The specter of mineral resource scarcity has been repeatedly raised as a concern because ever-growing populations with seemingly insatiable appetites for minerals place claims against a finite resource endowment. This report analyzes how technology has helped to ease resource constraints, and uses case studies of aluminum, copper, potash, and sulfur minerals to identify the effects of technology on resource supply.
\nIn spite of heightened demand for and increased loss of resources to environmental policy and urbanization, mineral producers historically have been able to continually expand production and lower costs. Specific production increases for the years 1900-98 were: aluminum (3,250 percent), copper (2,465 percent), potash (3,770 percent), and sulfur (6,000 percent). For the same period, constant-dollar (1998) prices decreased: aluminum (90 percent), copper (75 percent), potash (94 percent), and sulfur (89 percent).
\nThe application of technology has made available mineral deposits that were previously overlooked or considered non-viable. Using technology, producers can meet the demand for stronger, energy-efficient, more environmentally safe products with less physical material. Technologies have been developed to increase the amount of materials recycled and remanufactured. Technology development can occur in breakthroughs, but most often advances incrementally. Technological development is driven by the profit motive.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01197","usgsCitation":"Wilburn, D.R., Goonan, T.G., and Bleiwas, D.I., 2001, Technology advancement: A factor in increasing resource use (Version 1.03): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-197, vi, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01197.","productDescription":"vi, 81 p.","numberOfPages":"87","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3059,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-197/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":293945,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-197/2001-197.pdf"},{"id":164293,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01197.png"}],"edition":"Version 1.03","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6859bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilburn, David R. 0000-0002-5371-7617 wilburn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5371-7617","contributorId":1755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilburn","given":"David","email":"wilburn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goonan, Thomas G. goonan@usgs.gov","contributorId":2761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goonan","given":"Thomas","email":"goonan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bleiwas, Donald I. bleiwas@usgs.gov","contributorId":1434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bleiwas","given":"Donald","email":"bleiwas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31388,"text":"ofr01218 - 2001 - A simplified economic filter for open-pit mining and heap-leach recovery of copper in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T12:51:40.413555","indexId":"ofr01218","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-218","title":"A simplified economic filter for open-pit mining and heap-leach recovery of copper in the United States","docAbstract":"Determining the economic viability of mineral deposits of various sizes and grades is a critical task in all phases of mineral supply, from land-use management to mine development. This study evaluates two simple tools for estimating the economic viability of porphyry copper deposits mined by open-pit, heap-leach methods when only limited information on these deposits is available. These two methods are useful for evaluating deposits that either (1) are undiscovered deposits predicted by a mineral resource assessment, or (2) have been discovered but for which little data has been collected or released. The first tool uses ordinary least-squared regression analysis of cost and operating data from selected deposits to estimate a predictive relationship between mining rate, itself estimated from deposit size, and capital and operating costs. The second method uses cost models developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (Camm, 1991) updated using appropriate cost indices. We find that the cost model method works best for estimating capital costs and the empirical model works best for estimating operating costs for mines to be developed in the United States.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01218","usgsCitation":"Long, K.R., and Singer, D.A., 2001, A simplified economic filter for open-pit mining and heap-leach recovery of copper in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-218, iii, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01218.","productDescription":"iii, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science 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States\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6497","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Keith R. 0000-0002-6457-2820 klong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6457-2820","contributorId":2279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Keith","email":"klong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":205864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31348,"text":"ofr01402 - 2001 - Sedimentology of the Pennsylvanian and Permian Strathearn Formation, Northern Carlin Trend, Nevada; with a section on microfossil controls on age of the Strathearn Formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-23T15:56:44.207862","indexId":"ofr01402","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-402","title":"Sedimentology of the Pennsylvanian and Permian Strathearn Formation, Northern Carlin Trend, Nevada; with a section on microfossil controls on age of the Strathearn Formation","docAbstract":"Two framework-supported, poorly bedded conglomerate units of the middle Upper Pennsylvanian and middle Lower Permian Strathearn Formation belonging to the overlap assemblage of the Antler orogen are prominent in the northern Carlin trend. These horizons stratigraphically and temporally bracket