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","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"Maule, A., 2004, Xenobiotic impact on Arctic char: Nutritional modulation and physiological consequences.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335780,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a6c83be4b025c4642862d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maule, A.G.","contributorId":45067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maule","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70182137,"text":"70182137 - 2004 - Status of Ash Meadows speckled dace in Bradford Springs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-16T14:50:08","indexId":"70182137","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Status of Ash Meadows speckled dace in Bradford Springs","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":" U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","usgsCitation":"Leavy, T., McShane, R., Swaim, K., and Scoppettone, G., 2004, Status of Ash Meadows speckled dace in Bradford Springs, 12 p. .","productDescription":"12 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a6c83be4b025c4642862d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leavy, T.","contributorId":181847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leavy","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McShane, R.R","contributorId":178376,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McShane","given":"R.R","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swaim, K.M.","contributorId":178377,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swaim","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scoppettone, G.G.","contributorId":22793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scoppettone","given":"G.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026222,"text":"70026222 - 2004 - Variability of hydrologic regimes and morphology in constructed open-ditch channels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026222","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Variability of hydrologic regimes and morphology in constructed open-ditch channels","docAbstract":"Open-ditch ecosystems are potential transporters of considerable loads of nutrients, sediment, pathogens and pesticides from direct inflow from agricultural land to small streams and larger rivers. Our objective was to compare hydrology and channel morphology between two experimental open-ditch channels. An open-ditch research facility incorporating a paired design was constructed during 2002 near Lamberton, MN. A200-m reach of existing drainage channel was converted into a system of four parallel channels. The facility was equipped with water level control devices and instrumentation for flow monitoring and water sample collection on upstream and downstream ends of the system. Hydrographs from simulated flow during year one indicated that paired open-ditch channels responded similarly to changes in inflow. Variability in hydrologic response between open-ditches was attributed to differences in open-ditch channel bottom elevation and vegetation density. No chemical, biological, or atmospheric measurements were made during 2003. Potential future benefits of this research include improved biological diversity and integrity of open-ditch ecosystems, reduce flood peaks and increased flow during critical low-flow periods, improved and more efficient nitrogen retention within the open-ditch ecosystem, and decreased maintenance cost associated with reduced frequency of open-ditch maintenance.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 8th International Drainage Symposium - Drainage VIII","conferenceTitle":"8th International Drainage Symposium - Drainage VIII","conferenceDate":"21 March 2004 through 24 March 2004","conferenceLocation":"Sacramento, CA","language":"English","isbn":"1892769360","usgsCitation":"Strock, J., Magner, J., Richardson, W.B., Sadowsky, M., Sands, G., and Venterea, R., 2004, Variability of hydrologic regimes and morphology in constructed open-ditch channels, in Proceedings of the 8th International Drainage Symposium - Drainage VIII, Sacramento, CA, 21 March 2004 through 24 March 2004, p. 461-468.","startPage":"461","endPage":"468","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc138e4b08c986b32a4b4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cooke R.A.","contributorId":128333,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Cooke R.A.","id":536586,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Strock, J.S.","contributorId":104257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strock","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magner, J.A.","contributorId":26413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magner","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richardson, W. 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The soils consist of fine-grained basaltic sand and a surface lag of hematite-rich spherules, spherule fragments, and other granules. Wind ripples are common. Underlying the thin soil layer, and exposed within small impact craters and troughs, are flat-lying sedimentary rocks. These rocks are finely laminated, are rich in sulfur, and contain abundant sulfate salts. Small-scale cross-lamination in some locations provides evidence for deposition in flowing liquid water. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments formed by episodic inundation by shallow surface water, followed by evaporation, exposure, and desiccation. Hematite-rich spherules are embedded in the rock and eroding from them. We interpret these spherules to be concretions formed by postdepositional diagenesis, again involving liquid water.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","doi":"10.1126/science.1106171","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Squyres, S.W., Arvidson, R., Bell, J., Bruckner, J., Cabrol, N., Calvin, W., Carr, M.H., Christensen, P.R., Clark, B.C., Crumpler, L., Des Marais, D., D'Uston, C., Economou, T., Farmer, J., Farrand, W., Folkner, W., Golombek, M., Gorevan, S., Grant, J.A., Greeley, R., Grotzinger, J., Haskin, L., Herkenhoff, K.E., Hviid, S., Johnson, J., Klingelhofer, G., Knoll, A., Landis, G., Lemmon, M., Li, R., Madsen, M., Malin, M.C., McLennan, S.M., McSween, H., Ming, D.W., Moersch, J., Morris, R., Parker, T., Rice, J.W., Richter, L., Rieder, R., Sims, M., Smith, M., Smith, P., Soderblom, L.A., Sullivan, R., Wanke, H., Wdowiak, T., Wolff, M., and Yen, A., 2004, The opportunity Rover's Athena science investigation at Meridiani Planum, Mars: Science, v. 306, no. 5702, p. 1698-1703, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1106171.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1698","endPage":"1703","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars; Meridiani Planum","volume":"306","issue":"5702","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae57e4b08c986b324012","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Squyres, S. 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2004 - Ecological effects of animal introductions at Channel Islands National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026645","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Ecological effects of animal introductions at Channel Islands National Park","docAbstract":"Based on research, park managers are adopting a holistic approach to island restoration that includes eradication of nonnative species, restoration of native plant habitats, and monitoring.","largerWorkTitle":"Park Science","language":"English","issn":"07359462","usgsCitation":"McEachern, K., 2004, Ecological effects of animal introductions at Channel Islands National Park, in Park Science, v. 22, no. 2, p. 46-52.","startPage":"46","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a054fe4b0c8380cd50d4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McEachern, K.","contributorId":67438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEachern","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026739,"text":"70026739 - 2004 - Age structure and mortality of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs: Use of mortality caps to establish realistic management objectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026739","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age structure and mortality of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs: Use of mortality caps to establish realistic management objectives","docAbstract":"Age structure, total annual mortality, and mortality caps (maximum mortality thresholds established by managers) were investigated for walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) populations sampled from eight Kansas reservoirs during 1991-1999. We assessed age structure by examining the relative frequency of different ages in the population; total annual mortality of age-2 and older walleyes was estimated by use of a weighted catch curve. To evaluate the utility of mortality caps, we modeled threshold values of mortality by varying growth rates and management objectives. Estimated mortality thresholds were then compared with observed growth and mortality rates. The maximum age of walleyes varied from 5 to 11 years across reservoirs. Age structure was dominated (???72%) by walleyes age 3 and younger in all reservoirs, corresponding to ages that were not yet vulnerable to harvest. Total annual mortality rates varied from 40.7% to 59.5% across reservoirs and averaged 51.1% overall (SE = 2.3). Analysis of mortality caps indicated that a management objective of 500 mm for the mean length of walleyes harvested by anglers was realistic for all reservoirs with a 457-mm minimum length limit but not for those with a 381-mm minimum length limit. For a 500-mm mean length objective to be realized for reservoirs with a 381-mm length limit, managers must either reduce mortality rates (e.g., through restrictive harvest regulations) or increase growth of walleyes. When the assumed objective was to maintain the mean length of harvested walleyes at current levels, the observed annual mortality rates were below the mortality cap for all reservoirs except one. Mortality caps also provided insight on management objectives expressed in terms of proportional stock density (PSD). Results indicated that a PSD objective of 20-40 was realistic for most reservoirs. This study provides important walleye mortality information that can be used for monitoring or for inclusion into population models; these results can also be combined with those of other studies to investigate large-scale differences in walleye mortality. Our analysis illustrates the utility of mortality caps for monitoring walleye populations and for establishing realistic management goals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M03-193.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Quist, M., Stephen, J., Guy, C., and Schultz, R., 2004, Age structure and mortality of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs: Use of mortality caps to establish realistic management objectives: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 3, p. 990-1002, https://doi.org/10.1577/M03-193.1.","startPage":"990","endPage":"1002","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208301,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M03-193.1"},{"id":233956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8f4e4b0c8380cd47fde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quist, M.C. 0000-0001-8268-1839","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8268-1839","contributorId":62805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephen, J.L.","contributorId":84126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephen","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guy, C.S.","contributorId":59160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schultz, R.D.","contributorId":66889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026360,"text":"70026360 - 2004 - New constraints on the active tectonic deformation of the Aegean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026360","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New constraints on the active tectonic deformation of the Aegean","docAbstract":"Site velocities from six separate Global Positioning System (GPS) networks comprising 374 stations have been referred to a single common Eurasia-fixed reference frame to map the velocity distribution over the entire Aegean. We use the GPS velocity field to identify deforming regions, rigid elements, and potential microplate boundaries, and build upon previous work by others to initially specify rigid elements in central Greece, the South Aegean, Anatolia, and the Sea of Marmara. We apply an iterative approach, tentatively defining microplate boundaries, determining best fit rigid rotations, examining misfit patterns, and revising the boundaries to achieve a better match between model and data. Short-term seismic cycle effects are minor contaminants of the data that we remove when necessary to isolate the long-term kinematics. We find that present day Aegean deformation is due to the relative motions of four microplates and straining in several isolated zones internal to them. The RMS misfit of model to data is about 2-sigma, very good when compared to the typical match between coseismic fault models and GPS data. The simplicity of the microplate description of the deformation and its good fit to the GPS data are surprising and were not anticipated by previous work, which had suggested either many rigid elements or broad deforming zones that comprise much of the Aegean region. The isolated deforming zones are also unexpected and cannot be explained by the kinematics of the microplate motions. Strain rates within internally deforming zones are extensional and range from 30 to 50 nanostrain/year (nstrain/year, 10-9/year), 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than rates observed across the major microplate boundaries. Lower strain rates may exist elsewhere withi the microplates but are only resolved in Anatolia, where extension of 13 ?? 4 nstrain/ year is required by the data. Our results suggest that despite the detailed complexity of active continental deformation revealed by seismicity, active faulting, fault geomorphology, and earthquake fault plane solutions, continental tectonics, at least in the Aegean, is to first order very similar to global plate tectonics and obeys the same simple kinematic rules. Although the widespread distribution of Aegean seismicity and active faulting might suggest a rather spatially homogeneous seismic hazard, the focusing of deformation near microplate boundaries implies the highest hazard is comparably localized.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002830","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Nyst, M., and Thatcher, W., 2004, New constraints on the active tectonic deformation of the Aegean: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 11, p. 1-23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002830.","startPage":"1","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208419,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002830"},{"id":234159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6565e4b0c8380cd72ba5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nyst, M.","contributorId":66453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyst","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72685,"text":"ofr20041337 - 2004 - Bighorn sheep habitat studies, population dynamics, and population modeling in Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Wyoming and Montana, 2000-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T12:54:47","indexId":"ofr20041337","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1337","title":"Bighorn sheep habitat studies, population dynamics, and population modeling in Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Wyoming and Montana, 2000-2003","docAbstract":"At the request of National Park Service resource managers, we began a study in 2000 to evaluate causes for the decline of the bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) population inhabiting Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area (BICA), the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range, and surrounding state and U.S. Forest Service lands in Montana and Wyoming. Our study consisted of radio-collaring adult rams and ewes with mortality sensors to monitor adult mortalities, tracking ewes to determine pregnancy and lambing rates, habitat assessments to determine why the population was not expanding into what had been modeled using GIS methodology as suitable bighorn sheep habitat, measuring ungulate herbaceous consumption rates and herbaceous production to determine plant responses, and aerial and boat surveys to determine bighorn sheep population range and population dynamics (Schoenecker and others, this report). Two habitat suitability models were created and conducted (Gudorf, this report; Wockner and others, this report) using different methodologies, and comparisons made between the two. Herd population dynamics were modeled using the POP-II and POP-III programs (Roelle, this report), and a reassessment of ungulate exclosures that were established 8–10 years ago was conducted (Gerhardt, this report).
