{"pageNumber":"2758","pageRowStart":"68925","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":70026253,"text":"70026253 - 2004 - Toward a scientifically rigorous basis for developing mapped ecological regions.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-13T20:53:47","indexId":"70026253","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toward a scientifically rigorous basis for developing mapped ecological regions.","docAbstract":"Despite the wide use of ecological regions in conservation and resource-management evaluations and assessments, a commonly accepted theoretical basis for ecological regionalization does not exist. This fact, along with the paucity of focus on ecological regionalization by professional associations, journals, and faculties, has inhibited the advancement of a broadly acceptable scientific basis for the development, use, and verification of ecological regions. The central contention of this article is that ecological regions should improve our understanding of geographic and ecological phenomena associated with biotic and abiotic processes occurring in individual regions and also of processes characteristic of interactions and dependencies among multiple regions. Research associated with any ecoregional framework should facilitate development of hypotheses about ecological phenomena and dominant landscape elements associated with these phenomena, how these phenomena are structured in space, and how they function in a hierarchy. Success in addressing the research recommendations outlined in this article cannot occur within an ad hoc, largely uncoordinated research environment. Successful implementation of this plan will require activities--coordination, funding, and education--that are both scientific and administrative in nature. Perhaps the most important element of an infrastructure to support the scientific work of ecoregionalization would be a national or international authority similar to the Water and Science Technology Board of the National Academy of Sciences.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-004-0170-2","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"McMahon, G., Wiken, E., and Gauthier, D., 2004, Toward a scientifically rigorous basis for developing mapped ecological regions.: Environmental Management, v. 34, p. S111-S124, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0170-2.","startPage":"S111","endPage":"S124","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269300,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0170-2"},{"id":234186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb5b1e4b08c986b32682e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, G.","contributorId":87263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiken, E.B.","contributorId":59592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiken","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gauthier, D.A.","contributorId":82099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gauthier","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035185,"text":"70035185 - 2004 - Modeling the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-13T13:42:13","indexId":"70035185","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modeling the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system","docAbstract":"<p><span>The development of a regional ground-water flow model of the Death Valley region in the southwestern United States is discussed in the context of the fourteen guidelines of Hill. This application of the guidelines demonstrates how they may be used for model calibration and evaluation, and to direct further model development and data collection.</span></p>","largerWorkTitle":"Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000: Building Partnerships","conferenceTitle":"Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000","conferenceDate":"30 July 2000 through 2 August 2000","conferenceLocation":"Minneapolis, MN","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/40517(2000)19","isbn":"0784405174; 9780784405178","usgsCitation":"D’Agnese, F.A., Faunt, C., and Hill, M.C., 2004, Modeling the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, <i>in</i> Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000: Building Partnerships, Minneapolis, MN, 30 July 2000 through 2 August 2000, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1061/40517(2000)19.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215454,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40517(2000)19"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.5205078125,\n              35.782170703266075\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.8837890625,\n              35.782170703266075\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.8837890625,\n              38.272688535980976\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.5205078125,\n              38.272688535980976\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.5205078125,\n              35.782170703266075\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c37e4b0c8380cd6faf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":449638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026499,"text":"70026499 - 2004 - Important observations and parameters for a salt water intrusion model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-26T16:36:38.736359","indexId":"70026499","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Important observations and parameters for a salt water intrusion model","docAbstract":"Sensitivity analysis with a density-dependent ground water flow simulator can provide insight and understanding of salt water intrusion calibration problems far beyond what is possible through intuitive analysis alone. Five simple experimental simulations presented here demonstrate this point. Results show that dispersivity is a very important parameter for reproducing a steady-state distribution of hydraulic head, salinity, and flow in the transition zone between fresh water and salt water in a coastal aquifer system. When estimating dispersivity, the following conclusions can be drawn about the data types and locations considered. (1) The \"toe\" of the transition zone is the most effective location for hydraulic head and salinity observations. (2) Areas near the coastline where submarine ground water discharge occurs are the most effective locations for flow observations. (3) Salinity observations are more effective than hydraulic head observations. (4) The importance of flow observations aligned perpendicular to the shoreline varies dramatically depending on distance seaward from the shoreline. Extreme parameter correlation can prohibit unique estimation of permeability parameters such as hydraulic conductivity and flow parameters such as recharge in a density-dependent ground water flow model when using hydraulic head and salinity observations. Adding flow observations perpendicular to the shoreline in areas where ground water is exchanged with the ocean body can reduce the correlation, potentially resulting in unique estimates of these parameter values. Results are expected to be directly applicable to many complex situations, and have implications for model development whether or not formal optimization methods are used in model calibration.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.t01-2-.x","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, W., 2004, Important observations and parameters for a salt water intrusion model: Ground Water, v. 42, no. 6, p. 829-840, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.t01-2-.