{"pageNumber":"275","pageRowStart":"6850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10959,"records":[{"id":1004110,"text":"1004110 - 1999 - Changes in element contents of four lichens over 11 years in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, northern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-04T16:41:43.683635","indexId":"1004110","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1575,"text":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in element contents of four lichens over 11 years in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, northern Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p><span>Four species of lichen (</span><i>Cladina rangiferina, Evernia mesomorpha, Hypogymnia physodes,</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Parmelia sulcata</i><span>) were sampled at six locations in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness three times over a span of 11 years and analyzed for concentrations of 16 chemical elements to test the hypotheses that corticolous species would accumulate higher amounts of chemical elements than terricolous species, and that 11 years were sufficient to detect spatial patterns and temporal trends in element contents. Multivariate analyses of over 2770 data points revealed two principal components that accounted for 68% of the total variance in the data. These two components, the first highly loaded with Al, B, Cr, Fe, Ni and S, and the second loaded with Ca, Cd, Mg and Mn, were inversely related to each other over time and space. The first component was interpreted as consisting of an anthropogenic and a dust component, while the second, primarily a nutritional component. Cu, K, Na, P, Pb and Zn were not highly loaded on either component. Component 1 decreased significantly over the 11 years and from west to east, while component 2 increased. The corticolous species were more enriched in heavy metals than the terricolous species. All four elements in component 2 in&nbsp;</span><i>H. physodes</i><span>&nbsp;were above enrichment thresholds for this species. Species differences on the two components were greater than the effects of time and space, suggesting that biomonitoring with lichens is strongly species dependent. Some localities in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness appear enriched in some anthropogenic elements for no obvious reasons.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0098-8472(98)00055-0","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., and Wetmore, C.M., 1999, Changes in element contents of four lichens over 11 years in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, northern Minnesota: Environmental and Experimental Botany, v. 41, no. 1, p. 75-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(98)00055-0.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Boundary Waters","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.28923768284771,\n              48.04818270788198\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.2933028235245,\n              48.11064886039284\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.75266372000586,\n              48.10250540260512\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.85429223692648,\n              48.26242328251959\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.95592075384717,\n              48.23264591910663\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.43967249438973,\n              48.05361755828051\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.5941478401091,\n              48.10250540260512\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.73236262312133,\n              48.20014174802935\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.06163901794453,\n              48.35705411093949\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.35839428735292,\n              48.37325892048108\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.26896119246263,\n              48.243476057264246\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.4275016788588,\n              47.88487042872998\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.27300172663998,\n              47.76477982489226\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.28923768284771,\n              48.04818270788198\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, James P.","contributorId":100323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wetmore, C. M.","contributorId":65036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wetmore","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":81458,"text":"81458 - 1999 - Consumption of rainbow smelt by walleye and salmonine fishes in eastern Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:52","indexId":"81458","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Consumption of rainbow smelt by walleye and salmonine fishes in eastern Lake Erie","docAbstract":"At present, rainbow smelt appear to represent a key component of the eastern Lake Erie fish community as they are the dominant prey for virtually every open water predator, and are harvested directly by an important Ontario commercial fishery.  In response to concern over the status of rainbow smelt in eastern Lake Erie, our objective was to quantify some primary top down forces of rainbow smelt mortality that include walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum), five stocked salmonine fishes, and the commercial fishery.  This objective was to satisfy a need to understand whether consumption by the major fish predators was significant relative to the measured commercial harvest of rainbow smelt.  Achieving this knowledge may provide fisheries managers with an improved basis for managing the rainbow smelt resource through adjustments to stocking policies and/or commercial fishing quotas.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The state of Lake Erie: past, present and future","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Backhuys Publishers","publisherLocation":"Leiden, The Netherlands","usgsCitation":"Einhouse, D., Bur, M., Cornelius, F., Kenyon, R., Madenjian, C., Rand, P., Sztramko, K., and Witzel, L., 1999, Consumption of rainbow smelt by walleye and salmonine fishes in eastern Lake Erie, chap. <i>of</i> The state of Lake Erie: past, present and future, p. 291-303.","productDescription":"p. 291-303","startPage":"291","endPage":"303","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e91","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Munawar, M.","contributorId":79835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munawar","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504130,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edsall, T.","contributorId":8792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504128,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Munawar, I.F.","contributorId":71934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munawar","given":"I.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504129,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Einhouse, D.W.","contributorId":27813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einhouse","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bur, M.T.","contributorId":58215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bur","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cornelius, F.C.","contributorId":97841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornelius","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kenyon, R.","contributorId":33652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenyon","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Madenjian, C.P.","contributorId":64175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"C.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rand, P.S.","contributorId":17561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rand","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sztramko, K.L.","contributorId":60977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sztramko","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Witzel, L.D.","contributorId":70324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzel","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70187673,"text":"70187673 - 1999 - Surface phenology and satellite sensor-derived onset of greenness: An initial comparison","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T13:32:45","indexId":"70187673","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface phenology and satellite sensor-derived onset of greenness: An initial comparison","docAbstract":"<p><span>The objective of this work was to document the utility of phenological data derived from satellite sensors by comparing them with modelled phenology. Surface phenological model outputs (first leaf and first bloom dates) were correlated positively with satellite sensor-derived start of season (SOS) dates for 1991-1995 across the eastern United States. The correlation was highest for forest (r 0.62 for deciduous trees and 0.64 for mixed woodland) and tall grass (r 0.46) and lowest for short grass (r 0.37). The average correlation over all land cover types was 0.61. Average SOS dates were consistently earlier than Spring Index dates across all land cover types. This finding and limited native tree phenology data suggest that the SOS technique detects understorey green-up in the forest rather than overstorey species. The biweekly temporal resolution of the satellite sensor data placed an upper limit on prediction accuracy; thus, year-to-year variations at individual sites were typically small. Nevertheless, the correct biweek SOS could be identified from the surface models 61% of the time, and 1 biweek 96% of the time. Further temporal refinement of the satellite sensor measurements is necessary in order to connect them with surface phenology adequately and to develop links among 'green wave' components in selected biomes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/014311699211499","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, M.D., and Reed, B.C., 1999, Surface phenology and satellite sensor-derived onset of greenness: An initial comparison: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 20, no. 17, p. 3451-3457, https://doi.org/10.1080/014311699211499.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3451","endPage":"3457","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341225,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9b7e4b044b359e486aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, Mark D.","contributorId":175228,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":18038,"text":"University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, Bradley C. 0000-0002-1132-7178 reed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":2901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"reed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185285,"text":"70185285 - 1999 - Bar-tailed Godwits <i>Limosa lapponica</i> in Alaska: A population estimate from the staging grounds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:28:50","indexId":"70185285","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3704,"text":"Wader Study Group Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bar-tailed Godwits <i>Limosa lapponica</i> in Alaska: A population estimate from the staging grounds","docAbstract":"<p>Bar-tailed Godwits <i>Limosa lapponica</i> were surveyed on their staging grounds in Alaska during September 1995 and 1997. The single high count of 94,000 birds closely matched that of counts from New Zealand and south-eastern Australia, the known non-breeding area for most of the <i>baueri</i> subspecies. Numbers recorded on the southern Yukon-Kuskokwim River Delta and at Egegik Bay, a small estuary along the Alaska Peninsula, qualify both areas as Hemispheric Reserves under the Westem Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network, as sites within the East Asian-Australian Shorebird Reserve Network, and as Ramsar sites. The breeding origins, destinations, and taxonomic affinities of Bar-tailed Godwits staging on the coast of south-west Alaska need further assessment. