First-year survival has important implications for the structure and growth of populations. We examined variation in seasonal survival of first-year Pacific Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) marked late in summer in Alaska at two brood-rearing areas on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Tutakoke and Kokechik) and one area on the Arctic Coastal Plain to provide insight into the magnitude and timing of mortality during fall migration. First-year survival was lower in early fall (15 July-1 October), when birds fledged from brood-rearing areas and migrated to their primary fall staging area at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska, than during late fall and early winter (1 October-15 February), when birds made a long-distance transoceanic flight (>5000 km) to wintering areas in Baja California, Mexico. When compared to other years, monthly survival during early fall was 20-24% lower in 1992, the year of latest hatch dates and slowest growth of goslings. There was strong evidence to indicate that survival varied geographically within the early fall period. Monthly survival estimates during early fall were lowest for birds from Tutakoke, highest for birds from the Arctic Coastal Plain, and intermediate at Kokechik. Our findings revealed that most juvenile mortality occurred during the first 2 months following banding, and variation in juvenile survival during this period was likely influenced significantly by environmental parameters and habitat conditions on the breeding grounds. Monthly survival estimates during the subsequent 4 months were similar across geographic areas, and long-distance migration was likely the most important contributor to juvenile mortality during this period.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1650/7387","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., Schmutz, J.A., Sedinger, J.S., Bollinger, K.S., Martin, P.D., and Anderson, B., 2004, Temporal and geographic variation in survival of juvenile black brant: Condor, v. 106, no. 2, p. 263-274, https://doi.org/10.1650/7387.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"274","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478148,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/7387","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bollinger, Karen S.","contributorId":33842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollinger","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, P. D.","contributorId":7018,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anderson, B.A.","contributorId":73581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026721,"text":"70026721 - 2004 - Subsurface temperature as a passkey for exploration of mature basins: Hot anticlines - A key to discovery?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-18T13:53:41","indexId":"70026721","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2941,"text":"Oil & Gas Journal","printIssn":"0030-1388","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface temperature as a passkey for exploration of mature basins: Hot anticlines - A key to discovery?","docAbstract":"Temperature anomalies associated with oil-producing structures in the US Midcontinent and similar cratonic areas probably can be used reliably as a passkey for petroleum exploration in mature areas, and thus the concept of hot anticlines could be a key to discovery. Analysis of accumulated data during the past several decades allows a definition of the problem of hot anticlines. A possible solution for migration and entrapment of petroleum can be explained by the Roberts temperature differential model and the Walters fluid-flow paradigm. In fact, if the Roberts model is valid, higher shallow temperatures, temperature gradients, or heat flow could indicate the entrapment of hydrocarbons at depth. The recognition and promotion of shallow \"hotspots\" as an exploration key is not new and was proposed years ago by Haas and Hoffmann, Kappelmeyer, and as recently as 1986 by Blackwell.","language":"English","publisher":"PennWell Corporation","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Merriam, D.F., 2004, Subsurface temperature as a passkey for exploration of mature basins: Hot anticlines - A key to discovery?: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 102, no. 32, p. 29-34.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351776,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-102/issue-32/exploration-development/subsurface-temperature-as-a-passkey-for-exploration-of-mature-basins-hot-anticlinesmdasha-key-to-discovery.html"}],"volume":"102","issue":"32","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d8ee4b08c986b31d8fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merriam, D. F.","contributorId":63175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriam","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027155,"text":"70027155 - 2004 - Movement, home range, and site fidelity of bluegills in a Great Plains Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70027155","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement, home range, and site fidelity of bluegills in a Great Plains Lake","docAbstract":"Little is known about the distribution, movement, and home ranges of bluegills Lepomis macrochirus in lentic environments. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the seasonal and diel differences in movement rates, site fidelity, and home range of bluegills in a shallow, natural Great Plains lake. A total of 78 bluegills (200-273 mm total length) were implanted with radio transmitters in March and May 2000. Of these fish, 10 males and 10 females were randomly selected and located every 2 h during one 24-h period each month from April to September 2000. Bluegill movement peaked during midsummer: however, there was little difference in diel movements, suggesting relatively consistent movement throughout the 24-h period. Home range estimates (which included the 24-h tracking plus an additional six locations from the same fish located once per day for six consecutive days each month) ranged up to 172 ha, probably because only about half of the bluegills exhibited site fidelity during any month sampled. Bluegill movement did not appear to be strongly linked with water temperature, barometric pressure, or wind speed. These results suggest that bluegills move considerable distances and that many roam throughout this 332-ha shallow lake. However, diel patterns were not evident. Sampling bluegills in Great Plains lakes using passive gears (e.g., trap nets) may be most effective during the summer months, when fish are most active. Active sampling (e.g., electrofishing) may be more effective than the use of passive gears in spring and fall, when bluegills are less active.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M03-004","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Paukert, C., Willis, D., and Bouchard, M., 2004, Movement, home range, and site fidelity of bluegills in a Great Plains Lake: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 1, p. 154-161, https://doi.org/10.1577/M03-004.","startPage":"154","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209273,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M03-004"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f31e4b0c8380cd70e19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paukert, C.P.","contributorId":10151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willis, D.W.","contributorId":56179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bouchard, M.A. 0000-0002-6353-3491","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6353-3491","contributorId":13023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouchard","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026809,"text":"70026809 - 2004 - The global short-period wavefield modelled with a Monte Carlo seismic phonon method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-07T14:26:53","indexId":"70026809","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The global short-period wavefield modelled with a Monte Carlo seismic phonon method","docAbstract":"At high frequencies (∼1 Hz), much of the seismic energy arriving at teleseismic distances is not found in the main phases (e.g. P, PP, S, etc.) but is contained in the extended coda that follows these arrivals. This coda results from scattering off small-scale velocity and density perturbations within the crust and mantle and contains valuable information regarding the depth dependence and strength of this heterogeneity as well as the relative importance of intrinsic versus scattering attenuation. Most analyses of seismic coda to date have concentrated on S-wave coda generated from lithospheric scattering for events recorded at local and regional distances. Here, we examine the globally averaged vertical-component, 1-Hz wavefield (>10° range) for earthquakes recorded in the IRIS FARM archive from 1990 