\nThe bighorn sheep population of the greater Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area (BICA) was extirpated in the 1800s, and then reintroduced in 1973. The herd increased to a peak population of about 211 animals (Kissell and others, 1996), but then declined sharply in 1995 and 1996. Causes for the decline were unknown. Numbers have remained around 100 ± 20 animals since 1998. Previous modeling efforts determined what areas were suitable bighorn sheep habitat (Gudorf and others, 1996). We tried to determine why sheep were not using areas that were modeled as suitable or acceptable habitat, and to evaluate population dynamics of the herd.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041337","usgsCitation":"Singer, F.J., and Schoenecker, K.A., 2004, Bighorn sheep habitat studies, population dynamics, and population modeling in Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Wyoming and Montana, 2000-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1337, xi, 202 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041337.","productDescription":"xi, 202 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193265,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041337.jpg"},{"id":320272,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1337/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Bighorn Canyon national Recreation Area","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db6260da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Francis J.","contributorId":67026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoenecker, Kathryn A. 0000-0001-9906-911X schoeneckerk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9906-911X","contributorId":2001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenecker","given":"Kathryn","email":"schoeneckerk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027801,"text":"70027801 - 2004 - A Complex Systems Model Approach to Quantified Mineral Resource Appraisal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70027801","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Complex Systems Model Approach to Quantified Mineral Resource Appraisal","docAbstract":"For federal and state land management agencies, mineral resource appraisal has evolved from value-based to outcome-based procedures wherein the consequences of resource development are compared with those of other management options. Complex systems modeling is proposed as a general framework in which to build models that can evaluate outcomes. Three frequently used methods of mineral resource appraisal (subjective probabilistic estimates, weights of evidence modeling, and fuzzy logic modeling) are discussed to obtain insight into methods of incorporating complexity into mineral resource appraisal models. Fuzzy logic and weights of evidence are most easily utilized in complex systems models. A fundamental product of new appraisals is the production of reusable, accessible databases and methodologies so that appraisals can easily be repeated with new or refined data. The data are representations of complex systems and must be so regarded if all of their information content is to be utilized. The proposed generalized model framework is applicable to mineral assessment and other geoscience problems. We begin with a (fuzzy) cognitive map using (+1,0,-1) values for the links and evaluate the map for various scenarios to obtain a ranking of the importance of various links. Fieldwork and modeling studies identify important links and help identify unanticipated links. Next, the links are given membership functions in accordance with the data. Finally, processes are associated with the links; ideally, the controlling physical and chemical events and equations are found for each link. After calibration and testing, this complex systems model is used for predictions under various scenarios.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-2835-7","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Gettings, M.E., Bultman, M., and Fisher, F., 2004, A Complex Systems Model Approach to Quantified Mineral Resource Appraisal: Environmental Management, v. 33, no. 1, p. 87-98, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-2835-7.","startPage":"87","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211031,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-2835-7"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2d3e4b0c8380cd45c88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gettings, M. E.","contributorId":25148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bultman, M.W.","contributorId":107306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bultman","given":"M.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, F. S.","contributorId":36149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"F. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026792,"text":"70026792 - 2004 - Importance of storm events in controlling ecosystem structure and function in a Florida Gulf Coast estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T14:33:34.806018","indexId":"70026792","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of storm events in controlling ecosystem structure and function in a Florida Gulf Coast estuary","docAbstract":"From 8/95 to 2/01, we investigated the ecological effects of intra- and inter-annual variability in freshwater flow through Taylor Creek in southeastern Everglades National Park. Continuous monitoring and intensive sampling studies overlapped with an array of pulsed weather events that impacted physical, chemical, and biological attributes of this region. We quantified the effects of three events representing a range of characteristics (duration, amount of precipitation, storm intensity, wind direction) on the hydraulic connectivity, nutrient and sediment dynamics, and vegetation structure of the SE Everglades estuarine ecotone. These events included a strong winter storm in November 1996, Tropical Storm Harvey in September 1999, and Hurricane Irene in October 1999. Continuous hydrologic and daily water sample data were used to examine the effects of these events on the physical forcing and quality of water in Taylor Creek. A high resolution, flow-through sampling and mapping approach was used to characterize water quality in the adjacent bay. To understand the effects of these events on vegetation communities, we measured mangrove litter production and estimated seagrass cover in the bay at monthly intervals. We also quantified sediment deposition associated with Hurricane Irene's flood surge along the Buttonwood Ridge. These three events resulted in dramatic changes in surface water movement and chemistry in Taylor Creek and adjacent regions of Florida Bay as well as increased mangrove litterfall and flood surge scouring of seagrass beds. Up to 5 cm of bay-derived mud was deposited along the ridge adjacent to the creek in this single pulsed event. These short-term events can account for a substantial proportion of the annual flux of freshwater and materials between the mangrove zone and Florida Bay. Our findings shed light on the capacity of these storm events, especially when in succession, to have far reaching and long lasting effects on coastal ecosystems such as the estuarine ecotone of the SE Everglades.","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education & Research Foundation","doi":"10.2112/03-0072R.1","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Davis, S.E., Cable, J., Childers, D., Coronado-Molina, C., Day, J., Hittle, C., Madden, C., Reyes, E., Rudnick, D., and Sklar, F., 2004, Importance of storm events in controlling ecosystem structure and function in a Florida Gulf Coast estuary: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 20, no. 4, p. 1198-1208, https://doi.org/10.2112/03-0072R.