The order Sirenia is represented by three species of manatees and one species of dugong distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and considered vulnerable to extinction. The sentinel species concept is useful to identify indicators of the environment and may reflect the quality of health in marine ecosystems. The single species approach to evaluate ecological health may provide a series of “snap shots” of environmental changes to determine if animal, human, or ecosystem health may be affected. Under this concept, marine vertebrates may be good integrators of changes over space and time, and excellent sentinels of ecosystem health. Based on their life history, manatees may or may not be ideal sentinels, as they are robust, long-lived species and appear remarkably resilient to natural disease and the effects of human-related injury and trauma. These characteristics might be the result of an efficient and responsive immune system compared to other marine mammals. Although relatively immune to infectious agents, manatees face other potentially serious threats, including epizootic diseases and pollution while in large aggregations. Manatees can serve as excellent sentinels of harmful algal blooms due to their high sensitivity, specifically to brevetoxicosis, which has caused at least two major die-offs in recent times. Threats to manatees worldwide, such as illegal hunting and boat collisions, are increasing. Habitat is being lost at an alarming rate and the full effects of uncontrolled human population growth on the species are unknown. The manatee may serve as a sentinel species, prognosticating the deleterious effects of unhealthy marine and aquatic ecosystems on humans. We have identified a number of critical research needs and opportunities for transdisciplinary collaboration that could help advance the use of the sentinel species concept in marine ecosystem health and monitoring of disease emergence using our knowledge on these magnificent sirenians.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10393-004-0095-5","usgsCitation":"Bonde, R., Aguirre, A., and Powell, J., 2004, Manatees as sentinels of marine ecosystem health: are they the 2000-pound canaries?: EcoHealth, v. 1, p. 255-262, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-004-0095-5.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"262","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":132049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ac5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonde, R. K. 0000-0001-9179-4376","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9179-4376","contributorId":63339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonde","given":"R. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aguirre, A.A.","contributorId":107647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aguirre","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, J.","contributorId":30952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008272,"text":"1008272 - 2004 - Testing a basic assumption of shrubland fire management: h=How important is fuel age?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-07T16:08:24.966198","indexId":"1008272","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1701,"text":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing a basic assumption of shrubland fire management: h=How important is fuel age?","docAbstract":"This year's catastrophic wildfires in southern California highlight the need for effective planning and management for fire-prone landscapes. Fire frequency analysis of several hundred wildfires over a broad expanse of California shrublands reveals that there is generally not, as is commonly assumed, a strong relationship between fuel age and fire probabilities. Instead, the hazard of burning in most locations increases only moderately with time since the last fire, and a marked age effect of fuels is observed only in limited areas. Results indicate a serious need for a re-evaluation of current fire management and policy, which is based largely on eliminating older stands of shrubland vegetation. In many shrubland ecosystems exposed to extreme fire weather, large and intense wildfires may need to be factored in as inevitable events.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0067:TABAOS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Moritz, M., Keeley, J.E., Johnson, E., and Schaffner, A.A., 2004, Testing a basic assumption of shrubland fire management: h=How important is fuel age?: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, v. 2, no. 2, p. 67-72, https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0067:TABAOS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.92978205177783,\n 35.396195633210866\n ],\n [\n -120.98471369240282,\n 35.180973004793756\n ],\n [\n -120.72104181740309,\n 35.055162492870565\n ],\n [\n -120.72104181740309,\n 34.59521339650149\n ],\n [\n -120.47934259865295,\n 34.39601245394195\n ],\n [\n -119.98495783302788,\n 34.38694656339405\n ],\n [\n -119.49057306740282,\n 34.33253060561431\n ],\n [\n -119.24887384865302,\n 34.087222088565056\n ],\n [\n -118.99618830177809,\n 33.99618605973805\n ],\n [\n -118.56772150490312,\n 33.987077083757896\n ],\n [\n -118.46884455177796,\n 33.841200759913946\n ],\n [\n -118.49081720802788,\n 33.658504632845435\n ],\n [\n -118.1392547080278,\n 33.658504632845435\n ],\n [\n -117.73276056740309,\n 33.42958794343964\n ],\n [\n -117.33725275490283,\n 33.02522559939085\n ],\n [\n -117.31528009865292,\n 32.66525518485925\n ],\n [\n -117.150485176778,\n 32.535679492497366\n ],\n [\n -114.74447931740308,\n 32.702242370327696\n ],\n [\n -114.56869806740303,\n 32.702242370327696\n ],\n [\n -114.42587580177806,\n 32.81311194818994\n ],\n [\n -114.44784845802798,\n 33.043646223505974\n ],\n [\n -114.65658869240306,\n 33.10808806968279\n ],\n [\n -114.65658869240306,\n 33.36538270383163\n ],\n [\n -114.43686212990285,\n 33.62191872650649\n ],\n [\n -114.4698211142779,\n 33.923286919026054\n ],\n [\n -114.35995783302795,\n 34.06902270121475\n ],\n [\n -114.0852996299031,\n 34.27807932760514\n ],\n [\n -114.305026192403,\n 34.513779628529235\n ],\n [\n -114.34897150490283,\n 34.640419923579074\n ],\n [\n -114.6016570517781,\n 34.902131626657024\n ],\n [\n -114.6346160361528,\n 35.028177829966666\n ],\n [\n -115.24985041115295,\n 35.50359219388329\n ],\n [\n -120.92978205177783,\n 35.396195633210866\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684aeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moritz, Max A.","contributorId":57586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moritz","given":"Max A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Edward A.","contributorId":25552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Edward A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schaffner, Andrew A.","contributorId":174954,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schaffner","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026999,"text":"70026999 - 2004 - Using chromium stable isotope ratios to quantify Cr(VI) reduction: Lack of sorption effects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T07:43:51","indexId":"70026999","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using chromium stable isotope ratios to quantify Cr(VI) reduction: Lack of sorption effects","docAbstract":"Chromium stable isotope values can be effectively used to monitor reduction of Cr(VI) in natural waters. We investigate effects of sorption during transport of Cr(VI) which may also shift Cr isotopes values, complicating efforts to quantify reduction. This study shows that Cr stable isotope fractionation caused by sorption is negligible. Equilibrium fractionation of Cr stable isotopes between dissolved Cr(VI) and Cr(VI) adsorbed onto γ-Al2O3 and goethite is less than 0.04‰ (53Cr/52Cr) under environmentally relevant pH conditions. Batch experiments at pH 4.0 and pH 6.0 were conducted in series to sequentially magnify small isotope fractionations. A simple transport model suggests that adsorption may cause amplification of a small isotope fractionation along extreme fringes of a plume, leading to shifts in 53Cr/52Cr values. We therefore suggest that isotope values at extreme fringes of Cr plumes be critically evaluated for sorption effects. A kinetic effect was observed in experiments with goethite at pH 4 where apparently lighter isotopes diffuse into goethite clumps at a faster rate before eventually reaching equilibrium. This observed kinetic effect may be important in a natural system that has not attained equilibrium and is in need of further study. Cr isotope fractionation caused by speciation of Cr(VI) between HCrO4- and CrO42- was also examined, and we conclude that it is not measurable. In the absence of isotope fractionation caused by equilibrium speciation and sorption, most of the variation in δ53Cr values may be attributed to reduction, and reliable estimates of Cr reduction can be made.