to 1999. We apply an envelope-function stacking technique to image the average time–distance behavior of the wavefield for both shallow (≤50 km) and deep (≥500 km) earthquakes. Unlike regional records, our images are dominated by P and P coda owing to the large effect of attenuation on PPand S at high frequencies. Modelling our results is complicated by the need to include a variety of ray paths, the likely contributions of multiple scattering and the possible importance of P-to-S and S-to-P scattering. We adopt a stochastic, particle-based approach in which millions of seismic phonons are randomly sprayed from the source and tracked through the Earth. Each phonon represents an energy packet that travels along the appropriate ray path until it is affected by a discontinuity or a scatterer. Discontinuities are modelled by treating the energy normalized reflection and transmission coefficients as probabilities. Scattering probabilities and scattering angles are computed in a similar fashion, assuming random velocity and density perturbations characterized by an exponential autocorrelation function. Intrinsic attenuation is included by reducing the energy contained in each particle as an appropriate function of traveltime. We find that most scattering occurs in the lithosphere and upper mantle, as previous results have indicated, but that some lower-mantle scattering is likely also required. A model with 3 to 4 per cent rms velocity heterogeneity at 4-km scale length in the upper mantle and 0.5 per cent rms velocity heterogeneity at 8-km scale length in the lower mantle (with intrinsic attenuation of Qα= 450 above 200 km depth andQα= 2500 below 200 km) provides a reasonable fit to both the shallow- and deep-earthquake observations, although many trade-offs exist between the scale length, depth extent and strength of the heterogeneity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02378.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Shearer, P., and Earle, P.S., 2004, The global short-period wavefield modelled with a Monte Carlo seismic phonon method: Geophysical Journal International, v. 158, no. 3, p. 1103-1117, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02378.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1103","endPage":"1117","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478271,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2004.02378.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"158","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac8ce4b08c986b32358c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shearer, Peter M.","contributorId":78946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shearer","given":"Peter M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Earle, Paul S. 0000-0002-3500-017X pearle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3500-017X","contributorId":173551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earle","given":"Paul","email":"pearle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":411153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026810,"text":"70026810 - 2004 - Geographic variation in patterns of nestedness among local stream fish assemblages in Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026810","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic variation in patterns of nestedness among local stream fish assemblages in Virginia","docAbstract":"Nestedness of faunal assemblages is a multiscale phenomenon, potentially influenced by a variety of factors. Prior small-scale studies have found freshwater fish species assemblages to be nested along stream courses as a result of either selective colonization or extinction. However, within-stream gradients in temperature and other factors are correlated with the distributions of many fish species and may also contribute to nestedness. At a regional level, strongly nested patterns would require a consistent set of structuring mechanisms across streams, and correlation among species' tolerances of the environmental factors that influence distribution. Thus, nestedness should be negatively associated with the spatial extent of the region analyzed and positively associated with elevational gradients (a correlate of temperature and other environmental factors). We examined these relationships for the freshwater fishes of Virginia. Regions were defined within a spatial hierarchy and included whole river drainages, portions of drainages within physiographic provinces, and smaller subdrainages. In most cases, nestedness was significantly stronger in regions of smaller spatial extent and in regions characterized by greater topographic relief. Analysis of hydrologic variability and patterns of faunal turnover provided no evidence that interannual colonization/extinction dynamics contributed to elevational differences in nestedness. These results suggest that, at regional scales, nestedness is influenced by interactions between biotic and abiotic factors, and that the strongest nestedness is likely to occur where a small number of organizational processes predominate, i.e., over small spatial extents and regions exhibiting strong environmental gradients. ?? Springer-Verlag 2004.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oecologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00442-004-1618-z","issn":"00298549","usgsCitation":"Cook, R., Angermeier, P., Finn, D., Poff, N., and Krueger, K., 2004, Geographic variation in patterns of nestedness among local stream fish assemblages in Virginia: Oecologia, v. 140, no. 4, p. 639-649, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1618-z.","startPage":"639","endPage":"649","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208971,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1618-z"},{"id":235110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"140","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a178ae4b0c8380cd55535","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, R.R.","contributorId":34696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Angermeier, P. L. 0000-0003-2864-170X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":6410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finn, D.S.","contributorId":103454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poff, N.L.","contributorId":22723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poff","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krueger, K.L.","contributorId":103812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026818,"text":"70026818 - 2004 - Rare earth element partitioning between hydrous ferric oxides and acid mine water during iron oxidation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:23:19","indexId":"70026818","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare earth element partitioning between hydrous ferric oxides and acid mine water during iron oxidation","docAbstract":"Ferrous iron rapidly oxidizes to Fe (III) and precipitates as hydrous Fe (III) oxides in acid mine waters. This study examines the effect of Fe precipitation on the rare earth element(REE) geochemistry of acid mine waters to determine the pH range over which REEs behave conservatively and the range over which attenuation and fractionation occur. Two field studies were designed to investigate REE attenuation during Fe oxidation in acidic, alpine surface waters. To complement these field studies, a suite of six acid mine waters with a pH range from 1.6 to 6.1 were collected and allowed to oxidize in the laboratory at ambient conditions to determine the partitioning of REEs during Fe oxidation and precipitation. Results from field experiments document that even with substantial Fe oxidation, the REEs remain dissolved in acid, sulfate waters with pH below 5.1. Between pH 5.1 and 6.6 the REEs partitioned to the solid phases in the water column, and heavy REEs were preferentially removed compared to light REEs. Laboratory experiments corroborated field data with the most solid-phase partitioning occurring in the waters with the highest pH.
