mechanisms that produce this discontinuous\nimpact, although landscape factors are predicted to play a\nmajor role (Orwig and Foster, 1998: Perry 1988). In an effort\nto address possible landscape correlates to hemlock\ndecline, we conducted a preliminary analysis of 5 years of\nhemlock health estimates in comparison to measures of\nterrain, stand isolation, and potential dispersal corridors at\nthe stand level. We found that elevation, slope, light conditions, and distance to streams all exhibited relatively\nstrong correlation with hemlock decline, although the\nrelationship varied by year. In addition, there appears to be\nsome evidence of spatial autocorrelation in decline,\nsuggesting that similar environmental conditions are either\ncontrolling the adelgid or making hemlock stands more\nsusceptible to HWA. We are using the results of this\npreliminary analysis to guide more detailed efforts aimed at\nmodeling hemlock stand vulnerability as a result of site,\nlandscape, and regional factors.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Symposium on sustainable management of hemlock ecosystems in Eastern North America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on sustainable management of hemlock ecosystems in Eastern North America","conferenceLocation":"Durham, New Hampshire","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","publisherLocation":"Newtown Square, PA","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"Young, J., Snyder, C., Akerson, J., and Hunt, G., 1999, Assessment of landscape correlates of Eastern hemlock decline due to hemlock woolly adelgid, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"134","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289128,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.8516,38.0409 ], [ -78.8516,38.9104 ], [ -78.1501,38.9104 ], [ -78.1501,38.0409 ], [ -78.8516,38.0409 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7633e4b0abf75cf2becc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"McManus, K.A.","contributorId":112439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McManus","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508424,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shields, K.S.","contributorId":114066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shields","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508426,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Souto, D.R.","contributorId":113167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souto","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508425,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Young, John","contributorId":104404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, Craig 0000-0002-3448-597X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3448-597X","contributorId":23445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Craig","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":355630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Akerson, James","contributorId":21461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akerson","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, Gary","contributorId":106017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70073917,"text":"70073917 - 1999 - Application of aerial gamma-ray spectrometric and magnetic surveys in geologic mapping: a case study in southern Virginia and northern North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-24T10:21:08","indexId":"70073917","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T09:59:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Application of aerial gamma-ray spectrometric and magnetic surveys in geologic mapping: a case study in southern Virginia and northern North Carolina","docAbstract":"Aerial gamma-ray spectrometric and magnetic survey maps are valuable aids for geologic\nmapping where rocks are poorly exposed in south-central Virginia and northernmost North Carolina.\nBroad low areas on the potassium and thorium gamma-ray survey maps distinguish the Carolina,\nSpring Hope, and Roanoke Rapids terranes from more highly radiogenic areas of the Raleigh and\nTriplet terranes, reflecting differences in the compositions of residual soils. Granitic rocks are\ndelineated most clearly by potassium highs and less clearly by thorium highs. Nearly all the\nthorium highs other than those related to granites are associated with amphibolite-facies rocks of\nthe Raleigh and Triplet terranes. Contrasting thorium lows within these terranes help to distinguish\nthe individual rock units. In the Carolina and Roanoke Rapids terranes, high-gradient magnetic\npatterns delineate stratified metavolcanic and metasedimentary units that are not discernible from\nthe gamma-ray surveys. Circular magnetic highs coincide with gabbro plutons, and numerous\nmagnetic lineaments correspond to Jurassic diabase dikes. Magnetically uniform, low-gradient\nareas coincide with less mafic plutons. A magnetic lineament (high) coincides with the Nutbush\nCreek fault zone, and other faults are distinguished as boundaries between zones of contrasting\ngeophysical properties. The gamma-ray spectrometric and magnetic survey maps most effectively\nindicate geologic features in the region if they are employed collectively, and if they are interpreted\nin concert with simultaneous geologic field investigations.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology of the Fall Zone Region along to North Carolina-Virginia State Line: guidebook for the 1999 meeting of the Carolina Geological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Carolina Geological Society","usgsCitation":"Horton, J., and Daniels, D.L., 1999, Application of aerial gamma-ray spectrometric and magnetic surveys in geologic mapping: a case study in southern Virginia and northern North Carolina, chap. of Geology of the Fall Zone Region along to North Carolina-Virginia State Line: guidebook for the 1999 meeting of the Carolina Geological Society, p. 29-36.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281469,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina;Virginia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.5,36.5 ], [ -78.5,36.75 ], [ -77.5,36.75 ], [ -77.5,36.5 ], [ -78.5,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4d96e4b0b290850f1936","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J. Wright","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Daniels, David L. 0000-0003-0599-8036 dave@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0599-8036","contributorId":1792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniels","given":"David","email":"dave@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70201526,"text":"70201526 - 1999 - Atlantic white cedar plantings in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, and the Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-17T09:11:30","indexId":"70201526","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T09:10:52","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Atlantic white cedar plantings in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, and the Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge, Mississippi","docAbstract":"The Peconic Estuary, at the eastern end of Long Island, has been plagued by a recurrent algal bloom that has caused the severe decline of local marine resources. Although the onset, duration, and cessation of the bloom remain unpredictable, ground-water discharge has been shown to affect surface-water quality in the western part of the estuary. Results from a study on the North Fork of Long Island indicate that local hydrogeologic factors cause differences in ground-water age and characteristics of discharge to the estuary. The need for information on the local patterns and rates of ground-water discharge to the Peconic Estuary prompted analysis of ground-water flow paths and traveltime to three small embayments within the estuary. Meetinghouse Creek, near the west end of the North Fork; Sag Harbor Cove, in the central part of the South Fork; and West Neck Bay, on Shelter Island.
