No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp344","usgsCitation":"Henshaw, F.F., Lewis, J.H., and McCaustland, E.J., 1914, Deschutes River, Oregon and its utilization: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 344, 200 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp344.","productDescription":"200 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395954,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24516.htm"},{"id":27080,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0344/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0344/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Deschutes River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -119.5,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -119.5,\n 45.833\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 45.833\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 43\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66ddf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henshaw, Fred Forbes","contributorId":12452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henshaw","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"Forbes","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, J. H.","contributorId":75902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCaustland, Elmer James","contributorId":95455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCaustland","given":"Elmer","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1145,"text":"wsp364 - 1914 - Water analyses from the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-12T07:50:59","indexId":"wsp364","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1914","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"364","title":"Water analyses from the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey","docAbstract":"This paper contains 203 water analyses, which were made in the chemical laboratory of the United States Geological Survey. Most of these analyses have been published elsewhere, but many of the original documents are out of print, and are therefore obtainable with difficulty. Furthermore, the form of statement given the analyses has varied from time to time, so that the printed records show a lack of uniformity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp364","usgsCitation":"Clarke, F.W., 1914, Water analyses from the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 364, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp364.","productDescription":"40 p.","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0364/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25926,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0364/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa390","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clarke, Frank Wigglesworth","contributorId":88798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Wigglesworth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":964,"text":"wsp321 - 1914 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1912, Part I, North Atlantic slope basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:12","indexId":"wsp321","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1914","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"321","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1912, Part I, North Atlantic slope basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Gov't. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp321","usgsCitation":"Babb, C.C., Covert, C.C., and Mathers, J., 1914, Surface water supply of the United States, 1912, Part I, North Atlantic slope basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 321, 240 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp321.","productDescription":"240 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0321/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25500,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0321/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Babb, Cyrus Cates","contributorId":60606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babb","given":"Cyrus","email":"","middleInitial":"Cates","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Covert, Clermont Calvert","contributorId":26284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covert","given":"Clermont","email":"","middleInitial":"Calvert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mathers, J.G.","contributorId":35296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathers","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":350,"text":"wsp326 - 1914 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1912, Part VI, Missouri River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:07","indexId":"wsp326","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1914","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"326","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1912, Part VI, Missouri River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp326","usgsCitation":"Lamb, W.A., 1914, Surface water supply of the United States, 1912, Part VI, Missouri River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 326, 375 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp326.","productDescription":"375 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0326/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24913,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0326/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, William Alfred","contributorId":8435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Alfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":349,"text":"wsp328 - 1914 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1912, Part VIII, Western Gulf of Mexico basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:07","indexId":"wsp328","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1914","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"328","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1912, Part VIII, Western Gulf of Mexico basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp328","usgsCitation":"Follett, W.W., 1914, Surface water supply of the United States, 1912, Part VIII, Western Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 328, 121 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp328.","productDescription":"121 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0328/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24912,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0328/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Follett, William W.","contributorId":54964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Follett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4633,"text":"wsp327 - 1914 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1912, Part VII, Lower Mississippi River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:39","indexId":"wsp327","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1914","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"327","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1912, Part VII, Lower Mississippi River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp327","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1914, Surface water supply of the United States, 1912, Part VII, Lower Mississippi River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 327, 84 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp327.","productDescription":"84 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0327/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31689,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0327/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39449,"text":"pp86 - 1914 - The Transportation of Debris by Running Water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T09:12:07","indexId":"pp86","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1914","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86","title":"The Transportation of Debris by Running Water","docAbstract":"Scope.-The finer debris transported by a stream is borne in suspension. The coarser is swept along the channel bed. The suspended load is readily sampled and estimated, and much is known as to its quantity. The bed load is inaccessible and we are without definite information as to its amount. The primary purpose of the investigation was to learn the laws which control the movement of bed load, and especially to determine how the quantity of load is related to the stream's slope and discharge and to the degree of comminution of the debris.