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1198","endPage":"1208","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235388,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3944e4b0c8380cd61879","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Stephen E","contributorId":213386,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[{"id":17761,"text":"Everglades Foundation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cable, J.E.","contributorId":25963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cable","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Childers, D.L.","contributorId":44334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childers","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coronado-Molina, C.","contributorId":90271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coronado-Molina","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Day, J.W.","contributorId":27417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hittle, C.D.","contributorId":90798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hittle","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Madden, C.J.","contributorId":101065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madden","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Reyes, E.","contributorId":83886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reyes","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rudnick, D.","contributorId":23710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudnick","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sklar, F.","contributorId":61618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sklar","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70707,"text":"fs20043145 - 2004 - Fort Collins Science Center: Invasive Species Science","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-26T15:08:32","indexId":"fs20043145","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3145","title":"Fort Collins Science Center: Invasive Species Science","docAbstract":"Invasive, non-native species of plants, animals, and disease organisms adversely affect the ecosystems they enter. Like \"biological wildfires,\" they can quickly spread, and they affect nearly all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Invasive species have become the greatest environmental challenge of the 21st century in terms of economic, environmental, and human health costs, with an estimated impact in the U.S. of over $138 billion per year. Managers of Department of the Interior and other public and private lands and waters rank invasive species as their top resource management problem.
\nThe Invasive Species Science Branch of the Fort Collins Science Center (FORT) provides research and technical assistance relating to invasive species management concerns, including understanding how these species are introduced, identifying areas vulnerable to invasion, forecasting invasions, and developing control methods. To disseminate this information, FORT scientists are developing the Invasive Species Information Node of the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII), a comprehensive, Web-accessible database of invasive plant and animal species and disease agents. From these data, and in partnership with Colorado State University, the National Aeronautic Space Administration (NASA), and others, FORT scientists are constructing models to understand and predict invasive species behavior for more effective management.
\nFORT is also the administrative home of the National Institute of Invasive Species Science, a growing consortium of partnerships between government and private organizations established by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and its many cooperators. The Institute was formed to develop cooperative approaches for invasive species science that meet the urgent needs of land managers and the public. Its mission is to work with others to coordinate data and research from many sources to predict and reduce the effects of harmful nonnative plants, animals, and diseases in natural areas and throughout the United States, with a strategic approach to information management, research, modeling, technical assistance, and outreach. The Institute research team will develop local-, regional-, and national- scale maps of invasive species and identify priority invasive species, vulnerable habitats, and pathways of invasion. County-level and point data on occurrence will be linked to plot-level and site-level information on species abundance and spread. FORT scientists and Institute partners are working to integrate remote sensing data and GIS-based predictive models to track the spread of invasive species across the country. This information will be linked to control and restoration efforts to evaluate their cost-effectiveness. Understanding both successes and failures will advance the science of invasive species containment and control as well as restoration of habitats and native biodiversity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20043145","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T., 2004, Fort Collins Science Center: Invasive Species Science: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3145, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043145.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124811,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3145.jpg"},{"id":320285,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3145/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae32a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Tom","contributorId":24037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027784,"text":"70027784 - 2004 - Unusual behavior by Bison, Bison bison, toward Elk, Cervus elaphus, and wolves, Canis lupus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-19T16:19:29.962875","indexId":"70027784","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1163,"text":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Unusual behavior by Bison, Bison bison, toward Elk, Cervus elaphus, and wolves, Canis lupus","title":"Unusual behavior by Bison, Bison bison, toward Elk, Cervus elaphus, and wolves, Canis lupus","docAbstract":"Incidents are described of Bison (Bison bison) in Yellowstone National Park mauling and possibly killing a young Elk (Cervus elaphus) calf, chasing wolves (Canis lupus) off Elk they had just killed or were killing, and keeping the wolves away for extended periods. During one of the latter cases, the Bison knocked a wolf-wounded Elk down. Bison were also seen approaching wolves that were resting and sleeping, rousting them, following them to new resting places and repeating this behavior. These behaviors might represent some type of generalized hyper-defensiveness that functions as an anti-predator strategy.