Ground-water-flow models were developed, and particle-tracking procedures were applied to the results of each model, to define the flow paths and traveltime of ground water to the three embayments. The steady-state flow models represent the two-dimensional ground-water-flow system along a vertical section through the uplands of each embayment and simulate long-term hydrologic conditions. The particle-tracking procedure used model-generated ground-water levels and flow rates to calculate the water-particle pathlines and times-of-travel through each flow system from the point of entry (recharge) to the point of exit at streams, the shore, or subsea-discharge areas.
Results for the Meetinghouse Creek study area indicate that about 50 percent of the total recharge that enters the system flows southward to Meetinghouse Creek; half of this amount discharges as base flow to the fresh-water reach of the creek, and half as shoreline underflow to the estuarine reach. About 85 percent of the total discharge to Meetinghouse Creek has flowed entirely within the upper glacial aquifer, and about 15 percent has flowed through the Magothy aquifer. The average age of all ground water discharged to Meetinghouse Creek is about 60 years; the average age of base flow to the freshwater reach of the creek is about 7 years, and the average age of shoreline underflow to the estuarine reach is about 120 years. The results for the Sag Harbor Cove study area indicate that about 30 percent of the total recharge that enters the system flows northward to Sag Harbor Cove; about half of this amount discharges as shoreline underflow, and half as subsea underflow. About 40 percent of the total discharge to Sag Harbor Cove has flowed entirely within the upper glacial aquifer, and about 60 percent has flowed through the Pleistocene marine clay unit, Pleistocene(?) sand unit, or Magothy aquifer. The average age of all ground water discharged to Sag Harbor Cove is about 110 years; the average age of shoreline underflow is about 25 years, and the average age of subsea underflow is about 190 years.
Results for the West Neck Bay study area indicate that about 65 percent of the total recharge that enters the system flows westward to West Neck Bay; virtually all of this amount discharges as shoreline underflow, but a negligible percentage discharges as subsea underflow. Virtually all discharge to West Neck Bay has flowed entirely within the upper glacial aquifer, although a minor amount has flowed through the Pleistocene marine clay unit. The average age of shoreline underflow to West Neck Bay is about 15 years, and the average age of subsea underflow is about 1,800 years.
Ground water that discharges to streams and the shores represented in the models is mostly relatively young water that has flowed entirely within the shallow zones of the flow systems, whereas ground water that discharges to the subsea-discharge areas is mostly old water that has flowed through the deep zones. Data obtained from these models allows evaluation of each embayment.s vulnerability to contaminants introduced at the water table and can guide the development of source-area-protection strategies for the corresponding watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984181","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Peconic Estuary Program and Suffolk Department of Health Services","usgsCitation":"Schubert, C., 1999, Ground-water flow paths and traveltime to three small embayments within the Peconic Estuary, eastern Suffolk County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4181, vi, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984181.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"47","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404557,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4181/wri19984181.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":369347,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4181/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Suffolk County","otherGeospatial":"Peconic Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.65739440917969,\n 40.91403147143872\n ],\n [\n -72.60520935058594,\n 40.91403147143872\n ],\n [\n -72.60520935058594,\n 40.93426521177941\n ],\n [\n -72.65739440917969,\n 40.93426521177941\n ],\n [\n -72.65739440917969,\n 40.91403147143872\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
We examined 4,848 regurgitated digestive pellets of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) over a 6-year period (1992–97) to estimate annual predation on sport and other fishes in the eastern basin of Lake Ontario. We found more than 51,000 fish of 28 species. Using a model that incorporates annual colony nest counts; fledgling production rates; adult, immature, and young-of-year residence times (seasonal); estimates of mean number of fish per pellet and mean fish size; and a fecal pathway correction factor (4.0 percent), we estimate total annual number of fish consumed by cormorants in the eastern basin of Lake Ontario to range from 37 million to 128 million fish for 1993–97. This fish loss equates to an estimated 0.93 million to 3.21 million kg (mean 2.07 million kg) of fish consumed per year, principally alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus, 42.3 percent) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens, 18.4 percent). Forage fish (alewife, cyprinids, trout-perch [Percopsis omiscomaycus], and other minor components) accounted for 65 percent of the diet, and panfish contributed 34 percent of the diet for the 5-year period. Game fish were minor components of the diet, in view of an average estimated annual consumption of 900,000 smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui, 1.1 percent) and 168,000 salmonines (mostly lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, 0.2 percent). Cormorant predation on lake trout fingerlings stocked in May 1993 and June 1994 was estimated through the use of coded wire tag recoveries from pellets collected on Little Galloo Island 1 and 4 days after stocking events. We estimated losses of 13.6 percent and 8.8 percent, respectively, of the fish stocked for the two events, an average of 11.2 percent. Such losses may be reduced through alteration of existing stocking practices.
