Simeonof Island is located south of the Alaska Peninsula in the hyperoceanic sector of the middle boreal subzone. We examined the bryoflora of Simeonof Island to determine species composition in an area where no previous collections had been reported. This field study was conducted in sites selected to represent the spectrum of environmental variation within Simeonof Island. Data were analyzed using published reports to compare bryophyte distribution patterns at three levels, the Northern Hemisphere, North America, and Alaska. A total of 271 bryophytes were identified: 202 mosses and 69 liverworts. The annotated list of species for Simeonof Island expands the known range for many species and fills distribution gaps within Hultén's Western Pacific Coast district. Maps and notes on the distribution of 14 significant distribution records are presented. Compared with bryophyte distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, the bryoflora of Simeonof Island primarily includes taxa of boreal (55%), temperate (20%), arctic (10%), and cosmopolitan (8%) distribution; 6% of the moss flora are western North America endemics. A description of the bryophytes present in the vegetation and habitat types is provided as is a quantitative analysis of the most frequently occurring bryophytes in crowberry heath.
","language":"English","publisher":"Hattori Botanical Laboratory","doi":"10.18968/jhbl.95.0_155","usgsCitation":"Schofield, W., Talbot, S., and Talbot, S.L., 2004, Bryophytes from Simeonof Island in the Shumagin Islands, southwestern Alaska: Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory, v. 95, p. 155-198, https://doi.org/10.18968/jhbl.95.0_155.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"198","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235410,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Simeonof Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.3511962890625,\n 54.838663612975104\n ],\n [\n -159.136962890625,\n 54.838663612975104\n ],\n [\n -159.136962890625,\n 54.97446103959508\n ],\n [\n -159.3511962890625,\n 54.97446103959508\n ],\n [\n -159.3511962890625,\n 54.838663612975104\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2a0e4b0c8380cd4b269","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schofield, Wilfred B.","contributorId":97827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schofield","given":"Wilfred B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Talbot, Stephen S.","contributorId":73266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Stephen S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027160,"text":"70027160 - 2004 - Comparative susceptibility of Atlantic salmon, lake trout and rainbow trout to Myxobolus cerebralis in controlled laboratory exposures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-09T15:59:21.821262","indexId":"70027160","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Comparative susceptibility of Atlantic salmon, lake trout and rainbow trout to Myxobolus cerebralis in controlled laboratory exposures","title":"Comparative susceptibility of Atlantic salmon, lake trout and rainbow trout to Myxobolus cerebralis in controlled laboratory exposures","docAbstract":"The susceptibility of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar to Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease, was compared in controlled laboratory exposures. A total of 450 (225 for each dose) fry for each species were exposed to a low (200 spores per fish) or high (2000 spores per fish) dose of the infective triactinomyxon. At 22 wk post-exposure, 60 fish from each group, as well as controls for each species, were examined for clinical signs (whirling behavior, blacktail, deformed heads and skeletal deformities), microscopic lesions, and presence of spores. Rainbow trout were highly susceptible to infection, with 100% being positive for spores and with microscopic pathological changes in both exposure groups. Rainbow trout were the only species to show whirling behavior and blacktail. Atlantic salmon were less susceptible, with only 44 and 61% being positive for spores, respectively, in the low and high dose groups, while 68 and 75%, respectively, had microscopic pathology associated with cartilage damage. Rainbow trout heads contained mean spore concentrations of 2.2 (low dose) or 4.0 (high dose) × 106 spores g tissue-1. The means for positive Atlantic salmon (not including zero values) were 1.7 (low) and 7.4 (high) × 104 spores g tissue-1. Lake trout showed no clinical signs of infection, were negative for spores in both groups and showed no histopathological signs of M. cerebralis infection.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao058027","usgsCitation":"Blazer, V., Densmore, C.L., Schill, W.B., Cartwright, D.D., and Page, S., 2004, Comparative susceptibility of Atlantic salmon, lake trout and rainbow trout to Myxobolus cerebralis in controlled laboratory exposures: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 58, no. 1, p. 27-34, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao058027.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":418,"text":"National Fish Health Research Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478248,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao058027","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f82be4b0c8380cd4cf06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blazer, V. S. 0000-0001-6647-9614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":56991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"V. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Densmore, Christine L.","contributorId":18316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schill, W. B.","contributorId":60146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cartwright, Deborah D.","contributorId":28202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Page, S.J.","contributorId":42402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027147,"text":"70027147 - 2004 - Emplacement, rapid burial, and exhumation of 90-Ma plutons in southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T17:02:34","indexId":"70027147","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emplacement, rapid burial, and exhumation of 90-Ma plutons in southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"In southeastern Alaska, granodiorite-tonalite plutons of the Admiralty-Revillagigedo belt intruded the Jurassic-Cretaceous Gravina belt along the eastern side of the Alexander terrane around 90 Ma. These plutons postdate some deformation related to a major contractional event between the previously amalgamated Wrangellia and Alexander terranes and the previously accreted terranes of the North American margin. We studied the aureole mineral assemblages of these plutons near Petersburg, Alaska, determined pressure and temperature of equilibration, and examined structures that developed within and adjacent to these plutons. Parallelism of magmatic and submagmatic fabrics with fabrics in the country rock indicates synchroneity of pluton emplacement with regional deformation and suggests that magma transport to higher crustal levels was assisted by regional deformation. Replacement of andalusite by kyanite or sillimanite indicates crustal thickening soon after pluton emplacement. Regional structural analysis indicates the crustal thickening was accomplished by thrust burial. Thermobarometric analyses indicate the aureoles reached near-peak temperatures of 525 to 635 ??C at pressures of 570 to 630 MPa. Consideration of the rate of thermal decay of the aureoles suggests that burial was rapid and occurred at rates around 5 to 8 mm/year. Structural observations indicate there was contractional deformation before, during, and after emplacement of the 90-Ma plutons. Initial exhumation of the Admiralty-Revillagedo belt in the Petersburg area may have occurred along a thrust west of the pluton belt within the Gravina belt. ?? 2004 NRC Canada.