Nevadaite, (Cu2+, □, Al, V3+)6 (PO4)8 F8 (OH)2 (H2O)22, is a new supergene mineral species from the Gold Quarry mine, near Carlin, Eureka County, Nevada, U.S.A. Nevadaite forms radiating clusters to 1 mm of prismatic crystals, locally covering surfaces more that 2 cm across; individual crystals are elongate on [001] with a length:width ratio of > 10:1 and a maximum diameter of ~30 μm. It also occurs as spherules and druses associated with colorless to purple-black fluellite, colorless wavellite, strengitevariscite, acicular maroon-to-red hewettite, and rare anatase, kazakhstanite, tinticite, leucophosphite, torbernite and tyuyamunite. Nevadaite is pale green to turquoise blue with a pale powder-blue streak and a vitreous luster; it does not fluoresce under ultra-violet light. It has no cleavage, a Mohs hardness of ~3, is brittle with a conchoidal fracture, and has measured and calculated densities of 2.54 and 2.55 g/cm3, respectively. Nevadaite is biaxial negative, with 1.540, β 1.548, γ 1.553, 2V(obs.) = 76°, 2V(calc.) = 76°, pleochroic with X pale greenish blue, Y very pale greenish blue, Z blue, and with absorption Z ≫ X > Y and orientation X = c, Y = a, Z = b. Nevadaite is orthorhombic, space group P21mn, a 12.123(2), b 18.999(2), c 4.961(1) Å, V 1142.8(2) Å 3, Z = 1, a:b:c = 0.6391:1:0.2611. The strongest seven lines in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å(I)(hkl)] are: 6.077(10)(200), 5.618(9)(130), 9.535(8)(020), 2.983(6)(241), 3.430(4)(041), 2.661(4)(061), and 1.844(4)(352). A chemical analysis with an electron microprobe gave P2O5 32.54, Al2O3 27.07, V2O3 4.24, Fe2O3 0.07, CuO 9.24, ZnO 0.11, F 9.22, H2O (calc.) 23.48, OH ≡ F–3.88, sum 102.09 wt.%; the valence states of V and Fe, and the amount of H2O, were determined by crystal-structure analysis. The resulting empirical formula on the basis of 63.65 anions (including 21.65 H2O pfu) is ((Cu2.00 2+ Zn0.02 V0.98 3+ Fe0.01 3+ Al1.15)∑ 4.16 Al8 P7.90 O32 [F8.37 (OH)1.63]∑10 (H2O)21.65. The crystal structure of nevadaite was solved by direct methods and refined to an R index of 4.0% based on 1307 observed reflections collected on a four-circle diffractometer with MoKα X-radiation. The structure consists of ordered layers of vertex-sharing octahedra and tetrahedra alternating with layers of disordered vertex-sharing and face-sharing octahedra in the b direction. [Alϕ5] chains of octahedra are decorated by (PO4) tetrahedra that share vertices with octahedra adjacent in the chain. These chains link in the c direction by sharing vertices between octahedra and tetrahedra to form an ordered layer of the form [Al8(PO4)8F8(H2O)8]. In the disordered layer, octahedra containing positionally disordered Cu2+, V3+, Al and □ (vacancy) share trans faces to form columns that link by sharing octahedron vertices to form ribbons extending in the c direction; the resulting layer has the form {(Cu2 2+□2V3+,Al)∑6 (H2O)12 (OH)2 (H2O)x}, x ≈ 2. The layers link in the b direction by sharing vertices between octahedra and tetrahedra. Although decorated chains topologically equivalent to that in nevadaite are common in many oxysalt minerals, its chain is geometrically distinct from those topologically equivalent chains. The M–M linkage along the [Mϕ5] chains in most minerals take place through trans vertices of the octahedra, with one example of linkage through cis vertices; in nevadaite, the M–M linkage involves both trans and cis vertices, as does the chain in slavíkite. In most of these decorated chains, alternate tetrahedra along the chain occur either in a trans or a cis arrangement. In nevadaite and slavíkite, the tetrahedra are arranged in both trans and cis arrangements; the arrangements in these two minerals are geometrically distinct, however.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/gscanmin.42.3.741","usgsCitation":"Cooper, M.A., Hawthorne, F.C., Roberts, A.C., Foord, E., Erd, R.C., Evans, H.T., and Jensen, M., 2004, Nevadaite, (Cu2+, Al, V3+)6 [Al8 (PO4)8 F8] (OH 2 (H2O)22, a new phosphate mineral species from the Gold Quarry mine, Carlin, Eureka County, Nevada: Description and crystal structure: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 42, no. 3, p. 741-752, https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.42.3.741.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"741","endPage":"752","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235219,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Eureka County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.21337890625,\n 39.41497702499074\n ],\n [\n -115.7464599609375,\n 39.41497702499074\n ],\n [\n -115.7464599609375,\n 40.76806170936614\n ],\n [\n -116.21337890625,\n 40.76806170936614\n ],\n [\n -116.21337890625,\n 39.41497702499074\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a650fe4b0c8380cd72ae8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, M. A.","contributorId":57635,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hawthorne, Frank C.","contributorId":47924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, Andrew C.","contributorId":85733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Erd, Richard C.","contributorId":89899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erd","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jensen, M.C.","contributorId":100561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70026668,"text":"70026668 - 2004 - Physical and geotechnical properties and assessment of sediment stability on the continental slope and basin of the Bransfield Basin (Antarctica Peninsula)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026668","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2669,"text":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical and geotechnical properties and assessment of sediment stability on the continental slope and basin of the Bransfield Basin (Antarctica Peninsula)","docAbstract":"Our investigation is centred on the continental slope of the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent basin. Type of sediments, sedimentary stratigraphy, and physical and geotechnical characterization of the sediments have been integrated. Four different types of sediments have been defined: diamictons, silty and muddy turbidites, muddy, silty and muddy matrix embedded clast contourites. There is a close correspondence between the physical properties (density, magnetic susceptibility and p-wave velocity) and the texture and/or fabric as laminations and stratification. From a quantitative point of view, only a few statistical correlations between textural and physical properties have been found. Within the geotechnical properties, only water content is most influenced by texture. This slope, with a maximum gradient observed (20??), is stable, according to the stability under gravitational loading concepts, and the maximum stable slope that would range from 22?? to 29??. Nevertheless, different instability features have been observed. Volcanic activity, bottom currents, glacial loading-unloading or earthquakes can be considered as potential mechanisms to induce instability in this area. Copyright ?? Taylor & Francis Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/10641190490900853","issn":"1064119X","usgsCitation":"Casas, D., Ercilla, G., Estrada, F., Alonso, B., Baraza, J., Lee, H., Kayen, R., and Chiocci, F., 2004, Physical and geotechnical properties and assessment of sediment stability on the continental slope and basin of the Bransfield Basin (Antarctica Peninsula): Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, v. 22, no. 4, p. 253-278, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641190490900853.","startPage":"253","endPage":"278","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":497369,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/134970","text":"External Repository"},{"id":234490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208623,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641190490900853"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a87e4b0c8380cd78f62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Casas, D.","contributorId":63583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casas","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ercilla, G.","contributorId":8231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ercilla","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estrada, F.","contributorId":9434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estrada","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alonso, B.","contributorId":51014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alonso","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baraza, J.","contributorId":12200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baraza","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, H.","contributorId":40739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kayen, R.","contributorId":22921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Chiocci, F.","contributorId":63584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiocci","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70027059,"text":"70027059 - 2004 - A new hypothesis and exploratory model for the formation of large-scale inner-shelf sediment sorting and \"rippled scour depressions\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T17:40:44","indexId":"70027059","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new hypothesis and exploratory model for the formation of large-scale inner-shelf sediment sorting and \"rippled scour depressions\"","docAbstract":"Recent observations of inner continental shelves in many regions show numerous collections of relatively coarse sediment, which extend kilometers in the cross-shore direction