","largerWorkTitle":"Symposium on Double-Crested Cormorants: Population Status and Management Issues in the Midwest","conferenceTitle":"Symposium on Double-Crested Cormorants: Population Status and Management Issues in the Midwest","conferenceDate":"December 9, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Milwaukee, WI","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Ross, R.M., and Johnson, J.H., 1999, Fish losses to double-crested cormorant predation in Eastern Lake Ontario, 1992-97: USDA APHIS Technical Bulletin 1879, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"70","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288448,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/nwrc/symposia/cormorant_symposium/"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario;Little Galloo Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.3988896,43.8827599 ], [ -76.3988896,43.8885207 ], [ -76.3923384,43.8885207 ], [ -76.3923384,43.8827599 ], [ -76.3988896,43.8827599 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5efb0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Robert M.","contributorId":62562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, James H. 0000-0002-5619-3871 jhjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-3871","contributorId":389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"jhjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015996,"text":"1015996 - 1999 - Integrating physical and chemical characteristics of lakes into the glacially influenced landscape of the Northern Cascade Mountains, Washington State, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-20T08:55:39","indexId":"1015996","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating physical and chemical characteristics of lakes into the glacially influenced landscape of the Northern Cascade Mountains, Washington State, USA","docAbstract":"A basic knowledge of the physical and chemical characteristics of lakes is needed by management to make informed decisions to protect water resources. In this study we investigated some of the physical and chemical characteristics of 58 lakes in alpine, subalpine, and forest vegetation zones in a natural area (North Cascades National Park Service Complex) between 1989 and 1993. The objectives of the study were to: (1) document the time of ice-out relative to lake elevation; (2) determine how a sharp climate gradient west and east of the hydrologic divide affected the time of ice-out for subalpine lakes; and (3) assess how lake water quality was associated with lake elevation, lake depth, and basin geology. As expected, lake ice-out times occurred earlier with decreasing elevation. East-slope subalpine lakes iced-out earlier than did west-slope subalpine lakes because the east slope of the study area was drier and warmer than the west slope. On average, the lakes were relatively cold, neutral in pH, and low in dissolved substances and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. Although some shallow lakes (depth ,10 m) exhibited the highest alkalinities, conductivities, and concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen, most shallow lakes exhibited low values for these variables that were comparable to values observed in deep lakes. Geology did not play a major role in segregating the lakes based on water quality. Overall, lake temperature, pH,\r\nalkalinity, conductivity, and concentrations of total phosphorus and total Kjeldahl N increased with decreasing elevation. These changes in water quality with decreasing elevation in this temperate mountainous region corresponded with warmer air temperatures and increased vegetation biomass, soil depth and maturity, and dissolved substances and nutrients.\r\n","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002679900228","usgsCitation":"Larson, G.L., Lomnicky, G., Hoffman, R., Liss, W., and Deimling, E., 1999, Integrating physical and chemical characteristics of lakes into the glacially influenced landscape of the Northern Cascade Mountains, Washington State, USA: Environmental Management, v. 24, no. 2, p. 219-228, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679900228.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"228","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd62bbe4b0b290850fe5cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Gary L. gary_l._larson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Gary","email":"gary_l._larson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":323478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lomnicky, G.A.","contributorId":37697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lomnicky","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, Robert robert_hoffman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Robert","email":"robert_hoffman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liss, W.J.","contributorId":75887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liss","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Deimling, E.","contributorId":48522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deimling","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1015936,"text":"1015936 - 1999 - Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-13T02:47:21.739472","indexId":"1015936","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in Idaho","title":"Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in Idaho","docAbstract":"Informed management of large carnivores depends on the timely and useful presentation of relevant information. We describe an approach to evaluating carnivore habitat that uses pre-existing qualitative and quantitative information on humans and carnivores to generate coarse-scale maps of habitat suitability, habitat productivity, potential reserves, and areas of potential conflict. We use information pertinent to the contemplated reintroduction of grizzly bears Ursus arctos horribilis into central Idaho to demonstrate our approach. The approach uses measures of human numbers, their estimated distribution, road and trail access, and abundance and quality of bear foods to create standardized indices that are analogues of death and birth rates, respectively; the first subtracted from the second indicates habitat suitability (HS). We calibrate HS to sightings of grizzly bears in two ecosystems in northern Idaho and develop an empirical model from these same sightings based on piece-wise treatment of the variables contained in HS. Depending on whether the empirical model or HS is used, we estimate that there is 14 800 km2 of suitable habitat in two blocks or 37 100 km2 in one block in central Idaho, respectively. Both approaches show suitable habitat in the current Evaluation Area and in an area of southeastern Idaho centered on the Palisades Reservoir. Areas of highly productive habitat are concentrated in northern and western Idaho and in the Palisades area. Future conflicts between humans and bears are most likely to occur on the western and northern margins of suitable habitat in central Idaho, rather than to the east, where opposition to reintroduction of grizzly bears is currently strongest.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00057-3","usgsCitation":"Merrill, T., Mattson, D., Wright, R., and Quigley, H.B., 1999, Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in Idaho: Biological Conservation, v. 87, no. 2, p. 231-248, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00057-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"248","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479612,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(98)00057-3","text":"External Repository"},{"id":134356,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-111.044156,43.020052],[-111.046689,42.001567],[-112.173352,41.996568],[-112.192976,42.001167],[-112.709375,42.000309],[-113.249159,41.996203],[-113.893261,41.988057],[-114.041723,41.99372],[-114.598267,41.994511],[-114.831077,42.002207],[-115.031783,41.996008],[-115.870181,41.996766],[-115.98688,41.998534],[-116.368478,41.996281],[-117.009255,41.998127],[-117.026222,42.000252],[-117.026871,43.832479],[-117.01077,43.862269],[-116.997391,43.864874],[-116.991415,43.863864],[-116.982347,43.86884],[-116.976024,43.895548],[-116.977332,43.905812],[-116.963666,43.921363],[-116.96247,43.928336],[-116.963666,43.952644],[-116.970241,43.958622],[-116.971436,43.964998],[-116.969842,43.967588],[-116.957527,43.972443],[-116.942944,43.987512],[-116.934485,44.021249],[-116.937342,44.029376],[-116.943361,44.035645],[-116.972504,44.048771],[-116.977351,44.085364],[-116.967203,44.090936],[-116.943132,44.09406],[-116.933704,44.100039],[-116.895931,44.154295],[-116.894083,44.160191],[-116.895757,44.171267],[-116.900103,44.176851],[-116.925392,44.191544],[-116.935443,44.193962],[-116.947591,44.191264],[-116.965498,44.194126],[-116.971675,44.197256],[-116.973945,44.225932],[-116.971958,44.235677],[-116.975905,44.242844],[-116.98687,44.245477],[-117.016921,44.245391],[-117.031862,44.248635],[-117.042283,44.242775],[-117.047062,44.229742],[-117.05303,44.229076],[-117.067284,44.24401],[-117.089503,44.258234],[-117.09457,44.270978],[-117.104208,44.27994],[-117.111617,44.280667],[-117.121037,44.277585],[-117.130904,44.269453],[-117.133984,44.262972],[-117.143394,44.258262],[-117.170342,44.25889],[-117.198147,44.273828],[-117.216974,44.288357],[-117.222647,44.297578],[-117.216795,44.308236],[-117.203323,44.313024],[-117.192203,44.32863],[-117.189769,44.336585],[-117.197339,44.347406],[-117.235117,44.373853],[-117.243027,44.390974],[-117.242675,44.396548],[-117.22698,44.405583],[-117.215072,44.427162],[-117.215573,44.453746],[-117.225758,44.477223],[-117.225076,44.482346],[-117.216372,44.48616],[-117.208936,44.485661],[-117.200237,44.492027],[-117.192494,44.503272],[-117.189759,44.513385],[-117.181583,44.52296],[-117.161033,44.525166],[-117.149242,44.536151],[-117.144161,44.545647],[-117.14293,44.557236],[-117.148255,44.564371],[-117.146032,44.568603],[-117.133963,44.57524],[-117.124754,44.583834],[-117.125267,44.593818],[-117.120522,44.614658],[-117.114754,44.624883],[-117.108231,44.62711],[-117.098221,44.640689],[-117.094968,44.652011],