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/e03-087","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Himmelberg, G.R., Haeussler, P.J., and Brew, D.A., 2004, Emplacement, rapid burial, and exhumation of 90-Ma plutons in southeastern Alaska: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 41, no. 1, p. 87-102, https://doi.org/10.1139/e03-087.","startPage":"87","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209172,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-087"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0916e4b0c8380cd51dcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Himmelberg, G. R.","contributorId":27106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelberg","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brew, D. A.","contributorId":88344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026741,"text":"70026741 - 2004 - Diets and foraging behavior of northern Spotted Owls in Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026741","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diets and foraging behavior of northern Spotted Owls in Oregon","docAbstract":"We describe local, regional, and annual variation in diets of northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) in Oregon based on 24 497 prey collected at 1118 owl territories in 1970-2003. The sample included 91.5% mammals, 4.3% birds, 4.1% insects, and 0.1% other prey. The diet included ???131 species, including 49 mammals, 41 birds, 3 reptiles, 1 frog, 1 crayfish, 1 scorpion, 2 snails, and 33 species of insects. On average, 91.9 ?? 0.3% (SE) of prey in the diet were nocturnal animals, 3.3 ?? 0.2% were diurnal, and 4.8 ?? 0.2% were active both day and night. Of the prey captured, 50.5 ?? 0.8% were arboreal, 18.7 ?? 0.7% were scansorial, 4.8 ?? 0.2% were aerial, and 26.0 = 0.7% were terrestrial. Mean mass of prey was 116.6 ?? 6.5 g. Diets varied among owl territories, geographic regions, and years; but were generally dominated by four to six species of nocturnal mammals, including northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus), woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes and N. cinerea), red tree voles (Arborimus longicaudus), western red-backed voles (Clethrionomys californicus), deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), or gophers (Thomomys spp.). Estimates of dietary evenness were low, indicating diets dominated by a few species of mammals. Forest management practices that produce healthy populations of arboreal and scansorial mammals such as flying squirrels, woodrats, and red tree voles should benefit northern Spotted Owls in Oregon and Washington. ?? 2004 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08921016","usgsCitation":"Forsman, E., Anthony, R., Meslow, E.C., and Zabel, C., 2004, Diets and foraging behavior of northern Spotted Owls in Oregon: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 38, no. 3, p. 214-230.","startPage":"214","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00e3e4b0c8380cd4f991","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forsman, E.D.","contributorId":88324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forsman","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anthony, R.G.","contributorId":107641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meslow, E. Charles","contributorId":75100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meslow","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zabel, C.J.","contributorId":17805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zabel","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015214,"text":"1015214 - 2004 - Nitrogen regulation of algal biomass, productivity, and composition in shallow mountain lakes, Snowy Range, Wyoming, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:56:51","indexId":"1015214","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen regulation of algal biomass, productivity, and composition in shallow mountain lakes, Snowy Range, Wyoming, USA","docAbstract":"We investigated the effects of increased nitrate (NO3), alone and in combination with phosphorus (P), on phytoplankton, epilithon, and epipelon in shallow lakes of the Snowy Range, Wyoming, using two enclosure experiments during early and late summer. Phytoplankton responded strongly to N and N + P, but not to P, with increased cell density, chlorophyll a, and photosynthesis and shifts in composition from chrysophytes to cyanophytes, chlorophytes, and diatoms. Zooplankton density and biomass were unaltered despite the additional phytoplankton stock, probably as the result of poor food quality. In the late summer, algae on tiles responded to N and N + P additions with greater chlorophyll a and increases in cyanophyte and chlorophyte density. Algae on sediment dominated whole-enclosure algal biomass but were spatially variable and responded insignificantly to nutrients. Consequently, N controlled productivity and community composition of phytoplankton and algae on hard substrates but had less impact on ecosystem algal biomass because of the large pool of nutrient-sufficient sediment algae. Phytoplankton were more photosynthetically efficient than the benthos, however, such that primary productivity did shift more toward the water column.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f04-085","usgsCitation":"Nydick, K.R., Lafrancois, B.M., Baron, J., and Johnson, B.M., 2004, Nitrogen regulation of algal biomass, productivity, and composition in shallow mountain lakes, Snowy Range, Wyoming, USA: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 61, no. 7, p. 1256-1268, https://doi.org/10.1139/f04-085.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1256","endPage":"1268","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697374","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nydick, Koren R.","contributorId":196601,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nydick","given":"Koren","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lafrancois, Brenda Moraska","contributorId":68559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafrancois","given":"Brenda","email":"","middleInitial":"Moraska","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Brett M.","contributorId":70240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Brett","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015191,"text":"1015191 - 2004 - Cumulative effects of nutrients and pH on the plankton of two mountain lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:57:02","indexId":"1015191","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cumulative effects of nutrients and pH on the plankton of two mountain lakes","docAbstract":"We conducted enclosure experiments to examine the cumulative effects of nutrient enrichment and acidification on the plankton of two mountain lakes with differing nutrient conditions. The low-nitrate lake responded to N, N plus acid, and N plus acid plus P additions, showing four- to seven-fold increases in chlorophyll a, increased photosynthetic rate, compositional shifts toward large chlorophytes, and decreased zooplankton biomass. The high-nitrate lake responded minimally to either N or P alone but responded strongly to combined additions of N plus acid plus P, showing eightfold increases in chlorophyll a, increased cell density and photosynthetic rates, and compositional shifts toward chlorophytes and the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium. In both study lakes, changes in chlorophyll a were linked to addition of limiting nutrients regardless of pH, whereas shifts in phytoplankton species composition were apparently affected by both nutrient conditions and acidity. The most striking changes in species composition and biomass occurred in combined N plus acid plus P treatments, indicating that continued nutrient enrichment may interact with acidification to produce marked changes in the plankton of mountain lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f04-053","usgsCitation":"Lafrancois, B.M., Nydick, K.R., Johnson, B.M., and Baron, J., 2004, Cumulative effects of nutrients and pH on the plankton of two mountain lakes: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 61, no. 7, p. 1153-1165, https://doi.org/10.1139/f04-053.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1153","endPage":"1165","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ec94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lafrancois, Brenda Moraska","contributorId":68559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafrancois","given":"Brenda","email":"","middleInitial":"Moraska","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nydick, Koren R.","contributorId":196601,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nydick","given":"Koren","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Brett M.","contributorId":70240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Brett","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026764,"text":"70026764 - 2004 - A mechanical model of the San Andreas fault and SAFOD Pilot Hole stress measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026764","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A mechanical model of the San Andreas fault and SAFOD Pilot Hole stress measurements","docAbstract":"Stress measurements made in the SAFOD pilot hole provide an opportunity to study the relation between crustal stress outside the fault zone and the stress state within it using an integrated mechanical model of a transform fault loaded in transpression. The results of this modeling indicate that only a fault model in which the effective friction is very low (<0.1) through the seismogenic thickness of the crust is capable of matching stress measurements made in both the far field and in the SAFOD pilot hole. The stress rotation measured with depth in the SAFOD pilot hole (???28??) appears to be a typical feature of a weak fault embedded in a strong crust and a weak upper mantle with laterally variable heat flow, although our best model predicts less rotation (15??) than observed. Stress magnitudes predicted by our model within the fault zone indicate low shear stress on planes parallel to the fault but a very anomalous mean stress, approximately twice the lithostatic stress. