This paper, which supplements the report on the geology and water resources of the southern half of the Black Hills, published in 1901, is the result of studies made at intervals during the years 1899 to 1907. It relates to an area of about 7,500 square miles, situated about half in South Dakota and half in the northeast corner of Wyoming (Pl. II), and covering the northern half of the Black Hills uplift and a wide area of adjacent plains. The report describes the geology of the sedimentary rocks - their stratigraphy, structure, and history - and discusses their mineral resources, including underground water, coal, gypsum, etc. It also contains information respecting surface waters available for irrigation and stock raising, timber, climate, and the history of the topographic development of the region. The crystalline rocks of the central portion of the Black Hills area and the various igneous rocks of later age are shown on some of the accompanying maps but without differentiation, as the study of their geology was not within the scope of the investigation; neither are their mineral resources considered here, for these are treated in other publications.
In the field work I have been assisted mainly by Prof. C. C. O'Harra, of the School of Mines at Rapid, who has mapped the geology of large areas about Aladdin, the Devils Tower, Belle Fourche, and Rapid. Dr. W. S. Tangier Smith has mapped portions of the Bear Lodge and Nigger Hill uplifts, and Mr. C. A. Fisher has assisted in portions of the work. The geology of the region from Sturgis to a point beyond Spearfish Canyon was mapped by Prof. T. A. Jaggar, jr., with the assistance of Mr. J. M. Boutwell, in 1898 and 1899.
It is desirable to repeat here the statement made in my previous report that all who study the geology of the Black Hills must feel impressed by the remarkably clear general conceptions of the geologic relations of this region afforded by the survey made by Mr. Henry Newton over a quarter of a century ago. In one short season, with many unfavorable conditions for traveling, he determined most of the broader features and recorded many of the essential details. His posthumous report, edited by Mr. G. K. Gilbert, will always remain a standard work on Black Hills geology. Later studies have added greatly to our knowledge of the details of the stratigraphy and structure, the distribution of the rocks and minerals, and the age of the beds, and have afforded means for a more complete elucidation of the geologic history, especially the physiographic development of the Black Hills region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp65","usgsCitation":"Darton, N.H., 1909, Geology and water resources of the northern portion of the Black Hills and adjoining regions in South Dakota and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 65, Report: 105 p.; 2 Plates: 27.08 x 19.71 inches and 26.98 x 19.68 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp65.","productDescription":"Report: 105 p.; 2 Plates: 27.08 x 19.71 inches and 26.98 x 19.68 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121468,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0065/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60814,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0065/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"33.81 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":340323,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0065/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":340324,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0065/plate-22.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Black Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -103,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -103,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 44\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684066","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darton, N. H.","contributorId":71523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darton","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33512,"text":"b394 - 1909 - Papers on the conservation of mineral resources (reprinted from report of the National Conservation Commission, February, 1909)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:41","indexId":"b394","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1909","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"394","title":"Papers on the conservation of mineral resources (reprinted from report of the National Conservation Commission, February, 1909)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b394","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1909, Papers on the conservation of mineral resources (reprinted from report of the National Conservation Commission, February, 1909): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 394, 214 p. :xii pl. (part. fold., incl. maps) diagrs. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b394.","productDescription":"214 p. :xii pl. (part. fold., incl. maps) diagrs. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":22333,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0394/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0394/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6893d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1201,"text":"wsp228 - 1909 - Water-supply investigations in the Yukon-Tanana region, Alaska, 1907 and 1908: Fairbanks, Circle, and Rampart districts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-08T19:27:43.940843","indexId":"wsp228","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1909","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"228","title":"Water-supply investigations in the Yukon-Tanana region, Alaska, 1907 and 1908: Fairbanks, Circle, and Rampart districts","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp228","usgsCitation":"Covert, C.C., and Ellsworth, C.E., 1909, Water-supply investigations in the Yukon-Tanana region, Alaska, 1907 and 1908: Fairbanks, Circle, and Rampart districts: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 228, 108 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp228.","productDescription":"108 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":26079,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0228/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0228/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":403299,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24482.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Tanana region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.667,\n 64.667\n ],\n [\n -146,\n 64.667\n ],\n [\n -146,\n 65.667\n ],\n [\n -151.667,\n 65.667\n ],\n [\n -151.667,\n 64.667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9ae0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Covert, Clermont Calvert","contributorId":26284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covert","given":"Clermont","email":"","middleInitial":"Calvert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellsworth, Clarence Eugene","contributorId":23921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"Clarence","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":35744,"text":"b395 - 1909 - Radioactivity of the thermal waters of Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:49","indexId":"b395","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1909","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"395","title":"Radioactivity of the thermal waters of Yellowstone National Park","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. Print. Off., 1909","doi":"10.3133/b395","usgsCitation":"Schlundt, H., and Moore, R.B., 1909, Radioactivity of the thermal waters of Yellowstone National Park: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 395, 35 p. :iv pl., diagrs. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b395.","productDescription":"35 p. :iv pl., diagrs. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":22236,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0395/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":164674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0395/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649d3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlundt, Herman","contributorId":38015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlundt","given":"Herman","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Richard Bishop","contributorId":28121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Bishop","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49375,"text":"b379F - 1909 - Recent developments in southern Seward Peninsula. The Iron Creek region. Mining in the Fairhaven precinct. Water-supply investigations in Seward Peninsula, 1908","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T20:45:32.686611","indexId":"b379F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1909","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"379","chapter":"F","title":"Recent developments in southern Seward Peninsula. The Iron Creek region. Mining in the Fairhaven precinct. Water-supply investigations in Seward Peninsula, 1908","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral resources of Alaska, report on progress of investigations in 1908 (Bulletin 379)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b379F","usgsCitation":"Smith, P.S., and Henshaw, F., 1909, Recent developments in southern Seward Peninsula. The Iron Creek region. Mining in the Fairhaven precinct. Water-supply investigations in Seward Peninsula, 1908: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 379, 153 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b379F.","productDescription":"153 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"418","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0379f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":114455,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0379f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":484413,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19900.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a083","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Philip Sidney","contributorId":20714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"Sidney","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henshaw, Fred F.","contributorId":91089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henshaw","given":"Fred F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":333,"text":"wsp242 - 1909 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1907-8, Part II. South Atlantic Coast and eastern Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-02T09:27:37","indexId":"wsp242","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1909","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"242","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1907-8, Part II. South Atlantic Coast and eastern Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"This volume contains results of flow measurements made on certain streams in the United States. The work was performed by the water-resources branch of the United States Geological Survey, either independently or in cooperation with organizations mentioned herein. These investigations are authorized by the organic law of the Geological Survey (Stat. L., vol. 20, p. 394)...
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp242","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1909, Surface water supply of the United States, 1907-8, Part II. South Atlantic Coast and eastern Gulf of Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 242, 226 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp242.","productDescription":"226 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":24896,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0242/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0242/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b153b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2299,"text":"wsp224 - 1909 - Some desert watering places in southeastern California and southwestern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T11:29:54","indexId":"wsp224","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1909","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"224","title":"Some desert watering places in southeastern California and southwestern Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp224","usgsCitation":"Mendenhall, W.C., 1909, Some desert watering places in southeastern California and southwestern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 224, 98 p. :iv. pl. (incl. fold. map in pocket) ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp224.","productDescription":"98 p. :iv. pl. (incl. fold. map in pocket) ;23 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0224/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28113,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0224/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28114,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0224/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e9e4b07f02db5e93a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mendenhall, Walter Curran","contributorId":57823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendenhall","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"Curran","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2492,"text":"wsp226 - 1909 - The pollution of streams by sulphite-pulp waste, a study of possible remedies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"wsp226","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1909","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"226","title":"The pollution of streams by sulphite-pulp waste, a study of possible remedies","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. 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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp226","usgsCitation":"Phelps, E.B., 1909, The pollution of streams by sulphite-pulp waste, a study of possible remedies: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 226, 37 p. :diagr. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp226.","productDescription":"37 p. :diagr. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0226/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28612,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0226/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a71e4b07f02db641e78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, Earle Bernard","contributorId":13963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"Earle","email":"","middleInitial":"Bernard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047702,"text":"70047702 - 1909 - The topographic and geologic atlas of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-13T12:48:19","indexId":"70047702","displayToPublicDate":"1909-08-17T15:36:00","publicationYear":"1909","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"The topographic and geologic atlas of the United States","docAbstract":"The Geological Survey is making a topographic and geologic map of the United States. The topographic map is being published in separate sheets and the geologic map in parts called folios. Each folio includes a topographic map and geologic maps of a small area, together with explanatory and descriptive text. Beginning with No. 164 the geologic folios are issued in two forms, the octavo or field edition and the folio or library edition.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70047702","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1909, The topographic and geologic atlas of the United States, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70047702.","productDescription":"16 p.","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047702.jpg"},{"id":278728,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047702/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52136e3ae4b0b08f44619941","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70271428,"text":"70271428 - 1909 - A phase of ground water problems in the West","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-12T17:41:13.45882","indexId":"70271428","displayToPublicDate":"1909-01-01T13:40:05","publicationYear":"1909","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A phase of ground water problems in the West","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.4.1.35","usgsCitation":"Mendenhall, W.C., 1909, A phase of ground water problems in the West: Economic Geology, v. 4, no. 1, p. 35-45, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.4.1.35.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"45","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495466,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1909-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mendenhall, Walter Curran","contributorId":57823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendenhall","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"Curran","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":948737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2296,"text":"wsp225 - 1909 - Ground waters of the Indio region, California, with a sketch of the Colorado Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-11T19:32:20.031308","indexId":"wsp225","displayToPublicDate":"1909-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1909","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"225","title":"Ground waters of the Indio region, California, with a sketch of the Colorado Desert","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp225","usgsCitation":"Mendenhall, W.C., 1909, Ground waters of the Indio region, California, with a sketch of the Colorado Desert: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 225, Report: 56 p.; 2 Plates: 16.00 x 22.50 inches and 12.00 x 18.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp225.","productDescription":"Report: 56 p.; 2 Plates: 16.00 x 22.50 inches and 12.00 x 18.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415592,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24480.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28108,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0225/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28109,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0225/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28107,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0225/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137673,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0225/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Indio","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.333,\n 33.717\n ],\n [\n -116.333,\n 33.333\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 33.333\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 33.717\n ],\n [\n -116.333,\n 33.717\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d6ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mendenhall, Walter Curran","contributorId":57823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendenhall","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"Curran","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2098,"text":"wsp217 - 1908 - Water resources of Beaver Valley, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-12T07:54:00","indexId":"wsp217","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1908","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"217","title":"Water resources of Beaver Valley, Utah","docAbstract":"Location and extent of area examined. Beaver Valley is located in Beaver County, in southwestern Utah, about 175 miles south of Salt Lake. It lies between the Tushar Mountains on the east and the Beaver Mountains on the west. The principal town of the valley is Beaver, which is most conveniently reached from Milford, a station on the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad. The valley, together with its neighboring highlands, occupies the eastern third of Beaver County, an area of about 1,200 square miles. A large part of this area, however, is rocky upland and unproductive desert, the tillable land comprising a comparatively small area in the immediate vicinity of the streams.
Purpose and scope of work. The purpose of this paper is to present information concerning the waters of Beaver Valley and to point out ways and means of increasing their usefulness. The presence of a large amount of water in Beaver Valley results from local topograhic conditions, the water being supplied by precipitation in the highland to the east. Its conservation and distribution result from geologic conditions, the water being held in loose gravel and sand, which are more or less confined between ridges of consolidated rocks. The rock basins were formed partly by erosion and partly by faulting and surface deformation. In order to accomplish the purpose in view it is therefore necessary to describe the geographic and geologic conditions in Beaver Valley and neighboring regions.
The investigation included the determination of the flow of streams and springs, of the manner of occurrence and quantity of the underground waters as shown by the geologic and geographic conditions of the region and by the distribution of springs and wells, and of the chemical character of the waters with reference to their adaptability to domestic use and to irrigation. The chemical data were obtained (a) by field assays, which are approximately correct and probably of sufficient accuracy to be of value in comparing the various waters; (b) by more exact analyses, some of which were made in the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey by W. M. Barr, and others by Herman Harms, State chemist of Utah, for the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad; and (c) by sanitary analyses, made also by Herman Harms.