","language":"English","publisher":"PKP Publishing Services","doi":"10.22621/cfn.v118i1.892","usgsCitation":"Mech, L., McIntyre, R., and Smith, D., 2004, Unusual behavior by Bison, Bison bison, toward Elk, Cervus elaphus, and wolves, Canis lupus: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 118, no. 1, p. 115-118, https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i1.892.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"118","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489847,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i1.892","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.30249023437501,\n 44.45730980131928\n ],\n [\n -111.3134765625,\n 44.0796932742571\n ],\n [\n -109.742431640625,\n 44.08758502824513\n ],\n [\n -109.764404296875,\n 45.07352060670968\n ],\n [\n -111.29150390625,\n 45.06576154770307\n ],\n [\n -111.30249023437501,\n 44.45730980131928\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"118","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbcf9e4b08c986b328e80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McIntyre, R.T.","contributorId":8804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, D.W.","contributorId":24726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174330,"text":"70174330 - 2004 - Trends in the sediment yield of the Sacramento River, California, 1957-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T15:20:28.594576","indexId":"70174330","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3331,"text":"San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in the sediment yield of the Sacramento River, California, 1957-2001","docAbstract":"Human activities within a watershed, such as agriculture, urbanization, and dam building, may affect the sediment yield from the watershed. Because the equilibrium geomorphic form of an estuary is dependent in part on the sediment supply from the watershed, anthropogenic activities within the watershed have the potential to affect estuary geomorphology. The Sacramento River drains the northern half of California’s Central Valley and is the primary source of sediment to San Francisco Bay. In this paper, it is shown that the delivery of suspended-sediment from the Sacramento River to San Francisco Bay has decreased by about one-half during the period 1957 to 2001. Many factors may be contributing to the trend in sediment yield, including the depletion of erodible sediment from hydraulic mining in the late 1800s, trapping of sediment in reservoirs, riverbank protection, altered land-uses (such as agriculture, grazing, urbanization, and logging), and levees. This finding has implications for planned tidal wetland restoration activities around San Francisco Bay, where an adequate sediment supply will be needed to build subsided areas to elevations typical of tidal wetlands as well as to keep pace with projected sea-level rise. In a broader context, the study underscores the need to address anthropogenic impacts on watershed sediment yield when considering actions such as restoration within downstream depositional areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"eScholarship University of California","doi":"10.15447/sfews.2004v2iss2art2","usgsCitation":"Wright, S., and Schoellhamer, D., 2004, Trends in the sediment yield of the Sacramento River, California, 1957-2001: San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science, v. 2, no. 2, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2004v2iss2art2.","productDescription":"14 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2004v2iss2art2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":324903,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.72714233398438,\n 38.45573955865588\n ],\n [\n -121.72714233398438,\n 38.80118939192329\n ],\n [\n -121.40029907226562,\n 38.80118939192329\n ],\n [\n -121.40029907226562,\n 38.45573955865588\n ],\n [\n -121.72714233398438,\n 38.45573955865588\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5780cec0e4b08116168223e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Scott 0000-0002-0387-5713 sawright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-5713","contributorId":1536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Scott","email":"sawright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015190,"text":"1015190 - 2004 - Nest survival estimation: A review of alternatives to the Mayfield estimator","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T19:37:34.904223","indexId":"1015190","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest survival estimation: A review of alternatives to the Mayfield estimator","docAbstract":"Reliable estimates of nest survival are essential for assessing strategies for avian conservation. We review the history of modifications and alternatives for estimating nest survival, with a focus on four techniques: apparent nest success, the Mayfield estimator, the Stanley method, and program MARK. The widely used Mayfield method avoids the known positive bias inherent in apparent nest success by estimating daily survival rates using the number of exposure days, eliminating the need to monitor nests from initiation. Concerns that some of Mayfield's assumptions were restrictive stimulated the development of new techniques. Stanley's method allows for calculation of stage-specific daily survival rates when transition and failure dates are unknown, and eliminates Mayfield's assumption that failure occurred midway through the nest-check interval. Program MARK obviates Mayfield's assumption of constant daily survival within nesting stages and evaluates variation in nest survival as a function of biologically relevant factors. These innovative methods facilitate the evaluation of nest survival using an information-theoretic approach. We illustrate use of these methods with Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys) nest data from the Pawnee National Grassland, Colorado. Nest survival estimates calculated using Mayfield, Stanley, and MARK methods were similar, but apparent nest success estimates ranged 1– 24% greater than the other estimates. MARK analysis revealed that survival of Lark Bunting nests differed between site–year groups, declined with both nest age and time in season, but did not vary with weather parameters. We encourage researchers to use these approaches to gain reliable and meaningful nest survival estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornitological Society","doi":"10.1093/condor/106.3.472","usgsCitation":"Jehle, G., Yackel Adams, A., Savidge, J.A., and Skagen, S., 2004, Nest survival estimation: A review of alternatives to the Mayfield estimator: The Condor, v. 106, no. 3, p. 472-484, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.3.472.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"472","endPage":"484","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478055,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.3.472","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":134270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae92d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jehle, G.","contributorId":27414,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jehle","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yackel Adams, A. A. 0000-0002-7044-8447","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-8447","contributorId":16792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackel Adams","given":"A. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savidge, J. A.","contributorId":36078,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savidge","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Skagen, S. K. 0000-0002-6744-1244","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":31348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027774,"text":"70027774 - 2004 - Estimating disturbance effects from military training using developmental instability and physiological measures of plant stress","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T14:37:45","indexId":"70027774","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating disturbance effects from military training using developmental instability and physiological measures of plant stress","docAbstract":"We used developmental instability, water potential, and variable fluorescence to determine if populations of winged sumac (Rhus copallinum) were being negatively effected by military training disturbance. We established nine sites that represented a land-use disturbance gradient with three impact levels (low, medium, and high), the effects mostly due to mechanized infantry training maneuvers. Although mean values of developmental instability, water potential, and variable fluorescence differed significantly among sites, the patterns did not consistently differentiate sites relative to the disturbance gradient. At the population level, some measures of developmental instability and variable fluorescence were positively correlated. All nine sites consisted of habitat mosaics, with the abundance of higher quality habitat patches and canopy gaps closely related to habitat impacts. It may be that R. copallinum is selecting similar micro-environments at all sites and therefore minimizing inter-site variation in stress measures, despite large differences in overall habitat condition. Our results call for caution in developing ecological indicators using the response of physiological and morphological measures from a single plant species. ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2003.11.003","issn":"1470160X","usgsCitation":"Duda, J., Freeman, D., Brown, M.L., Graham, J., Krzysik, A., Emlen, J., Zak, J., and Kovacic, D., 2004, Estimating disturbance effects from military training using developmental instability and physiological measures of plant stress: Ecological Indicators, v. 3, no. 4, p. 251-262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2003.11.003.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"262","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238353,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b16e4b0c8380cd52571","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duda, J.J. 0000-0001-7431-8634","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-8634","contributorId":105073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, D.C.","contributorId":21309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, M. L.","contributorId":96063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graham, J.H.","contributorId":77322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krzysik, A.J.","contributorId":63188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krzysik","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Emlen, J.M.","contributorId":63979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Zak, J.C.","contributorId":82097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zak","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kovacic, D.A.","contributorId":102207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kovacic","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70027775,"text":"70027775 - 2004 - Organic and inorganic species in produced water: Implications for water reuse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T16:36:50","indexId":"70027775","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Organic and inorganic species in produced water: Implications for water reuse","docAbstract":"Currently 20-30 billion barrels of formation water are co-produced annually in the USA with conventional oil and natural gas. The large database on the geochemistry of this produced water shows salinities that vary widely from ~5,000 to >350,000 mg/L TDS. Chloride, Na and Ca are generally the dominant ions, and concentrations of Fe, Mn, B, NH3 and dissolved organics, including, BTEX, phenols and poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be relatively high. Hazardous concentrations of NORMs, including Ra-226 and Rn-222 have been reported in produced water from several states.
Coal-bed methane (CBM) wells currently produce close to a billion barrels of water and deliver ~8% of total natural gas. The salinity of this produced water generally is lower than that of water from petroleum wells; salinity commonly is 1,000-20,000 mg/L, but ranges to150,000 mg/L TDS. Most CBM wells produce Na-HCO3-Cl type water that is low in trace metals and has no reported NORMs. This water commonly has no oil and grease and has relatively low DOC, but its organic composition has not been characterized in detail. The water is disposed of by injection into saline aquifers, through evaporation and/or percolation in disposal pits, road spreading, and surface discharge. Water that has an acceptable salinity and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) is considered acceptable for surface discharge and for injection into freshwater aquifers.
As an alternative to costly disposal, low salinity produced water is being considered for reclamation, especially in the arid western USA. The cost of reclaiming this water to meet irrigation, industrial and drinking water standards was evaluated in a 10 gpm pilot field study at Placerita oil field, California. This produced water had a low salinity of ~8,000 mg/L, but high concentration of Si and organics. Removal of B, Si, NH3 and especially organics from this water proved difficult, and the estimated treatment cost was high at $0.08-$0.39/bbl for water treated for industrial and municipal uses.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - Natural gas technologies II: Ingenuity and innovation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Natural Gas Technologies II: Ingenuity and Innovation","conferenceDate":"8-11 February 2004","conferenceLocation":"Phoenix, AZ","language":"English","publisher":"Gas Technology Institute","publisherLocation":"Des Plaines, IL","usgsCitation":"Kharaka, Y.K., and Rice, C.A., 2004, Organic and inorganic species in produced water: Implications for water reuse, in Proceedings - Natural gas technologies II: Ingenuity and innovation, Phoenix, AZ, 8-11 February 2004, 15 p.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publicComments":"Gas Technology Institute Publication GTI-04/0012; Paper M0304 T04237","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6f8be4b0c8380cd75b4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kharaka, Yousif K. 0000-0001-9861-8260 ykharaka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-8260","contributorId":1928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Yousif","email":"ykharaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":415164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Cynthia A.","contributorId":87140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174308,"text":"70174308 - 2004 - Spatial and temporal variability of suspended-sediment concentrations in a shallow estuarine environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T16:06:26.954975","indexId":"70174308","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3331,"text":"San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal variability of suspended-sediment concentrations in a shallow estuarine environment","docAbstract":"Shallow subembayments respond differently than deep channels to physical forces acting in estuaries. The U.S. Geological Survey measured suspended-sediment concentrations at five locations in Honker Bay, a shallow subembayment of San Francisco Bay, and the adjacent channel to investigate the spatial and temporal differences between deep and shallow estuarine environments. During the first freshwater pulse of the wet season, the channel tended to transport suspended sediments through the system, whereas the shallow area acted as off-channel storage where deposition would likely occur. Following the freshwater pulse, suspended-sediment concentrations were greater in Honker Bay than in the adjacent deep channel, due to the larger supply of erodible sediment on the bed. However, the tidal variability of suspended-sediment concentrations in both Honker Bay and in the adjacent channel was greater after the freshwater pulse than before. During wind events, suspended-sediment concentrations in the channel were not affected; however, wind played a crucial role in the resuspension of sediments in the shallows. Despite wind-wave sediment resuspension in Honker Bay, tidally averaged suspended-sediment flux was controlled by the flood-dominated currents.