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004GL019521","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Chery, J., Zoback, M.D., and Hickman, S., 2004, A mechanical model of the San Andreas fault and SAFOD Pilot Hole stress measurements: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31, no. 15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019521.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478080,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019521","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208381,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019521"},{"id":234104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e44ae4b0c8380cd4655e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chery, J.","contributorId":54774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chery","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":80275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickman, S.","contributorId":79995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026763,"text":"70026763 - 2004 - ArcCN-Runoff: An ArcGIS tool for generating curve number and runoff maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026763","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1551,"text":"Environmental Modelling and Software","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"ArcCN-Runoff: An ArcGIS tool for generating curve number and runoff maps","docAbstract":"The development and the application of ArcCN-Runoff tool, an extension of ESRI@ ArcGIS software, are reported. This tool can be applied to determine curve numbers and to calculate runoff or infiltration for a rainfall event in a watershed. Implementation of GIS techniques such as dissolving, intersecting, and a curve-number reference table improve efficiency. Technical processing time may be reduced from days, if not weeks, to hours for producing spatially varied curve number and runoff maps. An application example for a watershed in Lyon County and Osage County, Kansas, USA, is presented. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Modelling and Software","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.03.001","issn":"13648152","usgsCitation":"Zhan, X., and Huang, M., 2004, ArcCN-Runoff: An ArcGIS tool for generating curve number and runoff maps: Environmental Modelling and Software, v. 19, no. 10, p. 875-879, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.03.001.","startPage":"875","endPage":"879","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208380,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.03.001"},{"id":234103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed2de4b0c8380cd4968d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhan, X.","contributorId":26477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhan","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huang, M.-L.","contributorId":59212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"M.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027174,"text":"70027174 - 2004 - Injury and mortality of warmwater fishes immobilized by electrofishing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027174","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Injury and mortality of warmwater fishes immobilized by electrofishing","docAbstract":"Most studies of injury associated with electrofishing have focused on salmonids: few have given attention to warmwater fishes. Under controlled laboratory conditions, we treated bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides of various sizes to duty cycles ranging from 1.5% to 100%. This range of duty cycles represented continuous DC and pulsed-DC frequencies ranging from 15 to 110 Hz and pulse durations of 1 to 6 ms. At each duty cycle, fish were exposed to power densities in excess of those required to immobilize them within 3 s, and we subsequently determined the incidence of hemorrhage, spinal injury, and mortality. Incidence of hemorrhage averaged 3% (range, 0-25%), differed among species, and was not related to duty cycle or fish size. Incidence of spinal injury averaged 3% (range, 0-22%) and mortality averaged 10% (range, 0-75%); both differed among species and were related to duty cycle, fish size, and interactions among these variables. Largemouth bass was the species most vulnerable to hemorrhage, spinal injury, and mortality, channel catfish the least vulnerable; bluegills exhibited effects that were intermediate. Small centrarchids were especially susceptible to mortality. Fish tetanized by the electrical treatment were more likely to experience injury and mortality than fish that were only narcotized. However, mortality was not related to the injuries studied because hemorrhage and spinal injuries were similar in fish that survived electroshock and in those that died. We suggest that electrofishing with intermediate to high duty cycles could reduce electrofishing-induced injury and mortality to warmwater fish. Additionally, the power output and electrode system should be managed to induce narcosis and prevent tetany and to avoid the large peak powers required to immobilize small individuals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M02-115","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Dolan, C., and Miranda, L., 2004, Injury and mortality of warmwater fishes immobilized by electrofishing: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 1, p. 118-127, https://doi.org/10.1577/M02-115.","startPage":"118","endPage":"127","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209074,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M02-115"},{"id":235266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3bf5e4b0c8380cd6295f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dolan, C.R.","contributorId":96870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miranda, L.E.","contributorId":58406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026793,"text":"70026793 - 2004 - Pesticides in mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) from the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70026793","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides in mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) from the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA","docAbstract":"In 1997, pesticide concentrations were measured in mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) from two areas in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA. One area (Sixty Lakes Basin, Kings Canyon National Park) had large, apparently healthy populations of frogs. A second area (Tablelands, Sequoia National Park) once had large populations, but the species had been extirpated from this area by the early 1980s. The Tablelands is exposed directly to prevailing winds from agricultural regions to the west. When an experimental reintroduction of R. muscosa in 1994 to 1995 was deemed unsuccessful in 1997, the last 20 (reintroduced) frogs that could be found were collected from the Tablelands, and pesticide concentrations in both frog tissue and the water were measured at both the Tablelands and at reference sites at Sixty Lakes. In frog tissues, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) concentration was one to two orders of magnitude higher than the other organochlorines (46 ?? 20 ng/g wet wt at Tablelands and 17 ?? 8 Sixty Lakes). Both ??-chlordane and trans-nonachlor were found in significantly greater concentrations in Tablelands frog tissues compared with Sixty Lakes. Organophosphate insecticides, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon were observed primarily in surface water with higher concentrations at the Tablelands sites. No contaminants were significantly higher in our Sixty Lakes samples.