and are on the order of 100m wide. These \"rippled scour depressions\" have been interpreted to indicate concentrated cross-shelf currents. However, recent observations strongly suggest that they are associated with sediment transport along-shore rather than cross-shore. A new hypothesis for the origin of these features involves the large wave-generated ripples that form in the coarse material. Wave motions interacting with these large roughness elements generate near-bed turbulence that is greatly enhanced relative to that in other areas. This enhances entrainment and inhibits settling of fine material in an area dominated by coarse sediment. The fine sediment is then carried by mean currents past the coarse accumulations, and deposited where the bed is finer. We hypothesize that these interactions constitute a feedback tending to produce accumulations of fine material separated by self-perpetuating patches of coarse sediments. As with many types of self-organized bedforms, small features would interact as they migrate, leading to a better-organized, larger-scale pattern. As an initial test of this hypothesis, we use a numerical model treating the transport of coarse and fine sediment fractions, treated as functions of the local bed composition - a proxy for the presence of large roughness elements in coarse areas. Large-scale sorted patterns exhibiting the main characteristics of the natural features result robustly in the model, indicating that this new hypothesis offers a plausible explanation for the phenomena. ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2003.11.001","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Murray, A., and Thieler, E., 2004, A new hypothesis and exploratory model for the formation of large-scale inner-shelf sediment sorting and \"rippled scour depressions\": Continental Shelf Research, v. 24, no. 3, p. 295-315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2003.11.001.","startPage":"295","endPage":"315","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209319,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2003.11.001"},{"id":235624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a3e4b0c8380cd467c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, A.B.","contributorId":12598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thieler, E.R. 0000-0003-4311-9717","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-9717","contributorId":93082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieler","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008513,"text":"1008513 - 2004 - The effectiveness of a barrier wall and underpasses in reducing wildlife mortality on a heavily traveled highway in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-14T12:46:32","indexId":"1008513","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effectiveness of a barrier wall and underpasses in reducing wildlife mortality on a heavily traveled highway in Florida","docAbstract":"Because of high numbers of animals killed on Paynes Prairie State Preserve, Alachua County, Florida, the Florida Department of Transportation constructed a barrier wall-culvert system to reduce wildlife mortality yet allow for passage of some animals across the highway. During a one year study following construction, we counted only 158 animals, excluding hylid treefrogs, killed in the same area where 2411 road kills were recorded in the 12 months prior to the construction of the barrier wall-culvert system. Within the survey area lying directly in Paynes Prairie basin, mortality was reduced 65% if hylid treefrogs are included, and 93.5% with hylid treefrogs excluded. Sixty-four percent of the wildlife kills observed along the barrier wall-culvert system occurred at a maintenance road access point and along 300 m of type-A fence bordering private property. The 24 h kill rate during the post-construction survey was 4.9 compared with 13.5 during the pre-construction survey. We counted 1891 dead vertebrates within the entire area surveyed, including the ecotone between the surrounding uplands and prairie basin which did not include the barrier wall and culverts. Approximately 73% of the nonhylid road kills occurred in the 400 m section of road beyond the extent of the barrier wall-culvert system. We detected 51 vertebrate species, including 9 fish, using the 8 culverts after the construction of the barrier wall-culvert system, compared with 28 vertebrate species in the 4 existing culverts prior to construction. Capture success in culverts increased 10-fold from the pre-construction survey to the post-construction survey. Barrier wall trespass was facilitated by overhanging vegetation, maintenance road access, and by the use of the type-A fence. Additional problems resulted from siltation, water holes, and human access. These problems could be corrected using design modifications and by routine, periodic maintenance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.011","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C., Barichivich, W., and Smith, L.L., 2004, The effectiveness of a barrier wall and underpasses in reducing wildlife mortality on a heavily traveled highway in Florida: Biological Conservation, v. 118, p. 619-631, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.011.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"619","endPage":"631","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":132079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6675ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barichivich, W.J. 0000-0003-1103-6861","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1103-6861","contributorId":91435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barichivich","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, L. L.","contributorId":6791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027785,"text":"70027785 - 2004 - Comparison of some sediment-hosted, stratiform barite deposits in China, the United States, and India","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:18","indexId":"70027785","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2954,"text":"Ore Geology Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of some sediment-hosted, stratiform barite deposits in China, the United States, and India","docAbstract":"Shifts in world barite production since the 1980s have resulted in China becoming the world's largest barite-producing country followed by the US and India. Most barite produced for use in drilling fluids is derived from black shale- and chert-hosted, stratiform marine deposits. In China, Late Proterozoic to Early Cambrian marine barite deposits occur on the oceanic margins of the Yangtze platform, in the Qinling region in the north and the Jiangnan region in the south. Most US ore-grade deposits are in the Nevada barite belt; most commercial deposits occur in Ordovician and Devonian marine rocks along the western margin of the early Paleozoic North American continent. Production in India is predominantly from a single Middle Proterozoic deposit in a sedimentary basin located on Archean basement in Andrah Pradesh.The geologic and geochemical characteristics of the deposits are consistent with origins from a variety of sedimentary-exhalative processes, with biogenic processes contributing to the concentration of some seafloor barite. Linear distributions of clusters of lenticular deposits suggest a geographic relationship to syndepositional seafloor fault zones. Sulfur isotope data of the barite deposits range from values that are similar to coeval seawater sulfate to significantly higher ??34S values. Strontium isotope values of continental-margin-type deposits in Nevada and China are less radiogenic than those of cratonic-rift deposits (e.g. Meggen and Rammelsberg). Comparison of Lan/ Cen ratios of barite in the Qinling region of China with marine chert ratios suggests a relationship to hydrothermal fluids, whereas ratios from the Jiangnan region and Nevada can be interpreted as reflecting a biogenic influence.The California Borderland provides a potential modern analog where hydrothermal barium is being deposited on the seafloor in fault-block-bounded basins. Anoxic to dysaerobic conditions on some marine basin floors result from upwelling, nutrient-rich currents and high productivity in surface waters. In this setting, biogenic processes could contribute to the concentration of barium from hydrothermal sources. ?? 