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wader Study Group","usgsCitation":"Gill, R., and McCaffery, B.J., 1999, Bar-tailed Godwits <i>Limosa lapponica</i> in Alaska: A population estimate from the staging grounds: Wader Study Group Bulletin, v. 88, p. 49-54.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"54","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337824,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337823,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waderstudygroup.org/publications/bulletin/bulletin-vol-volume-106-and-earlier/","text":"Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -168.5302734375,\n              54.44449176335762\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.40234375,\n              54.44449176335762\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.40234375,\n              65.10914820386473\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.5302734375,\n              65.10914820386473\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.5302734375,\n              54.44449176335762\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"88","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ccf59ee4b0849ce97f0ce8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCaffery, Brian J.","contributorId":37617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCaffery","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022088,"text":"70022088 - 1999 - Prediction of gas production using well logs, Cretaceous of north-central Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022088","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction of gas production using well logs, Cretaceous of north-central Montana","docAbstract":"Cretaceous gas sands underlie much of east-central Alberta and southern Saskatchewan, eastern Montana, western North Dakota, and parts of South Dakota and Wyoming. Estimates of recoverable biogenic methane from these rocks in the United States are as high as 91 TCF. In northern Montana, current production is localized around a few major structural features, while vast areas in between these structures are not being exploited. Although the potential for production exists, the lack of commercial development is due to three major factors: 1) the lack of pipeline infrastructure; 2) the lack of predictable and reliable rates of production; and 3) the difficulty in recognizing and selecting potentially productive gas-charged intervals. Unconventional (tight), continuous-type reservoirs, such as those in the Cretaceous of the northern Great Plains, are not well suited for conventional methods of formation evaluation. Pay zones frequently consist only of thinly laminated intervals of sandstone, silt, shale stringers, and disseminated clay. Potential producing intervals are commonly unrecognizable on well logs, and thus are overlooked. To aid in the identification and selection of potential producing intervals, a calibration system is developed here that empirically links the 'gas effect' to gas production. The calibration system combines the effects of porosity, water saturation, and clay content into a single 'gas-production index' (GPI) that relates the in-situ rock with production potential. The fundamental method for isolating the gas effect for calibration is a crossplot of neutron porosity minus density porosity vs gamma-ray intensity. Well-log and gas-production data used for this study consist of 242 perforated intervals from 53 gas-producing wells. Interval depths range from about 250 to 2400 ft. Gas volumes in the peak calendar year of production range from about 4 to 136 MMCF. Nine producing formations are represented. Producing-interval data show that porosity and gas production are closely linked to clay volume. Highest porosities and maximum gas production occur together at an intermediate clay content of about 12% (60 API). As clay volume exceeds 35% (130 API), minimum porosity required for production increases rapidly, and the number of potential producing intervals declines. Gas production from intervals where clay volume exceeds 50% is rare. Effective porosities of less than about 8% are probably inadequate for commercial gas production in these rocks regardless of clay content.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Hester, T., 1999, Prediction of gas production using well logs, Cretaceous of north-central Montana: Mountain Geologist, v. 36, no. 2, p. 85-98.","startPage":"85","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81eee4b0c8380cd7b7e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hester, T.C.","contributorId":93054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hester","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021257,"text":"70021257 - 1999 - At-sea distribution of Spectacled Eiders: A 120-year-old mystery resolved","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T10:59:14","indexId":"70021257","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"At-sea distribution of Spectacled Eiders: A 120-year-old mystery resolved","docAbstract":"<p>The at-sea distribution of the threatened Spectacled Eider (<i>Somateria fischeri</i>) has remained largely undocumented. We identified migration corridors, staging and molting areas, and wintering areas of adult Spectacled Eiders using implanted satellite-transmitters in birds from each of the three extant breeding grounds (North Slope and Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in Alaska and arctic Russia). Based on transmitter locations, we conducted aerial surveys to provide visual confirmation of eider flocks and to estimate numbers of birds. We identified two principal molting and staging areas off coastal Alaska (Ledyard Bay and eastern Norton Sound) and two off coastal Russia (Mechigmenskiy Bay on the eastern Chukotka Peninsula, and the area between the Indigirka and Kolyma deltas in the Republic of Sakha). We estimated that &gt;10,000 birds molt and stage in monospecific flocks at Mechigmenskiy and Ledyard bays, and several thousand molt and stage in eastern Norton Sound. We further identified eastern Norton Sound as the principal molting and staging area for females nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, and Ledyard Bay and Mechigmenskiy Bay as the principal molting and staging areas for females nesting on the North Slope. Males marked at all three breeding grounds molt and stage in Mechigmenskiy Bay, Ledyard Bay, and the Indigirka-Kolyma delta region. Males from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta molt and stage mainly at Mechigmenskiy Bay. Equal numbers of males from the North Slope molt and stage at all three areas, and most males from arctic Russia molt and stage at the Indigirka-Kolyma delta region. Postbreeding migration corridors were offshore in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas. In winter, eiders were in the Bering Sea south of St. Lawrence Island. Our estimates from surveys in late winter and early spring suggest that at least 333,000 birds winter in single-species flocks in the pack ice in the Bering Sea.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089681","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.R., Larned, W.W., and Douglas, D., 1999, At-sea distribution of Spectacled Eiders: A 120-year-old mystery resolved: The Auk, v. 116, no. 4, p. 1009-1020, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089681.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1009","endPage":"1020","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479626,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089681","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":486683,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9B091HG","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Tracking Data for Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri)"},{"id":230062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -210,\n              60\n            ],\n            [\n              -145,\n              60\n            ],\n            [\n              -145,\n              73\n            ],\n            [\n              -210,\n              73\n            ],\n            [\n              -210,\n              60\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee9ce4b0c8380cd49e6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":389237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larned, William W.","contributorId":75206,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larned","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":389236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021197,"text":"70021197 - 1999 - Trace-element geochemistry of metabasaltic rocks from the Yukon-Tanana Upland and implications for the origin of tectonic assemblages in east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T13:44:58","indexId":"70021197","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace-element geochemistry of metabasaltic rocks from the Yukon-Tanana Upland and implications for the origin of tectonic assemblages in east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"We present major- and trace- element geochemical data for 27 amphibolites and six greenstones from three structural packages in the Yukon-Tanana Upland of east-central Alaska: the Lake George assemblage (LG) of Devono-Mississippian augen gneiss, quartz-mica schist, quartzite, and amphibolite; the Taylor Mountain assemblage (TM) of mafic schist and gneiss, marble, quartzite, and metachert; and the Seventymile terrane of greenstone, serpentinized peridotite, and Mississippian to Late Triassic metasedimentary rocks. Most LG amphibolites have relatively high Nb, TiO2, Zr, and light rare earth element contents, indicative of an alkalic to tholeiitic, within-plate basalt origin. The within-plate affinities of the LG amphibolites suggest that their basaltic parent magmas developed in an extensional setting and support a correlation of these metamorphosed continental-margin rocks with less metamorphosed counterparts across the Tintina fault in the Selwyn Basin of the Canadian Cordillera. TM amphibolites have a tholeiitic or calc-alkalic composition, low normalized abundances of Nb and Ta relative to Th and La, and Ti/V values of <20, all indicative of a volcanic-arc origin. Limited results from Seventymile greenstones indicate a tholeiitic or calc-alkalic composition and intermediate to high Ti/V values (27-48), consistent with either a within-plate or an ocean-floor basalt origin. Y-La-Nb proportions in both TM and Seventymile metabasalts indicate the proximity of the arc and marginal basin to continental crust. The arc geochemistry of TM amphibolites is consistent with a model in which the TM assemblage includes arc rocks generated above a west-dipping subduction zone outboard of the North American continental margin in mid-Paleozoic through Triassic time. The ocean-floor or within-plate basalt geochemistry of the Seventymile greenstones supports the correlation of the Seventymile terrane with the Slide Mountain terrane in Canada and the hypothesis that these oceanic rocks originated in a basin between the continental margin and an arc to the west.