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1897/03-491","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Fellers, G.M., McConnell, L., Pratt, D., and Datta, S., 2004, Pesticides in mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) from the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 23, no. 9, p. 2170-2177, https://doi.org/10.1897/03-491.","startPage":"2170","endPage":"2177","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209183,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/03-491"},{"id":235425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7756e4b0c8380cd78488","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fellers, G. M.","contributorId":82653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McConnell, L.L.","contributorId":53344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McConnell","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pratt, D.","contributorId":84135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Datta, S.","contributorId":19754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Datta","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026765,"text":"70026765 - 2004 - Heat flow in the SAFOD pilot hole and implications for the strength of the San Andreas Fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026765","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat flow in the SAFOD pilot hole and implications for the strength of the San Andreas Fault","docAbstract":"Detailed thermal measurements have been acquired in the 2.2-km-deep SAFOD pilot hole, located 1.8 km west of the SAF near Parkfield, California. Heat flow from the basement section of the borehole (770 to 2160 m) is 91 mW m-2, higher than the published 74 mW m -2 average for the Parkfield area. Within the resolution of the measurements, heat flow is constant across faults that intersect the borehole, suggesting that fluid flow does not alter the conductive thermal regime. Reanalysis of regional heat flow reveals an increase in heat flow along the SAF northwest of Parkfield. This transition corresponds to a shallowing base of seismicity and a change in fault behavior near the northern terminus of the M6 1966 Parkfield earthquake rupture. The persistence of elevated heat flow in the Coast Ranges to the west appears to rule out frictional heating on the SAF as the source of the SAFOD value.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003GL019352","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Williams, C., Grubb, F., and Galanis, S., 2004, Heat flow in the SAFOD pilot hole and implications for the strength of the San Andreas Fault: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31, no. 15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019352.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478074,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl019352","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208382,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019352"},{"id":234105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3002e4b0c8380cd5d2bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, C.F. 0000-0003-2196-5496","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-5496","contributorId":20401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"C.F.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":410989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grubb, F.V.","contributorId":76750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubb","given":"F.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galanis, S.P. Jr.","contributorId":55005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galanis","given":"S.P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015222,"text":"1015222 - 2004 - Great Plains ecosystems: Past, present, and future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-28T09:59:39","indexId":"1015222","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Great Plains ecosystems: Past, present, and future","docAbstract":"Little question exists that the main bodies of North American prairie (i.e., the tall-grass, mixed, and shortgrass) are among the most endangered resources on the continent. The purpose of this paper is to provide a past and present biological baseline by which to understand North American prairies and to provide a platform for future conservation. Events both immediate to the end of the Pleistocene and historic suggest that the present grassland conditions are different from those within which most of the grassland organisms evolved. Our analysis suggests that few grassland landscapes remain adequate in area and distribution to sustain diversity sufficient to include biota and ecological drivers native to the landscape. A robust and history-based scenario to conserve Great Plains grasslands is to 1) identify areas large enough to sustain an ecological system with all its biodiversity, 2) reverse significant losses in area of native grasslands, 3) ensure that restoration matches the grassland previously existing at that site, 4) refocus the profession of range management, and 5) establish a more meaningful agency design for grassland and natural resource management.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[6:GPEPPA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Samson, F.B., Knopf, F., and Ostlie, W., 2004, Great Plains ecosystems: Past, present, and future: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 32, no. 1, p. 6-15, https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[6:GPEPPA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671cde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samson, F. B.","contributorId":77880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samson","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knopf, F.L.","contributorId":26998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ostlie, W.R.","contributorId":65805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostlie","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015224,"text":"1015224 - 2004 - A comparison of three fecal steroid metabolites for pregnancy detection used with single sampling in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-22T18:01:11","indexId":"1015224","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A comparison of three fecal steroid metabolites for pregnancy detection used with single sampling in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)","title":"A comparison of three fecal steroid metabolites for pregnancy detection used with single sampling in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)","docAbstract":"We compared three fecal steroid metabolite assays for their usefulness in detecting pregnancy among free-ranging Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) from Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Wyoming and Montana (USA) and captive bighorn ewes at ZooMontana in Billings, Montana. Fecal samples were collected from 11 free-ranging, radio-collared bighorn ewes in late January–May 2001 and from 20 free-ranging, radio-collared ewes in late March to mid-May 2002. Free-ranging ewes were monitored the following spring to determine whether or not they lambed. In addition, two captive ewes were studied at Zoo-Montana. With three exceptions, free-ranging bighorn ewes that produced lambs had nonspecific progesterone metabolite (iPdG) levels of >1,800 ng/g feces and iPdG levels >7,000 ng/gm feces when samples were collected between early March and mid-May Samples collected earlier in the year were inconclusive. One false negative was suspected to be the result of sample collection error. Of the captive ewes, nonspecific pregnanediol-3α–glucuronide (PdG) and iPdG followed a predictable curve over the course of the 180-day pregnancies. We conclude that estrone conjugates are not useful in diagnosing pregnancy; however, fecal steroid analysis of PdG and iPdG can be used to accurately determine pregnancy and reproductive function in bighorn sheep. This holds great potential as a noninvasive technique for understanding the role of reproductive disease in wild bighorn sheep.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-40.2.273","usgsCitation":"Schoenecker, K., Lyda, R., and Kirkpatrick, J., 2004, A comparison of three fecal steroid metabolites for pregnancy detection used with single sampling in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis): Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 40, no. 2, p. 273-281, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.2.273.