\n\n
We present data on the colonization of Middleton Island, Alaska, by Black Oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) following the creation of an extensive rocky intertidal zone after the Alaskan earthquake of 1964. The first pair of oystercatchers was detected in 1976, and it was another 5 years before the population increased to three pairs. Oystercatcher numbers increased steadily thereafter, with a population explosion occurring in the 1990s. By 2002, there were 171 territorial pairs on the island. The total number of birds increased from two in 1976 to 718 in 2002. Breeding-pair densities on Middleton Island are the highest recorded for any portion of Alaska, averaging more than 5 pairs per km of shoreline in 2002. Nesting success in 2001 and 2002 was greater (83% or more of the eggs laid hatched) than that reported for any other population of oystercatchers in Alaska or along the Pacific Coast. We attribute this exponential growth rate and exceptionally high reproductive success to the large area of available and suitable habitat, the low number of avian predators and the complete lack of mammalian predators, low rate of nest loss to high tides and storm surges, and a low level of human disturbance. We propose nominating Middleton Island as a regional Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network site because a high percentage of the world's and region's population of Black Oystercatchers resides there during the breeding season. Further, since Middleton Island may be the single most important site in Alaska for Black Oystercatchers, we suggest it be protected from future development.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/condor/106.4.791","usgsCitation":"Gill, V., Hatch, S.A., and Lanctot, R., 2004, Colonization, population growth, and nesting success of Black Oystercatchers following a seismic uplift: Condor, v. 106, no. 4, p. 791-800, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.4.791.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"791","endPage":"800","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.4.791","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Middleton Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -146.40243530273438,\n 59.39477224351406\n ],\n [\n -146.25411987304688,\n 59.39477224351406\n ],\n [\n -146.25411987304688,\n 59.47752265509619\n ],\n [\n -146.40243530273438,\n 59.47752265509619\n ],\n [\n -146.40243530273438,\n 59.39477224351406\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7b9e4b0c8380cd4cc8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, V.A.","contributorId":35498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":77879,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard B.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":409436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026124,"text":"70026124 - 2004 - Flood-related, organic-carbon anomalies as possible temporal markers in reservoir bottom sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-01T22:58:28.88559","indexId":"70026124","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2592,"text":"Lake and Reservoir Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flood-related, organic-carbon anomalies as possible temporal markers in reservoir bottom sediments","docAbstract":"Results of a study of sediment cores from four reservoirs in the upper Mississippi River Basin, USA, indicated that anomalous organic carbon concentrations associated with flood deposits may provide detectable temporal markers in reservoir bottom sediments. Temporal markers are needed for reservoir sediment studies to date sediment layers deposited between the 1963–64 cesium-137 peak and the present. For two of four reservoirs studied, anomalously low organic carbon concentrations were measured for a sample interval in the upper part of a sediment core. The anomalous interval was interpreted to have been deposited during the July 1993 flood that affected a large area of the upper Mississippi River Basin. Potentially, the July 1993 flood deposit may be used as a temporal marker in reservoir bottom sediments in parts of the basin affected by the flood. Several uncertainties remain regarding the viability of organic carbon as a temporal marker including the combination of flood, basin, and reservoir characteristics required to produce a recognizable organic carbon marker in the bottom sediment and the optimal sampling strategy needed to detect the marker in a sediment core. It is proposed that flood duration and basin size may be important factors as to whether or not an anomalous and detectable organic carbon layer is deposited in a reservoir.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/07438140409354160","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., 2004, Flood-related, organic-carbon anomalies as possible temporal markers in reservoir bottom sediments: Lake and Reservoir Management, v. 20, no. 4, p. 309-321, https://doi.org/10.1080/07438140409354160.