Glacier National Park derives its name and much of its interest from the presence of many small glaciers. Very much of the grandeur of its wonderful Alpine scenery, the final sculpturing of the great mountain valleys and of the amphitheaters at their heads, and the production of the basins of its many beautiful lakes are due to the action of the more extended glaciers of the past.
There are in the park about 90 small glaciers ranging in size from Blackfeet Glacier, with its 3 square miles of ice, down to masses but a few acres in extent yet exhibiting the characteristics of true glaciers. The most easily accessible of these from the beaten trails are the Blackfeet and Sperry Glaciers and the small glaciers at Iceberg Lake and at Ahern Pass. Some of the others can be reached by tourists who are willing to undergo the exertions of mountain climbing. Among these are Grinnell, Chaney, Shepard, Vulture, and Carter Glaciers, and one or two at Brown Pass. (See map facing page 17.)
After examining these features one can easily picture to himself, as he looks down the valleys, the great rivers of ice which in ages past cascaded from the cliffs below the upper cirques, converged as tributaries from the many branch valleys, and united in great trunk glaciers. In imagination lie can see these great glaciers many hundreds of feet ill depth filling the great mountain volleys from side to side, and deploying thence upon the bordering plains. lie seems to see these mighty engines plucking away the rock ribs of the mountains, smoothing, grinding, and polishing the irregularities and sweeping away the debris to be spread on the plains below. These glaciers developed and extended three times and, after each development, the congealed masses melted away on the return of milder climatic conditions, until at length only the small cliff glaciers of the present day are left lurking in the protected recesses at the heads of the capacious valleys.
Many of the rock-walled amphitheaters are no longer occupied by ice, but from all there issue streams fed by the melting snow or ice. These plunge over the cliffs in beautiful foaming cascades and rush on down the mountain gorges. The melting glaciers left many inclosed basins large and small, and in these the waters rest a while and mirror in their crystal depths the dark green of the surrounding forests, the rich colors of the rugged mountain walls, and the deep blue of the cloud-flecked sky. On again from lake to lake the waters flow and finally start down their long courses to the sea to merge at length with the chill waters of Hudson Bay, the balm t ides of the Gulf of Mexico, or the rolling billows of the Pacific.
Compared in size with the great glaciers of Alaska the glaciers of Glacier National Park are insignificant. They are even surpassed in size by those of the Alps, of the Canadian Rockies, and of Mount Rainier, Washington. They are, however, thought small, among the best examples of this interesting type of phenomena now existing in the United States. They have also a splendid setting in magnificent Alpine scenery, unsurpassed in grandeur anywhere. Hidden away in the recesses of the mighty mountain ranges these rare and wonderful features form a climax to many of the interesting trips open to the tourist.
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It comprises about 9,500 square miles, or more than the combined area of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. It lies between 40° and 42° north latitude and 112° and 114° west longitude. (See fig. 1.)