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"829","endPage":"840","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3949e4b0c8380cd6188a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, W.B. 0000-0002-7680-377X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7680-377X","contributorId":51889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026292,"text":"70026292 - 2004 - Predicting maternal body burdens of organochlorine pesticides from eggs and evidence of maternal transfer in Alligator mississippiensis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70026292","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting maternal body burdens of organochlorine pesticides from eggs and evidence of maternal transfer in Alligator mississippiensis","docAbstract":"Few data exist regarding maternal-embryonal transfer of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in reptiles. The objective of the present study was to evaluate maternal transfer of OCPs in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from low-, intermediate-, and high-OCP-exposure sites. Overall, total OCP burdens ranged from less than 0.8 ppb in blood to more than 44,000 ppb in abdominal adipose tissue (wet wt concentrations). Lipid-adjusted ratios of maternal adipose burdens (total OCPs) to yolk burdens were close to one (0.94 ?? 0.31:1), suggesting that animals were in steady state and that OCPs in eggs originated from adipose lipids. In contrast, lipid-adjusted muscle and liver OCP burdens were greater than yolk OCP burdens, suggesting that lipids in muscle were not utilized during oogenesis and that nonlipid liver tissue sequesters OCPs. Predictive equations were derived for several tissues and several OCP analytes with r2 values ranging from 0.40 to 0.99 (p < 0.05). We suggest that yolk burdens are predictive of maternal tissue burdens for certain tissues and OCPs and that certain OCPs are maternally transferred in the American alligator. Furthermore, we suggest that future studies should investigate the applicability of these predictive equations for assessing maternal exposure in other crocodilian species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1897/03-584.1","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Rauschenberger, R., Sepulveda, M.S., Wiebe, J., Szabo, N., and Gross, T., 2004, Predicting maternal body burdens of organochlorine pesticides from eggs and evidence of maternal transfer in Alligator mississippiensis: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 23, no. 12, p. 2906-2915, https://doi.org/10.1897/03-584.1.","startPage":"2906","endPage":"2915","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208417,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/03-584.1"},{"id":234156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81bae4b0c8380cd7b6cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rauschenberger, R.H.","contributorId":93442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rauschenberger","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sepulveda, M. S.","contributorId":99918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiebe, J.J.","contributorId":11171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiebe","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Szabo, N.J.","contributorId":80871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gross, T. S.","contributorId":95828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026344,"text":"70026344 - 2004 - Slow recovery in desert perennial vegetation following prolonged human disturbance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-28T17:02:21.778725","indexId":"70026344","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2490,"text":"Journal of Vegetation Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slow recovery in desert perennial vegetation following prolonged human disturbance","docAbstract":"Questions: How long may it take for desert perennial vegetation to recover from prolonged human disturbance and how do different plant community variables (i.e. diversity, density and cover) change during the recovery process? Location: Sonoran Desert, Arizona, USA. Methods: Since protection from grazing from 1907 onwards, plant diversity, density and cover of perennial species were monitored intermittently on ten 10 m x 10 m permanent plots on Tumamoc Hill, Tucson, Arizona, USA. Results: The study shows an exceptionally slow recovery of perennial vegetation from prolonged heavy grazing and other human impacts. Since protection, overall species richness and habitat heterogeneity at the study site continued to increase until the 1960s when diversity, density and cover had been stabilized. During the same period, overall plant density and cover also increased. Species turnover increased gradually with time but no significant relation between any of the three community variables and precipitation or Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) was detected. Conclusions: It took more than 50 yr for the perennial vegetation to recover from prolonged human disturbance. The increases in plant species richness, density, and cover of the perennial vegetation were mostly due to the increase of herbaceous species, especially palatable species. The lack of a clear relationship between environment (e.g. precipitation) and community variables suggests that site history and plant life history must be taken into account in examining the nature of vegetation recovery processes after disturbance.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02318.x","usgsCitation":"Guo, Q., 2004, Slow recovery in desert perennial vegetation following prolonged human disturbance: Journal of Vegetation Science, v. 15, no. 6, p. 757-762, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02318.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"757","endPage":"762","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Tucson","otherGeospatial":"Sonoran Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.7412109375,\n              33.17434155100208\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.686279296875,\n              33.0178760185549\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.49951171875,\n              32.89803818160521\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.80712890625,\n              32.59310597426537\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.81811523437501,\n              32.43561304116276\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.47802734375,\n              31.784216884487385\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.368408203125,\n              31.42866311735861\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.016845703125,\n              31.316101383495624\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.753173828125,\n              31.3348710339506\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.115966796875,\n              31.325486676506983\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.115966796875,\n              33.47727218776036\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.697265625,\n              33.47727218776036\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.7412109375,\n              33.17434155100208\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9173e4b08c986b3198f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guo, Q.","contributorId":67039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026333,"text":"70026333 - 2004 - Evaluating fault rupture hazard for strike-slip earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T11:39:29","indexId":"70026333","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluating fault rupture hazard for strike-slip earthquakes","docAbstract":"We present fault displacement data, regressions, and a methodology to calculate in both a probabilistic and