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e99-077","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., and Cooper, K., 1999, Trace-element geochemistry of metabasaltic rocks from the Yukon-Tanana Upland and implications for the origin of tectonic assemblages in east-central Alaska: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 36, no. 10, p. 1671-1695, https://doi.org/10.1139/e99-077.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1671","endPage":"1695","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Tanana Upland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154.248046875,\n              60.88770004207789\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.15234374999997,\n              60.88770004207789\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.15234374999997,\n              66.93006025862448\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.248046875,\n              66.93006025862448\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.248046875,\n              60.88770004207789\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb681e4b08c986b326cdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, K.M.","contributorId":91886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021646,"text":"70021646 - 1999 - Quaternary grabens in southernmost Illinois: Deformation near an active intraplate seismic zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021646","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary grabens in southernmost Illinois: Deformation near an active intraplate seismic zone","docAbstract":"Narrow grabens displace Quaternary sediments near the northern edge of the Mississippi Embayment in extreme southern Illinois, east-central United States. Grabens are part of the Fluorspar Area Fault Complex (FAFC), which has been recurrently active throughout Phanerozoic time. The FAFC strikes directly toward the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), scene of some of the largest intra-plate earthquakes in history. The NMSZ and FAFC share origin in a failed Cambrian rift (Reelfoot Rift). Every major fault zone of the FAFC in Illinois exhibits Quaternary displacement. The structures appear to be strike-slip pull-apart grabens, but the magnitude and direction of horizontal slip and their relationship to the current stress field are unknown. Upper Tertiary strata are vertically displaced more than 100 m, Illinoian and older Pleistocene strata 10 to 30 m, and Wisconsinan deposits 1 m or less. No Holocene deformation has been observed. Average vertical slip rates are estimated at 0.01 to 0.03 mm/year, and recurrence intervals for earthquakes of magnitude 6 to 7 are on the order of 10,000s of years for any given fault. Previous authors remarked that the small amount of surface deformation in the New Madrid area implies that the NMSZ is a young feature. Our findings show that tectonic activity has shifted around throughout the Quaternary in the central Mississippi Valley. In addition to the NMSZ and southern Illinois, the Wabash Valley (Illinois-Indiana), Benton Hills (Missouri), Crowley's Ridge (Arkansas-Missouri), and possibly other sites have experienced Quaternary tectonism. The NMSZ may be only the latest manifestation of seismicity in an intensely fractured intra-plate region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00018-9","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Nelson, W., Denny, F., Follmer, L., and Masters, J., 1999, Quaternary grabens in southernmost Illinois: Deformation near an active intraplate seismic zone: Tectonophysics, v. 305, no. 1-3, p. 381-397, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00018-9.","startPage":"381","endPage":"397","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206251,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00018-9"},{"id":229216,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"305","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a92cfe4b0c8380cd80a6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, W.J.","contributorId":17762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denny, F.B.","contributorId":53546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denny","given":"F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Follmer, L.R.","contributorId":19294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Follmer","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Masters, J.M.","contributorId":92440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masters","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021606,"text":"70021606 - 1999 - Thermal regime of the Great Basin and its implications for enhanced geothermal systems and off-grid power","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T13:19:40","indexId":"70021606","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1827,"text":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal regime of the Great Basin and its implications for enhanced geothermal systems and off-grid power","docAbstract":"The Basin and Range Province of the Western United States covers most of Nevada and parts of adjoining states. It was formed by east-west tectonic extension that occurred mostly between 50 and 10 Ma, but which still is active in some areas. The northern Basin and Range, also known as the Great Basin, is higher in elevation, has higher regional heat flow and is more tectonically active than the southern Basin and Range which encompasses the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts. The Great Basin terrane contains the largest number of geothermal power plants in the United States, although most electrical production is at The Geysers and in the Salton Trough. Installed capacities of electrical power plants in the Great Basin vary from 1 to 260 MWe. Productivity is limited largely by permeability, relatively small productive reservoir volumes, available water, market conditions and the availability of transmission lines. Accessible, in-place heat is not a limiting condition for geothermal systems in the Great Basin. In many areas, economic temperatures (>120°C) can be found at economically drillable depths making it an appropriate region for implementation of the concept of \"Enhanced Geothermal Systems\" (EGS). An incremental approach to EGS would involve increasing the productivity and longevity of existing hydrothermal systems. Those geothermal projects that have an existing power plant and transmission facilities are the most attractive EGS candidates. Sites that were not developed owing to marginal size, lack of intrinsic permeability, and distance to existing electrical grid lines are also worthy of consideration for off-grid power production in geographically isolated markets such as ranches, farms, mines, and smelters.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Global Geothermal Resources: Sustainable Energy for the Future","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","usgsCitation":"Sass, J.H., and Walters, M., 1999, Thermal regime of the Great Basin and its implications for enhanced geothermal systems and off-grid power: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 23, p. 211-218.","startPage":"211","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280154,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1016472"}],"volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb252e4b08c986b325717","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sass, John H.","contributorId":69596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walters, Mark A.","contributorId":25604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Mark A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021524,"text":"70021524 - 1999 - Prediction of episodic acidification in North-eastern USA: An empirical/mechanistic approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70021524","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction of episodic acidification in North-eastern USA: An empirical/mechanistic approach","docAbstract":"Observations from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Episodic Response Project (ERP) in the North-eastern United States are used to develop an empirical/mechanistic scheme for prediction of the minimum values of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) during episodes. An acidification episode is defined as a hydrological event during which ANC decreases. The pre-episode ANC is used to index the antecedent condition, and the stream flow increase reflects how much the relative contributions of sources of waters change during the episode. As much as 92% of the total variation in the minimum ANC in individual catchments can be explained (with levels of explanation >70% for nine of the 13 streams) by a multiple linear regression model that includes pre-episode ANC and change in discharge as independent variable. The predictive scheme is demonstrated to be regionally robust, with the regional variance explained ranging from 77 to 83%. The scheme is not successful for each ERP stream, and reasons are suggested for the individual failures. The potential for applying the predictive scheme to other watersheds is demonstrated by testing the model with data from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed in the South-eastern United States, where the variance explained by the model was 74%. The model can also be utilized to assess 'chemically new' and 'chemically old' water sources during acidification episodes.Observations from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Episodic Response Project (ERP) in the Northeastern United States are used to develop an empirical/mechanistic scheme for prediction of the minimum values of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) during episodes. An acidification episode is defined as a hydrological event during which ANC decreases. The pre-episode ANC is used to index the antecedent condition, and the stream flow increase reflects how much the relative contributions of sources of waters change during the episode. As much as 92% of the total variation in the minimum ANC in individual catchments can be explained (with levels of explanation >70% for nine of the 13 streams) by a multiple linear regression model that includes pre-episode ANC and change in discharge as independent variables. The predictive scheme is demonstrated to be regionally robust, with the regional variance explained ranging from 77 to 83%. The scheme is not successful for each ERP stream, and reasons are suggested for the individual failures. The potential for applying the predictive scheme to other watersheds is demonstrated by testing the model with data from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed in the South-eastern United States, where the variance explained by the model was 74%. The model can also be utilized to assess `chemically new' and `chemically old' water sources during acidification episodes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons Ltd","publisherLocation":"Chichester, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19990615)13:8<1181::AID-HYP767>3.0.CO;2-9","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Davies, T., Tranter, M., Wigington, P., Eshleman, K., Peters, N., Van Sickle, J., DeWalle, D.R., and Murdoch, P., 1999, Prediction of episodic acidification in North-eastern USA: An empirical/mechanistic approach: Hydrological Processes, v. 13, no. 8, p. 1181-1195, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19990615)13:8<1181::AID-HYP767>3.0.CO;2-9.","startPage":"1181","endPage":"1195","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206201,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19990615)13:8<1181::AID-HYP767>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"id":229100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81ede4b0c8380cd7b7e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davies, T.D.","contributorId":86513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tranter, M.","contributorId":22525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tranter","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wigington, P.J. Jr.","contributorId":96433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wigington","given":"P.