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"281","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478286,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.2.273","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0f2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoenecker, K.A.","contributorId":71120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenecker","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyda, R.O.","contributorId":99098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyda","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirkpatrick, J.","contributorId":47742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirkpatrick","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015226,"text":"1015226 - 2004 - Site fidelity, territory fidelity, and natal philopatry in Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T13:51:44","indexId":"1015226","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Site fidelity, territory fidelity, and natal philopatry in Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii)","docAbstract":"I investigated the causes and consequences of adult breeding-site fidelity, territory fidelity, and natal philopatry in Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii) in southeastern Oregon over a 10-year period, testing the general hypothesis that fidelity and dispersal distances are influenced by previous breeding performance. Willow Flycatchers adhered to the generally observed tendencies of passerine birds for low natal philopatry and high breedingsite fidelity. Site fidelity (return to the study area) of adult males (52.0%) and females (51.3%), and median dispersal distances between seasons (16 m vs. 19 m) were similar. Previous breeding performance and residency (age-experience), but not study-site quality, explained site fidelity in females. Site fidelity of females rearing 4–5 young (64.4%) exceeded that of unsuccessful females (40.0%), breeding dispersal was less (successful: 15 m; unsuccessful: 33 m), and novice residents were more site-faithful than former residents. Probability of site fidelity was higher for previously successful females (odds ratio = 4.76), those with greater seasonal fecundity (odds ratio = 1.58), novice residents (odds ratio = 1.41), and unparasitized females (odds ratio = 2.76). Male site fidelity was not related to residency, site quality, or previous breeding performance. Territory fidelity (return to the previous territory) in females was best explained by previous breeding performance, but not by site quality or residency. Previously successful females were more likely to return to their territory of the previous season than either unsuccessful (odds ratio = 14.35) or parasitized birds (odds ratio = 6.38). Male territory fidelity was not related to residency, site quality, or previous breeding performance. Natal philopatry was low (7.8%) and similar for males and females. Site quality appeared to influence philopatry, given that no birds reared at a low-quality study site returned there to breed, and birds reared there dispersed farther than birds reared at two other study sites. My results partially support the hypothesis that site fidelity is an adaptive response: (1) previously successful females that switched territories underperformed those that did not switch (P = 0.01); and (2) previously unsuccessful females that switched territories outperformed those that did not switch, but not significantly (P = 0.22).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1103:SFTFAN]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Sedgwick, J., 2004, Site fidelity, territory fidelity, and natal philopatry in Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii): The Auk, v. 121, no. 4, p. 1103-1121, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1103:SFTFAN]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1103","endPage":"1121","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f17a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sedgwick, James A.","contributorId":55350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedgwick","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027140,"text":"70027140 - 2004 - Structural and spectral features of selenium nanospheres produced by Se-respiring bacteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:32:03","indexId":"70027140","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural and spectral features of selenium nanospheres produced by Se-respiring bacteria","docAbstract":"Certain anaerobic bacteria respire toxic selenium oxyanions and in doing so produce extracellular accumulations of elemental selenium [Se(0)]. We examined three physiologically and phylogenetically diverse species of selenate- and selenite-respiring bacteria, Sulfurospirillum barnesii, Bacillus selenitireducens, and Selenihalanaerobacter shriftii, for the occurrence of this phenomenon. When grown with selenium oxyanions as the electron acceptor, all of these organisms formed extracellular granules consisting of stable, uniform nanospheres (diameter, ???300 nm) of Se(0) having monoclinic crystalline structures. Intracellular packets of Se(0) were also noted. The number of intracellular Se(0) packets could be reduced by first growing cells with nitrate as the electron acceptor and then adding selenite ions to washed suspensions of the nitrate-grown cells. This resulted in the formation of primarily extracellular Se nanospheres. After harvesting and cleansing of cellular debris, we observed large differences in the optical properties (UV-visible absorption and Raman spectra) of purified extracellular nanospheres produced in this manner by the three different bacterial species. The spectral properties in turn differed substantially from those of amorphous Se(0) formed by chemical oxidation of H2Se and of black, vitreous Se(0) formed chemically by reduction of selenite with ascorbate. The microbial synthesis of Se(0) nanospheres results in unique, complex, compacted nanostructural arrangements of Se atoms. These arrangements probably reflect a diversity of enzymes involved in the dissimilatory reduction that are subtly different in different microbes. Remarkably, these conditions cannot be achieved by current methods of chemical synthesis.","language":"English","publisher":"ASM","doi":"10.1128/AEM.70.1.52-60.2004","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R., Herbel, M., Blum, J., Langley, S., Beveridge, T., Ajayan, P., Sutto, T., Ellis, A., and Curran, S., 2004, Structural and spectral features of selenium nanospheres produced by Se-respiring bacteria: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 70, no. 1, p. 52-60, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.1.52-60.2004.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"60","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478239,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/321302","text":"External Repository"},{"id":235297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209097,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.1.52-60.2004"}],"volume":"70","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bc3e4b08c986b31d08f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herbel, M.J.","contributorId":57232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbel","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blum, J.S.","contributorId":105070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Langley, S.","contributorId":32342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langley","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Beveridge, T.J.","contributorId":35524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beveridge","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ajayan, P.M.","contributorId":51073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ajayan","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sutto, T.","contributorId":30012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutto","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ellis, A.V.","contributorId":21741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Curran, S.","contributorId":22125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70027175,"text":"70027175 - 2004 - Complex proximal deposition during the Plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-21T12:33:48","indexId":"70027175","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Complex proximal deposition during the Plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Alaska","docAbstract":"Proximal (<3 km) deposits from episodes II and III of the 60-h-long Novarupta 1912 eruption exhibit a very complex stratigraphy, the result of at least four transport regimes and diverse depositional mechanisms. They contrast with the relatively simple stratigraphy (and inferred emplacement mechanisms) for the previously