thrust emplacement of a major allochthonous thrust plate of mainly quartzarenite of the Ordovician Vinini Formation. Lithologic and shape-ratio data from approximately 4,200 pebbles and cobbles at 17 sites as well as biostratigraphic data in the Strathearn, and their geologic implications, are included in this report. Conodont biofacies throughout the Strathearn Formation are normal marine and suggest middle shelf or deeper depositional environments. The conglomerate units roughly are similar in that they contain only chert and quartzarenite pebbles, but they differ in compositional proportions of the two lithologies. The relative proportion of quartzarenite pebbles increases sixfold in the middle Lower Permian upper conglomerate unit versus its content in the middle Upper Pennsylvanian lower unit, whereas chert pebbles predominate in both units. Various roundness categories of chert pebbles in both conglomerate units of the Strathearn show that the equant pebble class (B/A) = 1 clearly is represented strongly even in the subangular category, the lowest roundness categories for the pebbles. Thus, development of equant pebbles cannot be ascribed totally to a rounding process during predeposition transport. The equant character of many pebbles might, in part, be an original feature inherited from pre-erosion rock fractures and (or) bedding that control overall form of the fragments prior to their release to the transport environment. The allochthon of the Coyote thrust has been thrust above the lower conglomerate unit of the Strathearn during a regionally extensive contractional event in the late Paleozoic. The middle Lower Permian upper conglomerate unit, highest unit recognized in the Strathearn Formation, as well as similarly-aged dolomitic siltstone, onlap directly onto quartzarenite that comprises the allochthon of the Coyote thrust. The conglomerate units thus represent submarine fanglomerates whose quartz grains and quartzarenite fragments of variable roundness and shape were derived from a sedimentologically restored largely southeastward advancing late Paleozoic allochthonous lobe of mostly quartzarenite of the Ordovician Vinini Formation. Chert fragments in the conglomerates probably were derived mostly from Devonian Slaven Chert, including a widespread thick melange unit of the Slaven in the footwall of the Coyote thrust. Some chert pebbles may have been derived from the Ordovician Vinini Formation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01402","usgsCitation":"Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., Theodore, T., Harris, A.G., and Stevens, C., 2001, Sedimentology of the Pennsylvanian and Permian Strathearn Formation, Northern Carlin Trend, Nevada; with a section on microfossil controls on age of the Strathearn Formation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-402, v, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01402.","productDescription":"v, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159992,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0402/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":3001,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0402/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59753,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0402/pdf/of01-402.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":390216,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_45104.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.500,\n 41.1250\n ],\n [\n -116.250,\n 41.1250\n ],\n [\n -116.250,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -116.500,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -116.500,\n 41.1250\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbb02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berger, Vladimir I.","contributorId":15246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Vladimir","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":205745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Theodore, Ted G.","contributorId":57840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodore","given":"Ted G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harris, Anita G.","contributorId":50162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Anita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stevens, Calvin H.","contributorId":59848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Calvin H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":22176,"text":"ofr98755 - 2001 - Statistical compilation of NAPAP chemical erosion observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T13:39:20.553684","indexId":"ofr98755","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-755","title":"Statistical compilation of NAPAP chemical erosion observations","docAbstract":"In the mid 1980s, the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), in cooperation with the National Park Service (NPS) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), initiated a Materials Research Program (MRP) that included a series of field and laboratory studies with the broad objective of providing scientific information on acid rain effects on calcareous building stone. Among the several effects investigated, the chemical dissolution of limestone and marble by rainfall was given particular attention because of the pervasive appearance of erosion effects on cultural materials situated outdoors.
\nIn order to track the chemical erosion of stone objects in the field and in the laboratory, the Ca 2+ ion concentration was monitored in the runoff solution from a variety of test objects located both outdoors and under more controlled conditions in the laboratory. This report provides a graphical and statistical overview of the Ca 2+ chemistry in the runoff solutions from (1) five urban and rural sites (DC, NY, NJ, NC, and OH) established by the MRP for materials studies over the period 1984 to 1989, (2) subevent study at the New York MRP site, (3) in situ study of limestone and marble monuments at Gettysburg, (4) laboratory experiments on calcite dissolution conducted by Baedecker, (5) laboratory simulations by Schmiermund, and (6) laboratory investigation of the surface reactivity of calcareous stone conducted by Fries and Mossotti.