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eshleman, K.N.","contributorId":12632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eshleman","given":"K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Van Sickle, J.","contributorId":79252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Sickle","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"DeWalle, David R.","contributorId":23291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWalle","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70021473,"text":"70021473 - 1999 - Variations in water clarity and bottom albedo in Florida Bay from 1985 to 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-12T17:42:28.487086","indexId":"70021473","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in water clarity and bottom albedo in Florida Bay from 1985 to 1997","docAbstract":"<p><span>Following extensive seagrass die-offs of the late 1980s and early 1990s, Florida Bay reportedly had significant declines in water clarity due to turbidity and algal blooms. Scant information exists on the extent of the decline, as this bay was not investigated for water quality concerns before the die-offs and limited areas were sampled after the primary die-off. We use imagery from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) to examine water clarity in Florida Bay for the period 1985 to 1997. The AVHRR provides data on nominal water reflectance and estimated light attenuation, which are used here to describe turbidity conditions in the bay on a seasonal basis. In situ observations on changes in seagrass abundance within the bay, combined with the satellite data, provide additional insights into losses of seagrass. The imagery shows an extensive region to the west of Florida Bay having increased reflectance and light attenuation in both winter and summer begining in winter of 1988. These increases are consistent with a change from dense seagrass to sparse or negligible cover. Approximately 200 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;of these offshore seagrasses may have been lost during the primary die-off (1988 through 1991), significantly more than in the bay. The imagery shows the distribution and timing of increased turbidity that followed the die-offs in the northwestern regions of the bay, exemplified in Rankin Lake and Johnson Key Basin, and indicates that about 200 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;of dense seagrass may have been lost or severely degraded within the bay from the start of the die-off. The decline in water clarity has continued in the northwestern bay since 1991. The area west of the Everglades National Park boundaries has shown decreases in both winter turbidity and summer reflectances, suggestive of partial seagrass recovery. Areas of low reflectance associated with a major</span><i>Syringodium filiforme</i><span>&nbsp;seagrass meadow north of Marathon (Vaca Key, in the Florida Keys) appear to have expanded westward toward Big Pine Key, indicating changes in the bottom cover from before the die-off. The southern and eastern sections of the Bay have not shown significant changes in water clarity or bottom albedo throughout the entire time period.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1353209","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Stumpf, R.P., Frayer, M., Durako, M., and Brock, J.C., 1999, Variations in water clarity and bottom albedo in Florida Bay from 1985 to 1997: Estuaries, v. 22, no. 2B, p. 431-444, https://doi.org/10.2307/1353209.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"444","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229465,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              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P.","contributorId":30649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumpf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frayer, M.L.","contributorId":75292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frayer","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Durako, M.J.","contributorId":98902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durako","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brock, J. C.","contributorId":36095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021469,"text":"70021469 - 1999 - Reproductive biology and juvenile recruitment of the shinyrayed pocketbook, Lampsilis subangulata (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the Gulf Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-09T17:36:12.641487","indexId":"70021469","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive biology and juvenile recruitment of the shinyrayed pocketbook, Lampsilis subangulata (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the Gulf Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"<p><span>The reproductive biology, glochidial morphology and recruitment of the federally endangered shinyrayed pocketbook,&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Lampsilis subangulata</span></i><span>, were studied from May 1995 to July 1996 in the Flint River system, Georgia. Gravid female&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">L. subangulata</span></i><span>&nbsp;were found nine months of the year. On 19 May 1995, a&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">L. subangulata</span></i><span>&nbsp;was discovered releasing a superconglutinate, the first record confirming that this species used this specialized reproductive strategy. Superconglutinate release occurred from late May to mid-July in water temperatures ranging from 20.0 to 23.5 C. Laboratory experiments indicated that two fish species served as primary hosts, the spotted bass (</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Micropterus punctulatus</span></i><span>) and largemouth bass (</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">M. salmoides</span></i><span>). Secondary host fish included the eastern mosquitofish (</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Gambusia holbrooki</span></i><span>), guppy (</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Poecilia reticulata</span></i><span>) and bluegill (</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Lepomis macrochirus</span></i><span>). The glochidial morphology of&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">L. subangulata</span></i><span>&nbsp;was similar to other lampsiline species. Using quantitative survey methods, no evidence of recent juvenile recruitment was found in the largest known extant&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">L. subangulata</span></i><span>&nbsp;population.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(1999)142[0129:RBAJRO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, C.A., and Brim-Box, J., 1999, Reproductive biology and juvenile recruitment of the shinyrayed pocketbook, Lampsilis subangulata (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the Gulf Coastal Plain: American Midland Naturalist, v. 142, no. 1, p. 129-140, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(1999)142[0129:RBAJRO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229348,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Flint River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.88314047504963,\n              30.724249393520424\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.39780381570432,\n              30.724249393520424\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.39780381570432,\n              32.53415270741888\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.88314047504963,\n              32.53415270741888\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.88314047504963,\n              30.724249393520424\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"142","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa8b9e4b0c8380cd85a3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, C. A.","contributorId":35908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brim-Box, Jayne","contributorId":139992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brim-Box","given":"Jayne","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13345,"text":"Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021467,"text":"70021467 - 1999 - Reconstructing the history of eastern and central Florida Bay using mollusk-shell isotope records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-12T17:47:37.707457","indexId":"70021467","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconstructing the history of eastern and central Florida Bay using mollusk-shell isotope records","docAbstract":"<p><span>Stable isotopic ratios of carbon and oxygen (δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C and δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O) from mollusk shells reflect the water quality characteristics of Florida Bay and can be used to characterize the great temporal variability of the bay. Values of δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O are directly influenced by temperature and evaporation and may be related to salinity, δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C values of δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C are sensitive to organic and inorganic sources of carbon and are influenced by productivity. Analyses of eight mollusk species from five short-core localities across Florida Bay show large ranges in the values of δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C and δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O, and reflect the variation of the bay over decades. Samples from southwester Florida Bay have distinct δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C values relative to samples collected in northeastern Florida Bay, and intermediate localities have intermediate values.