deterministic framework the fault rupture hazard for strike-slip faults. To assess this hazard we consider: (1) the size of the earthquake and probability that it will rupture to the surface, (2) the rate of all potential earthquakes on the fault (3) the distance of the site along and from the mapped fault, (4) the complexity of the fault and quality of the fault mapping, (5) the size of the structure that will be placed at the site, and (6) the potential and size of displacements along or near the fault. Probabilistic fault rupture hazard analysis should be an important consideration in design of structures or lifelines that are located within about 50m of well-mapped active faults.","largerWorkTitle":"Geotechnical Special Publication","conferenceTitle":"Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Projects: Proceedings of Geo-Trans 2004","conferenceDate":"27 July 2004 through 31 July 2004","conferenceLocation":"Los Angeles, CA","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/40744(154)66","issn":"08950563","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.D., Cao, T., Dawson, T., Frankel, A.D., Wills, C., and Schwartz, D.P., 2004, Evaluating fault rupture hazard for strike-slip earthquakes, <i>in</i> Geotechnical Special Publication, no. 126 I, Los Angeles, CA, 27 July 2004 through 31 July 2004, p. 787-796, https://doi.org/10.1061/40744(154)66.","startPage":"787","endPage":"796","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"126 I","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0be3e4b0c8380cd52914","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Yegian M.K.Kavazanjian E.","contributorId":128426,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Yegian M.K.Kavazanjian E.","id":536595,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Mark D. 0000-0001-8542-3990 mpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3990","contributorId":1163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Mark","email":"mpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cao, Tianqing","contributorId":27965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cao","given":"Tianqing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, Tim","contributorId":50692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Tim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frankel, Arthur D. 0000-0001-9119-6106 afrankel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":1363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","email":"afrankel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":409053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wills, Chris","contributorId":61697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wills","given":"Chris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200 dschwartz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":1940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","email":"dschwartz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026729,"text":"70026729 - 2004 - Response of desert biological soil crusts to alterations in precipitation frequency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026729","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of desert biological soil crusts to alterations in precipitation frequency","docAbstract":"Biological soil crusts, a community of cyanobacteria, lichens, and mosses that live on the soil surface, occur in deserts throughout the world. They are a critical component of desert ecosystems, as they are important contributors to soil fertility and stability. Future climate scenarios predict alteration of the timing and amount of precipitation in desert environments. Because biological soil crust organisms are only metabolically active when wet, and as soil surfaces dry quickly in deserts during late spring, summer, and early fall, the amount and timing of precipitation is likely to have significant impacts on the physiological functioning of these communities. Using the three dominant soil crust types found in the western United States, we applied three levels of precipitation frequency (50% below-average, average, and 50% above-average) while maintaining average precipitation amount (therefore changing both timing and size of applied events). We measured the impact of these treatments on photosynthetic performance (as indicated by dark-adapted quantum yield and chlorophyll a concentrations), nitrogenase activity, and the ability of these organisms to maintain concentrations of radiation-protective pigments (scytonemin, beta-carotene, echinenone, xanthophylls, and canthaxanthin). Increased precipitation frequency produced little response after 2.5 months exposure during spring (1 April-15 June) or summer (15 June-31 August). In contrast, most of the above variables had a large, negative response after exposure to increased precipitation frequency for 6 months spring-fall (1 April-31 October) treatment. The crusts dominated by the soil lichen Collema, being dark and protruding above the surface, dried the most rapidly, followed by the dark surface cyanobacterial crusts (Nostoc-Scytonema-Microcoleus), and then by the light cyanobacterial crusts (Microcoleus). This order reflected the magnitude of the observed response: crusts dominated by the lichen Collema showed the largest decline in quantum yield, chlorophyll a, and protective pigments; crusts dominated by Nostoc-Scytonema-Microcoleus showed an intermediate decline in these variables; and the crusts dominated by Microcoleus showed the least negative response. Most previous studies of crust response to radiation stress have been short-term laboratory studies, where organisms were watered and kept under moderate temperatures. Such conditions would give crust organisms access to ample carbon to respond to imposed stresses (e.g., production of UV-protective pigments, replacement of degraded chlorophyll). In contrast, our longer-term study showed that under field conditions of high air temperatures and frequent, small precipitation events, crust organisms appear unable to produce protective pigments in response to radiation stress, as they likely dried more quickly than when they received larger, less frequent events. Reduced activity time likely resulted in less carbon available to produce or repair chlorophyll a and/or protective pigments. Our findings may partially explain the global observation that soil lichen cover and richness declines as the frequency of summer rainfall increases. ?? Springer-Verlag 2003.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oecologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00442-003-1438-6","issn":"00298549","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., Phillips, S.L., and Miller, M.E., 2004, Response of desert biological soil crusts to alterations in precipitation frequency: Oecologia, v. 141, no. 2, p. 306-316, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-003-1438-6.","startPage":"306","endPage":"316","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478194,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1232743","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208590,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-003-1438-6"},{"id":234425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa41e4b0c8380cd86225","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, S. L.","contributorId":94460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, M. E.","contributorId":104003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035161,"text":"70035161 - 2004 - Flood hydrology for Dry Creek, Lake County, Northwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035161","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Flood hydrology for Dry Creek, Lake