documented, better known, medial-distal fall deposits and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes ignimbrite. The proximal products include alternations and mixtures of both locally and regionally dispersed fall ejecta, and numerous thin complex deposits of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) with no regional analogs. The locally dispersed component of the fall deposits forms sector-confined wedges of material whose thicknesses halve radially from and concentrically about the vent over distances of 100-300 m (cf. several kilometers for the medial-distal fall deposits). This locally dispersed fall material (and many of the associated PDC deposits) is rich in andesitic and banded pumices and richer in shallow-derived wall-rock lithics in comparison with the coeval medial fall units of almost entirely dacitic composition. There are no marked contrasts in grain size in the near-vent deposits, however, between locally and widely dispersed beds, and all samples of the proximal fall deposits plot as a simple continuation of grain size trends for medial-distal samples. Associated PDC deposits form a spectrum of facies from fines-poor, avalanched beds through thin-bedded, landscape-mantling beds to channelized lobes of pumice-block-rich ignimbrite. The origins of the Novarupta near-vent deposits are considered within a spectrum of four transport regimes: (1) sustained buoyant plume, (2) fountaining with co-current flow, (3) fountaining with counter-current flow, and (4) direct lateral ejection. The Novarupta deposits suggest a model where buoyant, stable, regime-1 plumes characterized most of episodes II and III, but were accompanied by transient and variable partitioning of clasts into the other three regimes. Only one short period of vent blockage and cessation of the Plinian plume occurred, separating episodes II and III, which was followed by a single PDC interpreted as an overpressured \"blast\" involving direct lateral ejection. In contrast, regimes 2 and 3 were reflected by spasmodic sedimentation from the margins of the jet and perhaps lower plume, which were being strongly affected by short-lived instabilities. These instabilities in turn are inferred to be associated with heterogeneities in the mixture of gas and pyroclasts emerging from the vent. Of the parameters that control explosive eruptive behavior, only such sudden and asymmetrical changes in the particle concentration could operate on time scales sufficiently short to explain the rapid changes in the proximal 1912 products. Springer-Verlag 2003.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00445-003-0297-7","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Houghton, B.F., Wilson, C.J., Fierstein, J., and Hildreth, W., 2004, Complex proximal deposition during the Plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, no. 2, p. 95-133, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-003-0297-7.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209098,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-003-0297-7"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Novarupta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.24917602539062,\n 58.157301142472754\n ],\n [\n -154.94979858398438,\n 58.157301142472754\n ],\n [\n -154.94979858398438,\n 58.244500350217336\n ],\n [\n -155.24917602539062,\n 58.244500350217336\n ],\n [\n -155.24917602539062,\n 58.157301142472754\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f90fe4b0c8380cd4d3ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, C. J. N.","contributorId":22096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fierstein, J.","contributorId":67666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierstein","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027178,"text":"70027178 - 2004 - Dynamics of intertidal foraging by coastal brown bears in Southwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027178","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamics of intertidal foraging by coastal brown bears in Southwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"Shoreline areas provide early season foraging opportunities for coastal bears in Alaska. We investigated use by brown bears (Ursus arctos) of soft-shelled (Mya arenaria) and Pacific razor (Siliqua patula) clams at Katmai National Park, Alaska, USA, to identify the potential importance of these clams to bears. We used direct observations of bear foraging behavior in the summers of 1998, 1999, and 2001 to model the nutritional importance of clamming behavior. We also used previously described models to estimate the relative importance of clamming and vegetative foraging in meeting the maintenance requirements of bears. At the harvest rate that we observed (0.69 ?? 0.46 clams/min), bears achieved higher rates of digestible energy intake than those foraging on vegetation. Although clams are available for only a few hours per day, bears could significantly reduce their total daily foraging time by utilizing clams. Smaller single bears and females with dependent young were the most represented groups of bears using intertidal areas. Large male bears, faced with higher energy requirements, likely are unable to efficiently exploit these intertidal resources. Depending on the relationship between clam size and tissue mass, the relative quality of clams differed by species. Bears foraging on Pacific razor clams required the fewest hours to meet maintenance, followed by bears consuming soft-shelled clams. Our findings highlight the significance of intertidal habitats for coastal bears, especially females.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0233:DOIFBC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Smith, T.S., and Partridge, S.T., 2004, Dynamics of intertidal foraging by coastal brown bears in Southwestern Alaska: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 68, no. 2, p. 233-240, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0233:DOIFBC]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"233","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209126,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0233:DOIFBC]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":235338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0433e4b0c8380cd5084f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, T. S.","contributorId":47326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Partridge, Steven T.","contributorId":56014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Partridge","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026762,"text":"70026762 - 2004 - Exploitation of pocket gophers and their food caches by grizzly bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026762","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exploitation of pocket gophers and their food caches by grizzly bears","docAbstract":"I investigated the exploitation of pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) by grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) in the Yellowstone region of the United States with the use of data collected during a study of radiomarked bears in 1977-1992. My analysis focused on the importance of pocket gophers as a source of energy and nutrients, effects of weather and site features, and importance of pocket gophers to grizzly bears in the western contiguous United States prior to historical extirpations. Pocket gophers and their food caches were infrequent in grizzly bear feces, although foraging for pocket gophers accounted for about 20-25% of all grizzly bear feeding activity during April and May. Compared with roots individually excavated by bears, pocket gopher food caches were less digestible but more easily dug out. Exploitation of gopher food caches by grizzly bears was highly sensitive to site and weather conditions and peaked during and shortly after snowmelt. This peak coincided with maximum success by bears in finding pocket gopher food caches. Exploitation was most frequent and extensive on gently sloping nonforested sites with abundant spring beauty (Claytonia lanceolata) and yampah (Perdieridia gairdneri). Pocket gophers are rare in forests, and spring beauty and yampah roots are known to be important foods of both grizzly bears and burrowing rodents. Although grizzly bears commonly exploit pocket gophers only in the Yellowstone region, this behavior was probably widespread in mountainous areas of the western contiguous United States prior to extirpations of grizzly bears within the last 150 years.