[-117.095868,44.664737],[-117.080772,44.684161],[-117.07912,44.692175],[-117.072221,44.700517],[-117.063824,44.703623],[-117.061799,44.706654],[-117.060454,44.721668],[-117.062273,44.727143],[-117.044217,44.74514],[-117.03827,44.748179],[-117.013802,44.756841],[-116.998903,44.756382],[-116.986502,44.762381],[-116.970902,44.773881],[-116.949001,44.777981],[-116.9347,44.783881],[-116.9307,44.789881],[-116.933799,44.796781],[-116.931099,44.804781],[-116.920498,44.81438],[-116.896249,44.84833],[-116.865338,44.870599],[-116.852427,44.887577],[-116.838467,44.923601],[-116.83199,44.933007],[-116.835702,44.940633],[-116.850737,44.958113],[-116.858313,44.978761],[-116.856754,44.984298],[-116.844625,45.001435],[-116.844796,45.015312],[-116.848037,45.021728],[-116.841314,45.030907],[-116.825133,45.03784],[-116.797329,45.060267],[-116.78371,45.076972],[-116.783537,45.093605],[-116.774847,45.105536],[-116.754643,45.113972],[-116.729607,45.142091],[-116.724188,45.162924],[-116.724205,45.171501],[-116.709536,45.203015],[-116.70975,45.217243],[-116.703607,45.239757],[-116.691388,45.263739],[-116.674493,45.276349],[-116.672163,45.288938],[-116.673793,45.321511],[-116.619057,45.39821],[-116.597447,45.41277],[-116.588195,45.44292],[-116.563985,45.460169],[-116.554829,45.46293],[-116.55498,45.472801],[-116.558803,45.480076],[-116.548676,45.510385],[-116.535482,45.525079],[-116.523638,45.54661],[-116.502756,45.566608],[-116.481943,45.577898],[-116.463635,45.602785],[-116.463504,45.615785],[-116.469813,45.620604],[-116.487894,45.649769],[-116.523961,45.677639],[-116.535396,45.691734],[-116.538014,45.714929],[-116.535698,45.734231],[-116.546643,45.750972],[-116.559444,45.755189],[-116.593004,45.778541],[-116.632032,45.784979],[-116.646342,45.779815],[-116.665344,45.781998],[-116.680139,45.79359],[-116.697192,45.820135],[-116.711822,45.826267],[-116.736268,45.826179],[-116.759787,45.816167],[-116.782676,45.825376],[-116.789066,45.833471],[-116.787792,45.844267],[-116.796051,45.858473],[-116.814142,45.877551],[-116.84355,45.892273],[-116.859795,45.907264],[-116.869655,45.923799],[-116.875706,45.945008],[-116.886843,45.958617],[-116.892935,45.974396],[-116.911409,45.988912],[-116.91718,45.996575],[-116.923005,46.018293],[-116.942656,46.061],[-116.957372,46.075449],[-116.978938,46.080007],[-116.981962,46.084915],[-116.982498,46.091347],[-116.978823,46.095731],[-116.959548,46.099058],[-116.955263,46.102237],[-116.951265,46.111161],[-116.950276,46.123464],[-116.922648,46.160744],[-116.92187,46.167808],[-116.965841,46.203417],[-116.96613,46.209453],[-116.956031,46.225976],[-116.955264,46.23088],[-116.966742,46.256923],[-116.991134,46.276342],[-116.990894,46.280372],[-116.98491,46.289738],[-116.986688,46.296662],[-116.99726,46.303151],[-117.007486,46.305302],[-117.020663,46.314793],[-117.022939,46.320175],[-117.023844,46.335976],[-117.030672,46.340315],[-117.055983,46.345531],[-117.06263,46.352522],[-117.062785,46.365287],[-117.046915,46.379577],[-117.035545,46.410012],[-117.034696,46.418318],[-117.039813,46.425425],[-117.039945,47.477823],[-117.042657,47.760857],[-117.041107,48.124904],[-117.035178,48.370878],[-117.032351,48.999188],[-116.049193,49.000912],[-116.04885,47.977186],[-116.03834,47.971318],[-116.030751,47.973349],[-115.998236,47.938779],[-115.993678,47.926183],[-115.982791,47.915994],[-115.969076,47.914256],[-115.959946,47.898142],[-115.939993,47.883153],[-115.919291,47.857406],[-115.906409,47.846261],[-115.900934,47.843064],[-115.881522,47.849672],[-115.870861,47.834939],[-115.852291,47.827991],[-115.845474,47.814967],[-115.848509,47.809331],[-115.847487,47.785227],[-115.84044,47.780172],[-115.837438,47.774846],[-115.835069,47.77006],[-115.835365,47.760957],[-115.831755,47.755785],[-115.824597,47.752154],[-115.803917,47.75848],[-115.797299,47.75752],[-115.780441,47.743447],[-115.783504,47.729305],[-115.776219,47.719818],[-115.77177,47.717412],[-115.758623,47.719041],[-115.752349,47.716743],[-115.730764,47.704426],[-115.72377,47.696671],[-115.726613,47.672093],[-115.73627,47.654762],[-115.72993,47.642442],[-115.708537,47.635356],[-115.694284,47.62346],[-115.689404,47.595402],[-115.706473,47.577299],[-115.721207,47.576323],[-115.734674,47.567401],[-115.746945,47.555293],[-115.747263,47.543197],[-115.741371,47.538645],[-115.71034,47.52951],[-115.708748,47.51264],[-115.694106,47.498634],[-115.686704,47.485596],[-115.653044,47.476035],[-115.654318,47.468077],[-115.663867,47.456936],[-115.671188,47.45439],[-115.69293,47.457237],[-115.718247,47.45316],[-115.728801,47.445159],[-115.731348,47.433381],[-115.728801,47.428925],[-115.718934,47.420967],[-115.69057,47.415059],[-115.657681,47.400651],[-115.648479,47.390293],[-115.644341,47.381826],[-115.639186,47.378605],[-115.617247,47.382521],[-115.578619,47.367007],[-115.570887,47.356375],[-115.551079,47.349856],[-115.548658,47.332213],[-115.531971,47.314121],[-115.526751,47.303219],[-115.51186,47.295219],[-115.487314,47.286518],[-115.470959,47.284873],[-115.457077,47.277794],[-115.428359,47.278722],[-115.410685,47.264228],[-115.371825,47.265213],[-115.3593,47.259461],[-115.339201,47.261623],[-115.326903,47.255912