\nThe graphical representations provided a means for identifying erroneous data that can randomly appear in a database when field operations are semi-automated; a purged database suitable for the evaluation of quantitative models of stone erosion is appended to this report. An analysis of the sources of statistical variability in the data revealed that the rate of stone erosion is weakly dependent on the type of calcareous stone, the ambient temperature, and the H + concentration delivered in the incident rain. The analysis also showed that the rate of stone erosion is strongly dependent on the rain-delivery conditions and on the surface morphology and orientation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98755","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Mossotti, V.G., Eldeeb, A.R., Reddy, M.M., Fries, T.L., Coombs, M.J., Schmiermund, R.L., and Sherwood, S.I., 2001, Statistical compilation of NAPAP chemical erosion observations (Online version 1.0.): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-755, Report: 183 p., Appendix: 19 p., Zip File, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98755.","productDescription":"Report: 183 p., Appendix: 19 p., Zip File","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98755.jpg"},{"id":284410,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0755/of98-755StatAnalData.zip","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":1516,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0755/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284409,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0755/pdf/of98-755.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.55,49.383333 ], [ -66.55,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Online version 1.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd73ffe4b0b2908510944c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mossotti, Victor G. mossotti@usgs.gov","contributorId":3494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mossotti","given":"Victor","email":"mossotti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":187482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eldeeb, A. Raouf","contributorId":64283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eldeeb","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Raouf","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reddy, Michael M. mmreddy@usgs.gov","contributorId":684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"Michael","email":"mmreddy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fries, Terry L.","contributorId":76349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fries","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coombs, Mary Jane","contributorId":74780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"Jane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schmiermund, Ron L.","contributorId":92291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmiermund","given":"Ron","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sherwood, Susan I.","contributorId":60264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":31256,"text":"ofr01107 - 2001 - Core descriptions, core photographs, physical property logs and surface textural data of sediment cores recovered from the continental shelf of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary during the research cruises M-1-95-MB, P-2-95-MB, and P-1-97-MB","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-05T15:10:45","indexId":"ofr01107","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-107","title":"Core descriptions, core photographs, physical property logs and surface textural data of sediment cores recovered from the continental shelf of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary during the research cruises M-1-95-MB, P-2-95-MB, and P-1-97-MB","docAbstract":"In response to the 1992 creation of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS), the United States Geological Survey (USGS) initiated a multiyear investigation of the Sanctuary continental margin. As part of the investigative effort, this report summarizes the shipboard procedures, subsequent laboratory analyses, and data results from three seafloor sampling cruises conducted on the continental shelf between Monterey peninsula, CA and San Francisco, CA. The cruises were conducted in 1995 aboard the NOAA Ship McArthur (M-1-95-MB) and in 1995 and 1997 aboard the R/V Point Sur (P-2-95-MB and P-1-97-MB). Scientists and representatives from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), and the San Jose State University Moss Landing Marine Laboratory (SJSU-MLML) supported the research effort.\n\nIn this report we present sediment descriptions, sediment textural data, physical property logs, station metadata, and photographs of subcores from a total of three hundred and eighty four sample stations. At these sites either a box corer, MultiCore™r, grab sampler or a combination of these sampling devices were used to collect the sea floor sediments. The report is presented in an interactive web-based format with each mapped core station linked to the corresponding description and photo, and to a spreadsheet of surface texture and other sampling data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01107","usgsCitation":"Orzech, K.M., Dahl, W.E., and Edwards, B.D., 2001, Core descriptions, core photographs, physical property logs and surface textural data of sediment cores recovered from the continental shelf of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary during the research cruises M-1-95-MB, P-2-95-MB, and P-1-97-MB: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-107, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01107.","productDescription":"21 p.","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01107.PNG"},{"id":2852,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0107/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282054,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0107/pdf/maintext.pdf"},{"id":282055,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0107/pdf/indexmap.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.0,36.5 ], [ -123.0,37.916667 ], [ -121.75,37.916667 ], [ -121.75,36.5 ], [ -123.0,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db6852ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orzech, Kevin M.","contributorId":38640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orzech","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dahl, Wendy E.","contributorId":25079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahl","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, Brian D. bedwards@usgs.gov","contributorId":3161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Brian","email":"bedwards@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31274,"text":"ofr01142 - 2001 - Digital database of mining-related features at selected historic and active phosphate mines, Bannock, Bear Lake, Bingham, and Caribou counties, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T13:46:46.220768","indexId":"ofr01142","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-142","title":"Digital database of mining-related features at selected historic and active phosphate mines, Bannock, Bear Lake, Bingham, and Caribou counties, Idaho","docAbstract":"This report provides a description of data and processes used to produce a spatial database that delineates mining-related features in areas of historic and active phosphate mining in the core of the southeastern Idaho phosphate resource area. The data have varying degrees of accuracy and attribution detail. Classification of areas by type of mining-related activity at active mines is generally detailed; however, the spatial coverage does not differentiate mining-related surface disturbance features at many of the closed or inactive mines.
\nNineteen phosphate mine sites are included in the study. A total of 5,728 hc (14,154 ac), or more than 57 km2 (22 mi2), of phosphate mining-related surface disturbance are documented in the spatial coverage of the core of the southeast Idaho phosphate resource area. The study includes 4 active phosphate mines—Dry Valley, Enoch Valley, Rasmussen Ridge, and Smoky Canyon—and 15 historic phosphate mines—Ballard, Champ, Conda, Diamond Gulch, Gay, Georgetown Canyon, Henry, Home Canyon, Lanes Creek, Maybe Canyon, Mountain Fuel, Trail Canyon, Rattlesnake Canyon, Waterloo, and Wooley Valley. Spatial data on the inactive historic mines is relatively up-to-date; however, spatially described areas for active mines are based on digital maps prepared in early 1999. The inactive Gay mine has the largest total area of disturbance: 1,917 hc (4,736 ac) or about 19 km2 (7.4 mi2). It encompasses over three times the disturbance area of the next largest mine, the Conda mine with 607 hc (1,504 ac), and it is nearly four times the area of the Smoky Canyon mine, the largest of the active mines with 497 hc (1,228 ac).