</span><sup>13</sup><span>C values of δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C grade from marine in the southwest bay to more estuarine in the northeast. Long cores (&gt;1m), with excellent chronologies were analyzed from central and eastern Florida Bay. Preliminary analyses of</span><i>Brachiodontes exustus</i><span>&nbsp;and</span><i>Transenella</i><span>&nbsp;spp. from the cores showed that both δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C and δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O changed during the first part of the twentieth century. After a century of relative stability during the 1800s, δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C decreased between about 1910 and 1940, then stabilized at these new values for the next five decades. The magnitude of the reduction in δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C values increased toward the northeast. Using a carbon budget model, reduced δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C values are interpreted as resulting from decreased circulation in the bay, probably associated with decreased freshwater flow into the Bay. Mollusk shell δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values display several negative excursions during the 1800s, suggesting that the bay was less evaporitic than during the twentieth century. The isotope records indicate a fundamental change took place in Florida Bay circulation early in the twentieth century. The timing of the change links it to railroad building and early drainage efforts in South Florida rather than to flood control and water management measures initiated after World War II.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1353204","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Halley, R.B., and Roulier, L., 1999, Reconstructing the history of eastern and central Florida Bay using mollusk-shell isotope records: Estuaries, v. 22, no. 2B, p. 358-368, https://doi.org/10.2307/1353204.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"358","endPage":"368","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229315,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          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]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"2B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a255e4b0e8fec6cdb582","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halley, R. B.","contributorId":87941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roulier, L.M.","contributorId":59823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roulier","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020900,"text":"70020900 - 1999 - Mercury concentration in coal — Unraveling the puzzle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-28T18:41:22.021786","indexId":"70020900","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury concentration in coal — Unraveling the puzzle","docAbstract":"<p><span>Based on data from the US Geological Survey's COALQUAL database, the mean concentration of mercury in coal is approximately 0.2</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>μg</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. Assuming the database reflects in-ground US coal resources, values for conterminous US coal areas range from 0.08</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>μg</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;for coal in the San Juan and Uinta regions to 0.22</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>μg</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;for the Gulf Coast lignites. Recalculating the COALQUAL data to an equal energy basis unadjusted for moisture differences, the Gulf Coast lignites have the highest values (36.4</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>lb of Hg/10</span><sup>12</sup><span>&nbsp;</span><span>Btu) and the Hams Fork region coal has the lowest value (4.8</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>lb of Hg/10</span><sup>12</sup><span>&nbsp;</span><span>Btu). Strong indirect geochemical evidence indicates that a substantial proportion of the mercury in coal is associated with pyrite occurrence. This association of mercury and pyrite probably accounts for the removal of mercury with the pyrite by physical coal cleaning procedures. Data from the literature indicate that conventional coal cleaning removes approximately 37% of the mercury on an equal energy basis, with a range of 0% to 78%. When the average mercury reduction value is applied to in-ground mercury values from the COALQUAL database, the resulting `cleaned' mercury values are very close to mercury in `as-shipped' coal from the same coal bed in the same county. Applying the reduction factor for coal cleaning to eastern US bituminous coal, reduces the mercury input load compared to lower-rank non-cleaned western US coal. In the absence of analytical data on as-shipped coal, the mercury data in the COALQUAL database, adjusted for cleanability where appropriate, may be used as an estimator of mercury contents of as-shipped coal.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00112-4","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Toole-O’Neil, B., Tewalt, S., Finkelman, R.B., and Akers, D., 1999, Mercury concentration in coal — Unraveling the puzzle: Fuel, v. 78, no. 1, p. 47-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00112-4.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230121,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70021022,"text":"70021022 - 1999 - Large-magnitude, late Holocene earthquakes on the Genoa fault, West-Central Nevada and Eastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T23:16:27.444339","indexId":"70021022","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-magnitude, late Holocene earthquakes on the Genoa fault, West-Central Nevada and Eastern California","docAbstract":"<p>The Genoa fault, a principal normal fault of the transition zone between the Basin and Range Province and the northern Sierra Nevada, displays a large and conspicuous prehistoric scarp. Three trenches excavated across this scarp exposed two large-displacement, late Holocene events. Two of the trenches contained multiple layers of stratified charcoal, yielding radiocarbon ages suggesting the most recent and penultimate events on the main part of the fault occurred 500-600 cal<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">B.P.</span>, and 2000-2200 cal<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">B.P.</span>, respectively. Normal-slip offsets of 3-5.5 m per event along much of the rupture length are comparable to the largest historical Basin and Range Province earthquakes, suggesting these paleoearthquakes were on the order of magnitude 7.2-7.5. The apparent late Holocene slip rate (2-3 mm/yr) is one of the highest in the Basin and Range Province.</p><p>Based on structural and behavioral differences, the Genoa fault is here divided into four principal sections (the Sierra, Diamond Valley, Carson Valley, and Jacks Valley sections) and is distinguished from three northeast-striking faults in the Carson City area (the Kings Canyon, Carson City, and Indian Hill faults). The conspicuous scarp extends for nearly 25 km, the combined length of the Carson Valley and Jacks Valley sections. The Diamond Valley section lacks the conspicuous scarp, and older alluvial fans and bedrock outcrops on the downthrown side of the fault indicate a lower activity rate. Activity further decreases to the south along the Sierra section, which consists of numerous distributed faults. All three northeast-striking faults in the Carson City area ruptured within the past few thousand years, and one or more may have ruptured during recent events on the Genoa fault.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0890061458","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Ramelli, A., Bell, J.W., DePolo, C., and Yount, J.C., 1999, Large-magnitude, late Holocene earthquakes on the Genoa fault, West-Central Nevada and Eastern California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 89, no. 6, p. 1458-1472, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0890061458.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1458","endPage":"1472","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230008,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.84352757286428,\n              39.78539949981078\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.84352757286428,\n              38.36111926718482\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.08022190880186,\n              38.36111926718482\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.08022190880186,\n              39.78539949981078\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.84352757286428,\n              39.78539949981078\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4490e4b0c8380cd66bed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramelli, A. R.","contributorId":100564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramelli","given":"A. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, J. W.","contributorId":54288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DePolo, C.M.","contributorId":74533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DePolo","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yount, J. C.","contributorId":69553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yount","given":"J.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022043,"text":"70022043 - 1999 - Late Quaternary slip rate and seismic hazards of the West Klamath Lake fault zone near Crater Lake, Oregon Cascades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:09:49","indexId":"70022043","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary slip rate and seismic hazards of the West Klamath Lake fault zone near Crater Lake, Oregon Cascades","docAbstract":"<p><span>Crater Lake caldera is at the north end of the Klamath graben, where this N10°W-trending major Basin and Range structure impinges upon the north-south–trending High Cascades volcanic arc. East-facing normal faults, typically 10–15 km long, form the West Klamath Lake fault zone, which bounds the graben on its west side. The fault zone terminates on the south near the epicentral area of the September 1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes. It continues north past Crater Lake as the Annie Spring fault, which is within ∼1 km of the west caldera rim, and Red Cone Spring fault. We have determined a long-term vertical slip rate of 0.3 mm/yr for these two faults using high-precision K-Ar and&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar age measurements on offset lava flows ranging in age from ca. 35 to 300 ka. Holocene offset reported by Hawkins et al. and epicenters of eight M</span><sub>W</sub><span>&nbsp;2 earthquakes in 1994 and 1995 indicate that the West Klamath Lake fault zone is active. Empirical relations between earthquake magnitudes and scarp heights or fault lengths suggest that the fault zone is capable of producing earthquakes as large as M</span><sub>W</sub><span>&nbsp;7¼. Earthquakes on these or other faults of the zone could trigger landslides and rockfalls from the walls of the caldera, possibly resulting in large waves on Crater Lake.