The abundance of white bass (Morone chrysops) in Lake Erie has declined in recent years, sparking interest in mechanisms influencing its recruitment. We evaluate two mechanisms affecting recruitment: diet and the potential for competition, and storage of lipid energy reserves and the relationship to overwinter survival. The fish in our study were characteristic of white bass in the northern portion of their range, feeding predominantly on zooplankton. Only the largest age-0 white bass ate fish as a significant portion of their diet. Over the summer sampling period, we found decreasing ration sizes, expressed as a percentage of maximum ration, as the summer progressed with a concomitant decrease in the relative amount of lipid storage. In laboratory experiments, age-0 white bass held at 5°C and given food ad libitum did feed, but at rates that were insufficient to maintain body weight. Loss in weight was accompanied with a loss in lipids at a rate of 2.8 mg of lipids per gram of body weight per day. Based on our data, we concluded that age-0 white bass in Lake Erie were food-limited. Food limitation resulted in reduced growth rates, presumably related to competition with other planktivorous fishes. Reduced growth results in increased mortality and, ultimately, low recruitment through increased risk of predation by larger piscivorous fishes, reduced ability for white bass to switch to more energetically profitable piscivory and the increased likelihood of higher overwinter mortality because of reduced lipid stores.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1320-5331.2004.00239.x","usgsCitation":"Eckmayer, W., and Margraf, F., 2004, The influence of diet, consumption and lipid use on recruitment of white bass: Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management, v. 9, no. 2, p. 133-141, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1320-5331.2004.00239.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":108,"text":"Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.507080078125,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -83.33129882812499,\n 41.6154423246811\n ],\n [\n -83.12255859375,\n 41.53325414281322\n ],\n [\n -82.99072265625,\n 41.393294288784865\n ],\n [\n -82.474365234375,\n 41.352072144512924\n ],\n [\n -82.144775390625,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -81.0791015625,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n -80.650634765625,\n 41.84501267270689\n ],\n [\n -80.013427734375,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -79.2333984375,\n 42.48019996901214\n ],\n [\n -78.73901367187499,\n 42.85985981506277\n ],\n [\n -79.771728515625,\n 42.90816007196054\n ],\n [\n -80.18920898437499,\n 42.80346172417078\n ],\n [\n -80.540771484375,\n 42.65012181368022\n ],\n [\n -80.9033203125,\n 42.67435857693381\n ],\n [\n -81.265869140625,\n 42.68243539838623\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 42.23665188032057\n ],\n [\n -82.73803710937499,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -83.33129882812499,\n 42.05745022024682\n ],\n [\n -83.507080078125,\n 41.64007838467894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad1ce4b08c986b3239a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eckmayer, W.J.","contributorId":103042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckmayer","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Margraf, F.J.","contributorId":47738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Margraf","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026793,"text":"70026793 - 2004 - Pesticides in mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) from the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70026793","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides in mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) from the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA","docAbstract":"In 1997, pesticide concentrations were measured in mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) from two areas in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA. One area (Sixty Lakes Basin, Kings Canyon National Park) had large, apparently healthy populations of frogs. A second area (Tablelands, Sequoia National Park) once had large populations, but the species had been extirpated from this area by the early 1980s. The Tablelands is exposed directly to prevailing winds from agricultural regions to the west. When an experimental reintroduction of R. muscosa in 1994 to 1995 was deemed unsuccessful in 1997, the last 20 (reintroduced) frogs that could be found were collected from the Tablelands, and pesticide concentrations in both frog tissue and the water were measured at both the Tablelands and at reference sites at Sixty Lakes. In frog tissues, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) concentration was one to two orders of magnitude higher than the other organochlorines (46 ?? 20 ng/g wet wt at Tablelands and 17 ?? 8 Sixty Lakes). Both ??-chlordane and trans-nonachlor were found in significantly greater concentrations in Tablelands frog tissues compared with Sixty Lakes. Organophosphate insecticides, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon were observed primarily in surface water with higher concentrations at the Tablelands sites. No contaminants were significantly higher in our Sixty Lakes samples.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1897/03-491","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Fellers, G.M., McConnell, L., Pratt, D., and Datta, S., 2004, Pesticides in mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) from the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 23, no. 9, p. 2170-2177, https://doi.org/10.1897/03-491.","startPage":"2170","endPage":"2177","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209183,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/03-491"},{"id":235425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7756e4b0c8380cd78488","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fellers, G. M.","contributorId":82653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McConnell, L.L.","contributorId":53344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McConnell","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pratt, D.","contributorId":84135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Datta, S.","contributorId":19754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Datta","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026791,"text":"70026791 - 2004 - Tectonic histories between Alba Patera and Syria Planum, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70026791","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic histories between Alba Patera and Syria Planum, Mars","docAbstract":"Syria Planum and Alba Patera are two of the most prominent features of magmatic-driven activity identified for the Tharsis region and perhaps for all of Mars. In this study, we have performed a Geographic Information System-based comparative investigation of their tectonic histories using published geologic map information and Mars Orbiter Laser Altimetry (MOLA) data. Our primary objective is to assess their evolutional histories by focusing on their extent of deformation in space and time through stratigraphic, paleotectonic, topographic, and geomorphologic analyses. Though there are similarities among the two prominent features, there are several distinct differences, including timing deformational extent, and tectonic intensity of formation. Whereas Alba Patera displays a major pulse of activity during the Late Hesperian/Early Amazonian, Syria Planum is a long-lived center that displays a more uniform distribution of simple graben densities ranging from the Noachian to the Amazonian, many of which occur at greater distances away from the primary center of activity. The histories of the two features presented here are representative of the complex, long-lived evolutional history of Tharsis. ?? 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2004.04.018","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R.C., Dohm, J.M., Haldemann, A.F., Hare, T., and Baker, V., 2004, Tectonic histories between Alba Patera and Syria Planum, Mars: Icarus, v. 171, no. 1, p. 31-38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.04.018.","startPage":"31","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209158,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.04.018"}],"volume":"171","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba463e4b08c986b3202dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R. C.","contributorId":9755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dohm, J. M.","contributorId":102150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohm","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haldemann, A. F. C.","contributorId":33437,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haldemann","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hare, T.M. 0000-0001-8842-389X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8842-389X","contributorId":43828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hare","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baker, V.R.","contributorId":47079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"V.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027129,"text":"70027129 - 2004 - Conservation, status, and life history of the endangered White River spinedace, Lepidomeda albivallis (Cyprinidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T12:55:08","indexId":"70027129","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation, status, and life history of the endangered White River spinedace, Lepidomeda albivallis (Cyprinidae)","docAbstract":"Lepidomeda albivallis (White River spinedace), a fish species endemic to the White River, Nevada, appeared headed toward extinction. In 1991 only 1 population remained, and it comprised fewer than 50 individuals in a 70-m stream reach. We monitored population recruitment and distribution and studied life history and habitat use from 1993 through 1998. We determined that L. albivallis was not reproducing and was continuing to decline, and as an emergency measure we relocated the population (14 in spring 1995 and 6 in spring 1996) downstream 200 m to a secure habitat that we judged more favorable for reproduction. The relocated population reproduced, and by September 1998 it had increased to 396 individuals that inhabited more than 1 km of stream including both pond and stream habitats. In streams they oriented near the bottom but frequently moved up in the water column to strike at drift items. Gut analysis of museum specimens indicated L. albivallis is omnivorous but feeds primarily upon aquatic invertebrates. Conservation of L. albivallis will require reestablishing additional populations within its former range.