\nThe wide range of phosphate mining-related surface disturbance features (approximately 80) were reduced to 13 types or features used in this study—adit and pit, backfilled mine pit, facilities, mine pit, ore stockpile, railroad, road, sediment catchment, tailings or tailings pond, topsoil stockpile, water reservoir, and disturbed land (undifferentiated). In summary, the spatial coverage includes polygons totaling 1,114 hc (2,753 ac) of mine pits, 272 hc (671 ac) of backfilled mine pits, 1,570 hc (3,880 ac) of waste dumps, 26 hc (64 ac) of ore stockpiles, and 44 hc (110 ac) of tailings or tailings ponds. Areas of undifferentiated phosphate mining-related land disturbances, called “disturbed land,” total 2,176 (5,377 ac) or nearly 21.8 km2 (8.4 mi2). No determination has been made as to status of reclamation on these lands. Subsequent site-specific studies to delineate distinct mine features will allow modification of this preliminary spatial database.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01142","usgsCitation":"Causey, J.D., and Moyle, P.R., 2001, Digital database of mining-related features at selected historic and active phosphate mines, Bannock, Bear Lake, Bingham, and Caribou counties, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-142, Report: 46 p., Metadata, Phosmine: Arc export format file, Phosmine: ZIP file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01142.","productDescription":"Report: 46 p., Metadata, Phosmine: Arc export format file, Phosmine: ZIP file","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160387,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01142.jpg"},{"id":282116,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0142/phosmine.e00","linkFileType":{"id":4,"text":"shapefile"}},{"id":282117,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0142/phosmine.zip","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":2898,"rank":6,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0142/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282115,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0142/phosmine.met"},{"id":282114,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0142/pdf/of01-142.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Bannock County, Bear Lake County, Bingham County, Caribou County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.8347,42.0778 ], [ -112.8347,43.3135 ], [ -110.7717,43.3135 ], [ -110.7717,42.0778 ], [ -112.8347,42.0778 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d4d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Causey, J. Douglas","contributorId":41398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Causey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moyle, Phillip R.","contributorId":100898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyle","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31251,"text":"ofr01101 - 2001 - 1:100,000-scale topographic contours derived from digital elevation models, San Francisco Bay region, California: a digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-02T10:28:37","indexId":"ofr01101","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-101","title":"1:100,000-scale topographic contours derived from digital elevation models, San Francisco Bay region, California: a digital database","docAbstract":"This report presents a consistent set of 1:100,000-scale vector topographic contours for all eleven 30x60-minute quadrangles in the San Francisco Bay region for use in visualizing the topography and preparing maps of the region. The contours were prepared by contouring an areally continuous 30-m altitude grid (National Elevation Dataset, Jan., 1999), and differ from USGS hypsographic DLG's (available for only part of the region). The report consists of 26 numbered parts, which represent text, spatial data, and 1:100,000-scale map graphics. Most of the files are provided in two or three different digital formats. All files are available for download here.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01101","usgsCitation":"Wright, H.M., and Wentworth, C.M., 2001, 1:100,000-scale topographic contours derived from digital elevation models, San Francisco Bay region, California: a digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-101, Report: 15 p.; Description of database: .TXT and PS file; 11 Map PS.GZ files; 11 Map PDF files; 1 Map TAR.Z files; 1 Map TAR files; 11 Data e00.GZ files; 13 Data TAR.GZ files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01101.","productDescription":"Report: 15 p.; Description of database: .TXT and PS file; 11 Map PS.GZ files; 11 Map PDF files; 1 Map TAR.Z files; 1 Map TAR files; 11 Data e00.GZ files; 13 Data TAR.GZ files","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01101.PNG"},{"id":2847,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0101/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282052,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0101/pdf/of01-101_1c.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay Region","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.0,36.5 ], [ -124.0,39.0 ], [ -121.0,39.0 ], [ -121.0,36.5 ], [ -124.0,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd491ae4b0b290850eee3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Heather M. 0000-0001-9013-507X hwright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9013-507X","contributorId":3949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Heather","email":"hwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wentworth, Carl M. 0000-0003-2569-569X cwent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2569-569X","contributorId":1178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentworth","given":"Carl","email":"cwent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31208,"text":"ofr0129 - 2001 - Paleoliquefaction studies in continental setting; geologic and geotechnical factors in interpretations and back-analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:05","indexId":"ofr0129","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-29","title":"Paleoliquefaction studies in continental setting; geologic and geotechnical factors in interpretations and back-analysis","docAbstract":"Paleoliquefaction research in the last 15 years has greatly improved our ability to interpret the paleoseismic record throughout some large geographic areas, especially in regions of infrequent large earthquakes. Paleoliquefaction studies have been used extensively in the central and eastern U.S. to assess seismic hazards, and could be used elsewhere to good purpose because paleoliquefaction studies in some field settings can reveal more than other methods, such as fault studies, about the prehistoric strength of shaking and earthquake magnitude. \r\n\r\nWe present guidelines for the conduct of a paleoliquefaction study in continental deposits, mainly in terms of the geologic/seismologic setting and geotechnical properties, because a successful interpretation requires factors from all these disciplines. No single discipline suffices alone. Their interactions must be appreciated in order to understand why seismically induced liquefaction features are found in some locales and not in others. \r\n\r\nThe guidelines that we present also relate to three primary issues for which liquefaction features are especially useful for interpretations: Where was the tectonic source? What was the strength of shaking? And what was the magnitude? In discussing these issues we focus on the following aspects of level-ground liquefaction: (1) mechanisms that form seismic liquefaction features in the field; (2) field settings where liquefaction features should be present if strong seismic shaking has occurred; (3) field settings where an absence of liquefaction features indicates an absence of strong seismic shaking; (4) how liquefaction features should be used to interpret the tectonic source locale of a paleo-earthquake; and (5) how effects of liquefaction can be used to back-calculate the strength of shaking as well as earthquake magnitude. \r\n\r\nSeveral methods are available to back-calculate the strength of shaking and earthquake magnitude, and the most commonly used methods are presented and critiqued. Our critique of these methods points out the uncertainties attending each. Paleoliquefaction/paleoseismic case histories are presented to illustrate potential uncertainties in back-calculations and procedures to overcome these uncertainties. \r\n\r\nReasonable confidence in paleoseismic interpretation generally requires using multiple methods of back-analysis, and achieving similar results from each method. An alternate approach can be used for paleo-earthquakes that were large enough to have caused liquefaction in a variety of geologic settings, in which there were differing factors affecting surface ground motions and liquefaction susceptibility. For this situation, a method such as the cyclic-stress method can be used to make back-calculations that can be cross-checked with results from other settings.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0129","usgsCitation":"Obermeier, S.F., Pond, E.C., Olson, S.M., Green, R.A., Stark, T., and Mitchell, J.K., 2001, Paleoliquefaction studies in continental setting; geologic and geotechnical factors in interpretations and back-analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-29, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0129.","productDescription":"72 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2743,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/openfile/of01-029/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689c53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obermeier, Stephen F.","contributorId":102482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pond, Eric C.","contributorId":82361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pond","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, Scott M.","contributorId":11257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Green, Russell A.","contributorId":94708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Green","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stark, Timothy D.","contributorId":58317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"Timothy D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mitchell, James K.","contributorId":99598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":31275,"text":"ofr01143 - 2001 - Molluscan fauna from core 25B, Whipray Basin, central Florida Bay, Everglades National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-09T11:34:26.248418","indexId":"ofr01143","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-143","title":"Molluscan fauna from core 25B, Whipray Basin, central Florida Bay, Everglades National Park","docAbstract":"Molluscan assemblages preserved in an 80-cm core from Whipray Basin in\r\ncentral Florida Bay, Everglades National Park, illustrate changes in the environmental\r\nconditions within the basin over the last two centuries. Salinity remained polyhaline to\r\neuhaline throughout the time of deposition (1800-1997), with alternating periods of\r\nstability and increased fluctuations. Since 1800, a Brachidontes assemblage has\r\ncharacterized Whipray Basin and the dominant faunal components have remained the\r\nsame in terms of presence and absence of species. However, patterns of dominance and\r\ndiversity within the Brachidontes assemblage have changed and these changes indicate\r\nfluctuations in the environment.\r\nThe period from 1815 to 1857 was distinguished by an abundance of molluscs\r\ndwelling on seagrass and sub-aquatic vegetation. Faunal richness and abundance were\r\nhigh and stable, and epiphytic molluscs flourished. Polyhaline conditions existed,\r\nalthough periods of slightly lower salinities occurred. The period from 1862 to 1894\r\nappears unstable based on fluctuations in molluscan faunal richness, abundance, and\r\ndominant species. The epiphytic molluscs experienced significant shifts (? >30%)\r\nassociated with changes in sub-aquatic vegetation. The changes in epiphytic molluscs\r\nfrom 1871 to 1913 may be indicative of a seagrass die-off. The period from 1899 to 1950\r\nwas the most stable section of the core in terms of changes in the molluscan fauna.\r\nFaunal richness and abundance reached highs of 31 groups and 726 individuals per\r\nsample during this period and epiphytic molluscs were prevalent. Beginning in 1955,\r\nfaunal groups experienced high amplitude fluctuations in abundance; this pattern\r\ncontinued through the second half of the 20th century. Fluctuating salinity, changes in\r\nvegetation, and reduced water quality (low O2, increased nutrients and/or reduced clarity)\r\noxygen supply) have characterized the past 50 years. These changes preceded a seagrass\r\ndie-off in 1987-88 and may be related to the causes of the die-off. Whether the cause of\r\nthe changes seen in Whipray Basin is natural or a combination of natural and\r\nanthropogenic factors, the amount of change in the molluscan fauna in the last 50 years\r\nclearly exceeds the preceding 150 years.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01143","usgsCitation":"Trappe, C.A., and Brewster-Wingard, G.L., 2001, Molluscan fauna from core 25B, Whipray Basin, central Florida Bay, Everglades National Park: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-143, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01143.","productDescription":"20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":390984,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-143/of01-143.pdf","text":"Report","size":"328 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2001-143"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 25.025884063244828\n ],\n [\n -80.013427734375,\n 25.025884063244828\n ],\n [\n -80.013427734375,\n 26.912273826625587\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 26.912273826625587\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 25.025884063244828\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District, has been conducting biological surveys of the inflow and outflow streams of Whitney Point Lake since the early 1980's. These surveys are made to identify possible detrimental effects as well as benefits of the reservoir and to better understand the aquatic communities in the vicinity of the lake at the present and over time. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Geological Survey jointly conducted a survey of the fish communities upstream and downstream of the reservoir in Otselic River in September 2000. The fish communities upstream and downstream were compared and any differences or similarities seen in the communities were noted.