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0043:LQSRAS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., Lanphere, M.A., and Champion, D., 1999, Late Quaternary slip rate and seismic hazards of the West Klamath Lake fault zone near Crater Lake, Oregon Cascades: Geology, v. 27, no. 1, p. 43-46, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0043:LQSRAS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4537e4b0c8380cd67123","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Champion, D.E.","contributorId":70402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022011,"text":"70022011 - 1999 - A Possible connection between the 1878 yellow fever epidemic in the southern United States and the 1877-78 El Niño episode","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-13T09:53:40","indexId":"70022011","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1112,"text":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","onlineIssn":"1520-0477","printIssn":"0003-0007","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Possible connection between the 1878 yellow fever epidemic in the southern United States and the 1877-78 El Niño episode","docAbstract":"<p>One of the most severe outbreaks of yellow fever, a viral disease transmitted by the <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquito, affected the southern United States in the summer of 1878. The economic and human toll was enormous, and the city of Memphis, Tennessee, was one of the most affected. The authors suggest that as a consequence of one of the strongest El Ni&ntilde;o episodes on record&mdash;that which occurred in 1877-78&mdash;exceptional climate anomalies occurred in the United States (as well as in many other parts of the world), which may have been partly responsible for the widespread nature and severity of the 1878 yellow fever outbreak.</p>\n<p class=\"last\">This study documents some of the extreme climate anomalies that were recorded in 1877 and 1878 in parts of the eastern United States, with particular emphasis on highlighting the evolution of these anomalies, as they might have contributed to the epidemic. Other years with major outbreaks of yellow fever in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries also occurred during the course of El Ni&ntilde;o episodes, a fact that appears not to have been noted before in the literature.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ameican Metrological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0021:APCBTY>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00030007","usgsCitation":"Diaz, H.F., and McCabe, G., 1999, A Possible connection between the 1878 yellow fever epidemic in the southern United States and the 1877-78 El Niño episode: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 80, no. 1, p. 21-27, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0021:APCBTY>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0021:apcbty>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555475abe4b0a92fa7e94f47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diaz, Henry F.","contributorId":68476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":1453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory J.","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022010,"text":"70022010 - 1999 - An autogamous rainforest species of <i>Schiedea</i> (Caryophyllaceae) from East Maui, Hawaiian Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:10:33","indexId":"70022010","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2904,"text":"Novon","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An autogamous rainforest species of <i>Schiedea</i> (Caryophyllaceae) from East Maui, Hawaiian Islands","docAbstract":"<p>A new autogamous species of <i>Schiedea</i> is described and illustrated. It is known only from cliff habitat in rainforest on a single ridge in the Natural Area Reserve, Hanawi, East Maui. With the addition of this species there are 28 species in this endemic Hawaiian genus. The new species appears to be most closely related to <i>Schiedea nuttallii</i>, a species of mesic habitats on O'ahu, Moloka'i, and Maui.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Missouri Botanical Garden Press","publisherLocation":"St. Louis, MO","doi":"10.2307/3391816","issn":"10553177","usgsCitation":"Wagner, W., Weller, S., Sakai, A., and Medeiros, A., 1999, An autogamous rainforest species of <i>Schiedea</i> (Caryophyllaceae) from East Maui, Hawaiian Islands: Novon, v. 9, no. 2, p. 284-287, https://doi.org/10.2307/3391816.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"284","endPage":"287","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479459,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/3045","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"East Maui","volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea1ee4b0c8380cd4864b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, W.L.","contributorId":18127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weller, S.G.","contributorId":37914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weller","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sakai, A.K.","contributorId":98059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sakai","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Medeiros, A.C.","contributorId":19703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medeiros","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022005,"text":"70022005 - 1999 - Occurrence and transport of total mercury and methyl mercury in the Sacramento River Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T16:37:11","indexId":"70022005","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and transport of total mercury and methyl mercury in the Sacramento River Basin, California","docAbstract":"Mercury poses a water-quality problem for California's Sacramento River, a large river with a mean annual discharge of over 650 m3/s. This river discharges into the San Francisco Bay, and numerous fish species of the bay and river contain mercury levels high enough to affect human health if consumed. Two possible sources of mercury are the mercury mines in the Coast Ranges and the gold mines in the Sierra Nevada. Mercury was once mined in the Coast Ranges, west of the Sacramento River, and used to process gold in the Sierra Nevada, east of the river. The mineralogy of the Coast Ranges mercury deposits is mainly cinnabar (HgS), but elemental mercury was used to process gold in the Sierra Nevada. Residual mercury from mineral processing in the Sierra Nevada is mainly in elemental form or in association with oxide particles or organic matter and is biologically available. Recent bed-sediment sampling, at sites below large reservoirs, showed elevated levels of total mercury (median concentration 0.28 ??g/g) in every large river (the Feather, Yuba, Bear, and American rivers) draining the Sierra Nevada gold region. Monthly sampling for mercury in unfiltered water shows relatively low concentrations during the nonrainy season in samples collected throughout the Sacramento River Basin, but significantly higher concentrations following storm-water runoff. Measured concentrations, following storm-water runoff, frequently exceeded the state of California standards for the protection of aquatic life. Results from the first year of a 2-year program of sampling for methyl mercury in unfiltered water showed similar median concentrations (0.1 ng/l) at all sampling locations, but with apparent high seasonal concentrations measured during autumn and winter. Methyl mercury concentrations were not significantly higher in rice field runoff water, even though rice production involves the creation of seasonal wetlands: higher rates of methylation are known to occur in stagnant wetland environments that have high dissolved carbon.Mercury poses a water-quality problem for California's Sacramento River, a large river with a mean annual discharge of over 650 m3/s. This river discharges into the San Francisco Bay, and numerous fish species of the bay and river contain mercury levels high enough to affect human health if consumed. Two possible sources of mercury are the mercury mines in the Coast Ranges and the gold mines in the Sierra Nevada. Mercury was once mined in the Coast Ranges, west of the Sacramento River, and used to process gold in the Sierra Nevada east of the river. The mineralogy of the Coast Ranges mercury deposits is mainly cinnabar (HgS), but elemental mercury was used to process gold in the Sierra Nevada. Residual mercury from mineral processing in the Sierra Nevada is mainly in elemental form or in association with oxide particles or organic matter and is biologically available. Recent bed-sediment sampling, at sites below large reservoirs, showed elevated levels of total mercury (median concentration 0.28 ??g/g) in every large river (the Feather, Yuba, Bear, and American rivers) draining the Sierra Nevada gold region. Monthly sampling for mercury in unfiltered water shows relatively low concentrations during the nonrainy season in samples collected throughout the Sacramento River Basin, but significantly higher concentrations following storm-water runoff. Measured concentrations, following storm-water runoff, frequently exceeded the state of California standards for the protection of aquatic life. Results from the first year of a 2-year program of sampling for methyl mercury in unfiltered water showed similar median concentrations (0.1 ng/l) at all sampling locations, but with apparent high seasonal concentrations measured during autumn and winter. Methyl mercury concentrations were not significantly higher in rice field runoff water, even though rice production involves the creation of seasonal wetlands: higher rates of methylation a","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry ISEG. Pt 1 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"5 October 1997 through 10 October 1997","conferenceLocation":"Vail, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0375-6742(98)00038-7","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., 1999, Occurrence and transport of total mercury and methyl mercury in the Sacramento River Basin, California: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 64, no. 1-3 -3 pt 1, p. 277-291, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(98)00038-7.","startPage":"277","endPage":"291","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206242,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(98)00038-7"}],"volume":"64","issue":"1-3 -3 pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b85e4b0c8380cd74749","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021969,"text":"70021969 - 1999 - Application of geologic map information to water quality issues in the southern part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed, Maryland and Virginia, eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70021969","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of geologic map information to water quality issues in the southern part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed, Maryland and Virginia, eastern United States","docAbstract":"Geologic map units contain much information about the mineralogy, chemistry, and physical attributes of the rocks mapped. This paper presents information from regional-scale geologic maps in Maryland and Virginia, which are in the southern part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed in the eastern United States. The geologic map information is discussed and analyzed in relation to water chemistry data from shallow wells