\r\n\r\nMethod.-To this end a laboratory was equipped at Berkeley, Cal., and experiments were performed in which each of the three conditions mentioned was separately varied and the resulting variations of load were observed and measured. Sand and gravel were sorted by sieves into grades of uniform size. Determinate discharges were used. In each experiment a specific load was fed to a stream of specific width and discharge, and measurement was made of the slope to which the stream automatically adjusted its bed so as to enable the current to transport the load.\r\n\r\nThe slope factor.-For each combination of discharge, width, and grade of debris there is a slope, called competent slope, which limits transportation. With lower slopes there is no load, or the stream has no capacity for load. With higher slopes capacity exists; and increase of slope gives increase of capacity. The value of capacity is approximately proportional to a power of the excess of slope above competent slope. If S equal the stream's slope and sigma equal competent slope, then the stream's capacity varies as (S - sigma)n. This is not a deductive, but an empiric law. The exponent n has not a fixed value, but an indefinite series of values depending on conditions. Its range of values in the experience of the laboratory is from 0.93 to 2.37, the values being greater as the discharges are smaller or the debris is coarser.\r\n\r\nThe discharge factor.-For each combination of width, slope, and grade of debris there is a competent discharge, k. Calling the stream's discharge Q, the stream's capacity varies as (Q - k)o. The observed range of values for o is from 0.81 to 1.24, the values being greater as the slopes are smaller or the debris is coarser. Under like conditions o is less than n; or, in other words, capacity is less sensitive to change3 of discharge than to changes of slope.\r\n\r\nThe fineness factor.-For each combination of width, slope, and discharge there is a limiting fineness of debris below which no transportation takes place. Calling fineness (or degree of comminution) F and competent fineness o, the stream's capacity varies with (F - o)p. The observed range of values for p is from 0.50 to 0.62, the values being greater as slopes and discharges are smaller. Capacity is less sensitive to changes in fineness of debris than to changes in discharge or slope.\r\n\r\nThe form factor.-Most of the experiments were with straight channels. A few with crooked channels yielded nearly the same estimates of capacity. The ratio of depth to width is a more important factor. For any combination of slope, discharge, and fineness it is possible to reduce capacity to zero by making the stream very wide and shallow or very narrow and deep. Between these extremes is a particular ratio of depth to width, p, corresponding to a maximum capacity. The values of p range, under laboratory conditions, from 0.5 to 0.04, being greater as slope, discharge, and fineness are less.\r\n\r\nVelocity.-The velocity which determines capacity for bed load is that near the stream's bed, but attempts to measure bed velocity were not successful. Mean velocity was measured instead. To make a definite comparison between capacity and mean velocity it is necessary to postulate constancy in some accessory condition. If slope be the constant, in which case velocity changes with discharge, capacity varies on the average with the 3.2 power of velocity. If discharge be the constant, in w","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp86","collaboration":"Bases on experiments made with the assistance of Edward Charles Murphy","usgsCitation":"Gilbert, G.K., and Murphy, E.C., 1914, The Transportation of Debris by Running Water: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 86, Report: 263 p.; 3 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp86.","productDescription":"Report: 263 p.; 3 Plates","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":165130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0086/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":22044,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0086/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db6735cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilbert, Grove Karl","contributorId":84798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"Grove","email":"","middleInitial":"Karl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, Edward Charles","contributorId":90286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33155,"text":"b540 - 1914 - Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1912; Part I, Metals and nonmetals except fuels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-24T21:07:22.166016","indexId":"b540","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1914","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"540","title":"Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1912; Part I, Metals and nonmetals except fuels","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b540","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1914, Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1912; Part I, Metals and nonmetals except fuels: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 540, 563 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b540.","productDescription":"563 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":92277,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0540/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163479,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0540/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":481186,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20082.htm","text":"Borate deposits in Ventura County, California","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481187,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20083.htm","text":"Clay in northeastern Montana","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481188,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20084.htm","text":"Economic geology of the region around Mullan, Idaho, and Saltese, Montana","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481189,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20085.htm","text":"New areas of diamond-bearing peridotite in Arkansas","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481190,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20086.htm","text":"Preliminary report on the red iron ores of east Tennessee, northeast Alabama, and northwest Georgia","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481191,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20087.htm","text":"Prospecting for potash in Death Valley, California","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481192,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20088.htm","text":"Salt, borax, and potash in Saline Valley, Inyo County, California","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481193,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20089.htm","text":"The Yellow Pine mining district, Clark County, Nevada","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481194,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20090.htm","text":"Titaniferous magnetite beds on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, Montana","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481195,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_108690.htm","text":"Mineral resources of the Inyo and White Mountains, California","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b03e4b07f02db698dda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33918,"text":"b600 - 1914 - The Glacier National Park: A popular guide to its geology and scenery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T10:18:54","indexId":"b600","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1914","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"600","title":"The Glacier National Park: A popular guide to its geology and scenery","docAbstract":"The Glacier National Park includes that part of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains lying just south of the Canadian line, in Teton and Flathead counties, Mont. It is bounded on the west by Flathead River (locally called North Fork), on the south by the Middle Fork of Flathead River and the Great Northern Railway, and on the east by the Blackfeet Indian Reservation.