This study found the fish communities upstream and downstream of Whitney Point Lake to be in good condition, with Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) scores 4.3 upstream and 4.5 downstream. The habitat conditions of both reaches were of suboptimal quality, with a score of 15 for both reaches as determined by use of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Rapid Bioassessment Protocols, yet are capable of supporting fish communities. The Shannon Index was 3.83 upstream and 3.16 downstream of the lake, indicating that both reaches are slightly impacted by species richness and lack of individual evenness among the species. The communities also were different from each other. Only 11 of the 21 species upstream were also captured downstream. The Jaccards Coefficient and the Index of Similarity reflect this community difference with scores of 0.39 and 0.56, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0178","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District","usgsCitation":"Brightbill, R., and Bilger, M.D., 2001, Fish-community composition in Otselic River, in the vicinity of Whitney Point Lake, Broome and Cortland counties, New York, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-78, iii, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0178.","productDescription":"iii, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0078/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2804,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0078/ofr20010078.pdf","text":"Report","size":"212 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
In May 1997, the US Geological Survey (USGS) and the University of Southern California (USC) acquired high-resolution seismic reflection and refraction images on the grounds of the Wadsworth Veterans Administration Hospital (WVAH) in the city of Los Angeles (Fig. 1a,b). The objective of the seismic survey was to better understand the near-surface geometry and faulting characteristics of the Santa Monica fault zone. In this report, we present seismic images, an interpretation of those images, and a comparison of our results with results from studies by Dolan and Pratt (1997), Pratt et al. (1998) and Gibbs et al. (2000).
\nThe Santa Monica fault is one of the several northeast-southwest-trending, north-dipping, reverse faults that extend through the Los Angeles metropolitan area (Fig. 1a). Through much of area, the Santa Monica fault trends subparallel to the Hollywood fault, but the two faults apparently join into a single fault zone to the southwest and to the northeast (Dolan et al., 1995). The Santa Monica and Hollywood faults may be part of a larger fault system that extends from the Pacific Ocean to the Transverse Ranges. Crook et al. (1983) refer to this fault system as the Malibu Coast-Santa Monica-Raymond-Cucamonga fault system. They suggest that these faults have not formed a contiguous zone since the Pleistocene and conclude that each of the faults should be treated as a separate fault with respect to seismic hazards. However, Dolan et al. (1995) suggest that the Hollywood and Santa Monica faults are capable of generating Mw 6.8 and Mw 7.0 earthquakes, respectively. Thus, regardless of whether the overall fault system is connected and capable of rupturing in one event, individually, each of the faults present a sizable earthquake hazard to the Los Angeles metropolitan area. If, however, these faults are connected, and they were to rupture along a continuous fault rupture, the resulting hazard would be even greater.
\nAlthough the Santa Monica fault represents a hazard to millions of people, its lateral extent and rupture history are not well known, due largely to limited knowledge of the fault location, geometry, and relationship to other faults. The Santa Monica fault has been obscured at the surface by alluvium and urbanization. For example, Dolan et al. (1995) could find only one 200-m-long stretch of the Santa Monica fault that was not covered by either streets or buildings. Of the 19-km length onshore section of the Santa Monica fault, its apparent location has been delineated largely on the basis of geomorphic features and oil-well drilling. Seismic imaging efforts, in combination with other investigative methods, may be the best approach in locating and understanding the Santa Monica fault in the Los Angeles region.