County, Northwestern Montana","docAbstract":"Dry Creek drains about 22.6 square kilometers of rugged mountainous terrain upstream from Tabor Dam in the Mission Range near St. Ignatius, Montana. Because of uncertainty about plausible peak discharges and concerns regarding the ability of the Tabor Dam spillway to safely convey these discharges, the flood hydrology for Dry Creek was evaluated on the basis of three hydrologic and geologic methods. The first method involved determining an envelope line relating flood discharge to drainage area on the basis of regional historical data and calculating a 500-year flood for Dry Creek using a regression equation. The second method involved paleoflood methods to estimate the maximum plausible discharge for 35 sites in the study area. The third method involved rainfall-runoff modeling for the Dry Creek basin in conjunction with regional precipitation information to determine plausible peak discharges. All of these methods resulted in estimates of plausible peak discharges that are substantially less than those predicted by the more generally applied probable maximum flood technique. Copyright ASCE 2004.","largerWorkTitle":"Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000: Building Partnerships","conferenceTitle":"Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000","conferenceDate":"30 July 2000 through 2 August 2000","conferenceLocation":"Minneapolis, MN","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/40517(2000)52","isbn":"0784405174; 9780784405178","usgsCitation":"Parrett, C., and Jarrett, R., 2004, Flood hydrology for Dry Creek, Lake County, Northwestern Montana, <i>in</i> Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000: Building Partnerships, v. 104, Minneapolis, MN, 30 July 2000 through 2 August 2000, https://doi.org/10.1061/40517(2000)52.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215118,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40517(2000)52"},{"id":242894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10f1e4b0c8380cd53e76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parrett, C.","contributorId":43400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jarrett, R.D.","contributorId":36551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027112,"text":"70027112 - 2004 - Immunomodulation and disease resistance in postyearling rainbow trout infected with Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-26T17:44:00.288567","indexId":"70027112","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Immunomodulation and disease resistance in postyearling rainbow trout infected with <i>Myxobolus cerebralis</i>, the causative agent of whirling disease","title":"Immunomodulation and disease resistance in postyearling rainbow trout infected with Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease","docAbstract":"<p><i>Myxobolus cerebralis</i><span>, the myxosporean parasite that causes whirling disease, has a number of deleterious effects on its salmonid host. Although it is well established that juvenile salmonids in the active stages of whirling disease mount an immune response to the pathogen, the occurrence and longevity of any related immunomodulatory effects are unknown. In this study, postyearling rainbow trout&nbsp;</span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span>&nbsp;infected with&nbsp;</span><i>M. cerebralis</i><span>&nbsp;were examined for leukocyte functions and for resistance to&nbsp;</span><i>Yersinia ruckeri</i><span>, a bacterial pathogen of salmonids. Compared with uninfected controls,&nbsp;</span><i>M. cerebralis</i><span>-infected fish showed lower proliferative lymphocyte responses to four mitogens (concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide). Conversely,&nbsp;</span><i>M. cerebralis</i><span>-infected fish displayed greater bactericidal activity of anterior kidney macrophages than did uninfected fish. After bath challenges with&nbsp;</span><i>Y. ruckeri</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>M. cerebralis</i><span>-infected fish had slightly lower survival and a more rapid onset of mortality than did the control fish. Renal tissue and fecal samples from&nbsp;</span><i>M. cerebralis</i><span>-infected and uninfected survivors were cultured for the presence of&nbsp;</span><i>Y. ruckeri</i><span>, and no difference in prevalence was noted between the two groups. Because immunomodulatory changes in the&nbsp;</span><i>M. cerebralis</i><span>-infected fish involved functional enhancement and suppression of different leukocyte populations, disease resistance among&nbsp;</span><i>M. cerebralis</i><span>-infected fish in the later stages of whirling disease will probably vary with the secondary pathogen and the nature of immune response the pathogen evokes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/H03-039.1","usgsCitation":"Densmore, C.L., Ottinger, C.A., Blazer, V., Iwanowicz, L.R., and Smith, D., 2004, Immunomodulation and disease resistance in postyearling rainbow trout infected with Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 16, no. 2, p. 73-82, https://doi.org/10.1577/H03-039.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38a3e4b0c8380cd61635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Densmore, Christine L. 0000-0001-6440-0781 cdensmore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6440-0781","contributorId":4560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Christine","email":"cdensmore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ottinger, Christopher A. 0000-0003-2551-1985 cottinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-1985","contributorId":2559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"Christopher","email":"cottinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blazer, Vicki S. 0000-0001-6647-9614 vblazer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":149414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"Vicki S.","email":"vblazer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Iwanowicz, Luke R. 0000-0002-1197-6178 liwanowicz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1197-6178","contributorId":190787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwanowicz","given":"Luke","email":"liwanowicz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026335,"text":"70026335 - 2004 - Seasonal variation in American black bear Ursus americanus activity patterns: Quantification via remote photography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-08T15:21:54.296752","indexId":"70026335","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3766,"text":"Wildlife Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Seasonal variation in American black bear <i>Ursus americanus</i> activity patterns: Quantification via remote photography","title":"Seasonal variation in American black bear Ursus americanus activity patterns: Quantification via remote photography","docAbstract":"Activity pattern plasticity may serve as an evolutionary adaptation to optimize fitness in an inconstant environment, however, quantifying patterns and demonstrating variation can be problematic. For American black bears Ursus americanus, wariness and habitat inaccessibility further complicate quantification. Radio telemetry has been the primary technique used to examine activity, however, interpretation error and limitation on numbers of animals available to monitor prevent extrapolation to unmarked or untransmittered members of the population. We used remote cameras to quantify black bear activity patterns and examined differences by season, sex and reproductive class in the Alleghany Mountains of western Virginia, USA. We used 1,533 pictures of black bears taken during 1998-2002 for our analyses. Black bears generally were diurnal in summer and nocturnal in autumn with a vespertine activity peak during both seasons. Bear-hound training seasons occurred during September and may offer explanation for the observed shift towards nocturnal behaviour. We found no substantial differences in activity patterns between sex and reproductive classes. Use of remote cameras allowed us to efficiently sample larger numbers of individual animals and likely offered a better approximation of population-level activity patterns than individual-level, telemetry-based methodologies.","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.2981/wlb.2004.033","usgsCitation":"Bridges, A., Vaughan, M., and Klenzendorf, S., 2004, Seasonal variation in American black bear Ursus americanus activity patterns: Quantification via remote photography: Wildlife Biology, v. 10, no. 1, p. 277-284, https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.2004.033.