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ore Geology Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.08.009","issn":"01691368","usgsCitation":"Clark, S.H., Poole, F.G., and Wang, Z., 2004, Comparison of some sediment-hosted, stratiform barite deposits in China, the United States, and India: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 24, no. 1-2, p. 85-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.08.009.","startPage":"85","endPage":"101","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211250,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.08.009"},{"id":238506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f890e4b0c8380cd4d1ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, S. H. B.","contributorId":95052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poole, F. G. 0000-0001-8487-0799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8487-0799","contributorId":104883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poole","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":415210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Z.","contributorId":67976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027488,"text":"70027488 - 2004 - Late Quaternary glaciation of the Upper Soca River Region (Southern Julian Alps, NW Slovenia)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-06T13:04:03","indexId":"70027488","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary glaciation of the Upper Soca River Region (Southern Julian Alps, NW Slovenia)","docAbstract":"Extent of Late Quaternary glaciers in the Upper Soc??a River Region (Southern Julian Alps, SE Europe) has been analyzed using a combination of geological mapping, glaciological modeling, and sediment dating (radiocarbon, U/Th series and Infrared Stimulated Luminescence-IRSL). Field investigations focused mainly on relatively well preserved Quaternary sequences in the Bovec Basin, an intramontane basin located SW of the Mediterranean/Black Sea divide and surrounded by mountain peaks reaching from approximately 2100 up to 2587 m a.s.l. Within the Basin we recognized two Late Quaternary sedimentary assemblages, which consist of the same facies association of diamictons, laminated lacustrine deposits and sorted fluvial sediments. Radiocarbon dating of the upper part of the lake sediments sequence (between 12790??85 and 5885??60 14C years b.p.) indicates that the younger sedimentary assemblage was deposited during the last glacial maximum and through early Holocene (Marine Isotope Stage 21, MIS 2-1). Sediment ages obtained for the older assemblage with U/Th and IRSL techniques (between 154.74??22.88 and 129.93??7.90 ka b.p. for selected samples) have large errors but both methods yield results consistent with deposition during the penultimate glacial-interglacial transition (MIS 6-5). Based on analyses of field data combined with glaciological modeling, we argue that both sediment complexes formed due to high sediment productivity spurred by paraglacial conditions with glaciers present in the uplands around the Bovec Basin but not extending down to the basin floor. Our study shows that the extent and intensity of direct glacial sedimentation by Late Quaternary glaciers in the region was previously significantly overestimated. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.sedgeo.2003.11.011","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Bavec, M., Tulaczyk, S.M., Mahan, S., and Stock, G.M., 2004, Late Quaternary glaciation of the Upper Soca River Region (Southern Julian Alps, NW Slovenia): Sedimentary Geology, v. 165, no. 3-4, p. 265-283, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2003.11.011.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"283","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211190,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2003.11.011"}],"volume":"165","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a452de4b0c8380cd670c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bavec, Milos","contributorId":80898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bavec","given":"Milos","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tulaczyk, Slawek M.","contributorId":98105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tulaczyk","given":"Slawek","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mahan, Shannon 0000-0001-5214-7774 smahan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":1215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"Shannon","email":"smahan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":413861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stock, Gregory M.","contributorId":7493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stock","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026945,"text":"70026945 - 2004 - A comparison of injectable fluorescent marks in two genera of darters: Effects on survival and retention rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026945","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of injectable fluorescent marks in two genera of darters: Effects on survival and retention rates","docAbstract":"Visible implant elastomer (VIE) and injectable photonic dye (IPD), two types of injectable fluorescent marks, have shown promise in previous applications in a variety of fishes but have not been extensively tested on darters. We marked a species from each of two genera of darters, Percina and Etheostoma, in a laboratory experiment to determine the influence of VIE and IPD marks on survival and the influences of mark type, location, and color on mark retention. Short-term (???80-d) survival was similar between marked and control specimens for both marks in both species. Over the long term (200-240 d), however, the survival rate for IPD-marked Roanoke darters P. roanoka was significantly lower than that for controls (50% versus 80%), whereas VIE-marked Roanoke darters had a survival rate (88%) similar to that of controls. Long-term survival of riverweed darters E. podostemone did not differ among groups. In Roanoke darters, the mark retention rate for IPD was significantly lower than that for VIE by day 80 of the experiment (80% versus 94%), and ventral IPD marks were retained with greater frequency than were dorsal IPD marks. In riverweed darters, retention was similar for VIE and IPD (79% versus 83%) in all body locations through day 240. In both species, yellow IPD marks exhibited higher retention rates than did green IPD marks, whereas the reverse was true for yellow and green VIE marks. Overall, VIE was a superior mark in the Percina representative but performed similarly to IPD in Etheostoma. Because of interspecific and intraspecific variability in mark performance, we recommend a pilot study before initiating field use of injectable marks in untested species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M03-077.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Roberts, J., and Angermeier, P., 2004, A comparison of injectable fluorescent marks in two genera of darters: Effects on survival and retention rates: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 3, p. 1017-1024, https://doi.org/10.1577/M03-077.1.","startPage":"1017","endPage":"1024","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209261,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M03-077.1"},{"id":235544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e35ce4b0c8380cd45fce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, J.H.","contributorId":84483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Angermeier, P. L. 0000-0003-2864-170X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":6410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027098,"text":"70027098 - 2004 - Use of medium-range numerical weather prediction model output to produce forecasts of streamflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-22T15:27:56.250143","indexId":"70027098","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of medium-range numerical weather prediction model output to produce forecasts of streamflow","docAbstract":"This paper examines an archive containing over 40 years of 8-day atmospheric forecasts over the contiguous United States from the NCEP reanalysis project to assess the possibilities for using medium-range numerical weather prediction model output for predictions of streamflow. This analysis shows the biases in the NCEP forecasts to be quite extreme. In many regions, systematic precipitation biases exceed 100% of the mean, with temperature biases exceeding 3°C. In some locations, biases are even higher. The accuracy of NCEP precipitation and 2-m maximum temperature forecasts is computed by interpolating the NCEP model output for each forecast day to the location of each station in the NWS cooperative network and computing the correlation with station observations. Results show that the accuracy of the NCEP forecasts is rather low in many areas of the country. Most apparent is the generally low skill in precipitation forecasts (particularly in July) and low skill in temperature forecasts in the western United States, the eastern seaboard, and the southern tier of states. These results outline a clear need for additional processing of the NCEP Medium-Range Forecast Model (MRF) output before it is used for hydrologic predictions. Techniques of model output statistics (MOS) are used in this paper to downscale the NCEP forecasts to station locations. Forecasted atmospheric variables (e.g., total column precipitable water, 2-m air temperature) are used as predictors in a forward screening multiple linear regression model to improve forecasts of precipitation and temperature for stations in the National Weather Service cooperative network. This procedure effectively removes all systematic biases in the raw NCEP precipitation and temperature forecasts. MOS guidance also results in substantial improvements in the accuracy of maximum and minimum temperature forecasts throughout the country. For precipitation, forecast improvements were less impressive. MOS guidance increases he accuracy of precipitation forecasts over the northeastern United States, but overall, the accuracy of MOS-based precipitation forecasts is slightly lower than the raw NCEP forecasts. Four basins in the United States were chosen as case studies to evaluate the value of MRF output for predictions of streamflow. Streamflow forecasts using MRF output were generated for one rainfall-dominated basin (Alapaha River at Statenville, Georgia) and three snowmelt-dominated basins (Animas River at Durango, Colorado: East Fork of the Carson River near Gardnerville, Nevada: and Cle Elum River near Roslyn, Washington). Hydrologic model output forced with measured-station data were used as \"truth\" to focus attention on the hydrologic effects of errors in the MRF forecasts. Eight-day streamflow forecasts produced using the MOS-corrected MRF output as input (MOS) were compared with those produced using the climatic Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) technique. MOS-based streamflow forecasts showed increased skill in the snowmelt-dominated river basins, where daily variations in streamflow are strongly forced by temperature. In contrast, the skill of MOS forecasts in the rainfall-dominated basin (the Alapaha River) were equivalent to the skill of the ESP forecasts. Further improvements in streamflow forecasts require more accurate local-scale forecasts of precipitation and temperature, more accurate specification of basin initial conditions, and more accurate model simulations of streamflow.