\nThis investigation and another recent seismic imaging investigation (Pratt et al., 1998) were undertaken to resolve the near-surface location, fault geometry, and faulting relations associated with the Santa Monica fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01111","usgsCitation":"Catchings, R.D., Gandhok, G., Goldman, M.R., and Okaya, D., 2001, Seismic images and fault relations of the Santa Monica thrust fault, West Los Angeles, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-111, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01111.","productDescription":"34 p.","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01111.jpg"},{"id":2854,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0111/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282064,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0111/pdf/of01-111.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.572692,33.970672 ], [ -118.572692,34.171538 ], [ -118.25372,34.171538 ], [ -118.25372,33.970672 ], [ -118.572692,33.970672 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a879c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Catchings, R. D.","contributorId":98738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gandhok, G.","contributorId":47423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gandhok","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldman, M. R.","contributorId":106934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Okaya, D.","contributorId":45874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okaya","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":31237,"text":"ofr0179 - 2001 - Fish-community composition in Canacadea Creek, in the vicinity of Almond Lake, Allegany and Steuben counties, New York, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T10:00:12","indexId":"ofr0179","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-79","title":"Fish-community composition in Canacadea Creek, in the vicinity of Almond Lake, Allegany and Steuben counties, New York, 2000","docAbstract":"The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District, has been conducting biological surveys of the inflow and outflow streams of Almond Lake since the early 1980's. These surveys are made to identify possible detrimental effects as well as benefits of the reservoir and to better understand the aquatic communities in the vicinity of the lake at the present and over time. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Geological Survey jointly conducted a survey of the fish communities upstream and downstream of the lake in Canacadea Creek in September 2000. The fish communities upstream and downstream were compared and any differences or similarities seen in the communities were noted.
This study found the fish communities to be in fair condition upstream and good condition downstream of Almond Lake, with Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) scores of 3.5 and 5.0, respectively. The habitat conditions of both reaches were of suboptimal quality, with a score of 14 upstream and 15 downstream as determined by use of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Rapid Bioassessment Protocols, and are capable of supporting fish communities. The Shannon Index indicates species richness and evenness and was 1.87 upstream and 3.22 downstream of the lake, indicating the upstream reach is severely impacted and the downstream reach appears to be not impacted. The Jaccards Coefficient and the Index of Similarity statistically show these communities are similar with scores of 0.55 and 0.71, respectively. Of the 12 species captured upstream, 11 of those also were captured downstream along with 8 other species for a total of 19 species downstream.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District","usgsCitation":"Brightbill, R., and Bilger, M.D., 2001, Fish-community composition in Canacadea Creek, in the vicinity of Almond Lake, Allegany and Steuben counties, New York, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-79, iii, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0179.","productDescription":"iii, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0079/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2805,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0079/ofr20010079.pdf","text":"Report","size":"107 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2001-0079"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0185","usgsCitation":"Saltus, R.W., Haeussler, P.J., Bracken, R.E., Doucette, J.P., and Jachens, R., 2001, Anchorage Urban Region Aeromagnetics (AURA) Project — Preliminary geophysical results (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-85, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0185.","productDescription":"21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403672,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51429.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2808,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0085/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.5,\n 61.0833\n ],\n [\n -149,\n 61.0833\n ],\n [\n -149,\n 61.75\n ],\n [\n -152.5,\n 61.75\n ],\n [\n -152.5,\n 61.0833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c2c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saltus, R. W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bracken, R. E.","contributorId":98316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bracken","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doucette, J. P.","contributorId":14859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doucette","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":31234,"text":"ofr0174 - 2001 - Analytical data for waters of the Harvard Open Pit, Jamestown Mine, Tuolumne County, California, March 1998-September 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-23T15:48:42.372237","indexId":"ofr0174","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-74","title":"Analytical data for waters of the Harvard Open Pit, Jamestown Mine, Tuolumne County, California, March 1998-September 1999","docAbstract":"The Jamestown mine is located in the Jamestown mining district in western Tuolumne County, California (see Fig. 1). This district is one of many located on or near the Melones fault zone, a major regional suture in the Sierra Nevada foothills. The districts along the Melones fault comprise the Mother Lode gold belt (Clark, 1970).\n\nThe Harvard pit is the largest of several open pits mined at the Jamestown site by Sonora Mining Corporation between 1986 and 1994 (Fig. 2; Algood, 1990). It is at the site of an historical mine named the Harvard that produced about 100,000 troy ounces of gold, mainly between 1906 and 1916 (Julihn and Horton, 1940).\n\nSonora Mining mined and processed about 17,000,000 short tons of ore, with an overall stripping ratio of about 4.5:1, yielding about 660,000 troy ounces of gold (Nelson and Leicht, 1994). Most of this material came from the Harvard pit, which attained dimensions of about 2700 ft (830 m) in length, 1500 ft (460 m) in width, and 600 ft (185 m) in depth. The bottom of the pit is at an elevation of 870 ft (265 m). Since mining operations ceased in mid-1994, the open pit has been filling with water. As of November, 2000, lake level had reached an elevation of about 1170 ft (357 m).