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1644/BJK-125","issn":"00222372","usgsCitation":"Mattson, D., 2004, Exploitation of pocket gophers and their food caches by grizzly bears: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 85, no. 4, p. 731-742, https://doi.org/10.1644/BJK-125.","startPage":"731","endPage":"742","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487451,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/bjk-125","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208379,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1644/BJK-125"},{"id":234102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e09e4b0c8380cd53290","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattson, D.J.","contributorId":57022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026760,"text":"70026760 - 2004 - The Homestead kimberlite, central Montana, USA: Mineralogy, xenocrysts, and upper-mantle xenoliths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-05T09:15:54","indexId":"70026760","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Homestead kimberlite, central Montana, USA: Mineralogy, xenocrysts, and upper-mantle xenoliths","docAbstract":"The Homestead kimberlite was emplaced in lower Cretaceous marine shale and siltstone in the Grassrange area of central Montana. The Grassrange area includes aillikite, alnoite, carbonatite, kimberlite, and monchiquite and is situated within the Archean Wyoming craton. The kimberlite contains 25-30 modal% olivine as xenocrysts and phenocrysts in a matrix of phlogopite, monticellite, diopside, serpentine, chlorite, hydrous Ca-Al-Na silicates, perovskite, and spinel. The rock is kimberlite based on mineralogy, the presence of atoll-textured groundmass spinels, and kimberlitic core-rim zoning of groundmass spinels and groundmass phlogopites. Garnet xenocrysts are mainly Cr-pyropes, of which 2-12% are G10 compositions, crustal almandines are rare and eclogitic garnets are absent. Spinel xenocrysts have MgO and Cr2O3 contents ranging into the diamond inclusion field. Mg-ilmenite xenocrysts contain 7-11 wt.% MgO and 0.8-1.9 wt.% Cr2O3, with (Fe+3/Fetot) from 0.17-0.31. Olivine is the only obvious megacryst mineral present. One microdiamond was recovered from caustic fusion of a 45-kg sample. Upper-mantle xenoliths up to 70 cm size are abundant and are some of the largest known garnet peridotite xenoliths in North America. The xenolith suite is dominated by dunites, and harzburgites containing garnet and/or spinel. Granulites are rare and eclogites are absent. Among 153 xenoliths, 7% are lherzolites, 61% are harzburgites, 31% are dunites, and 1% are orthopyroxenites. Three of 30 peridotite xenoliths that were analysed are low-Ca garnet-spinel harzburgites containing G10 garnets. Xenolith textures are mainly coarse granular, and only 5% are porphyroclastic. Xenolith modal mineralogy and mineral compositions indicate ancient major-element depletion as observed in other Wyoming craton xenolith assemblages, followed by younger enrichment events evidenced by tectonized or undeformed veins of orthopyroxenite, clinopyroxenite, websterite, and the presence of phlogopite-bearing veins and disseminated phlogopite. Phlogopite-bearing veins may represent kimberlite-related addition and/or earlier K-metasomatism. Xenolith thermobarometry using published two-pyroxene and Al-in-opx methods suggest that garnet-spinel peridotites are derived from 1180 to 1390 ??C and 3.6 to 4.7 GPa, close to the diamond-graphite boundary and above a 38 mW/m2 shield geotherm. Low-Ca garnet-spinel harzburgites with G10 garnets fall in about the same T and P range. Most spinel peridotites with assumed 2.0 GPa pressure are in the same T range, possibly indicating heating of the shallow mantle. Four of 79 Cr diopside xenocrysts have P-T estimates in the diamond stability field using published single-pyroxene P-T calculation methods.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"LITHOS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.030","issn":"00244937","usgsCitation":"Carter, H.B., 2004, The Homestead kimberlite, central Montana, USA: Mineralogy, xenocrysts, and upper-mantle xenoliths: LITHOS, v. 77, no. 1-4 SPEC. ISS., p. 473-491, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.030.","startPage":"473","endPage":"491","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208362,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.030"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1-4 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba77ae4b08c986b3215ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Hearn B. Jr.","contributorId":57591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Hearn","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026788,"text":"70026788 - 2004 - Tree-ring based reconstructions of interannual to decadal scale precipitation variability for northeastern Utah since 1226 A.D.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-27T15:15:27.8979","indexId":"70026788","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tree-ring based reconstructions of interannual to decadal scale precipitation variability for northeastern Utah since 1226 A.D.","docAbstract":"Samples from 107 piñon pines (Pinns edulis) at four sites were used to develop a proxy record of annual (June to June) precipitation spanning the 1226 to 2001 AD interval for the Uinta Basin Watershed of northeastern Utah. The reconstruction reveals significant precipitation variability at interannual to decadal scales. Single-year dry events before the instrumental period tended to be more severe than those after 1900. In general, decadal scale dry events were longer and more severe prior to 1900. In particular, dry events in the late 13th, 16th, and 18th Centuries surpass the magnitude and duration of droughts seen in the Uinta Basin after 1900. The last four decades of the 20th Century also represent one of the wettest periods in the reconstruction. The proxy record indicates that the instrumental record (approximately 1900 to the Present) underestimates the potential frequency and severity of severe, sustained droughts in this area, while over representing the prominence of wet episodes. In the longer record, the empirical probability of any decadal scale drought exceeding the duration of the 1954 through 1964 drought is 94 percent, while the probability for any wet event exceeding the duration of the 1965 through 1999 wet spell is only 1 percent. Hence, estimates of future water availability in the Uinta Basin and forecasts for exports to the Colorado River, based on the 1961 to 1990 and 1971 to 2000 “normal” periods, may be overly optimistic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01058.x","usgsCitation":"Gray, S., Jackson, S., and Betancourt, J., 2004, Tree-ring based reconstructions of interannual to decadal scale precipitation variability for northeastern Utah since 1226 A.D.: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 40, no. 4, p. 947-960, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01058.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"947","endPage":"960","costCenters":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 36.98500309285594\n ],\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 36.949891786813296\n ],\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 39.639537564366684\n ],\n [\n -108.984375,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -112.1044921875,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -113.0712890625,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -114.08203125,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 36.98500309285594\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7a4e4b08c986b3273c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, S.T.","contributorId":19680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, S.T.","contributorId":90072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026817,"text":"70026817 - 2004 - Near-field ground motion of the 2002 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake recorded at pump station 10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026817","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near-field ground motion of the 2002 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake recorded at pump station 10","docAbstract":"A free-field recording of the Denali fault earthquake was obtained by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company 3 km from the surface rupture of the Denali fault. The instrument, part of the monitoring and control system for the trans-Alaska pipeline, was located at Pump Station 10, approximately 85 km east of the epicenter. After correction for the measured instrument response, we recover a seismogram that includes a permanent displacement of 3.0 m. The recorded ground motion has relatively low peak acceleration (0.36 g) and very high peak velocity (180 cm/s). Nonlinear soil response may have reduced the peak acceleration to this 0.36 g value. Accelerations in excess of 0.1 g lasted for 10 s, with the most intense motion occurring during a 1.5-s interval when the rupture passed the site. The low acceleration and high velocity observed near the fault in this earthquake agree with observations from other recent large-magnitude earthquakes. ?? 