","language":"English","issn":"15270904","usgsCitation":"Scoppettone, G., Harvey, J., and Heinrich, J., 2004, Conservation, status, and life history of the endangered White River spinedace, Lepidomeda albivallis (Cyprinidae): Western North American Naturalist, v. 64, no. 1, p. 38-44.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"44","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9f6e4b0c8380cd4d844","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scoppettone, G.G.","contributorId":22793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scoppettone","given":"G.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, J.E.","contributorId":86730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heinrich, J.","contributorId":51961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinrich","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027210,"text":"70027210 - 2004 - Lack of spatial genetic structure among nesting and wintering King Eiders","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-18T10:03:05","indexId":"70027210","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lack of spatial genetic structure among nesting and wintering King Eiders","docAbstract":"The King Eider (Somateria spectabilis) has been delineated into two broadly distributed breeding populations in North America (the western and eastern Arctic) on the basis of banding data and their use of widely separated Pacific and Atlantic wintering areas. Little is known about the level of gene flow between these two populations. Also unknown is whether behavioral patterns common among migratory waterfowl, such as site fidelity to wintering areas and pair formation at these sites, have existed for sufficient time to create a population structure defined by philopatry to wintering rather than to nesting locations. We used six nuclear microsatellite DNA loci and cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA sequence data to estimate the extent of spatial genetic differentiation among nesting and wintering areas of King Eiders across North America and adjacent regions. Estimates of interpopulation variance in microsatellite allele and mtDNA haplotype frequency were both low and nonsignificant based on samples from three wintering and four nesting areas. Results from nested clade analysis, mismatch distributions, and coalescent-based analyses suggest historical population growth and gene flow that collectively may have homogenized gene frequencies. The presence of several unique mtDNA haplotypes among birds wintering near Greenland suggests that gene flow may now be more limited between the western and eastern Arctic, which is consistent with banding data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/7357","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Pearce, J.M., Talbot, S.L., Pierson, B.J., Petersen, M.R., Scribner, K.T., Dickson, D.L., and Mosbech, A., 2004, Lack of spatial genetic structure among nesting and wintering King Eiders: Condor, v. 106, no. 2, p. 229-240, https://doi.org/10.1650/7357.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"240","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a412de4b0c8380cd65371","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierson, Barbara J. 0000-0001-8233-874X bpierson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8233-874X","contributorId":194939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"Barbara","email":"bpierson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":95434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dickson, D. Lynne.","contributorId":26121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dickson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lynne.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mosbech, Anders","contributorId":105501,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mosbech","given":"Anders","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70026720,"text":"70026720 - 2004 - Climate change: Conflict of observational science, theory, and politics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026720","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate change: Conflict of observational science, theory, and politics","docAbstract":"Debate over whether human activity causes Earth climate change obscures the immensity of the dynamic systems that create and maintain climate on the planet. Anthropocentric debate leads people to believe that they can alter these planetary dynamic systems to prevent that they perceive as negative climate impacts on human civilization. Although politicians offer simplistic remedies, such as the Kyoto Protocol, global climate continues to change naturally. Better planning for the inevitable dislocations that have followed natural global climate changes throughout human history requires us to accept the fact that climate will change, and that human society must adapt to the changes. Over the last decade, the scientific literature reported a shift in emphasis from attempting to build theoretical models of putative human impacts on climate to understanding the planetwide dynamic processes that are the natural climate drivers. The current scientific literature is beginning to report the history of past climate change, the extent of natural climate variability, natural system drivers, and the episodicity of many climate changes. The scientific arguments have broadened from focus upon human effects on climate to include the array of natural phenomena that have driven global climate change for eons. However, significant political issues with long-term social consequences continue their advance. This paper summarizes recent scientific progress in climate science and arguments about human influence on climate. ?? 2004. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1306/03220403107","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"Gerhard, L.C., 2004, Climate change: Conflict of observational science, theory, and politics: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 88, no. 9, p. 1211-1220, https://doi.org/10.1306/03220403107.","startPage":"1211","endPage":"1220","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208565,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/03220403107"}],"volume":"88","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f64fe4b0c8380cd4c6a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerhard, L. C.","contributorId":30767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerhard","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026790,"text":"70026790 - 2004 - Bat activity in harvested and intact forest stands in the allegheny mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-15T17:17:28.209826","indexId":"70026790","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2899,"text":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bat activity in harvested and intact forest stands in the allegheny mountains","docAbstract":"We used Anabat acoustical monitoring devices to examine bat activity in intact canopy forests, complex canopy forests with gaps, forests subjected to diameter-limit harvests, recent deferment harvests, clearcuts and unmanaged forested riparian areas in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia in the summer of 1999. We detected eight species of bats, including the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis). Most bat activity was concentrated in forested riparian areas. Among upland habitats, activity of silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) was higher in open, less cluttered vegetative types such as recent deferment harvests and clearcuts. Our results suggest that bat species in the central Appalachians partially segregate themselves among vegetative conditions based on differences in body morphology and echolocation call characteristics. From the standpoint of conserving bat foraging habitat for the maximum number of species in the central Appalachians, special emphasis should be placed on protecting forested riparian areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/njaf/21.3.154","usgsCitation":"Owen, S., Menzel, M.A., Edwards, J., Ford, W., Menzel, J., Chapman, B., Wood, P., and Miller, K., 2004, Bat activity in harvested and intact forest stands in the allegheny mountains: Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, v. 21, no. 3, p. 154-159, https://doi.org/10.1093/njaf/21.3.154.