\n\nWater quality monitoring data gathered after mine closure showed rising levels of arsenic, sulfate, and other components in the lake, with particularly notable increases accompanying a period of rapid filling in 1995 (County of Tuolumne, 1998). The largest potential source for arsenic in the vicinity of the Harvard pit is arsenian pyrite, the most abundant sulfide mineral related to gold mineralization. A previous study of weathering of arsenian pyrite in similarly mineralized rocks at the Clio mine, in the nearby Jacksonville mining district, showed that arsenic released by weathering of arsenian pyrite is effectively attenuated by adsorption on goethite or coprecipitation with jarosite, depending upon the buffering capacity of the pyrite-bearing rock (Savage and others, 2000). Although jarosite would be expected to dissolve in water having the composition of the developing pit lake, iron oxyhydroxide species (ferrihydrite and goethite) would be stable, and strong partitioning of arsenic onto suspended particles or bottom sediments containing these iron phases would be expected. Arsenic release to the lake would not be expected until stratification develops, producing a reducing, non-circulating hypolimnion in which the iron phases would be destroyed by dissolution.\n\nThe fact that arsenic concentrations increased rapidly before the pit lake was deep enough to stratify shows that arsenic may not be attenuated in the ways that the earlier Clio mine area study indicated, and suggested that our understanding of release and transport of arsenic in this environment is incomplete. Therefore, in 1997 we decided to study the chemical evolution of the Harvard pit lake as part of a project on environmental impacts of gold mining in the Sierra Nevada, and in early 1998 we developed a cooperative study with several of the investigators in the Stanford University Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences who had done the Clio study. The U.S. Geological Survey portion of the project has been funded by the Mineral Resources Program.\n\nIt is anticipated that a better understanding of the release and transport of arsenic into the Harvard pit lake and its accumulation there will contribute to more accurate predictions of arsenic release from weathering of sulfide-bearing rocks exposed by mining or other activities or events, and to better forecasts of pit lake evolution in this and similar environments, leading to more effective monitoring and mitigation strategies.\n\nAn accurate predictive model is needed for the Harvard pit lake to forecast trends in metal concentrations, particularly arsenic, and also concentrations of major cations and anions. As the lake approaches pre-mining groundwater levels the lake water could move down the hydrologic gradient to the southeast into domestic wells, and could also affect the surface water of Woods Creek (see Figures 1-3).\n\nThis report presents data for water samples collected from March, 1998 through September, 1999. Selected preliminary data for the pit lake for the 1998 calendar year have been reported (Savage and others, 2000).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0174","usgsCitation":"Ashley, R.P., and Savage, K.S., 2001, Analytical data for waters of the Harvard Open Pit, Jamestown Mine, Tuolumne County, California, March 1998-September 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-74, Report: ii, 13 p.; 3 Tables; Data Table, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0174.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 13 p.; 3 Tables; Data Table","numberOfPages":"15","temporalStart":"1998-03-01","temporalEnd":"1999-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160560,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr0174.jpg"},{"id":282004,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0074/tables2-4.xls","text":"Tables 2-4 Excel format","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":2803,"rank":8,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0074/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282003,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0074/pdf/table4.pdf","text":"Table 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282002,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0074/pdf/table3.pdf","text":"Table 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282001,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0074/pdf/table2.pdf","text":"Table 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282000,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0074/pdf/of01-074.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407176,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37339.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Tuolumme County","otherGeospatial":"Jamestown Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.453,\n 37.955\n ],\n [\n -120.405,\n 37.955\n ],\n [\n -120.405,\n 37.93\n ],\n [\n -120.453,\n 37.93\n ],\n [\n -120.453,\n 37.955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67fa7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ashley, R. P.","contributorId":50513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, K. S.","contributorId":6903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31235,"text":"ofr0175 - 2001 - Surface water quality-assurance plan for the Hawaii District of the U. S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"ofr0175","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-75","title":"Surface water quality-assurance plan for the Hawaii District of the U. S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"This District Surface Water Quality-Assurance Plan documents the standards, policies, and procedures used by the Hawaii District for activities related to the collection, processing, storage, analysis, and publication of surface-water data.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0175","usgsCitation":"Fontaine, R.A., 2001, Surface water quality-assurance plan for the Hawaii District of the U. S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-75, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0175.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[{"id":335,"text":"Hawaii Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6981cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fontaine, R. A.","contributorId":78331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fontaine","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31282,"text":"ofr01160 - 2001 - Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, September 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-31T19:50:16.427265","indexId":"ofr01160","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-160","title":"Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, September 2000","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01160","usgsCitation":"Knowles, L., 2001, Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, September 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-160, 1 Plate: 36.00 x 52.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01160.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 36.00 x 52.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160212,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415030,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_40318.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2905,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr01-160/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.817,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -82.817,\n 26.883\n ],\n [\n -80.075,\n 26.883\n ],\n [\n -80.075,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -82.817,\n 31\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682a8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, Leel Jr.","contributorId":14857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Leel","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}