2004, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1193/1.1778172","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Ellsworth, W., Çelebi, M., Evans, J., Jensen, E., Kayen, R., Metz, M., Nyman, D., Roddick, J., Spudich, P., and Stephens, C., 2004, Near-field ground motion of the 2002 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake recorded at pump station 10: Earthquake Spectra, v. 20, no. 3, p. 597-615, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1778172.","startPage":"597","endPage":"615","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209037,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1778172"},{"id":235210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63dde4b0c8380cd72740","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jensen, E.G.","contributorId":19962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kayen, R.","contributorId":22921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Metz, M.C.","contributorId":84132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nyman, D.J.","contributorId":103845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyman","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Roddick, J.W.","contributorId":45496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roddick","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Spudich, P.","contributorId":85700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spudich","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Stephens, C.D.","contributorId":18752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70027179,"text":"70027179 - 2004 - Evidence for liquefaction identified in peeled slices of Holocene deposits along the Lower Columbia River, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-12T11:41:18.6431","indexId":"70027179","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for liquefaction identified in peeled slices of Holocene deposits along the Lower Columbia River, Washington","docAbstract":"Peels made from 10 geoslices beneath a riverbank at Washington's Hunting Island, 45 km inland from the Pacific coast, aid in identifying sand that liquefied during prehistoric earthquakes of estimated magnitude 8-9 at the Cascadia subduction zone. Each slice was obtained by driving sheetpile and a shutter plate to depths of 6-8 m. The resulting sample, as long as 8 m, had a trapezoidal cross section 42-55 cm by 8 cm. The slicing created few artifacts other than bending and smearing at slice edges. Each slice is dominated by well-stratified sand and mud deposited by the tidal Columbia River. Nearly 90% of the sand is distinctly laminated. The sand contains mud beds as thick as 0.5 m and at least 20 m long, and it is capped by a mud bed that contains a buried soil that marks the 1700 Cascadia earthquake of estimated magnitude 9. Every slice intersected sills and dikes of fluidized sand, and many slices show folds and faults as well. Sills, which outnumber dikes, mostly follow and locally invade the undersides of mud beds. The mud beds probably impeded diffuse upward flow of water expelled from liquefied sand. Trapped beneath mud beds, this water flowed laterally, destroyed bedding by entraining (fluidizing) sand, and locally scoured the overlying mud. Horizontal zones of folded sand extend at least 10 or 20 m, and some contain low-angle faults. Many of the folds probably formed while sand was weakened by liquefaction. The low-angle faults may mark the soles of river-bottom slumps or lateral spreads. As many as four great Cascadia earthquakes in the past 2000 yr contributed to the intrusions, folds, and faults. This subsurface evidence for fluid escape and deformation casts doubt on maximum accelerations that were previously inferred from local absence of liquefaction features at the ground surface along the Columbia River. The geosliced evidence for liquefaction abounds not only beneath banks riddled with dikes but also beneath banks in which dikes are absent. Such dike-free banks of the Columbia River, if interpreted without study of postdepositional structures in deposits beneath them, provide insufficient basis for setting upper bounds on the strength of shaking from great Cascadia earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020152","usgsCitation":"Takada, K., and Atwater, B., 2004, Evidence for liquefaction identified in peeled slices of Holocene deposits along the Lower Columbia River, Washington: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 2, p. 550-575, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020152.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"550","endPage":"575","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Lower Columbia River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.9312744140625,\n 46.137976523476574\n ],\n [\n -123.50280761718751,\n 46.145588688591964\n ],\n [\n -123.28857421875,\n 46.10751733820335\n ],\n [\n -123.0743408203125,\n 46.11513371326539\n ],\n [\n -122.90954589843749,\n 46.03129569755731\n ],\n [\n -122.86010742187499,\n 45.90147732739488\n ],\n [\n -122.87658691406249,\n 45.744526980468436\n ],\n [\n -122.8216552734375,\n 45.590978249451936\n ],\n [\n -122.28332519531249,\n 45.51789504294005\n ],\n [\n -122.0855712890625,\n 45.56021795715051\n ],\n [\n -121.9757080078125,\n 45.59482210127054\n ],\n [\n -121.9647216796875,\n 45.64092778836502\n ],\n [\n -122.288818359375,\n 45.58713413436411\n ],\n [\n -122.618408203125,\n 45.64860838388028\n ],\n [\n -122.80517578125,\n 46.057985244793024\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 46.210249600187225\n ],\n [\n -123.541259765625,\n 46.3127900695348\n ],\n [\n -124.0411376953125,\n 46.32796494040746\n ],\n [\n -123.9312744140625,\n 46.137976523476574\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d46e4b0c8380cd52eff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takada, K.","contributorId":30799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takada","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atwater, B.F. 0000-0003-1155-2815","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1155-2815","contributorId":14006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atwater","given":"B.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027180,"text":"70027180 - 2004 - In-situ measurements of velocity structure within turbidity currents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70027180","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In-situ measurements of velocity structure within turbidity currents","docAbstract":"Turbidity currents are thought to be the main mechanism to move ???500,000 m3 of sediments annually from the head of the Monterey Submarine Canyon to the deep-sea fan. Indirect evidence has shown frequent occurrences of such turbidity currents in the canyon, but the dynamic properties of the turbidity currents such as maximum speed, duration, and dimensions are still unknown. Here we present the first-ever in-situ measurements of velocity profiles of four turbidity currents whose maximum along-canyon velocity reached 190 cm/s. Two turbidity currents coincided with storms that produced the highest swells and the biggest stream flows during the year-long deployment. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004GL019718","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Xu, J.P., Noble, M., and Rosenfeld, L., 2004, In-situ measurements of velocity structure within turbidity currents: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31, no. 9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019718.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489833,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019718","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209150,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019718"},{"id":235376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39c7e4b0c8380cd61a3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xu, J. P.","contributorId":74528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noble, M.A.","contributorId":93513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenfeld, L.K.","contributorId":24957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenfeld","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}