Although this part of the Rocky Mountains has been known since Lewis and Clark crossed the continent in 1805-6, the region later made a park appears not to have been visited by white men until 1853, when Cut Bank Pass was crossed by A. W. Tinkham, one of the Government engineers engaged in exploring a route for the Pacific railroad. Tinkham, who was encamped in the Bitterroot Valley, was ordered to examine Marias Pass, but in traversing Middle Fork of Flathead River along the line of the present railroad he was evidently misled by the large size of the valley of Nyack Creek and ascended that instead of keeping to the right up the main stream. He reported the pass impracticable for railroad construction, and so this region dropped out of public attention for a long time.
The next explorers to enter the region were a group of surveyors who, under the direction of American and British commissioners, established the international boundary line along the forty-ninth parallel from the Pacific coast to the main summit of the Rocky Mountains. This party reached the area now included in the park in the summer of 1861, and the stone monument shown in Plate I, B, which they erected on the Continental Divide west of Waterton Lake, still marks a point on the boundary between the United States and Canada.
The land on the west side of the range formed a part of the public domain which, until the erection of the park, was open to settlement, but the land on the east originally belonged to the Blackfeet Indians and the white men had no rights upon it. About 1890 copper ore was found near the heads of Quartz and Mineral creeks, and a great boom for this region followed. Many prospectors drifted in, expecting to reap rich rewards from the discovery of mineral deposits and the general development of the region. Several of the main trails were built about this time, and considerable money was spent in prospecting, in opening mines, and in providing machinery to handle the large output of copper ore that was expected.
The copper-bearing veins were found to extend through the range to the east side, but prospecting in that part of the mountains was not possible, for the land was included in the Indian reservation. This situation produced a growing discontent among the prospectors, who began to have a strong feeling that the Government should come to their relief by acquiring the coveted land and placing it at their disposal. The urgent demand of the prospectors and promoters was felt in Congress, and a bill was passed providing for the purchase from the Indians of this supposed mineral land for $1,500,000. In accordance with this act, a treaty with the Blackfeet Indians was signed at Browning, Mont., September 26, 1895, and approved by the Senate on June 10, 1896, by which the west line of the reservation was removed from the Continental Divide and was fixed along the eastern points of the spurs of the mountain range, as shown on the accompanying map, and the land so acquired was thrown open to mineral entry only.
Under the stimulus of the new territory acquired, active prospecting was carried on for a time, but copper ore was found only in small quantities, and gradually the prospectors and miners drifted away to newer or more promising fields, and the region reverted to its original condition. For a long time it was visited only by hunters in search of big game and by summer visitors who, in order to escape the heat of the plains, were willing to undergo the privations and discomforts of the rude hotels then to be found in the region.
Although these mountains had ceased to interest prospectors in search of mineral wealth, they still possessed a fascination for the lovers of natural scenery and almost everyone who visited the region was impressed with its alpine beauty. Again it was brought to the attention of Congress, which was urged to secure it for the use of the people by setting it aside as a national park. On May 11, 1910, President Taft signed the bill creating the Glacier National Park, and this most interesting and beautiful region thus became a permanent playground for the American people.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b600","usgsCitation":"Campbell, M., 1914, The Glacier National Park: A popular guide to its geology and scenery: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 600, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b600.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163348,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0600/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":92485,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0600/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.63 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c4ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, Marius R.","contributorId":103337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Marius R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}