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"284","costCenters":[{"id":613,"text":"Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Alleghany Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.419677734375,\n              36.848856608486905\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.123779296875,\n              36.848856608486905\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.123779296875,\n              38.685509760012\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.419677734375,\n              38.685509760012\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.419677734375,\n              36.848856608486905\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88e7e4b08c986b316c19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bridges, A.S.","contributorId":49961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vaughan, M.R.","contributorId":74925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughan","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klenzendorf, S.","contributorId":92842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klenzendorf","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035453,"text":"70035453 - 2004 - Facilitating fish passage at ultra low head dams: An alternative to dam removal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035453","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Facilitating fish passage at ultra low head dams: An alternative to dam removal","docAbstract":"Ecosystem sustainability and returning the biological integrity to rivers continue to change the landscape of fish passage technology. Installing a conventional fishways has a limited degree of success in accommodating fish passage needs. Recently, the option of total dam removal has been gaining momentum among resource managers, conservationists, and even engineers. Certain dams, however, cannot be removed, and conventional fishways are either too expensive to build or the real estate is simply not available; yet freedom of passage must be attained. At the Little Falls Dam on the Potomac River a notch in the crest of the dam was installed to accommodate passage of fish. The notch has three labyrinth weirs used for energy dissipation. Water velocities are maintained at less than about 4 m/s anywhere within the passage structure during migratory season of the target species (American shad). Construction of this novel design was recently completed (March 2000) and future biological evaluations are ongoing. Copyright ASCE 2004.","largerWorkTitle":"Bridging the Gap: Meeting the World's Water and Environmental Resources Challenges - Proceedings of the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001","conferenceTitle":"World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001","conferenceDate":"20 May 2001 through 24 May 2001","conferenceLocation":"Orlando, FL","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/40569(2001)332","isbn":"0784405697; 9780784405697","usgsCitation":"Odeh, M., 2004, Facilitating fish passage at ultra low head dams: An alternative to dam removal, <i>in</i> Bridging the Gap: Meeting the World's Water and Environmental Resources Challenges - Proceedings of the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001, v. 111, Orlando, FL, 20 May 2001 through 24 May 2001, https://doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)332.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215503,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)332"}],"volume":"111","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e8ee4b0c8380cd53502","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Odeh, M.","contributorId":95413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odeh","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70035452,"text":"70035452 - 2004 - WTAQ - A computer program for aquifer-test analysis of confined and unconfined aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035452","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"WTAQ - A computer program for aquifer-test analysis of confined and unconfined aquifers","docAbstract":"Computer program WTAQ was developed to implement a Laplace-transform analytical solution for axial-symmetric flow to a partially penetrating, finite-diameter well in a homogeneous and anisotropic unconfined (water-table) aquifer. The solution accounts for wellbore storage and skin effects at the pumped well, delayed response at an observation well, and delayed or instantaneous drainage from the unsaturated zone. For the particular case of zero drainage from the unsaturated zone, the solution simplifies to that of axial-symmetric flow in a confined aquifer. WTAQ calculates theoretical time-drawdown curves for the pumped well and observation wells and piezometers. The theoretical curves are used with measured time-drawdown data to estimate hydraulic parameters of confined or unconfined aquifers by graphical type-curve methods or by automatic parameter-estimation methods. Parameters that can be estimated are horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity, specific storage, and specific yield. A sample application illustrates use of WTAQ for estimating hydraulic parameters of a hypothetical, unconfined aquifer by type-curve methods. Copyright ASCE 2004.","largerWorkTitle":"Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000: Building Partnerships","conferenceTitle":"Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000","conferenceDate":"30 July 2000 through 2 August 2000","conferenceLocation":"Minneapolis, MN","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/40517(2000)366","isbn":"0784405174; 9780784405178","usgsCitation":"Barlow, P.M., and Moench, A., 2004, WTAQ - A computer program for aquifer-test analysis of confined and unconfined aquifers, <i>in</i> Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000: Building Partnerships, v. 104, Minneapolis, MN, 30 July 2000 through 2 August 2000, https://doi.org/10.1061/40517(2000)366.