In the valley of Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado there is an area of considerable extent in which artesian flows are available. During the last ten years numerous wells have been sunk to develop this important resource and, in most cases in the lower lands, abundant water supplies have been obtained. The principal water-bearing bed is the \"Dakota\" formation, which consists of two sheets of porous sandstone separated by a small body of clay and overlain in the greater portion of the area by a mass of impervious shales. The sandstones receive their waters from, rainfall and from the sinking of streams along the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and on some of the higher slopes south of the Arkansas Valley. In the passage of this sandstone underground, the waters which it contains are held down by the overlying shales, but, as some of the sandstone outcrops are at relatively low levels to the east only a moderate head or pressure is sustained. On account of this low head, artesian flows are available only in the lower lands, and one of the principal objects of this investigation has been the determination of the area in which flows are to be expected. The \"Dakota\" sandstone and associated formations do not lie level, or even slope regularly to the east, but are flexed into low arches and shallow troughs of considerable complexity of configuration. Accordingly, in investigating this source of water supply, it has been necessary to ascertain the structure and distribution of the various formations in order to indicate the variations in depth to the water-bearing stratum. The principal results of these investigations are set forth: (1) In the geologic map (Pl. VI), which shows the distribution of the formations on the surface; (2) in the map, Pl. XXV, which shows the depth to the water-bearing horizon, the area in which flows are expected, the head of the underground waters, and other features, and (3) in the cross sections (Pls. VII and XXIII), which show the principal underground features. The investigation has been in progress for several years and is an extension of the preliminary examination of the region by G. K. Gilbert in 1894 and 1895.
For the western portion of the area the maps and texts of the Pueblo, Elmoro, Walsenburg, Spanish Peaks, and Pikes Peak folios have been utilized as far as practicable. For the central and eastern portions the larger features of the geology have been specially mapped, and considerable detailed mapping has been done in the region south and southeast of Canyon and Colorado Springs. In the field work I have been assisted by Mr. C. A. Fisher, who has examined in detail the Nepesta quadrangle and contributed numerous other data. Dr. W. S. Tangier Smith and Messrs. C. E. Sicbenthal and W. T. Lee have made observations in certain areas. Much valuable information respecting wells has been furnished by Mr. William Archer, of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company, and Mr. C. H. McVay, well driller at Rocky Ford.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp52","usgsCitation":"Darton, N.H., 1906, Geology and underground waters of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 52, Report: iv, 90 p.; 2 Plates: 33.18 x 27.43 inches and 32.29 x 27.27 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp52.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 90 p.; 2 Plates: 33.18 x 27.43 inches and 32.29 x 27.27 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340321,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0052/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0052/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":340322,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0052/plate-25.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60809,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0052/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.41 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.5,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -102,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -102,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -105.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -105.5,\n 39.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6841c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darton, N. H.","contributorId":71523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darton","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32884,"text":"pp46 - 1906 - Geology and underground water resources of northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-12T12:38:49","indexId":"pp46","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1906","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"46","title":"Geology and underground water resources of northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas","docAbstract":"In the fall of 1902 arrangements were made with the Geological Survey of Louisiana for the writer to prepare a report on the geology and underground water resources of northern Louisiana. In the prosecution of this work it was found necessary, in order that the questions involved might be more thoroughly understood, to include that portion of the Coastal Plain in southern Arkansas southwest of Arkansas River, and the portion of northeastern Texas not discussed in Hill's exhaustive report on the artesian-water conditions of the Black and Grand prairies a After the Arkansas work was well in hand and before the Texas investigation had advanced beyond a few preliminary letters the writer was detailed to the Long Island, New York, investigation, which consumed the field and office time from February, 1903, to July, 1904.b The present report is thus based on the'field work of the fall and winter of 1902 and 1903, supplemented by several years' field work with the Geological Survey of Louisiana and private work in eastern Texas. It covers southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana and small portions of adjacent areas in Mississippi and Texas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp46","usgsCitation":"Veatch, A.C., 1906, Geology and underground water resources of northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 46, 422 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp46.","productDescription":"422 p.","numberOfPages":"480","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60807,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Lousiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.33959960937499,\n 31.034108344903512\n ],\n [\n -94.33959960937499,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -90.867919921875,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -90.867919921875,\n 31.034108344903512\n ],\n [\n -94.33959960937499,\n 31.034108344903512\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68421d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veatch, A. C.","contributorId":84814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veatch","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32883,"text":"pp44 - 1906 - Underground water resources of Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-11T14:51:32","indexId":"pp44","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1906","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"44","title":"Underground water resources of Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"As Long Island is the largest island on the eastern coast of the United States, and is of such size, 120 miles long and 23 miles wide, that it is a more or less noticeable feature on even very small-scale maps, little need be said of its general geographic position.