","language":"English","publisher":"AMS Publications","doi":"10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0015:UOMNWP>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Clark, M., and Hay, L., 2004, Use of medium-range numerical weather prediction model output to produce forecasts of streamflow: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 5, no. 1, p. 15-32, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0015:UOMNWP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478157,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0015:uomnwp>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n 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-116.04818,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -110.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -107.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -104.04826,\n 48.99986\n ],\n [\n -100.65,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -97.22872,\n 49.0007\n ],\n [\n -95.15907,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -95.15609,\n 49.38425\n ],\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"United States\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf3de4b08c986b329a3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, M.P.","contributorId":49558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027546,"text":"70027546 - 2004 - Hawaiian submarine manganese-iron oxide crusts - A dating tool?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T00:54:50.099022","indexId":"70027546","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hawaiian submarine manganese-iron oxide crusts - A dating tool?","docAbstract":"Black manganese-iron oxide crusts form on most exposed rock on the ocean floor. Such crusts are well developed on the steep lava slopes of the Hawaiian Ridge and have been sampled during dredging and submersible dives. The crusts also occur on fragments detached from bedrock by mass wasting, on submerged coral reefs, and on poorly lithified sedimentary rocks. The thickness of the crusts was measured on samples collected since 1965 on the Hawaiian Ridge from 140 dive or dredge localities. Fifty-nine (42%) of the sites were collected in 2001 by remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). The thinner crusts on many samples apparently result from postdepositional breakage, landsliding, and intermittent burial of outcrops by sediment. The maximum crust thickness was selected from each dredge or dive site to best represent crusts on the original rock surface at that site. The measurements show an irregular progressive thickening of the crusts toward the northwest—i.e., progressive thickening toward the older volcanic features with increasing distance from the Hawaiian hotspot. Comparison of the maximum crust thickness with radiometric ages of related subaerial features supports previous studies that indicate a crust-growth rate of about 2.5 mm/m.y. The thickness information not only allows a comparison of the relative exposure ages of two or more features offshore from different volcanoes, but also provides specific age estimates of volcanic and landslide deposits. The data indicate that some of the landslide blocks within the south Kona landslide are the oldest exposed rock on Mauna Loa, Kilauea, or Loihi volcanoes. Crusts on the floors of submarine canyons off Kohala and East Molokai volcanoes indicate that these canyons are no longer serving as channelways for downslope, sediment-laden currents. Mahukona volcano was approximately synchronous with Hilo Ridge, both being younger than Hana Ridge. The Nuuanu landslide is considerably older than the Wailau landslide. The Waianae landslide southwest of Oahu has yielded samples with the greatest manganese-iron oxide crusts (9.5 mm thick) and therefore apparently represents the oldest submarine material yet found in the study area. The submarine volcanic field 100 km southwest of Oahu is apparently younger than the Waianae landslide.
We calculated seismic moment rates from crustal earthquake information for the upper Cook Inlet region, including Anchorage, Alaska, for the 30 yr prior to and 36 yr following the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake. Our results suggest over a factor of 1000 decrease in seismic moment rate (in units of dyne centimeters per year) following the 1964 mainshock. We used geologic information on structures within the Cook Inlet basin to estimate a regional geologic moment rate, assuming the structures extend to 30 km depth and have near-vertical dips. The geologic moment rates could underestimate the true rates by up to 70% since it is difficult determine the amount of horizontal offset that has occurred along many structures within the basin. Nevertheless, the geologic moment rate is only 3-7 times lower than the pre-1964 seismic moment rate, suggesting the 1964 mainshock has significantly slowed regional crustal deformation. If we compare the geologic moment rate to the post-1964 seismic moment rate, the moment rate deficit over the past 36 yr is equivalent to a moment magnitude 6.6-7.0 earthquake. These observed differences in moment rates highlight the difficulty in using seismicity in the decades following a large megathrust earthquake to adequately characterize long-term crustal deformation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120030096","usgsCitation":"Doser, D.I., Ratchkovski, N.A., Haeussler, P.J., and Saltus, R., 2004, Changes in crustal seismic deformation rates associated with the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 1, p. 320-325, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030096.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"320","endPage":"325","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.2919921875,\n 59.108308258604964\n ],\n [\n -148.6669921875,\n 59.108308258604964\n ],\n [\n -148.6669921875,\n 61.8665112570728\n ],\n [\n -154.2919921875,\n 61.8665112570728\n ],\n [\n -154.2919921875,\n 59.108308258604964\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f40fe4b0c8380cd4bafe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doser, D. I.","contributorId":93256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ratchkovski, N. A.","contributorId":53995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratchkovski","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saltus, R.","contributorId":107040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015236,"text":"1015236 - 2004 - Rabies in a captive colony of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T19:40:11.811371","indexId":"1015236","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Rabies in a captive colony of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus)","title":"Rabies in a captive colony of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus)","docAbstract":"Our research has focused on the ecology of commensal populations of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in Fort Collins, Colorado (USA), in relation to rabies virus (RV) transmission. We captured 35 big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in late summer 2001 and held them captive for 4.8 mo. The bats were initially placed in an indoor cage for 1 mo then segregated into groups of two to six per cage. Two of the bats succumbed to rabies virus (RV) within the first month of capture. Despite group housing, all of the remaining bats were healthy over the course of the investigation; none developed rabies, although one of the rabid bats was observed to bite her cage mates. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Taqman® real-time PCR analysis of the RNA derived from the brain tissue, salivary glands, and oral swab samples confirmed RV infection in the dead bats. Rabies virus was also isolated from the brain tissue upon passage in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the RV nucleoprotein (N) gene showed 100% identity with the N gene sequence of a 1985 E. fuscus isolate from El Paso County, Colorado. Bat sera obtained six times throughout the study were assayed for RV neutralizing antibodies using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. The RV neutralizing activity in the serum was associated with the IgG component, which was purified by binding to protein G Sepharose. Five bats were RV seropositive prior to their capture and maintained titers throughout captivity. Two adult bats seroconverted during captivity. Two volant juvenile bats had detectable RV antibody titers at the first serum collection but were negative thereafter. Four seronegative bats responded to a RV vaccine administration with high titers of RV antibodies. A serologic survey of big brown bats in the roost from which one of the captive rabid bats had originated showed a significant rise in seroprevalence during 2002.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-40.3.403","usgsCitation":"Shankar, V., Bowen, R.A., Davis, A.D., Rupprecht, C.E., and O'Shea, T., 2004, Rabies in a captive colony of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus): Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 40, no. 3, p. 403-413, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.3.403.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"403","endPage":"413","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.3.403","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649e77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shankar, V.","contributorId":52126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shankar","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowen, R. A.","contributorId":80623,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, A. D.","contributorId":32121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rupprecht, C. E.","contributorId":101602,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rupprecht","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027121,"text":"70027121 - 2004 - Reconstruction of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation extinct ecosystem - A synthesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70027121","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconstruction of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation extinct ecosystem - A synthesis","docAbstract":"A synthesis of recent and previous studies of the Morrison Formation and related beds, in the context of a conceptual climatic/hydrologic framework, permits reconstruction of the Late Jurassic dinosaurian ecosystem throughout the Western Interior of the United States and Canada. Climate models and geologic evidence indicate that a dry climate persisted in the Western Interior during the Late Jurassic. Early and Middle Kimmeridgian eolian deposits and Late Kimmeridgian alkaline, saline wetland/lacustrine deposits demonstrate that dryness persisted throughout the Kimmeridgian. Tithonian-age coal reflects lower evaporation rates associated with a slight cooling trend, but not a significant climate change. With a subtropical high over the Paleo-Pacific Ocean and atmospheric circulation generally toward the east, moisture carried by prevailing winds \"rained out\" progressively eastward, leaving the continental interior-and the Morrison depositional basin-dry. Within the basin, high evaporation rates associated with the southerly paleolatitude and greenhouse effects added to the dryness. Consequently, the two main sources of water-groundwater and surface water-originated outside the basin, through recharge of regional aquifers and streams that originated in the western uplands. Precipitation that fell west of the basin recharged aquifers that underlay the basin and discharged in wetlands and lakes in the distal, low-lying part of the basin. Precipitation west of the basin also fed intermittent and scarce perennial streams that flowed eastward. The streams were probably \"losing\" streams in their upstream reaches, and contributed to a locally raised water table. Elsewhere in the basin, where the floodplain intersected the water table, small lakes dotted the landscape. Seasonal storms, perhaps in part from the Paleo-Gulf of Mexico, brought some precipitation directly to the basin, although it was also subjected to \"rain out\" en route. Thus, meteoric input to the basin was appreciably less than groundwater and surface water contributions. The terrestrial Morrison ecosystem, which can be likened to a savannah, expanded with the northward retreat of the Late Jurassic Western Interior Seaway. The ecosystem was a complex mosaic, the components of which shifted through time. Riparian environments probably were the most diverse parts of the ecosystem, where a multi-storeyed canopy supported a diverse fauna, from insects to dinosaurs. Equable conditions also existed in wetlands, lakes, and elsewhere on the floodplain when seasonal rainfall brought an herbaceous groundcover to life. Eolian environments and alkaline, saline wetlands were inhospitable to life.Large herbivorous dinosaurs were adapted to this semi-arid landscape. Their size was an adaptive asset based on considerations of food requirements associated with a low metabolism and was also an advantage for migration during drought. Some of the large sauropods were adapted to browsing the higher vegetation associated with riparian environments; others to grazing the herbaceous groundcover on the floodplain and charophytes in the wetlands. The extensive distal wetlands may, in fact, have been refugia for some of these herbivores during the dry season and droughts. Extended periods of drought account for some of the dinosaur death assemblages; yet, the ecosystem could also sustain the most unusual life forms that ever roamed the Earth. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.01.009","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Turner, C., and Peterson, F., 2004, Reconstruction of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation extinct ecosystem - A synthesis: Sedimentary Geology, v. 167, no. 3-4, p. 309-355, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.01.009.","startPage":"309","endPage":"355","numberOfPages":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478098,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://doc.rero.ch/record/14577/files/PAL_E1793.pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":209293,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.01.009"},{"id":235591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"167","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a25fe4b0e8fec6cdb5a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, C.E.","contributorId":45463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, F.","contributorId":93623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026759,"text":"70026759 - 2004 - Recent increases in sediment and nutrient accumulation in Bear Lake, Utah/Idaho, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70026759","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent increases in sediment and nutrient accumulation in Bear Lake, Utah/Idaho, USA","docAbstract":"This study examines historical changes in sediment and nutrient accumulation rates in Bear Lake along the northeastern Utah/Idaho border, USA. Two sediment cores were dated by measuring excess 210Pb activities and applying the constant rate of supply (CRS) dating model. Historical rates of bulk sediment accumulation were calculated based on the ages within the sediment cores. Bulk sediment accumulation rates increased throughout the last 100 years. According to the CRS model, bulk sediment accumulation rates were <25mg cm-2 year-1 prior to 1935. Between 1935 and 1980, bulk sediment accumulation rates increased to approximately 40mg cm -2 year-1. This increase in sediment accumulation probably resulted from the re-connection of Bear River to Bear Lake. Bulk sediment accumulation rates accelerated again after 1980. Accumulation rates of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), total inorganic carbon (TIC), and total organic carbon (TOC) were calculated by multiplying bulk sediment accumulation rates times the concentrations of these nutrients in the sediment. Accumulation rates of TP, TN, TIC, and TOC increased as a consequence of increased bulk sediment accumulation rates after the re-connection of Bear River with Bear Lake.