Insufficient rainfall and the rapid settling of the country have created a demand for an investigation to determine the feasibility of irrigating by the use of underground water. In response to this demand and in order to classify the land under the enlarged homestead act, the writer made an investigation covering a period of four months during the summer and fall of 1911. The greater part of this time was spent in Boxelder County, but two weeks at the close of the season were devoted to a reconnaissance in Tooele, Rush, and Skull valleys, in Tooele County. W. B. Heroy, of the United States Geological Survey, collected most of the data presented for southern Idaho.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp333","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, E., 1913, Ground water in Boxelder and Tooele Counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 333, Report: 90 p.; 1 Plate: 20.00 x 17.13 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp333.","productDescription":"Report: 90 p.; 1 Plate: 20.00 x 17.13 inches","numberOfPages":"92","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393986,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24510.htm"},{"id":138096,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0333/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25874,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0333/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25873,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0333/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Utah","county":"Box Elder County, Tooele County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113,\n 40.767\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 40.767\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 39.917\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 39.917\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 40.767\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66db5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, Everett","contributorId":103656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Everett","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2883,"text":"wsp316 - 1913 - Geology and water resources of a portion of south-central Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:35","indexId":"wsp316","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1913","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"316","title":"Geology and water resources of a portion of south-central Washington","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp316","usgsCitation":"Waring, G.A., 1913, Geology and water resources of a portion of south-central Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 316, 46 p. :illus. (map) fold. map. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp316.","productDescription":"46 p. :illus. (map) fold. map. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0316/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29522,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0316/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6840fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waring, Gerald Ashley","contributorId":53362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waring","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"Ashley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1364,"text":"wsp308 - 1913 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1911, Part VIII, Western Gulf of Mexico basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:13","indexId":"wsp308","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1913","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"308","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1911, Part VIII, Western Gulf of Mexico basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp308","usgsCitation":"Follett, W.W., Freeman, W.B., Larrison, G., and Leighton, M.O., 1913, Surface water supply of the United States, 1911, Part VIII, Western Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 308, 117 p. :2 pl. (on 1 leaf) fold. maps. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp308.","productDescription":"117 p. :2 pl. (on 1 leaf) fold. maps. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0308/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26448,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0308/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Follett, William W.","contributorId":54964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Follett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, William B.","contributorId":47763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larrison, G.K.","contributorId":83095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larrison","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leighton, Marshall O.","contributorId":49335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leighton","given":"Marshall","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1982,"text":"wsp315 - 1913 - The purification of public water supplies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:18","indexId":"wsp315","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1913","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"315","title":"The purification of public water supplies","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. 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(1 fold.) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0315/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27365,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0315/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db6419b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, George Arthur","contributorId":104464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1943,"text":"wsp337 - 1913 - The effects of ice on stream flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:22","indexId":"wsp337","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1913","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"337","title":"The effects of ice on stream flow","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp337","usgsCitation":"Hoyt, W.G., 1913, The effects of ice on stream flow: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 337, 77 p. :illus., plates, diagrs. (part fold.) ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp337.","productDescription":"77 p. :illus., plates, diagrs. (part fold.) ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0337/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27269,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0337/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65ded7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoyt, William Glenn","contributorId":14382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoyt","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Glenn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1923,"text":"wsp303 - 1913 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1911, Part III, Ohio River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:18","indexId":"wsp303","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1913","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"303","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1911, Part III, Ohio River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp303","usgsCitation":"Horton, A.H., Hall, M., and Jackson, H., 1913, Surface water supply of the United States, 1911, Part III, Ohio River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 303, 112 p. :map ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp303.","productDescription":"112 p. :map ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0303/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27249,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0303/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697fd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton, Albert Howard","contributorId":26670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"Howard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, M.R.","contributorId":42941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, H.J.","contributorId":89873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1919,"text":"wsp334 - 1913 - The Ohio Valley flood of March-April, 1913, including comparisons with some earlier floods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:18","indexId":"wsp334","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1913","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"334","title":"The Ohio Valley flood of March-April, 1913, including comparisons with some earlier floods","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. print. off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp334","usgsCitation":"Horton, A.H., and Jackson, H., 1913, The Ohio Valley flood of March-April, 1913, including comparisons with some earlier floods: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 334, 96 p. :xxii pl. (incl. fold. maps, fold. diagrs.) on 17 l. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp334.","productDescription":"96 p. :xxii pl. (incl. fold. maps, fold. diagrs.) on 17 l. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0334/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27245,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0334/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67aec9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton, Albert Howard","contributorId":26670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"Howard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, Howard J.","contributorId":63375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Howard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1659,"text":"wsp318 - 1913 - Water resources of Hawaii, 1909-1911","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-14T14:06:19.615904","indexId":"wsp318","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1913","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"318","title":"Water resources of Hawaii, 1909-1911","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp318","usgsCitation":"Martin, W., and Pierce, C.H., 1913, Water resources of Hawaii, 1909-1911: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 318, 552 p.; 4 Plates: 24.50 × 27.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp318.","productDescription":"552 p.; 4 Plates: 24.50 × 27.50 inches or 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