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"154","endPage":"159","costCenters":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478261,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/njaf/21.3.154","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Allegheny Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 38.229550455326134\n ],\n [\n -78.94775390625,\n 38.229550455326134\n ],\n [\n -78.94775390625,\n 38.78406349514289\n ],\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 38.78406349514289\n ],\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 38.229550455326134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eff1e4b0c8380cd4a526","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Owen, S.F.","contributorId":24970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Menzel, M. A.","contributorId":33500,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Menzel","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, J.W.","contributorId":62002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ford, W.M.","contributorId":50475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Menzel, J.M.","contributorId":49161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menzel","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chapman, B.R.","contributorId":56762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wood, P.B. 0000-0002-8575-1705","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8575-1705","contributorId":103992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Miller, K.V.","contributorId":105502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70027194,"text":"70027194 - 2004 - Characterizing thermogenic coalbed gas from Polish coals of different ranks by hydrous pyrolysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70027194","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing thermogenic coalbed gas from Polish coals of different ranks by hydrous pyrolysis","docAbstract":"To provide a better characterization of origin and volume of thermogenic gas generation from coals, hydrous pyrolysis experiments were conducted at 360??C for 72 h on Polish coals ranging in rank from lignite (0.3% R r) to semi-anthracite (2.0% Rr). Under these conditions, the lignites attained a medium-volatile bituminous rank (1.5% Rr), high-volatile bituminous coals attained a low-volatile bituminous rank (1.7% Rr), and the semi-anthracite obtained an anthracite rank (4.0% R r). Hydrous pyrolysis of a coal, irrespective of rank, provides a diagnostic ??13C value for its thermogenic hydrocarbon gases. This value can be used quantitatively to interpret mixing of indigenous thermogenic gas with microbial methane or exogenous thermogenic gas from other sources. Thermogenic methane quantities range from 20 dm3/kg of lignite (0.3% Rr) to 0.35 dm3/kg of semi-anthracite (2.0% Rr). At a vitrinite reflectance of 1.7% Rr, approximately 75% of the maximum potential for a coal to generate thermogenic methane has been expended. At a vitrinite reflectance of 1.7% Rr, more than 90% of the maximum potential for a coal to generate CO2 has been expended. Assuming that these quantities of generated CO2 remain associated with a sourcing coal bed as uplift or erosion provide conditions conducive for microbial methanogenesis, the resulting quantities of microbial methane generated by complete CO2 reduction can exceed the quantities of thermogenic methane generated from the same coal bed by a factor of 2-5. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2003.12.001","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Kotarba, M., and Lewan, M.D., 2004, Characterizing thermogenic coalbed gas from Polish coals of different ranks by hydrous pyrolysis: Organic Geochemistry, v. 35, no. 5, p. 615-646, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2003.12.001.","startPage":"615","endPage":"646","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209324,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2003.12.001"},{"id":235631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f503e4b0c8380cd4c044","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kotarba, M.J.","contributorId":83240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotarba","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewan, M. D.","contributorId":46540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027130,"text":"70027130 - 2004 - Active shortening of the Cascadia forearc and implications for seismic hazards of the Puget Lowland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027130","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Active shortening of the Cascadia forearc and implications for seismic hazards of the Puget Lowland","docAbstract":"Margin-parallel shortening of the Cascadia forearc is a consequence of oblique subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath North America. Strike-slip, thrust, and oblique crustal faults beneath the densely populated Puget Lowland accommodate much of this north-south compression, resulting in large crustal earthquakes. To better understand this forearc deformation and improve earthquake hazard, assessment, we here use seismic reflection surveys, coastal exposures of Pleistocene strata, potential-field data, and airborne laser swath mapping to document and interpret a significant structural boundary near the City of Tacoma. This boundary is a complex structural zone characterized by two distinct segments. The northwest trending, eastern segment, extending from Tacoma to Carr Inlet, is formed by the broad (??? 11.5 km), southwest dipping (??? 11??-2??) Rosedale monocline. This monocline raises Crescent Formation basement about 2.5 km, resulting in a moderate gravity gradient. We interpret the Rosedale monocline as a fault-bend fold, forming above a deep thrust fault. Within the Rosedale monocline, inferred Quaternary strata thin northward and form a growth triangle that is 4.1 to 6.6 km wide at its base, suggesting ??? 2-3 mm/yr of slip on the underlying thrust. The western section of the >40-km-long, north dipping Tacoma fault, extending from Hood Canal to Carr Inlet, forms the western segment of the Tacoma basin margin. Structural relief on this portion of the basin margin may be several kilometers, resulting in steep gravity and aeromagnetic anomalies. Quaternary structural relief along the Tacoma fault is as much as 350-400 m, indicating a minimum slip rate of about 0.2 mm/yr. The inferred eastern section of the Tacoma fault (east of Carr Inlet) crosses the southern part of the Seattle uplift, has variable geometry along strike, and diminished structural relief. The Tacoma fault is regarded as a north dipping backthrust to the Seattle fault, so that slip on a master thrust fault at depth could result in movement on the Seattle fault, the Tacoma fault, or both.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003TC001507","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.Y., Blakely, R., Stephenson, W.J., Dadisman, S.V., and Fisher, M.A., 2004, Active shortening of the Cascadia forearc and implications for seismic hazards of the Puget Lowland: Tectonics, v. 23, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003TC001507.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478133,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003tc001507","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209003,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003TC001507"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6ace4b0c8380cd4759e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, S. Y.","contributorId":48572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dadisman, S. V.","contributorId":98735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dadisman","given":"S.","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026788,"text":"70026788 - 2004 - Tree-ring based reconstructions of interannual to decadal scale precipitation variability for northeastern Utah since 1226 A.D.