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"321","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Coralville Lake, Milford Lake, Perry Lake, Tuttle Creek Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.71455383300781,\n 41.693936942282164\n ],\n [\n -91.50238037109375,\n 41.693936942282164\n ],\n [\n -91.50238037109375,\n 41.83989728790337\n ],\n [\n -91.71455383300781,\n 41.83989728790337\n ],\n [\n -91.71455383300781,\n 41.693936942282164\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.06008911132811,\n 39.05225165582583\n ],\n [\n -96.85821533203125,\n 39.05225165582583\n ],\n [\n -96.85821533203125,\n 39.2758527440647\n ],\n [\n -97.06008911132811,\n 39.2758527440647\n ],\n [\n -97.06008911132811,\n 39.05225165582583\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.77719116210938,\n 39.20246222588238\n ],\n [\n -96.56707763671875,\n 39.20246222588238\n ],\n [\n -96.56707763671875,\n 39.57817336212527\n ],\n [\n -96.77719116210938,\n 39.57817336212527\n ],\n [\n -96.77719116210938,\n 39.20246222588238\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.56594848632812,\n 39.09702872683213\n ],\n [\n -95.35858154296875,\n 39.09702872683213\n ],\n [\n -95.35858154296875,\n 39.297111003754964\n ],\n [\n -95.56594848632812,\n 39.297111003754964\n ],\n [\n -95.56594848632812,\n 39.09702872683213\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1172e4b0c8380cd53fce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, Kyle E. 0000-0002-2102-8980 kjuracek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":2022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"Kyle","email":"kjuracek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":408012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026125,"text":"70026125 - 2004 - Data dictionary and formatting standard for dissemination of geotechnical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026125","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Data dictionary and formatting standard for dissemination of geotechnical data","docAbstract":"A pilot system for archiving and web dissemination of geotechnical data collected and stored by various agencies is currently under development. 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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Workshop on long-term performance monitoring of metals and radionuclides in the subsurface","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Joint workshop on long-term monitoring of metals and radionuclides in the subsurface: Strategies, tools and case studies","conferenceDate":"April 21-22, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Reston, VA","language":"English","publisher":"Center for Integrated Sensor Technology and Environmental Monitoring Systems","usgsCitation":"Andraski, B.J., Halford, K.J., and Michel, R.L., 2004, Plume-scale testing of a simplified method for detecting tritium contamination in plants and soil, in Proceedings, Workshop on long-term performance monitoring of metals and radionuclides in the subsurface, Reston, VA, April 21-22, 2004, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350739,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","city":"Beatty","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert Research Site","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-115.9082,39.1615],[-115.5191,38.9578],[-115.4725,38.9325],[-115.4433,38.9162],[-115.3694,38.8769],[-115.363,38.874],[-115.242,38.8093],[-115.0969,38.7309],[-115.0777,38.721],[-115.0604,38.7107],[-115.0291,38.6937],[-114.999,38.6777],[-114.9996,38.592],[-114.9997,38.4315],[-114.9994,38.3894],[-115.0004,38.0507],[-115.1185,38.0508],[-115.1436,38.0508],[-115.326,38.0515],[-115.3453,38.0514],[-115.4003,38.051],[-115.4587,38.0506],[-115.6394,38.0512],[-115.6581,38.051],[-115.8404,38.0504],[-115.8931,38.0507],[-115.8938,37.723],[-115.8969,37.5498],[-115.8975,37.2796],[-115.8982,37.1926],[-115.8942,36.8425],[-115.8941,36.686],[-115.8945,36.6702],[-115.8949,36.598],[-115.8949,36.5962],[-115.8946,36.5858],[-115.8947,36.5005],[-115.8945,36.4806],[-115.8949,36.462],[-115.8944,36.457],[-115.8948,36.3087],[-115.8945,36.2923],[-115.8943,36.1957],[-115.8945,36.1608],[-115.8948,36.1163],[-115.8948,36.0927],[-115.895,36.0015],[-115.9178,36.0192],[-115.9518,36.0457],[-115.9925,36.0773],[-116.049,36.1211],[-116.0624,36.1314],[-116.1039,36.1636],[-116.1287,36.1829],[-116.1702,36.2152],[-116.173,36.2174],[-116.2311,36.2626],[-116.2834,36.3028],[-116.2954,36.3122],[-116.3752,36.373],[-116.5107,36.4764],[-116.5247,36.4871],[-116.5589,36.5131],[-116.574,36.5245],[-116.5946,36.54],[-116.6556,36.5867],[-116.6583,36.5888],[-116.6764,36.6024],[-116.706,36.6248],[-116.7895,36.6877],[-116.8424,36.7276],[-116.8453,36.7298],[-116.8806,36.7568],[-116.8912,36.7648],[-116.9237,36.7891],[-116.9641,36.8193],[-116.9783,36.8299],[-116.981,36.8319],[-117.0046,36.8495],[-117.164,36.9688],[-117.1639,36.9698],[-117.1637,37.0182],[-117.164,37.0894],[-117.1642,37.171],[-117.1641,37.1909],[-117.1641,37.1936],[-117.1665,37.6995],[-117.1664,37.714],[-117.1663,37.7285],[-117.1663,37.7435],[-117.1662,37.7585],[-117.1657,38.0019],[-117.2198,38.0482],[-117.2397,38.0483],[-117.239,38.0641],[-117.2408,38.0705],[-117.2653,38.0932],[-117.6896,38.4731],[-118.0197,38.7599],[-118.197,38.9154],[-118.1972,38.9993],[-117.8559,39.0746],[-117.7748,39.092],[-117.7008,39.1058],[-117.6409,39.1149],[-117.5946,39.1231],[-117.4742,39.1431],[-117.3823,39.1562],[-117.3609,39.1585],[-117.3318,39.1629],[-117.3063,39.1634],[-117.2849,39.1633],[-117.1995,39.1632],[-117.0856,39.1628],[-117.0322,39.1626],[-117.0144,39.1626],[-116.9871,39.1625],[-116.9158,39.1631],[-116.7562,39.1622],[-116.7301,39.1625],[-116.5996,39.1616],[-116.5859,39.162],[-116.4815,39.1616],[-116.3497,39.1618],[-116.2358,39.1616],[-116.0548,39.1624],[-115.9082,39.1615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nye\",\"state\":\"NV\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6d9dd4e4b06e28e9cac2b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - 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