],[-115.324832,47.244841],[-115.317124,47.233305],[-115.298794,47.225245],[-115.294785,47.220914],[-115.29211,47.209861],[-115.300805,47.19393],[-115.300504,47.188139],[-115.286353,47.18327],[-115.261885,47.181742],[-115.255786,47.174725],[-115.255146,47.162876],[-115.243707,47.150347],[-115.223246,47.148974],[-115.200547,47.139154],[-115.189451,47.131032],[-115.172938,47.112881],[-115.170436,47.106265],[-115.140375,47.093013],[-115.136671,47.078276],[-115.120917,47.061237],[-115.107132,47.049041],[-115.102681,47.047239],[-115.098136,47.048897],[-115.087806,47.045519],[-115.071254,47.022083],[-115.066223,46.996375],[-115.057098,46.986758],[-115.049538,46.970774],[-115.031651,46.971548],[-115.028386,46.975659],[-115.001274,46.971901],[-115.00091,46.967703],[-114.986539,46.952099],[-114.960597,46.93001],[-114.929997,46.919625],[-114.927948,46.909948],[-114.936805,46.897378],[-114.931058,46.882108],[-114.931608,46.876799],[-114.938713,46.869021],[-114.943281,46.867971],[-114.947413,46.859324],[-114.940398,46.85605],[-114.928615,46.854815],[-114.92349,46.847594],[-114.92845,46.843242],[-114.927837,46.83599],[-114.920459,46.827697],[-114.904505,46.822851],[-114.897857,46.813184],[-114.888146,46.808573],[-114.880588,46.811791],[-114.864342,46.813858],[-114.861376,46.81196],[-114.860067,46.804988],[-114.856874,46.801633],[-114.835917,46.791111],[-114.829117,46.782503],[-114.808587,46.78235],[-114.79004,46.778729],[-114.765106,46.758153],[-114.76718,46.738828],[-114.773765,46.731805],[-114.779668,46.730411],[-114.788656,46.714033],[-114.76689,46.696901],[-114.751921,46.697207],[-114.740115,46.711771],[-114.713516,46.715138],[-114.699008,46.740223],[-114.696656,46.740572],[-114.649388,46.73289],[-114.632954,46.715495],[-114.620859,46.707415],[-114.623198,46.691511],[-114.631898,46.68397],[-114.641745,46.679286],[-114.642713,46.673145],[-114.635713,46.659375],[-114.621483,46.658143],[-114.614716,46.655256],[-114.611676,46.647704],[-114.616354,46.643646],[-114.615036,46.639733],[-114.593292,46.632848],[-114.583385,46.633227],[-114.561582,46.642043],[-114.547321,46.644485],[-114.498007,46.637655],[-114.486218,46.632829],[-114.466902,46.631695],[-114.45425,46.640974],[-114.453239,46.649266],[-114.424424,46.660648],[-114.410907,46.657466],[-114.394514,46.664846],[-114.360709,46.669059],[-114.332887,46.660756],[-114.32456,46.653579],[-114.320665,46.646963],[-114.322912,46.642938],[-114.322519,46.611066],[-114.333931,46.592162],[-114.334992,46.588154],[-114.331338,46.577781],[-114.33175,46.571914],[-114.339533,46.564039],[-114.348733,46.533792],[-114.349208,46.529514],[-114.342072,46.519679],[-114.351655,46.508119],[-114.35874,46.505306],[-114.375348,46.501855],[-114.385871,46.50437],[-114.395204,46.503148],[-114.400257,46.502143],[-114.403019,46.498675],[-114.400068,46.47718],[-114.394447,46.469549],[-114.383051,46.466402],[-114.379338,46.460166],[-114.376413,46.442983],[-114.384756,46.411784],[-114.408974,46.400438],[-114.422458,46.387097],[-114.411592,46.366688],[-114.410682,46.360673],[-114.413758,46.335945],[-114.433478,46.305502],[-114.425587,46.287899],[-114.427309,46.283624],[-114.441326,46.2738],[-114.453257,46.270939],[-114.465024,46.273127],[-114.470479,46.26732],[-114.468254,46.248796],[-114.451912,46.241253],[-114.449819,46.237119],[-114.443215,46.202943],[-114.445928,46.173933],[-114.478333,46.160876],[-114.489254,46.167684],[-114.514706,46.167726],[-114.527096,46.146218],[-114.5213,46.125287],[-114.488303,46.113106],[-114.474415,46.112515],[-114.460049,46.097104],[-114.461864,46.078571],[-114.468529,46.062484],[-114.492153,46.04729],[-114.494683,46.042546],[-114.493418,46.03717],[-114.490572,46.032427],[-114.480241,46.030325],[-114.473811,46.016614],[-114.477922,46.009025],[-114.47729,46.000802],[-114.470965,45.995742],[-114.425843,45.984984],[-114.411892,45.977883],[-114.409353,45.97141],[-114.403712,45.967049],[-114.402261,45.961489],[-114.404708,45.9559],[-114.423681,45.9441],[-114.431328,45.938023],[-114.431159,45.935737],[-114.413168,45.911479],[-114.404314,45.903497],[-114.395059,45.901458],[-114.387166,45.889164],[-114.388243,45.88234],[-114.409477,45.85164],[-114.44868,45.858891],[-114.470296,45.851343],[-114.498809,45.850676],[-114.509303,45.845531],[-114.517143,45.835993],[-114.512973,45.828825],[-114.544692,45.791447],[-114.555487,45.786249],[-114.566172,45.773864],[-114.535634,45.739095],[-114.504869,45.722176],[-114.495421,45.703321],[-114.499637,45.669035],[-114.507645,45.658949],[-114.522142,45.64934],[-114.529678,45.65232],[-114.53577,45.650613],[-114.563652,45.637412],[-114.563305,45.631612],[-114.553937,45.619299],[-114.544905,45.616673],[-114.538132,45.606834],[-114.558253,45.585104],[-114.559038,45.565706],[-114.549508,45.56059],[-114.526075,45.570771],[-114.517761,45.568129],[-114.498176,45.555473],[-114.473759,45.563278],[-114.460542,45.561283],[-114.456764,45.543983],[-114.438991,45.536076],[-114.415804,45.509753],[-114.388618,45.502903],[-114.36852,45.492716],[-114.36562,45.490416],[-114.360719,45.474116],[-114.345019,45.459916],[-114.333218,45.459316],[-114.279217,45.480616],[-114.270717,45.486116],[-114.261616