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp44","usgsCitation":"Veatch, A.C., Slichter, C.S., Bowman, I., Crosby, W., and Horton, R., 1906, Underground water resources of Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 44, Report: 394 p.; 3 Plates: 63.30 x 26.74 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp44.","productDescription":"Report: 394 p.; 3 Plates: 63.30 x 26.74 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"422","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":333185,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0044/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":333186,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0044/plate-19.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":333187,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0044/plate-24.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0044/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60806,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0044/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.87805175781249,\n 41.1290213474951\n ],\n [\n -72.2076416015625,\n 41.23031465959445\n ],\n [\n -72.6361083984375,\n 41.12281462734397\n ],\n [\n -73.4930419921875,\n 40.97575093157534\n ],\n [\n -73.71826171874999,\n 40.90313381465847\n ],\n [\n -74.08355712890625,\n 40.63688312646408\n ],\n [\n -74.04510498046875,\n 40.549287249082035\n ],\n [\n -73.76220703125,\n 40.53050177574321\n ],\n [\n -72.9052734375,\n 40.65772237175813\n ],\n [\n -72.27081298828125,\n 40.86783384138491\n ],\n [\n -71.97967529296874,\n 40.971603532799115\n ],\n [\n -71.83135986328124,\n 41.05035951931887\n ],\n [\n -71.87805175781249,\n 41.1290213474951\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f72f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veatch, A. C.","contributorId":84814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veatch","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slichter, Charles Sumner","contributorId":102464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slichter","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Sumner","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowman, Isaiah","contributorId":57052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowman","given":"Isaiah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crosby, W.O.","contributorId":16882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosby","given":"W.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Horton, R.E.","contributorId":24760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":39528,"text":"pp53 - 1906 - Geology and water resources of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T21:11:54.005352","indexId":"pp53","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1906","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53","title":"Geology and water resources of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"This paper is the result of field work done during the seasons of 1904 and 1905 It is designed mainly to furnish information regarding geologic structure and the prospects for underground water. The description of the formations of the Bighorn Mountain area is chiefly the work of N. H. Darton, under whose direction the exploration ·was made.
\nA general account of the surface waters is given, including a statement of their present and proposed uses for irrigation, and the economic products of a geologic nature are also described. The region considered comprises the Bighorn basin, a part of the Clark Fork basin, and the slopes of the adjoining mountain ranges, the entire area comprising 8,500 square miles. As shown on fig. 1, it is situated mainly in Bighorn County, in the northwestern part of Wyoming, and includes the greater portion of the area lying between meridians 107° 15' and 109° 15' and parallels 43° 40' and 45°. It is bounded on the north by Montana, on the east by the Bighorn Mountains, on the south by Bighorn and Owl Creek mountains, and on the west by Shoshone, Absaroka, and Beartooth mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp53","usgsCitation":"Fisher, C., 1906, Geology and water resources of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 53, Report: vi, 72 p.; 1 Plate: 28.03 x 25.85 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp53.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 72 p.; 1 Plate: 28.03 x 25.85 inches","numberOfPages":"97","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":264260,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0053/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120279,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0053/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67134,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":411589,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4575.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Big Horn County","otherGeospatial":"Big Horn Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.2622,\n 43.6475\n ],\n [\n -109.2622,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -107.2378,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -107.2378,\n 43.6475\n ],\n [\n -109.2622,\n 43.6475\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, C.A.","contributorId":44218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34459,"text":"b298 - 1906 - Record of deep-well drilling for 1905","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-12T07:56:19","indexId":"b298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1906","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"298","title":"Record of deep-well drilling for 1905","docAbstract":"The present is the second of the series of reports on the collection of deep-well samples, the first of which, covering the period from the beginning of the work July 1, 1904, to December 31, 1904, was published as Bulletin No. 264. This report presents the records of a large number of wells from which more or less complete sets of samples have been secured and placed on file at the Survey, and. also many additional records not represented by samples.