and stream reaches in the area. Two environmental problems in the Chesapeake Bay watershed are used as test examples. The problems, high acidity and high nitrate concentrations in streams and rivers, tend to be mitigated by some rock and sediment types and not by others. Carbonate rocks (limestone, dolomite, and carbonate-cemented rocks) have the greatest capacity to neutralize acidic ground water and surface water in contact with them. Rocks and sediments having high carbon or sulfur contents (such as peat and black shale) potentially contribute the most toward denitrification of ground water and surface water in contact with them. Rocks and sediments that are composed mostly of quartz, feldspar, and light-colored clay (rocks such as granite and sandstone, sediments such as sand and gravel) tend not to alter the chemistry of waters that are in contact with them. The testing of relationships between regionally mapped geologic units and water chemistry is in a preliminary stage, and initial results are encouraging.Geologic map units contain much information about the mineralogy, chemistry, and physical attributes of the rocks mapped. This paper presents information from regional-scale geologic maps in Maryland and Virginia, which are in the southern part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed in the eastern United States. The geologic map information is discussed and analyzed in relation to water chemistry data from shallow wells and stream reaches in the area. Two environmental problems in the Chesapeake Bay watershed are used as test examples. The problems, high acidity and high nitrate concentrations in streams and rivers, tend to be mitigated by some rock and sediment types and not by others. Carbonate rocks (limestone, dolomite, and carbonate-cemented rocks) have the greatest capacity to neutralize acidic ground water and surface water in contact with them. Rocks and sediments having high carbon or sulfur contents (such as peat and black shale) potentially contribute the most toward denitrification of ground water and surface water in contact with them. Rocks and sediments that are composed mostly of quartz, feldspar, and light-colored clay (rocks such as granite and sandstone, sediments such as sand and gravel) tend not to alter the chemistry of waters that are in contact with them. The testing of relationships between regionally mapped geologic units and water chemistry is in a preliminary stage, and initial results are encouraging.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry ISEG. Pt 1 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"5 October 1997 through 10 October 1997","conferenceLocation":"Vail, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0375-6742(98)00043-0","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"McCartan, L., Peper, J., Bachman, L., and Horton, J.W., 1999, Application of geologic map information to water quality issues in the southern part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed, Maryland and Virginia, eastern United States: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 64, no. 1-3 -3 pt 1, p. 355-376, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(98)00043-0.","startPage":"355","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206207,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(98)00043-0"},{"id":229122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"1-3 -3 pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec9fe4b0c8380cd493b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCartan, L.","contributorId":55153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCartan","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peper, J. D.","contributorId":29387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peper","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bachman, L. J.","contributorId":47760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"L. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":81184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wright","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021967,"text":"70021967 - 1999 - Chronology of polyphase extension in the Windermere Hills, northeast Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T13:03:16.951284","indexId":"70021967","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology of polyphase extension in the Windermere Hills, northeast Nevada","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15009194\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Fission-track and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar dating and chemical correlation of volcanic strata exposed in the Windermere Hills and northern Pequop Mountains, northeast Nevada, indicate a protracted, polyphase history of Tertiary (late Eocene–late Miocene) extension along the northern margin of a major Cordilleran metamorphic core complex. Early extension is recorded by a west-tilted half graben filled with early Oligocene (34.79 ± 0.18–39.18 ± 0.12 Ma) sedimentary rocks in the eastern Windermere Hills above the low-angle Black Mountain detachment fault. The early Oligocene half graben conformably overlies a widespread suite of late Eocene (39.18 ± 0.12–40.38 ± 0.06 Ma) calc-alkaline volcanic rocks, reflecting a temporal link between early extension at a high structural level and the end of the ignimbrite flare-up. These strata are cut by east-west–striking normal faults, which are exposed along, and parallel to, the northern margin of the metamorphic complex. Available age data (e.g., between 14.93 ± 0.08 and 34.79 ± 0.18 Ma) permit the interpretation that the east-west–striking faults formed at the same time as, or after, large-magnitude unroofing of high-grade rocks. We interpret the east-west–striking faults to accommodate differential uplift of greenschist-grade metamorphic rocks in the upper crust, above a lateral ramp in a west-northwest–directed mylonitic shear zone. Subsequent extension in the Windermere Hills is defined by deep, rapidly filled half grabens of middle Miocene (&lt;7.42 ± 2.0 to 14.93 ± 0.08 Ma) age that unconformably overlie older faults and synextensional deposits. These are the youngest half grabens in the region and are inferred to be initiated by extensional stresses imparted to the base of the lithosphere by a laterally spreading mantle plume (e.g., the Yellowstone hotspot) located in southeastern Oregon at this time.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0011:COPEIT>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Mueller, K., Cerveny, P., Perkins, M.E., and Snee, L., 1999, Chronology of polyphase extension in the Windermere Hills, northeast Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, no. 1, p. 11-27, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0011:COPEIT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229092,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Windermere Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.89568843034513,\n              41.97975529646908\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.89568843034513,\n              39.499640649297646\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.12713374284547,\n              39.499640649297646\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.12713374284547,\n              41.97975529646908\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.89568843034513,\n              41.97975529646908\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5f8e4b0c8380cd4c50d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, K.J.","contributorId":101403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cerveny, P.K.","contributorId":94810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cerveny","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perkins, M. E.","contributorId":92707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021912,"text":"70021912 - 1999 - Historical trends of metals in the sediments of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T15:04:20","indexId":"70021912","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical trends of metals in the sediments of San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id14\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id15\"><p>Concentrations of Ag, Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were determined in six sediment cores from San Francisco Bay (SFB) and one sediment core in Tomales Bay (TB), a reference estuary. SFB cores were collected from between the head of the estuary and its mouth (Grizzly Bay, GB; San Pablo Bay, SP; Central Bay, CB; Richardson Bay, RB, respectively) and ranged in length from 150 to 250 cm. Concentrations of Cr, V and Ni are greater than mean crustal content in SFB and TB sediments, and greater than found in many other coastal sediments. However, erosion of ultramafic rock formations in the watershed appears to be the predominant source. Baseline concentrations of other metals were determined from horizons deposited before sediments were influenced by human activities and by comparing concentrations to those in TB. Baseline concentrations of Cu co-varied with Al in the SFB sediments and ranged from 23.7±1.2 μg/g to 41.4±2.4 μg/g. Baseline concentrations of other metals were less variable: Ag, 0.09±0.02 μg/g; Pb, 5.2±0.7 μg/g; Hg, 0.06±0.01 μg/g; Zn, 78±7 μg/g. The earliest anthropogenic influence on metal concentrations appeared as Hg contamination (0.3–0.4 μg/g) in sediments deposited at SP between 1850 and 1880, apparently associated with debris from hydraulic gold mining. Maximum concentrations of Hg within the cores were 20 times baseline. Greater inventories of Hg at SP and GB than at RB verified the importance of mining in the watershed as a source. Enrichment of Ag, Pb, Cu and Zn first appeared after 1910 in the RB core, later than is observed in Europe or eastern North America. Maximum concentrations of Ag and Pb were 5–10 times baseline and Cu and Zn concentrations were less than three times baseline. Large inventories of Pb to the sediments in the GB and SP cores appeared to be the result of the proximity to a large Pb smelter. Inventories of Pb at RB are similar to those typical of atmospheric inputs, although influence from the Pb smelter is also suspected. Concentrations of Hg and Pb have decreased since the 1970s (to 0.30 μg/g and 25 μg/g, respectively) and were similar among all cores in 1990. Early Ag contamination was perhaps a byproduct of the Pb smelting process, but a modern source of Ag is also indicated, especially at RB and CB.