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/B:HYDR.0000038865.16732.09","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Smoak, J., and Swarzenski, P., 2004, Recent increases in sediment and nutrient accumulation in Bear Lake, Utah/Idaho, USA: Hydrobiologia, v. 525, no. 1-3, p. 175-184, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000038865.16732.09.","startPage":"175","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502511,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.usfsp.edu/fac_publications/1322","text":"External Repository"},{"id":234000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208328,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000038865.16732.09"}],"volume":"525","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9623e4b0c8380cd81e15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smoak, J.M.","contributorId":40384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoak","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swarzenski, P.W. 0000-0003-0116-0578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":29487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027122,"text":"70027122 - 2004 - Marine-target craters on Mars? An assessment study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T17:00:28.55345","indexId":"70027122","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marine-target craters on Mars? An assessment study","docAbstract":"Observations of impact craters on Earth show that a water column at the target strongly influences lithology and morphology of the resultant crater. The degree of influence varies with the target water depth and impactor diameter. Morphological features detectable in satellite imagery include a concentric shape with an inner crater inset within a shallower outer crater, which is cut by gullies excavated by the resurge of water. In this study, we show that if oceans, large seas, and lakes existed on Mars for periods of time, marine-target craters must have formed. We make an assessment of the minimum and maximum amounts of such craters based on published data on water depths, extent, and duration of putative oceans within “contacts 1 and 2,” cratering rate during the different oceanic phases, and computer modeling of minimum impactor diameters required to form long-lasting craters in the seafloor of the oceans. We also discuss the influence of erosion and sedimentation on the preservation and exposure of the craters. For an ocean within the smaller “contact 2” with a duration of 100,000 yr and the low present crater formation rate, only ˜1–2 detectable marine-target craters would have formed. In a maximum estimate with a duration of 0.8 Gyr, as many as 1400 craters may have formed. An ocean within the larger “contact 1-Meridiani,” with a duration of 100,000 yr, would not have received any seafloor craters despite the higher crater formation rate estimated before 3.5 Gyr. On the other hand, with a maximum duration of 0.8 Gyr, about 160 seafloor craters may have formed. However, terrestrial examples show that most marine-target craters may be covered by thick sediments. Ground penetrating radar surveys planned for the ESA Mars Express and NASA 2005 missions may reveal buried craters, though it is uncertain if the resolution will allow the detection of diagnostic features of marine-target craters. The implications regarding the discovery of marine-target craters on Mars is not without significance, as such discoveries would help address the ongoing debate of whether large water bodies occupied the northern plains of Mars and would help constrain future paleoclimatic reconstructions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00344.x","usgsCitation":"Ormo, J., Dohm, J.M., Ferris, J., Lepinette, A., and Fairen, A., 2004, Marine-target craters on Mars? An assessment study: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 39, no. 2, p. 333-346, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00344.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"346","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478158,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00344.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-01-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a51f4e4b0c8380cd6c05c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ormo, J.","contributorId":55626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ormo","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dohm, J. M.","contributorId":102150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohm","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferris, J.C.","contributorId":13731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferris","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lepinette, A.","contributorId":6642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lepinette","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fairen, A.G.","contributorId":25335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairen","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1015191,"text":"1015191 - 2004 - Cumulative effects of nutrients and pH on the plankton of two mountain lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:57:02","indexId":"1015191","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cumulative effects of nutrients and pH on the plankton of two mountain lakes","docAbstract":"We conducted enclosure experiments to examine the cumulative effects of nutrient enrichment and acidification on the plankton of two mountain lakes with differing nutrient conditions. The low-nitrate lake responded to N, N plus acid, and N plus acid plus P additions, showing four- to seven-fold increases in chlorophyll a, increased photosynthetic rate, compositional shifts toward large chlorophytes, and decreased zooplankton biomass. The high-nitrate lake responded minimally to either N or P alone but responded strongly to combined additions of N plus acid plus P, showing eightfold increases in chlorophyll a, increased cell density and photosynthetic rates, and compositional shifts toward chlorophytes and the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium. In both study lakes, changes in chlorophyll a were linked to addition of limiting nutrients regardless of pH, whereas shifts in phytoplankton species composition were apparently affected by both nutrient conditions and acidity. The most striking changes in species composition and biomass occurred in combined N plus acid plus P treatments, indicating that continued nutrient enrichment may interact with acidification to produce marked changes in the plankton of mountain lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f04-053","usgsCitation":"Lafrancois, B.M., Nydick, K.R., Johnson, B.M., and Baron, J., 2004, Cumulative effects of nutrients and pH on the plankton of two mountain lakes: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 61, no. 7, p. 1153-1165, https://doi.org/10.1139/f04-053.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1153","endPage":"1165","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ec94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lafrancois, Brenda Moraska","contributorId":68559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafrancois","given":"Brenda","email":"","middleInitial":"Moraska","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nydick, Koren R.","contributorId":196601,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nydick","given":"Koren","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Brett M.","contributorId":70240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Brett","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027104,"text":"70027104 - 2004 - Chemical versus temporal controls on the evolution of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas at two volcanoes in the Alaska-Aleutian arc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-17T10:50:40","indexId":"70027104","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical versus temporal controls on the evolution of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas at two volcanoes in the Alaska-Aleutian arc","docAbstract":"The Alaska-Aleutian island arc is well known for erupting both tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas. To investigate the relative roles of chemical and temporal controls in generating these contrasting liquid lines of descent we have undertaken a detailed study of tholeiitic lavas from Akutan volcano in the oceanic A1eutian arc and calc-alkaline products from Aniakchak volcano on the continental A1askan Peninsula. The differences do not appear to be linked to parental magma composition. The Akutan lavas can be explained by closed-system magmatic evolution, whereas curvilinear trace element trends and a large range in 87 Sr/86 Sr isotope ratios in the Aniakchak data appear to require the combined effects of fractional crystallization, assimilation and magma mixing. Both magmatic suites preserve a similar range in 226 Ra-230 Th disequilibria, which suggests that the time scale of crustal residence of magmas beneath both these volcanoes was similar, and of the order of several thousand years. This is consistent with numerical estimates of the time scales for crystallization caused by cooling in convecting crustal magma chambers. During that time interval the tholeiitic Akutan magmas underwent restricted, closed-system, compositional evolution. In contrast, the calc-alkaline magmas beneath Aniakchak volcano underwent significant open-system compositional evolution. Combining these results with data from other studies we suggest that differentiation is faster in calc-alkaline and potassic magma series than in tholeiitic series, owing to a combination of greater extents of assimilation, magma mixing and cooling.","language":"English","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egg086","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"George, R., Turner, S., Hawkesworth, C., Bacon, C., Nye, C., Stelling, P., and Dreher, S., 2004, Chemical versus temporal controls on the evolution of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas at two volcanoes in the Alaska-Aleutian arc: Journal of Petrology, v. 45, no. 1, p. 203-219, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egg086.