The work has been conducted by the eastern section, division of hydrology, the expense being shared with the western section of hydrology and the geologic branch. The writer has continued in charge of the investigations and has been assisted by Messrs. E. F. Lines and Samuel Sanford. The burden of executive details has fallen mainly on Mr. Sanford since his assignment to the work on its relinquishment by Mr. Lines April 1. The methods followed are in most particulars those formulated by Mr. A. C. Veatch on the inauguration of the work in 1904, but to Mr. Sanford is due the credit for materially increasing the usefulness of the work to the driller, especially in furnishing geologic information.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b298","usgsCitation":"Fuller, M.L., and Sanford, S., 1906, Record of deep-well drilling for 1905: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 298, 299 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b298.","productDescription":"299 p.","numberOfPages":"299","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":167766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0298/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":22493,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a91be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, Myron Leslie","contributorId":106091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Myron","email":"","middleInitial":"Leslie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanford, Samuel","contributorId":45687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Samuel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1794,"text":"wsp171 - 1906 - Report of progress of stream measurements for the calendar year 1905, Part VII, Hudson Bay and upper eastern and western Mississippi River drainages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp171","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1906","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"171","title":"Report of progress of stream measurements for the calendar year 1905, Part VII, Hudson Bay and upper eastern and western Mississippi River drainages","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp171","usgsCitation":"Hanna, F.W., and Hoyt, J., 1906, Report of progress of stream measurements for the calendar year 1905, Part VII, Hudson Bay and upper eastern and western Mississippi River drainages: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 171, 112 p. :map ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp171.","productDescription":"112 p. :map ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0171/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26939,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0171/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633d1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanna, Frank Willard","contributorId":103649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanna","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Willard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoyt, J.C.","contributorId":22740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoyt","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39505,"text":"pp51 - 1906 - Geology of the Bighorn Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T21:14:23.549553","indexId":"pp51","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1906","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"51","title":"Geology of the Bighorn Mountains","docAbstract":"This report is the result of studies made in the field during the seasons of 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, and 1905. It relates to an area of about 9,000 square miles, situated mainly in the north-central portion of Wyoming and extending northward into Montana. Its location and general surroundings are shown on PL II. It covers the greater portion of the Bighorn uplift, together with an adjoining area of the Great Plains on the east. It also includes a small part of the Bighorn Basin and the eastern end of the Bridger Range. The report describes the various rocks, their structure, history, and mineral resources, including underground water, coal, gypsum, and various other products. It also contains information as to surface waters available for irrigation.
\nThroughout the work assistance has been rendered by Mr. C. A. Fisher, who mapped portions of the area, measured numerous sections, collected fossils, and examined most of the crystalline rocks; and the author is indebted to Mr. Albert Johannsen for some of the petrographic descriptions.
\nPrevious observers have given but little information regarding the geology of the Bighorn Mountains, though Dr. F. V. Hayden ascertained the general relations of the uplift in his exploration of the Northwest, and Mr. George H. Eldridge, who crossed the range near Bald Mountain and southwest of Buffalo during the summer of 1893, described 0 some of the broader features of the geologic succession and structure in a remarkably comprehensive manner, considering how small an area he had the opportunity to examine. The Bighorn region is very thinly settled, there being no permanent habitations among the mountains, and it is but little visited by others than hunters, prospectors, and herders. There have recently been established two summer resorts in the mountains, and each year a larger number of persons visit the region. Unfortunately the mineral prospects have proved disappointing to the prospectors, and there appears to be but little promise that the area will become important on account of its mineral resources. In the Bridger uplift promising prospects of gold and copper have recently been discovered, which may prove of value.