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-4203(98)80083-2","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Hornberger, M.I., Luoma, S., VanGeen, A., Fuller, C., and Anima, R., 1999, Historical trends of metals in the sediments of San Francisco Bay, California: Marine Chemistry, v. 64, no. 1-2, p. 39-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(98)80083-2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.81591796875,\n              36.56260003738545\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.234375,\n              36.56260003738545\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.234375,\n              39.40224434029275\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.81591796875,\n              39.40224434029275\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.81591796875,\n              36.56260003738545\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31abe4b0c8380cd5e114","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hornberger, Michelle I. 0000-0002-7787-3446","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-3446","contributorId":23574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"VanGeen, A.","contributorId":84086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanGeen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fuller, C.","contributorId":106640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anima, R.","contributorId":77304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anima","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70021911,"text":"70021911 - 1999 - Deaggregation of probabilistic ground motions in the central and eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T10:52:54.727588","indexId":"70021911","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deaggregation of probabilistic ground motions in the central and eastern United States","docAbstract":"<p>Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">(PSHA)</span><span>&nbsp;</span>is a technique for estimating the annual rate of exceedance of a specified ground motion at a site due to known and suspected earthquake sources. The relative contributions of the various sources to the total seismic hazard are determined as a function of their occurrence rates and their ground-motion potential. The separation of the exceedance contributions into bins whose base dimensions are magnitude and distance is called<span>&nbsp;</span><i>deaggregation</i>. We have deaggregated the hazard analyses for the new USGS national probabilistic ground-motion hazard maps (Frankel<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al.</i>, 1996). For points on a 0.2° grid in the central and eastern United States<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">(CEUS)</span>, we show color maps of the geographical variation of mean and modal magnitudes (<i><span class=\"overline\">M</span>, Mˇ</i>) and distances (<i><span class=\"overline\">D</span>, Dˇ</i>) for ground motions having a 2% chance of exceedance in 50 years. These maps are displayed for peak horizontal acceleration and for spectral response accelerations of 0.2, 0.3, and 1.0 sec. We tabulate<span>&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"overline\">M</span>,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"overline\">D</span>, Mˇ</i>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Dˇ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>for 49 CEUS cities for 0.2- and 1.0-sec response. Thus, these maps and tables are PSHA-derived estimates of the potential earthquakes that dominate seismic hazard at short and intermediate periods in the CEUS.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0890010001","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Harmsen, S., Perkins, D., and Frankel, A., 1999, Deaggregation of probabilistic ground motions in the central and eastern United States: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 89, no. 1, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0890010001.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":421943,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/89/1/1/120360/Deaggregation-of-probabilistic-ground-motions-in"},{"id":229343,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98.35529324972059,\n              50.267706320710346\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.35529324972059,\n              24.81584356675542\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.01154324972084,\n              24.81584356675542\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.01154324972084,\n              50.267706320710346\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.35529324972059,\n              50.267706320710346\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdeae4b0c8380cd4e9f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harmsen, S.","contributorId":79600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, D.","contributorId":83589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frankel, A. 0000-0001-9119-6106","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":41593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021883,"text":"70021883 - 1999 - Three-dimensional velocity structure of Siletzia and other accreted terranes in the Cascadia forearc of Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T10:08:13","indexId":"70021883","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional velocity structure of Siletzia and other accreted terranes in the Cascadia forearc of Washington","docAbstract":"Eocene mafic crust with high seismic velocities underlies much of the Oregon and Washington forearc and acts as a backstop for accretion of marine sedimentary rocks from the obliquely subducting Juan de Fuca slab. Arc-parallel migration of relatively strong blocks of this terrane, known as Siletzia, focuses upper crustal deformation along block boundaries, which are potential sources of earthquakes. In a three-dimensional velocity model of coastal Washington, we have combined surface geology, well data, and travel times from earthquakes and controlled source seismic experiments to resolve the major boundaries of the Siletz terrane with the adjacent accreted sedimentary prism and volcanic arc. In southern Washington and northern Oregon the Siletz terrane appears to be a thick block (???20 km) that extends west of the coastline and makes a high-angle contact with the offshore accreted sedimentary prism. On its east flank the high-velocity Siletz terrane boundary coincides with an en echelon zone of seismicity in the arc. In northern Washington the western edge of Siletzia makes a lower-angled, fault-bound contact with the accretionary prism. In addition, alternating, east-west trending uplifts and downwarps of the Siletz terrane centered on the antiformal Olympic Mountains may reflect focusing of north-south compression in the northern part of the Siletz terrane. This compressional strain may result from northward transport and clockwise rotation of the Siletz terrane into the relatively fixed Canadian Coast Mountains restraining bend along the coast.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900106","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., Wells, R., Fisher, M.A., Flueh, E., and ten Brink, U., 1999, Three-dimensional velocity structure of Siletzia and other accreted terranes in the Cascadia forearc of Washington: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B8, p. 18015-18039, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900106.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"18015","endPage":"18039","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479511,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900106","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n        \"stroke-width\": 2,\n        \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n        \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n        \"fill-opacity\": 0.5\n      },\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -129.5947265625,\n              42.4234565179383\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.1142578125,\n              42.4234565179383\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.1142578125,\n              50.56928286558243\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.5947265625,\n              50.56928286558243\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.5947265625,\n              42.4234565179383\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"104","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb34de4b08c986b325ce8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, R.E. 0000-0002-7796-0160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":67537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flueh, E.","contributorId":55591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flueh","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":391554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70021882,"text":"70021882 - 1999 - U-Pb zircon age of metafelsite from the Pinney Hollow formation: Implications for the development of the Vermont Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-06T17:42:04.242704","indexId":"70021882","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb zircon age of metafelsite from the Pinney Hollow formation: Implications for the development of the Vermont Appalachians","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Pinney Hollow Formation of central Vermont is part of a rift-clastic to drift-stage sequence of cover rocks deposited on the Laurentian margin during the development of the Iapetan passive margin in Late Proterozoic to Cambrian time. Conventional U-Pb zircon data indicate an age of 571+ or -5 Ma for a metafelsite from the Pinney Hollow Formation. Geochemical data indicate that the protolith for the metafelsite, now a quartz-albite gneiss or granofels, was rhyolite from a source that was transitional between a within-plate granite and ocean-ridge granite setting and probably came through partially distended continental crust. The transitional setting is consistent with previous data from metabasalts in the Pinney Hollow Formation and supports the idea that the source magma came through continental crust on the rifted margin of the Laurentian craton. The 571+ or -5 Ma age provides the first geochronologic age from the rift-clastic cover sequence in New England and establishes a Late Proterozoic age for the Pinney Hollow Formation. The Late Proterozoic age of the Pinney Hollow confirms the presence of a significant mapped thrust fault between the autochthonous and para-autochthonous rocks of the cover sequence. These findings support the interpretation that the Taconic root zone is located in the hinterland of the Vermont Appalachians on the eastern side of the Green Mountain massif.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.299.2.157","usgsCitation":"Walsh, G.J., and Aleinikoff, J., 1999, U-Pb zircon age of metafelsite from the Pinney Hollow formation: Implications for the development of the Vermont Appalachians: American Journal of Science, v. 299, no. 2, p. 157-170, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.299.2.157.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479588,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.299.2.157","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229635,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Pinney Hollow Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.17249075618014,\n              44.48519104114985\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.17249075618014,\n              43.80789390484773\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.73568409098988,\n              43.80789390484773\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.73568409098988,\n              44.48519104114985\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.17249075618014,\n              44.48519104114985\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"299","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9e3e4b08c986b327ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":56061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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