,45.495816],[-114.247824,45.524283],[-114.248183,45.533226],[-114.251836,45.537812],[-114.248121,45.545877],[-114.227942,45.546423],[-114.203665,45.53557],[-114.192802,45.536596],[-114.180043,45.551432],[-114.154837,45.552916],[-114.135249,45.557465],[-114.129099,45.565491],[-114.131469,45.574444],[-114.122322,45.58426],[-114.100308,45.586354],[-114.086584,45.59118],[-114.0821,45.596958],[-114.08179,45.611329],[-114.067619,45.627706],[-114.033456,45.648629],[-114.018731,45.648616],[-114.014973,45.654008],[-114.013786,45.658238],[-114.02007,45.670332],[-114.019315,45.692937],[-114.015633,45.696127],[-113.986656,45.704564],[-113.971565,45.700636],[-113.93422,45.682232],[-113.930403,45.671878],[-113.919752,45.658536],[-113.900588,45.648259],[-113.898883,45.644167],[-113.902539,45.636945],[-113.904691,45.622007],[-113.886006,45.61702],[-113.861404,45.62366],[-113.823068,45.612486],[-113.806729,45.602146],[-113.802955,45.592631],[-113.803261,45.584193],[-113.804796,45.580358],[-113.819868,45.566326],[-113.834555,45.520729],[-113.809144,45.519908],[-113.796579,45.523462],[-113.778361,45.523415],[-113.766022,45.520621],[-113.759986,45.480735],[-113.78416,45.454946],[-113.764591,45.431403],[-113.763368,45.427732],[-113.768058,45.418147],[-113.765203,45.410601],[-113.733092,45.390173],[-113.73553,45.364738],[-113.7402,45.34559],[-113.738729,45.329741],[-113.689359,45.28355],[-113.688077,45.276407],[-113.691557,45.270912],[-113.692039,45.265191],[-113.684946,45.253706],[-113.678749,45.24927],[-113.665633,45.246265],[-113.657027,45.241436],[-113.650064,45.23471],[-113.636889,45.212983],[-113.599506,45.191114],[-113.589891,45.176986],[-113.594632,45.166034],[-113.57467,45.128411],[-113.554744,45.112901],[-113.513342,45.115225],[-113.506638,45.107288],[-113.510819,45.099902],[-113.520134,45.093033],[-113.485278,45.063519],[-113.47377,45.0617],[-113.460578,45.064879],[-113.45197,45.059247],[-113.44912,45.046098],[-113.449909,45.035167],[-113.437726,45.006967],[-113.446884,44.998545],[-113.443782,44.95989],[-113.448958,44.953544],[-113.467467,44.948061],[-113.480836,44.95031],[-113.494446,44.948597],[-113.498745,44.942314],[-113.491121,44.927548],[-113.474573,44.910846],[-113.455071,44.865424],[-113.422376,44.842595],[-113.377153,44.834858],[-113.356062,44.819798],[-113.3461,44.800611],[-113.354763,44.795468],[-113.354034,44.791745],[-113.341704,44.784853],[-113.301508,44.798985],[-113.278382,44.812706],[-113.247166,44.82295],[-113.238729,44.814144],[-113.209624,44.80907],[-113.19436,44.802151],[-113.183395,44.793565],[-113.179366,44.787142],[-113.163806,44.778921],[-113.158206,44.780847],[-113.131453,44.772837],[-113.131387,44.764738],[-113.137704,44.760109],[-113.134824,44.752763],[-113.102138,44.729027],[-113.101154,44.708578],[-113.098064,44.697477],[-113.081906,44.691392],[-113.06776,44.679474],[-113.067756,44.672807],[-113.07042,44.667844],[-113.068306,44.656374],[-113.065589,44.649371],[-113.051504,44.63695],[-113.049349,44.62938],[-113.053529,44.621187],[-113.07376,44.613928],[-113.083819,44.60222],[-113.061071,44.577329],[-113.042363,44.565237],[-113.04282,44.546757],[-113.019777,44.528505],[-113.020917,44.493827],[-113.003544,44.450814],[-112.981682,44.434279],[-112.951146,44.416699],[-112.915602,44.402699],[-112.886041,44.395874],[-112.881769,44.380315],[-112.855395,44.359975],[-112.844859,44.358221],[-112.820489,44.370946],[-112.81324,44.378103],[-112.812608,44.392275],[-112.821896,44.407436],[-112.836034,44.422653],[-112.828191,44.442472],[-112.797863,44.466112],[-112.781294,44.484888],[-112.749011,44.491233],[-112.735084,44.499159],[-112.71911,44.504344],[-112.707815,44.503023],[-112.671169,44.491265],[-112.660696,44.485756],[-112.601863,44.491015],[-112.584197,44.481368],[-112.573513,44.480983],[-112.550557,44.484928],[-112.541989,44.483971],[-112.518871,44.475784],[-112.512036,44.47042],[-112.511713,44.466445],[-112.50031,44.463051],[-112.473207,44.480027],[-112.460347,44.47571],[-112.435342,44.462216],[-112.387389,44.448058],[-112.368764,44.467153],[-112.358926,44.48628],[-112.3566,44.493127],[-112.358917,44.528847],[-112.35421,44.535638],[-112.348794,44.538691],[-112.319198,44.53911],[-112.315008,44.5419],[-112.315047,44.550049],[-112.312899,44.553536],[-112.286187,44.568472],[-112.242785,44.568091],[-112.230117,44.562759],[-112.226841,44.555239],[-112.229477,44.549494],[-112.221698,44.543519],[-112.183937,44.533067],[-112.179703,44.533021],[-112.164597,44.541666],[-112.136454,44.539911],[-112.129078,44.5363],[-112.125101,44.528527],[-112.106755,44.520829],[-112.096299,44.523212],[-112.093304,44.530002],[-112.069011,44.537104],[-112.036943,44.530323],[-112.032707,44.546642],[-111.995231,44.535444],[-111.980833,44.536682],[-111.951522,44.550062],[-111.947941,44.556776],[-111.903566,44.55723],[-111.887852,44.563413],[-111.870504,44.564033],[-111.849293,44.539837],[-111.842542,44.526069],[-111.821488,44.509286],[-111.807914,44.511716],[-111.806512,44.516264],[-111.761904,44.529841],[-111.758966,44.533766],[-111.746401,44.540766],[-111.737191,44.54306],[-111.715474,44.543543],[-111.704218,44.560205],[-111.681571,44.559864],[-111.614405