\nThere are extensive, forests in the mountains, which are now included in a Government forest reserve, but their timber is not of great value. Much of the area below timber line contains an abundance of luxuriant grasses and other plants, which afford excellent pasturage for stock, and large herds of sheep and cattle are ranged in the region during the short summer season. Game is moderately abundant, and most of the streams contain large numbers of trout. The region is one of great interest geologically on account of its variety of sedimentary rocks, interesting structure, and remarkably instructive glacial features. The central area, with its high peaks, presents alpine scenery of notable character. Doubtless in the future the region will be extensively visited by tourists, hunters, and geologists.
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II). About one-quarter of this area lies within the Arctic Circle, and from the standpoint of geographic position must be regarded as an arctic province; but the southern seaboard, exposed to the warm winds and waters of the Pacific, gives to the entire southern portion of the territory\" a comparatively warm climate. It is not generally realized that the range of climate in Alaska is greater than that between Florida and Maine. At the southernmost point of the Pacific coast the mean annual temperature is not far from that of the city of Washington, the winters being warmer and characterized by less snowfall; the Yukon Valley on the other hand has a winter climate similar to that of northern Montana and Dakota; while in the extreme northern part of the territory the meteorologic conditions are invariably arctic.
\nThough as yet only sparsely settled, Alaska's vast area and great resources make it one of the most important possessions of the United States and promise its rapid development. During the years 1890 to 1900 the population increased from 32,052* to 63,592. The mineral output, which in 1890 was valued at less than $800,000, exceeded $9,000,000 in 1904, and the fisheries show a corresponding growth. This rapid development has attracted public attention and led to urgent demand for explorations, surveys, and other investigations. So actively has this work been pushed, both by public and private enterprise, that exact knowledge of the geography, geology, and mineral resources of the interior has made greater strides within the last eight years than during the preceding thirty-one years since the acquisition of Alaska. The facts regarding the geography and geology, scattered as they are through the many books and reports of this period, are not always readily accessible, and the time seems ripe to present them in a summarized form.
\nThe topography of Alaska is varied and complex (see PI. I), and it is not easy to present briefly even the salient features. The limited number of pages here devoted to the subject precludes the possibility of detailed treatment, even if the facts were available. Much of the description has been taken from the results attained by other investigators, the writer being personally familiar with only a part of this large province. A list of the publications consulted is appended.
\nThe larger geographic features of Alaska are now fairly well known, though the detailed surveys which are demanded by the development of many localities have hardly been begun. Preliminary surveys have been completed of all but three 8 of the larger rivers. The most important mountain ranges have been at least outlined (fig. 3). Only three large areas remain almost entirely unmapped: One in southwestern Alaska, between Cook Inlet and the lower Kuskokwim, and the others in northern Alaska, embracing the Arctic watershed east and west of the Colville River. Nearly all the surveys of the interior, however, have been of a preliminary and exploratory character, and to meet the requirements of exact geography must be followed by more detailed mensuration.
\nThough the coast line has been fairly well known for more than half a century, knowledge of the interior has been gained chiefly within the last two decades. This has not yet found its way into text-books and has too often been entirely ignored by cartographers. If facts are presented which may seem elementary, it is because even well-informed people have been known to harbor misconceptions in regard to the orographic features, climate, and general character of Alaska. Those who read of the perils and privations of winter travel and explorations are apt to picture a region of ice and snow; others, again, who have personal knowledge of the tourist route of southeastern Alaska, regard the whole district as one of rugged mountains and glaciers. In point of fact, glaciers are now nearly limited to the ranges bordering the Pacific and to the two slopes of the Alaska range; and even during the greatest development of glaciers but a small portion of Alaska was under ice (see map, PI. XXII).