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215502,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40517(2000)366"}],"volume":"104","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc3b4e4b08c986b32b32f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moench, A.F.","contributorId":91495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70186262,"text":"70186262 - 2004 - Population demographics, survival, and reporduction: Alaska sea otter research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-17T16:46:41","indexId":"70186262","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Population demographics, survival, and reporduction: Alaska sea otter research","docAbstract":"<p>The fundamental force behind population change is the balance between age-specific survival and reproductive rates. Thus, understanding population demographics is crucial when trying to interpret trends in population change over time. For many species, demographic rates change as the population’s status (i.e., relative to prey resources) varies. Indices of body condition indicative of individual energy reserves can be a useful gauge of population status. Integrated studies designed to measure (1) population trends; (2) current population status; and (3) demographic rates will provide the most complete picture of the factors driving observed population changes. In particular, estimates of age specific survival and reproduction in conjunction with measures of population change can be integrated into population matrix models useful in explaining observed trends. We focus here on the methods used to measure demographic rates in sea otters, and note the importance of comparable methods between studies. Next, we review the current knowledge of the influence of population status on demographic parameters. We end with examples of the power of matrix modeling as a tool to integrate various types of demographic information for detecting otherwise hard to detect changes in demographic parameters.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alaska sea otter research workshop: Addressing the decline of the southwestern Alaska sea otter population","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop","conferenceDate":"5-7 April 2004","conferenceLocation":"Seward, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","doi":"10.4027/asorw.2004","isbn":"1-56612-088-8","usgsCitation":"Monson, D., Bodkin, J.L., Doak, D., Estes, J.A., Tinker, M.T., and Siniff, D., 2004, Population demographics, survival, and reporduction: Alaska sea otter research, <i>in</i> Alaska sea otter research workshop: Addressing the decline of the southwestern Alaska sea otter population, Seward, AK, 5-7 April 2004, p. 60-70, https://doi.org/10.4027/asorw.2004.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"70","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/40641","text":"External Repository"},{"id":339040,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f82e4b09da67997ecbd","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Maldini, Daniela","contributorId":190288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maldini","given":"Daniela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688051,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calkins, Donald","contributorId":190289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calkins","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688052,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atkinson, Shannon","contributorId":190290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688053,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meehan, Rosa","contributorId":190291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meehan","given":"Rosa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688054,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":688068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doak, D.F.","contributorId":39729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doak","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":688071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tinker, M. T. 0000-0002-3314-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":54152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Siniff, D.B.","contributorId":32869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siniff","given":"D.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70186265,"text":"70186265 - 2004 - Studying sea otter foraging ecology: A review of some methodological approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T15:12:56","indexId":"70186265","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Studying sea otter foraging ecology: A review of some methodological approaches","docAbstract":"<p>The study of foraging ecology plays a central role in our understanding of animal populations and natural communities, and can also provide information necessary for the effective conservation of rare or endangered species. Sea otter researchers are interested in foraging ecology for many different reasons, but for heuristic purposes we identify three general types of research questions: (1) questions about the implications of foraging decisions to individual fitness, the evolutionary significance of feeding strategies, and the selective forces and constraints that shape an individual’s diet and feeding behavior; (2) questions about the population- level implications of foraging ecology; for example, how is the status of a population (with respect to carrying capacity) reflected by the foraging success or diet composition of individuals within the population (Fig. 1); and (3) questions about the community-level consequences of sea otter foraging. Sea otters provide an excellent study system for all three types of questions because they are a tractable species to study (generally feeding near shore and bringing all prey to the surface to consume), they exhibit a wide range of diets and foraging strategies in different habitats and at different population densities, they tend to have strong trophic interactions with their prey species, and their foraging behavior can have profound effects on community structure in the nearshore marine community.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop: Addressing the Decline of the Southwestern Alaska Sea Otter Population","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop","conferenceDate":"5-7 April 2004","conferenceLocation":"Seward, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","doi":"10.4027/asorw.2004","isbn":"1-56612-088-8","usgsCitation":"Tinker, M.T., Estes, J.A., Bodkin, J.L., Staedler, M., and Monson, D., 2004, Studying sea otter foraging ecology: A review of some methodological approaches, <i>in</i> Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop: Addressing the Decline of the Southwestern Alaska Sea Otter Population, Seward, AK, 5-7 April 2004, p. 54-59, https://doi.org/10.4027/asorw.2004.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"59","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/40641","text":"External Repository"},{"id":339046,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f81e4b09da67997ecb7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Maldini, Daniela","contributorId":190288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maldini","given":"Daniela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688063,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calkins, Donald","contributorId":190289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calkins","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688064,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atkinson, Shannon","contributorId":190290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688065,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meehan, Rosa","contributorId":190291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meehan","given":"Rosa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688066,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Tinker, M. T. 0000-0002-3314-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":54152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Staedler, M. M.","contributorId":101603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Staedler","given":"M. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":688088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70186264,"text":"70186264 - 2004 - Status of sea otter populations in southcentral and southeast Alaska, 2002-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T13:31:32","indexId":"70186264","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Status of sea otter populations in southcentral and southeast Alaska, 2002-2003","docAbstract":"<p>During the years 2002-2004 estimated sea otter population sizes were calculated for Southeast Alaska, Prince William Sound, and the Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet regions of Alaska. Aerial surveys were conducted by a single observer from a float-equipped Bellanca Scout fixed-wing aircraft flying at 91 m altitude and 65 mph. The surveys followed protocols written by Bodkin and Udevitz (1999). The survey design consisted of systematic sampling of 400 m wide transects that were uniformly placed throughout the survey area. Selection and sampling of transects was proportional to expected sea otter abundance, with most effort taking place in transects over waters 0-40 m in depth. Intensive searches were periodically conducted within transects to estimate the proportion of sea otters not detected on strips. To obtain an adjusted population size estimate, strip counts are adjusted for the area not surveyed and by a correction factor.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop: Addressing the Decline of the Southwestern Alaska Sea Otter Population","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop","conferenceDate":"5-7 April 2004","conferenceLocation":"Seward, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","doi":"10.4027/asorw.2004","isbn":"1-56612-088-8","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., 2004, Status of sea otter populations in southcentral and southeast Alaska, 2002-2003, <i>in</i> Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop: Addressing the Decline of the Southwestern Alaska Sea Otter Population, Seward, AK, 5-7 April 2004, p. 12-13, https://doi.org/10.4027/asorw.2004.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"13","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/40641","text":"External Repository"},{"id":339045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f81e4b09da67997ecb9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Maldini, Daniela","contributorId":190288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maldini","given":"Daniela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688059,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calkins, Donald","contributorId":190289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calkins","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688060,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atkinson, Shannon","contributorId":190290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688061,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meehan, Rosa","contributorId":190291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meehan","given":"Rosa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688062,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70186263,"text":"70186263 - 2004 - Sea otter research methods and tools","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T13:32:14","indexId":"70186263","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Sea otter research methods and tools","docAbstract":"<p>Sea otters possess physical characteristics and life history attributes that provide both opportunity and constraint to their study. Because of their relatively limited diving ability they occur in nearshore marine habitats that are usually viewable from shore, allowing direct observation of most behaviors. Because sea otters live nearshore and forage on benthic invertebrates, foraging success and diet are easily measured. Because they rely almost exclusively on their pelage for insulation, which requires frequent grooming, successful application of external tags or instruments has been limited to attachments in the interdigital webbing of the hind flippers. Techniques to surgically implant instruments into the intraperitoneal cavity are well developed and routinely applied. Because they have relatively small home ranges and rest in predictable areas, they can be recaptured with some predictability using closed-circuit scuba diving technology. The purpose of this summary is to identify some of the approaches, methods, and tools that are currently engaged for the study of sea otters, and to suggest potential avenues for applying advancing technologies.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop: Addressing the Decline of the Southwestern Alaska Sea Otter Population","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop","conferenceDate":"5-7 April 2004","conferenceLocation":"Seward, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","doi":"10.4027/asorw.2004","isbn":"1-56612-088-8","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., 2004, Sea otter research methods and tools, <i>in</i> Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop: Addressing the Decline of the Southwestern Alaska Sea Otter Population, Seward, AK, 5-7 April 2004, p. 47-49, https://doi.org/10.4027/asorw.2004.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"49","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/40641","text":"External Repository"},{"id":339042,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f81e4b09da67997ecbb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Maldini, Daniela","contributorId":190288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maldini","given":"Daniela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688055,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calkins, Donald","contributorId":190289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calkins","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688056,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atkinson, Shannon","contributorId":190290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688057,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meehan, Rosa","contributorId":190291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meehan","given":"Rosa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688058,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026897,"text":"70026897 - 2004 - Precise relocation of earthquakes following the 15 June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo (Philippines)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-15T08:13:26","indexId":"70026897","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precise relocation of earthquakes following the 15 June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo (Philippines)","docAbstract":"<p>The 15 June 1991 climactic eruption of Mount Pinatubo (Philippines) was followed by intense seismicity that remained at a high level for several months. We located 10,839 events recorded between 1 July and mid-December 1991. In contrast to the preeruptive seismicity which was focused in two groups below the summit area, posteruptive events were widely distributed below and around the volcano. The classification of the events indicates the presence of several large multiplets, and the application of relative relocation techniques to the similar events by calculating high-precision delays between traces outlines a number of clear seismogenic structures. We used different methods to confirm the validity of our results; these tests indicate that reliable features can be detected with a small monitoring network. While the main cluster of activity can be attributed to an intrusive process starting from below the 15 June crater, the volcanic origin of the seismic activity in the other areas is more difficult to establish. Away from the summit, relocations define streaks or planes which are oriented predominantly southwest-northeast, with in several cases the presence of northwest-southeast conjugate structures. Most of the composite focal mechanisms that we could determine indicate predominantly strike-slip, right-lateral faulting. Our results indicate that most of the seismicity that occurred after the 15 June eruption is related to the east-west regional compressional stress field related to the subduction. We suggest that the regional stress field induces seismicity along new or preexisting faults in the medium surrounding the volcano where the stress field was locally disturbed by the volcanic eruption.