,44.548991],[-111.585763,44.562843],[-111.562814,44.555209],[-111.546637,44.557099],[-111.518095,44.544177],[-111.500792,44.540062],[-111.471682,44.540824],[-111.467736,44.544521],[-111.469185,44.552044],[-111.492024,44.56081],[-111.519126,44.582916],[-111.525764,44.604883],[-111.50494,44.635746],[-111.473178,44.665479],[-111.468833,44.679335],[-111.47798,44.682393],[-111.484898,44.687578],[-111.490228,44.700221],[-111.489339,44.704946],[-111.486019,44.707654],[-111.438793,44.720546],[-111.429604,44.720149],[-111.424214,44.714024],[-111.414271,44.710741],[-111.398575,44.723343],[-111.394459,44.744578],[-111.397805,44.746738],[-111.393854,44.752549],[-111.385005,44.755128],[-111.37476,44.750295],[-111.36627,44.742234],[-111.366723,44.738361],[-111.355768,44.727602],[-111.348184,44.725459],[-111.341351,44.7293],[-111.323669,44.724474],[-111.29626,44.702271],[-111.26875,44.668279],[-111.276956,44.655626],[-111.262839,44.649658],[-111.25268,44.651092],[-111.224161,44.623402],[-111.231227,44.606915],[-111.23018,44.587025],[-111.225208,44.581006],[-111.189617,44.571062],[-111.182551,44.566874],[-111.175747,44.552219],[-111.166892,44.54722],[-111.15959,44.546376],[-111.143557,44.535732],[-111.139455,44.517112],[-111.131379,44.499925],[-111.122654,44.493659],[-111.062729,44.476073],[-111.048974,44.474072],[-111.049077,44.020072],[-111.046515,43.908376],[-111.044156,43.020052]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Idaho\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"87","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6724c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merrill, Troy","contributorId":103638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merrill","given":"Troy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mattson, D.J.","contributorId":57022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, R.G.","contributorId":9622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quigley, Howard B.","contributorId":13198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quigley","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":95353,"text":"95353 - 1999 - Effect of altered salmonid stocking methods on cormorant predation in eastern Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:55","indexId":"95353","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Effect of altered salmonid stocking methods on cormorant predation in eastern Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Final Report: To assess the impact of double-crested cormorant predation on the smallmouth bass and other fishes of the eastern basin of Lake Ontario; Volume Section 11; New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Bureau of Fisheries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division","collaboration":"99-104/NF","usgsCitation":"Ross, R.M., and Johnson, J.H., 1999, Effect of altered salmonid stocking methods on cormorant predation in eastern Lake Ontario, p. 1-3.","productDescription":"p. 1-3","startPage":"1","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625817","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, R. M.","contributorId":39311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, J. H.","contributorId":54914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2001107,"text":"2001107 - 1999 - Avian cholera","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001107,"text":"2001107 - 1999 - Avian cholera","indexId":"2001107","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Avian cholera"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:16:42","indexId":"2001107","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Avian cholera","docAbstract":"Avian cholera is a contagious disease resulting from infection by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. Several subspecies of bacteria have been proposed for P. multocida, and at least 16 different P. multocida serotypes or characteristics of antigens in bacterial cells that differentiate bacterial variants from each other have been recognized. The serotypes are further differentiated by other methods, including DNA fingerprinting. These evaluations are useful for studying the ecology of avian cholera (Fig. 7.1), because different serotypes are generally found in poultry and free-ranging migratory birds. These evaluations also show that different P. multocida serotypes are found in wild birds in the eastern United States than those that are found in the birds in the rest of the Nation (Fig. 7.2).
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1999, Avian cholera: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 18 p.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"92","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15549,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=87","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65ab2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, Milton 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":31332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"Milton","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}