\nAs a treatise on geography would hardly be complete without some discussion of the climate, meteorologic data have been compiled by Mr. Cleveland Abbe, jr., but the discussion of this does not pretend to be more than a cursory treatment of the subject.
\nThe scope of the paper seems to require also a brief summary of the development of geographic knowledge of Alaska. This subject, with its many ramifications, is of fascinating interest and offers a magnificent field for the trained historian. If the accompanying sketch of discovery and exploration awakens any measure of popular interest the writer will feel amply rewarded for having attacked a theme which hardly falls within the scope of his investigations.
\nWhen this compilation was begun it was intended to be chiefly a description of the topography of Alaska, as illustrated by the accompanying map (PI. XXXIV, in pocket), which was compiled under the direction of the late R. U. Goode. In the course of the work there accumulated much geologic as well as geographic material which seemed worthy of inclusion in the report. As no comprehensive statement of the geology of Alaska has been made since the modern epoch of investigation was begun, an attempt will be made to give a summary of all results achieved. Since the writer has obtained much of his knowledge of the facts from the work of others, he disclaims any pretense of making an entirely original contribution to geologic science. He feels, however, that a personal familiarity with a considerable part of the province, gained during seven consecutive seasons of field work, will justify Mm in presenting conclusions which may in some cases be at variance with those in the reports on which he must draw for his facts.
\nThroughout this report attempt will be made to credit borrowed material to the source from which it is drawn. Where such matter has been obtained entirely from published reports there is no difficulty in so doing; but as regards investigators of the Geological Survey, with whom the writer has collaborated both in field and in office, the case is somewhat different, for it is not always possible to know whether this or that theory originated with the writer or with one of his colleagues. It will, then, perhaps suffice to state that this report could not have been prepared without the explorations and researches of the geologists, F. C. Schrader, Walter C. Mendenhall, Arthur J. Collier, J. E. Spurr, and Arthur C. Spencer; and the surveys of the topographers, T. G. Gerdine, D. C. Witherspoon, D. L. Reaburn, W. J. Peters, and E. C. Barnard. Each of these men, in the course of from two to six years of field work, has made important contributions to the knowledge of the geography and geology of Alaska, and not all of these results have yet been put in print. In the last season (1903) L. M. Prindle, C. W. Wright, Arthur Hollick, G. C. Martin, F. L. Hess, and Fred H. Moffit have carried on geologic work in Alaska, and the writer has made use of their work now in course of publication. He has also been fortunate in having access to the manuscript reports of Walter C. Mendenhall and F. C. Schrader on the Copper River basin, to which references will be made. The matter here presented should be credited in a measure to all of these investigators, but for many of the theories advanced the writer alone is responsible.
\nAs this manuscript goes to press there has been opportunity to incorporate some of the results of the field work of 1904. As far as possible these have been embodied in the text, but in some instances it has been found advisable to add them only as footnotes. During the past summer F. E. and C. W. Wright extended the geologic reconnaissance in southeastern Alaska. In southwestern Alaska G. C. Martin and T. W. Stanton have determined the general Mesozoic section, while F. H. Moffit has made a reconnaissance of the northern part of the Kenai Peninsula. A. J. Collier has mapped the geology of the Cape Lisburne region, and L. M. Prindle and F. L. Hess have made contributions to the knowledge of the metamorphic terranes of the Yukon-Tanana district.
\nIt is the writer's purpose to describe in nontechnical language the larger geographic features and discuss their relation as far as the data available will permit. In the treatment of the geology, however, less effort will be made to make the matter acceptable to the lay reader. It is hoped, however, that a brief summary of the salient features of the geologic history' may be not without interest to the general public. If this paper serves in some measure to dispel the popular fallacies regarding Alaska and to disseminate more accurate knowledge of its geographic and geologic features, the purpose of its publication will be accomplished.
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