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"219","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478094,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egg086","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f598e4b0c8380cd4c2e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"George, R.","contributorId":65269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, S.","contributorId":18947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hawkesworth, C.","contributorId":20489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawkesworth","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nye, C.","contributorId":16198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stelling, P.","contributorId":58820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelling","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dreher, S.","contributorId":98513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreher","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70027103,"text":"70027103 - 2004 - The impact of anthropogenic land-cover change on the Florida Peninsula Sea Breezes and warm season sensible weather","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-02T13:40:04.160932","indexId":"70027103","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2786,"text":"Monthly Weather Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The impact of anthropogenic land-cover change on the Florida Peninsula Sea Breezes and warm season sensible weather","docAbstract":"During the twentieth century, the natural landscape of the Florida peninsula was transformed extensively by agriculture, urbanization, and the diversion of surface water features. The purpose of this paper is to present a numerical modeling study in which the possible impacts of this transformation on the warm season climate of the region were investigated. For three separate July–August periods (1973, 1989, and 1994), a pair of simulations was performed with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. Within each pair, the simulations differed only in the specification of land-cover class. The two different classes were specified using highly detailed datasets that were constructed to represent pre-1900 natural land cover and 1993 land-use patterns, thus capturing the landscape transformation within each pair of simulations.
When the pre-1900 natural cover was replaced with the 1993 land-use dataset, the simulated spatial patterns of the surface sensible and latent heat flux were altered significantly, resulting in changes in the structure and strength of climatologically persistent, surface-forced mesoscale circulations—particularly the afternoon sea-breeze fronts. This mechanism was associated with marked changes in the spatial distribution of convective rainfall totals over the peninsula. When averaged over the model domain, this redistribution was reflected as an overall decrease in the 2-month precipitation total. In addition, the domain average of the diurnal cycle of 2-m temperature was amplified, with a noted increase in the daytime maximum. These results were consistent among all three simulated periods, and largely unchanged when subjected to a number of model sensitivity factors. Furthermore, the model results are in reasonable agreement with an analysis of observational data that indicates decreasing regional precipitation and increasing daytime maximum temperature during the twentieth century.
These results could have important implications for water resource and land-use management issues in south Florida, including efforts to restore and preserve the natural hydroclimate of the Everglades ecosystem. This study also provides more evidence for the need to consider anthropogenic land-cover change when evaluating climate trends.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0028:TIOALC>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00270644","usgsCitation":"Marshall, C.H., Pielke, R., Steyaert, L.T., and Willard, D., 2004, The impact of anthropogenic land-cover change on the Florida Peninsula Sea Breezes and warm season sensible weather: Monthly Weather Review, v. 132, no. 1, p. 28-52, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0028:TIOALC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235294,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.056640625,\n 24.84656534821976\n ],\n [\n -79.1455078125,\n 24.84656534821976\n ],\n [\n -79.1455078125,\n 27.352252938063845\n ],\n [\n -83.056640625,\n 27.352252938063845\n ],\n [\n -83.056640625,\n 24.84656534821976\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"132","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacdfe4b08c986b3237d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, C. H.","contributorId":31050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, R.A. Sr.","contributorId":96224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steyaert, L. T.","contributorId":71303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyaert","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":85982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026757,"text":"70026757 - 2004 - A study of possible ground-motion amplification at the Coyote Lake Dam, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70026757","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A study of possible ground-motion amplification at the Coyote Lake Dam, California","docAbstract":"The abutment site at the Coyote Lake Dam recorded an unusually large peak acceleration of 1.29g during the 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake. Following this earthquake another strong-motion station was installed about 700 m downstream from the abutment station. We study all events (seven) recorded on these stations, using ratios of peak accelerations, spectral ratios, and particle motion polarization (using holograms) to investigate the relative ground motion at the two sites. We find that in all but one case the motion at the abutment site is larger than the downstream site over a broad frequency band. The polarizations are similar for the two sites for a given event, but can vary from one event to another. This suggests that the dam itself is not strongly influencing the records. Although we can be sure that the relative motion is usually larger at the abutment site, we cannot conclude that there is anomalous site amplification at the abutment site. The downstream site could have lower-than-usual near-surface amplifications. On the other hand, the geology near the abutment site is extremely complex and includes fault slivers, with rapid lateral changes in materials and presumably seismic velocities. For this reason alone, the abutment site should not be considered a normal free-field site.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/012003144","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Boore, D., Graizer, V., Tinsley, J.C., and Shakal, A., 2004, A study of possible ground-motion amplification at the Coyote Lake Dam, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 4, p. 1327-1342, https://doi.org/10.1785/012003144.","startPage":"1327","endPage":"1342","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208326,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/012003144"}],"volume":"94","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5c0e4b0c8380cd46f5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boore, D.M. 0000-0002-8605-9673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-9673","contributorId":64226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graizer, V.M.","contributorId":67259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graizer","given":"V.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tinsley, J. 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This research has focused on vulnerable base-poor systems; catchments on alkaline lithologies have received little attention. In regions of high acid loadings, however, even well-buffered catchments are susceptible to forest decline and episodes of low alkalinity in streamwater. As part of a collaboration between the Czech and U.S. Geological Surveys, we compared biogeochemical patterns in two well-studied, well-buffered catchments: Pluhuv Bor in the western Czech Republic, which has received high loading of atmospheric acidity, and Sleepers River Research Watershed in Vermont, U.S.A., where acid loading has been considerably less. Despite differences in lithology, wetness, forest type, and glacial history, the catchments displayed similar patterns of solute concentrations and flow. At both catchments, base cation and alkalinity diluted with increasing flow, whereas nitrate and dissolved organic carbon increased with increasing flow. Sulfate diluted with increasing flow at Sleepers River, while at Pluhuv Bor the sulfate-flow relation shifted from positive to negative as atmospheric sulfur (S) loadings decreased and soil S pools were depleted during the 1990s. At high flow, alkalinity decreased to near 100 μeq L-1 at Pluhuv Bor compared to 400 μeq L-1 at Sleepers River. Despite the large amounts of S flushed from Pluhuv Bor soils, these alkalinity declines were caused solely by dilution, which was greater at Pluhuv Bor relative to Sleepers River due to greater contributions from shallow flow paths at high flow. Although the historical high S loading at Pluhuv Bor has caused soil acidification and possible forest damage, it has had little effect on the acid/base status of streamwater in this well-buffered catchment.
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