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-27T15:15:27.8979","indexId":"70026788","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tree-ring based reconstructions of interannual to decadal scale precipitation variability for northeastern Utah since 1226 A.D.","docAbstract":"Samples from 107 piñon pines (Pinns edulis) at four sites were used to develop a proxy record of annual (June to June) precipitation spanning the 1226 to 2001 AD interval for the Uinta Basin Watershed of northeastern Utah. The reconstruction reveals significant precipitation variability at interannual to decadal scales. Single-year dry events before the instrumental period tended to be more severe than those after 1900. In general, decadal scale dry events were longer and more severe prior to 1900. In particular, dry events in the late 13th, 16th, and 18th Centuries surpass the magnitude and duration of droughts seen in the Uinta Basin after 1900. The last four decades of the 20th Century also represent one of the wettest periods in the reconstruction. The proxy record indicates that the instrumental record (approximately 1900 to the Present) underestimates the potential frequency and severity of severe, sustained droughts in this area, while over representing the prominence of wet episodes. In the longer record, the empirical probability of any decadal scale drought exceeding the duration of the 1954 through 1964 drought is 94 percent, while the probability for any wet event exceeding the duration of the 1965 through 1999 wet spell is only 1 percent. Hence, estimates of future water availability in the Uinta Basin and forecasts for exports to the Colorado River, based on the 1961 to 1990 and 1971 to 2000 “normal” periods, may be overly optimistic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01058.x","usgsCitation":"Gray, S., Jackson, S., and Betancourt, J., 2004, Tree-ring based reconstructions of interannual to decadal scale precipitation variability for northeastern Utah since 1226 A.D.: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 40, no. 4, p. 947-960, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01058.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"947","endPage":"960","costCenters":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 36.98500309285594\n ],\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 36.949891786813296\n ],\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 39.639537564366684\n ],\n [\n -108.984375,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -112.1044921875,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -113.0712890625,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -114.08203125,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 36.98500309285594\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7a4e4b08c986b3273c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, S.T.","contributorId":19680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, S.T.","contributorId":90072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1004043,"text":"1004043 - 2004 - National Wildlife Health Center Quarterly Mortality Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T15:21:26","indexId":"1004043","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3499,"text":"Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"National Wildlife Health Center Quarterly Mortality Report","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Converse, K.A., Sohn, R., Miller, K.J., and McLaughlin, G., 2004, National Wildlife Health Center Quarterly Mortality Report: Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 40, no. 1, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 17.14079039331665\n ],\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 72.71190310803662\n ],\n [\n -65.7421875,\n 72.71190310803662\n ],\n [\n -65.7421875,\n 17.14079039331665\n ],\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 17.14079039331665\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698498","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Converse, K. A.","contributorId":81436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sohn, R.","contributorId":8042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohn","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Kimberli J.G. 0000-0002-7947-0894","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7947-0894","contributorId":81447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Kimberli","email":"","middleInitial":"J.G.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":315023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McLaughlin, G.","contributorId":38506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026787,"text":"70026787 - 2004 - The effects of habitat resolution on models of avian diversity and distributions: A comparison of two land-cover classifications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T12:26:05","indexId":"70026787","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of habitat resolution on models of avian diversity and distributions: A comparison of two land-cover classifications","docAbstract":"Quantifying patterns is a key element of landscape analysis. One aspect of this quantification of particular importance to landscape ecologists is the classification of continuous variables to produce categorical variables such as land-cover type or elevation stratum. Although landscape ecologists are fully aware of the importance of spatial resolution in ecological investigations, the potential importance of the resolution of classifications has received little attention. Here we demonstrate the effects of using two different land-cover classifications to predict avian species richness and the occurrences of six individual species across the conterminous United States. We compared models built with a data set based on 14 coarsely resolved land-cover variables to models built with a data set based on 160 finely resolved land-cover variables. In general, comparable models built with the two data sets fit the data to similar degrees, but often produced strikingly different predictions in various parts of the country. By comparing the predictions made by pairs of models, we determined in which regions of the US predictions were most sensitive to differences in land-cover classification. In general, these sensitive areas were different for four of the individual species and for predictions of species richness, indicating that alternate classifications will have different effects in the analyses of different ecological phenomena and that these effects will likely vary geographically. Our results lead us to emphasize the importance of the resolution to which continuous variables are classified in the design of ecological studies.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:LAND.0000036151.28327.01","issn":"09212973","usgsCitation":"Lawler, J.J., O’Connor, R.J., Hunsaker, C.T., Jones, K.B., Loveland, T., and White, D., 2004, The effects of habitat resolution on models of avian diversity and distributions: A comparison of two land-cover classifications: Landscape Ecology, v. 19, no. 5, p. 517-532, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:LAND.0000036151.28327.01.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"517","endPage":"532","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab80e4b08c986b322eb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawler, Joshua J.","contributorId":73327,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawler","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connor, Raymond. J.","contributorId":206571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Connor","given":"Raymond.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":25572,"text":"University of Maine, Orono","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunsaker, Carolyn T.","contributorId":177336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hunsaker","given":"Carolyn","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, K. Bruce","contributorId":66105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"White, Denis","contributorId":206572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Denis","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026714,"text":"70026714 - 2004 - Temporal changes in nitrogen adsorption properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026714","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1182,"text":"Carbon","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal changes in nitrogen adsorption properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes","docAbstract":"Temporal evolution of N2 adsorption (77 K) properties of as-produced and purified single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) samples is described here. The N2 adsorption isotherms are used to characterize the samples' surface areas and porosities. The as-produced samples demonstrate a temporal increase in surface area and pore volumes for up to 16 months. The purified samples, however, reached their stable values of surface area and pore volumes within four to seven months. N2 adsorption capacity of the purified SWNTs also increased when the fresh samples were subjected to thermal pre-processing, with diminishing changes in adsorption capacity with increased age. These observations indicate that the freshly prepared SWNTs, both as-produced and purified, were in an unstable state with their porosity changing with increasing sample age and thermal treatments. It is hypothesized that SWNTs undergo slow but progressive changes in their surface chemistry which causes their N2 adsorption properties to change over several months. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Carbon","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2004.06.016","issn":"00086223","usgsCitation":"Agnihotri, S., Rostam-Abadi, M., and Rood, M., 2004, Temporal changes in nitrogen adsorption properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes: Carbon, v. 42, no. 12-13, p. 2699-2710, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.06.016.","startPage":"2699","endPage":"2710","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208524,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.06.016"},{"id":234319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"12-13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba501e4b08c986b32072c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Agnihotri, S.","contributorId":19344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agnihotri","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rostam-Abadi, M.","contributorId":37061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostam-Abadi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rood, M.J.","contributorId":15354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rood","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026774,"text":"70026774 - 2004 - Effect of bird maneuver on frequency-domain helicopter EM response","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-26T15:33:26.621608","indexId":"70026774","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of bird maneuver on frequency-domain helicopter EM response","docAbstract":"Bird maneuver, the rotation of the coil-carrying instrument pod used for frequency-domain helicopter electromagnetic surveys, changes the nominal geometric relationship between the bird-coil system and the ground. These changes affect electromagnetic coupling and can introduce errors in helicopter electromagnetic, (HEM) data. We analyze these effects for a layered half-space for three coil configurations: vertical coaxial, vertical coplanar, and horizontal coplanar. Maneuver effect is shown to have two components: one that is purely geometric and another that is inductive in nature. The geometric component is significantly larger. A correction procedure is developed using an iterative approach that uses standard HEM inversion routines. The maneuver effect correction reduces inversion misfit error and produces laterally smoother cross sections than obtained from uncorrected data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1801937","usgsCitation":"Fitterman, D., and Yin, C., 2004, Effect of bird maneuver on frequency-domain helicopter EM response: Geophysics, v. 69, no. 5, p. 1203-1215, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1801937.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1203","endPage":"1215","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05c3e4b0c8380cd50f46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitterman, D.V. 0000-0001-5600-3401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5600-3401","contributorId":70386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitterman","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yin, C.","contributorId":9819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yin","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026771,"text":"70026771 - 2004 - Seasonal changes in 17-ß estradiol of the Rio Grande Chub (Gila pandora) in south-central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-04T13:52:45","indexId":"70026771","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal changes in 17-ß estradiol of the Rio Grande Chub (Gila pandora) in south-central New Mexico","docAbstract":"Timing of gametogensis and thus spawning can be inferred through changes in plasma concentrations of gonadal hormones. In preparation for ovulation and spawning, mean concentrations of 17ß-estradiol in a population of Rio Grande chub (Gila pandora) occupying the Rio Bonito, New Mexico, peaked at 37.6 ng/mL on 16 June and declined to 1.50 ng/mL by 11 August. Similarly, the gonadal somatic index (GSI) increased from 9.02 on 21 May (n = 9) to 11.85 on 16 June (n = 2) and declined to 6.10 on 11 August (n = 2). Peak concentrations of 17ß-estradiol and elevated GSI in June coincided with peak daylength for the year (14 h and 12 min) and average water temperature of 15.1°C. Concentrations of 17ß-estradiol remained low through 3 October indicating no additional spawning events in the Rio Grande chub population. We demonstrated 17ß-estradiol is a nondestructive and thus useful tool in estimating timing of spawning in a wild fish population.
","language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049<0311:SCIEOT>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00384909","usgsCitation":"Caldwell, C.A., Fuller, S.A., Gould, W., Turner, P.R., and Hallford, D.M., 2004, Seasonal changes in 17-ß estradiol of the Rio Grande Chub (Gila pandora) in south-central New Mexico: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 49, no. 3, p. 311-315, https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049<0311:SCIEOT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"315","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208409,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049<0311:SCIEOT>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8880e4b08c986b3169d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caldwell, Colleen A. 0000-0002-4730-4867 ccaldwel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4730-4867","contributorId":3050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"Colleen","email":"ccaldwel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":411010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, S. Adam","contributorId":100587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Adam","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gould, William R.","contributorId":63780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"William R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turner, Paul R.","contributorId":7884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hallford, Dennis M.","contributorId":54381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallford","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026770,"text":"70026770 - 2004 - Quantifying the combined effects of attempt rate and swimming capacity on passage through velocity barriers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026770","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying the combined effects of attempt rate and swimming capacity on passage through velocity barriers","docAbstract":"The ability of fish to migrate past velocity barriers results from both attempt rate and swimming capacity. Here, I formalize this relationship, providing equations for estimating the proportion of a population successfully passing a barrier over a range of distances and times. These equations take into account the cumulative effect of multiple attempts, the time required to stage those attempts, and both the distance traversed on each attempt and its variability. I apply these equations to models of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) ascending a 23-m-long flume against flows ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 m??s-1. Attempt rate varied between species, attempts, and over time and was influenced by hydraulic variables (velocity of flow and discharge). Distance of ascent was primarily influenced by flow velocity. Although swimming capacity was similar, white sucker had greater attempt rates, and consequently better passage success, than walleye. Over short distances, models for both species predict greater passage success against higher velocities owing to the associated increased attempt rate. These results highlight the importance of attraction to fish passage and the need for further investigation into the hydraulic and other environmental conditions required to simultaneously optimize both attempt rate and passage success.