Cooperation. The work was done during the summer of 1906, the United States Geological Survey cooperating with the State of Utah through Caleb Tanner, State engineer, and with the county of Beaver through the supervisors of the county. In collecting the information the writer was assisted by J. F. Hoyt, of Nephi, Utah.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp217","usgsCitation":"Lee, W.T., 1908, Water resources of Beaver Valley, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 217, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp217.","productDescription":"57 p.","numberOfPages":"60","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27664,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0217/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0217/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Beaver County","otherGeospatial":"Beaver Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.13034057617188,\n 38.06539235133249\n ],\n [\n -113.13034057617188,\n 38.68014968334624\n ],\n [\n -112.39837646484375,\n 38.68014968334624\n ],\n [\n -112.39837646484375,\n 38.06539235133249\n ],\n [\n -113.13034057617188,\n 38.06539235133249\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b11f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Willis Thomas","contributorId":52949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Willis","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49370,"text":"b379E - 1908 - The Fairbanks gold-placer region. Water supply of the Yukon-Tanana region, 1907-1908. Gold placers of the Ruby Creek district. Placers of the Gold Hill district. Gold placers of the Innoko district.","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":49370,"text":"b379E - 1908 - The Fairbanks gold-placer region. Water supply of the Yukon-Tanana region, 1907-1908. Gold placers of the Ruby Creek district. Placers of the Gold Hill district. Gold placers of the Innoko district.","indexId":"b379E","publicationYear":"1908","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"The Fairbanks gold-placer region. Water supply of the Yukon-Tanana region, 1907-1908. Gold placers of the Ruby Creek district. Placers of the Gold Hill district. Gold placers of the Innoko district."},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":34511,"text":"b379 - 1909 - Mineral resources of Alaska: Report on progress of investigations in 1908","indexId":"b379","publicationYear":"1909","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of Alaska: Report on progress of investigations in 1908"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":34511,"text":"b379 - 1909 - Mineral resources of Alaska: Report on progress of investigations in 1908","indexId":"b379","publicationYear":"1909","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of Alaska: Report on progress of investigations in 1908"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T20:37:51.48945","indexId":"b379E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1908","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"379","chapter":"E","title":"The Fairbanks gold-placer region. Water supply of the Yukon-Tanana region, 1907-1908. Gold placers of the Ruby Creek district. Placers of the Gold Hill district. Gold placers of the Innoko district.","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral resources of Alaska, report on progress of investigations in 1908 (Bulletin 379)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b379E","usgsCitation":"Prindle, L.M., Katz, F., Covert, C.C., Ellsworth, C., and Maddren, A., 1908, The Fairbanks gold-placer region. Water supply of the Yukon-Tanana region, 1907-1908. Gold placers of the Ruby Creek district. Placers of the Gold Hill district. Gold placers of the Innoko district.: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 379, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b379E.","productDescription":"88 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"266","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":114454,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0379e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":175517,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0379e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":484412,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19899.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a099","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prindle, L. M.","contributorId":18422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prindle","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Katz, F.J.","contributorId":29382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Covert, C. C.","contributorId":21618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covert","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":932905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellsworth, C.E.","contributorId":91461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":932906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Maddren, A.G.","contributorId":100339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maddren","given":"A.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":932907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":2295,"text":"wsp219 - 1908 - Ground waters and irrigation enterprises in the foothill belt, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T11:22:20","indexId":"wsp219","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1908","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"219","title":"Ground waters and irrigation enterprises in the foothill belt, southern California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp219","usgsCitation":"Mendenhall, W.C., 1908, Ground waters and irrigation enterprises in the foothill belt, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 219, 180 p. :illus., IX pl. (part fold., incl. maps in pocket) diagrs. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp219.","productDescription":"180 p. :illus., IX pl. (part fold., incl. maps in pocket) diagrs. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0219/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28101,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0219/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28102,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0219/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28103,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0219/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28104,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0219/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28105,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0219/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28106,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0219/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247202,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0219/plate-8.pdf","size":"5385","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247203,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0219/plate-9.pdf","size":"5113","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d67c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mendenhall, Walter Curran","contributorId":57823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendenhall","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"Curran","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2298,"text":"wsp222 - 1908 - Preliminary report on the ground waters of San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T11:26:34","indexId":"wsp222","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1908","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"222","title":"Preliminary report on the ground waters of San Joaquin Valley, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. 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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp222","usgsCitation":"Mendenhall, W.C., 1908, Preliminary report on the ground waters of San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 222, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp222.","productDescription":"52 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0222/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28111,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0222/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28112,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0222/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c85d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mendenhall, Walter Curran","contributorId":57823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendenhall","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"Curran","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1179,"text":"wsp215 - 1908 - Geology and water resources of a portion of the Missouri River valley in northeastern Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp215","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1908","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"215","title":"Geology and water resources of a portion of the Missouri River valley in northeastern Nebraska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp215","usgsCitation":"Condra, G.E., 1908, Geology and water resources of a portion of the Missouri River valley in northeastern Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 215, 59 p. :illus., maps. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp215.","productDescription":"59 p. :illus., maps. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109952,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24468.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24468"},{"id":138024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0215/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26020,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0215/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26021,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0215/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26022,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0215/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26023,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0215/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6840a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Condra, George E.","contributorId":42580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condra","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2061,"text":"wsp212 - 1908 - Surface water supply of the Great Basin drainage, 1906","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:23","indexId":"wsp212","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1908","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"212","title":"Surface water supply of the Great Basin drainage, 1906","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp212","usgsCitation":"La Rue, E., Grieve, T., and Thurtell, H., 1908, Surface water supply of the Great Basin drainage, 1906: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 212, iv, 98 p. :illus., II pl. (incl. fold. map) diagr. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp212.","productDescription":"iv, 98 p. :illus., II pl. (incl. fold. map) diagr. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0212/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27604,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0212/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db69808a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"La Rue, Eugene C.","contributorId":49777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Rue","given":"Eugene C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grieve, Thomas","contributorId":37719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grieve","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurtell, Henry","contributorId":34901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurtell","given":"Henry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39531,"text":"pp58 - 1908 - The Guadalupian Fauna","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-27T13:40:19","indexId":"pp58","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1908","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"58","title":"The Guadalupian Fauna","docAbstract":"The first descriptions of the Guadalupian fauna were published nearly fifty years ago. This early account of Shumard's was meager enough, but gave promise of a facies interesting and novel among the known Carboniferous faunas of North America. The following pages add largely to our knowledge of Guadalupian life, and I believe more than make good any promise contained in the previous account. Nevertheless, even the collections of the Guadalupian fauna here described fail to do justice to its richness and diversity, and the present report is completed with the hope of returning to the subject after another visit to the Guadalupe Mountains.\r\n\r\nAlthough a description of this range and the adjacent region can be found elsewhere, a repetition of the more important facts will conduce to a better understanding of the geologic relations of the fauna described herein and will serve to illustrate the references to localities and horizons necessarily involved in the paleontologic discussion.\r\n\r\nThe Guadalupe Mountains are situated chiefly in southeastern New Mexico, but extend across the border for a short distance into the trans-Pecos region of Texas. Save only for this southern extreme both their geology and their topography are practically unknown, and it should be understood that anything hereafter said of them relates only to that portion.\r\n\r\nThese mountains form a north-south range of considerable height, which rises abruptly from an arid and treeless plain, stretching westward to more mountainous elevations, the Cornudas Mountains and the Sierra Tinaja Pinta. This plain is locally known as Crow Flats and forms a part of the Salt Basin (Pl. I). It is now used as cattle ranges, water being raised by windmills. The only permanent surface water consists of salt lakes - broad, shallow pools incrusted with saline deposits, which in the early days were extensively sought for domestic use. This water is of course unfit for consumption, but cattle seem as a rule not to mind the less highly impregnated waters brought up by the pumps. These vary considerably in the amount and character of their saline contents, but even the best is unsatisfactory for human use.\r\n\r\nOn the east side, from the foot of the mountains the land slopes gradually eastward and merges with the plains of Texas. There are springs of sweet water and perennial streams on this side of the range, such streams being in this region, as a rule, associated only with the highest mountains. Usually the canyons and sandy channels serve merely to carry off the occasional torrential rains, and this is the case for the most part even with the perennial streams, which almost immediately on striking into the plain are drunk up by the soil. Beyond their debouchure from the mountains their course is merely a dry sandy channel. There are, however, flowing streams east of the Guadalupes, one such being Delaware River. In seasons of rain this watercourse is formed by the confluence of numerous small tributaries - some leading back into the mountains - which pour their sudden waters through channels usually dry; but the source of the perennial stream seems to be a very definite point situated some distance east of the Guadalupes and generally referred to as the 'headwaters of the Delaware.' This expression would naturally be taken to have a more general significance, but Shumard uses it, I believe, in this local sense, and as it is often difficult to fix references to local geography it seems desirable to make the present record of the fact. At this point, which is also known as Huhling's ranch, three springs, one of them strongly charged with sulphur, break out close together in the bed of the Delaware, which below this point is a permanent watercourse.\r\n\r\nThe Guadalupe Mountains are formed by uplifted strata, consisting of a thick limestone series above and a thick sandstone series below. The abrupt termination of the limestone in an almost sheer precipice of practically its entire thickness","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp58","usgsCitation":"Girty, G., 1908, The Guadalupian Fauna: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 58, 651 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp58.","productDescription":"651 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":67137,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0058/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0058/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":12485,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/pp/58/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.25,31 ], [ -105.25,32 ], [ -104.25,32 ], [ -104.25,31 ], [ -105.25,31 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c388","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Girty, George H.","contributorId":22419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Girty","given":"George H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}