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/F04-094","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Castro-Santos, T., 2004, Quantifying the combined effects of attempt rate and swimming capacity on passage through velocity barriers: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 61, no. 9, p. 1602-1615, https://doi.org/10.1139/F04-094.","startPage":"1602","endPage":"1615","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208408,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F04-094"},{"id":234142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91e4e4b0c8380cd8051f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castro-Santos, T. 0000-0003-2575-9120","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2575-9120","contributorId":12416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro-Santos","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026769,"text":"70026769 - 2004 - Swimming performance of upstream migrant fishes in open-channel flow: A new approach to predicting passage through velocity barriers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026769","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Swimming performance of upstream migrant fishes in open-channel flow: A new approach to predicting passage through velocity barriers","docAbstract":"The ability to traverse barriers of high-velocity flow limits the distributions of many diadromous and other migratory fish species, yet very few data exist that quantify this ability. We provide a detailed analysis of sprint swimming ability of six migratory fish species (American shad (Alosa sapidissima), alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni)) against controlled water velocities of 1.5-4.5 m??s-1 in a large, open-channel flume. Performance was strictly voluntary: no coercive incentives were used to motivate fish to sprint. We used these data to generate models of maximum distance traversed, taking into account effects of flow velocity, body length, and temperature. Although the maximum distance traversed decreased with increasing velocity, the magnitude of this effect varied among species. Other covariate effects were likewise variable, with divergent effects of temperature and nonuniform length effects. These effects do not account for all of the variability in performance, however, and behavioral traits may account for observed interspecific differences. We propose the models be used to develop criteria for fish passage structures, culverts, and breached dams.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/F04-093","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Haro, A., Castro-Santos, T., Noreika, J., and Odeh, M., 2004, Swimming performance of upstream migrant fishes in open-channel flow: A new approach to predicting passage through velocity barriers: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 61, no. 9, p. 1590-1601, https://doi.org/10.1139/F04-093.","startPage":"1590","endPage":"1601","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208407,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F04-093"},{"id":234141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba332e4b08c986b31fbf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haro, A.","contributorId":6792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Castro-Santos, T. 0000-0003-2575-9120","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2575-9120","contributorId":12416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro-Santos","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noreika, J.","contributorId":51249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noreika","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Odeh, M.","contributorId":95413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odeh","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026766,"text":"70026766 - 2004 - Geochemical characterization of shallow ground water in the Eutaw aquifer, Montgomery, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-27T15:54:19.414634","indexId":"70026766","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical characterization of shallow ground water in the Eutaw aquifer, Montgomery, Alabama","docAbstract":"Ground water samples were collected from 30 wells located in, or directly down gradient from, recharge areas of the Eutaw aquifer in Montgomery, Alabama. The major ion content of the water evolves from calcium-sodium-chloride- dominated type in the recharge area to calcium-bicarbonate-dominated type in the confined portion of the aquifer. Ground water in the recharge area was undersaturated with respect to aluminosilicate and carbonate minerals. Ground water in the confined portion of the aquifer was at equilibrium levels for calcite and potassium feldspar. Dissolved oxygen and nitrite-plus-nitrate concentrations decreased as ground water age increased; pH, iron, and sulfate concentrations increased as ground water age increased. Aluminum, copper, and zinc concentrations decreased as ground water age and pH increased. These relations indicate that nitrate, aluminum, copper, and zinc are removed from solution as water moves from recharge areas to the confined areas of the Eutaw aquifer. The natural evolution of ground water quality, which typically increases the pH and decreases the dissolved oxygen content, may be an important limiting factor to the migration of nitrogen based compounds and metals.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01050.x","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J., and Journey, C., 2004, Geochemical characterization of shallow ground water in the Eutaw aquifer, Montgomery, Alabama: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 40, no. 4, p. 851-861, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01050.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"851","endPage":"861","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478077,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01050.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","city":"Montgomery","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.407470703125,\n 32.282488692700504\n ],\n [\n -86.17675781249999,\n 32.282488692700504\n ],\n [\n -86.17675781249999,\n 32.45415593941475\n ],\n [\n -86.407470703125,\n 32.45415593941475\n ],\n [\n -86.407470703125,\n 32.282488692700504\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15f0e4b0c8380cd54fc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, J.L.","contributorId":13283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Journey, C.A. 0000-0002-2284-5851","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":106158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027209,"text":"70027209 - 2004 - Assessing development pressure in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: An evaluation of two land-use change models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T15:46:51","indexId":"70027209","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing development pressure in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: An evaluation of two land-use change models","docAbstract":"Natural resource lands in the Chesapeake Bay watershed are increasingly susceptible to conversion into developed land uses, particularly as the demand for residential development grows. We assessed development pressure in the Baltimore-Washington, DC region, one of the major urban and suburban centers in the watershed. We explored the utility of two modeling approaches for forecasting future development trends and patterns by comparing results from a cellular automata model, SLEUTH (slope, land use, excluded land, urban extent, transportation), and a supply/demand/allocation model, the Western Futures Model. SLEUTH can be classified as a land-cover change model and produces projections on the basis of historic trends of changes in the extent and patterns of developed land and future land protection scenarios. The Western Futures Model derives forecasts from historic trends in housing units, a U.S. Census variable, and exogenously supplied future population projections. Each approach has strengths and weaknesses, and combining the two has advantages and limitations. ?? 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016884.96098.77","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Claggett, P.R., Jantz, C.A., Goetz, S., and Bisland, C., 2004, Assessing development pressure in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: An evaluation of two land-use change models: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 94, no. 1-3, p. 129-146, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016884.96098.77.","startPage":"129","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209100,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016884.96098.77"},{"id":235300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edd1e4b0c8380cd49a15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Claggett, Peter R. 0000-0002-5335-2857 pclaggett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5335-2857","contributorId":176287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claggett","given":"Peter","email":"pclaggett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jantz, Claire A.","contributorId":107477,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jantz","given":"Claire","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goetz, S.J.","contributorId":55186,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goetz","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25456,"text":"Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, United States","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bisland, C.","contributorId":27244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisland","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}