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002959","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Battaglia, J., Thurber, C., Got, J., Rowe, C., and White, R., 2004, Precise relocation of earthquakes following the 15 June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo (Philippines): Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002959.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478114,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-00109357","text":"External Repository"},{"id":235317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209112,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002959"}],"country":"Phillipines","otherGeospatial":"Mount Pinatubo","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              120.35419464111328,\n              15.072786569173761\n            ],\n            [\n              120.45478820800781,\n              15.072786569173761\n            ],\n            [\n              120.45478820800781,\n              15.156310953090907\n            ],\n            [\n              120.35419464111328,\n              15.156310953090907\n            ],\n            [\n              120.35419464111328,\n              15.072786569173761\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a813de4b0c8380cd7b41a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglia, J.","contributorId":31947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurber, C.H.","contributorId":28617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurber","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Got, J.-L.","contributorId":80867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Got","given":"J.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rowe, C.A.","contributorId":71741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, R.A.","contributorId":21953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70185323,"text":"70185323 - 2004 - Response of predators to Western Sandpiper nest exclosures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-20T13:31:02","indexId":"70185323","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of predators to Western Sandpiper nest exclosures","docAbstract":"<p><span>In 2001, predator exclosures were used to protect nests of the Western Sandpiper (</span><i>Calidris mauri</i><span>) in western Alaska. During the exclosure experiment, nest contents in exclosures had significantly higher daily survival rates than control nests, however, late in the study predators began to cue in on exclosures and predate the nest contents. An Arctic Fox (</span><i>Alopex lagopus</i><span>) dug under one exclosure and took the newly hatched chicks, and Long-tailed Jaegers (</span><i>Stercorarius longicaudus</i><span>) learned to associate exclosures with active nests and repeatedly visited them. The jaegers attempted to gain access to exclosed nests and pursued adult sandpipers as they emerged from the exclosures. The exclosures were removed to reduce potential mortality to adult and young sandpipers, but subsequently, post-exclosure nests had lower daily survival rates than controls during the same time period. Predation of post-exclosure eggs and chicks highlighted the lasting influence of the exclosure treatment on offspring survival because predators probably remembered nest locations. Researchers are urged to use caution when considering use of predator exclosures in areas where jaegers occur.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0079:ROPTWS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Niehaus, A.C., Ruthrauff, D.R., and McCaffery, B.J., 2004, Response of predators to Western Sandpiper nest exclosures: Waterbirds, v. 27, no. 1, p. 79-82, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0079:ROPTWS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"82","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337865,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kanaryarmiut Field Station, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge ","volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1be4b0236b68f6736d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niehaus, Amanda C.","contributorId":189557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Niehaus","given":"Amanda","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruthrauff, Daniel R. 0000-0003-1355-9156 druthrauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1355-9156","contributorId":4181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruthrauff","given":"Daniel","email":"druthrauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCaffery, Brian J.","contributorId":37617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCaffery","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1016607,"text":"1016607 - 2004 - Modeling nest survival data: a comparison of recently developed methods that can be implemented in MARK and SAS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T10:27:22","indexId":"1016607","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":771,"text":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling nest survival data: a comparison of recently developed methods that can be implemented in MARK and SAS","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Rotella, J., Dinsmore, S., and Shaffer, T., 2004, Modeling nest survival data: a comparison of recently developed methods that can be implemented in MARK and SAS: Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 27, no. 1, p. 187-205.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"205","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6999db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rotella, J.","contributorId":101236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rotella","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dinsmore, S.J.","contributorId":85114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinsmore","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaffer, T.L.","contributorId":98245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1001049,"text":"1001049 - 2004 - The fine structure of the sperm of the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-13T12:17:24.716354","indexId":"1001049","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The fine structure of the sperm of the round goby (<i>Neogobius melanostomus</i>)","title":"The fine structure of the sperm of the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus)","docAbstract":"<p>The fine structural details of the spermatozoon of the round goby are presented for the first time in this study. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic examination of testis reveals an anacrosomal spermatozoon with a slightly elongate head and uniformly compacted chromatin. The midpiece contains a single, spherical mitochondrion. Two perpendicularly oriented centrioles lie in a deep, eccentric nuclear fossa with no regularly observed connection to the nucleus. The flagellum develops bilateral fins soon after emerging from the fossa; each extends approximately 1<span>μm</span> fro m the axoneme and persists nearly the length of the flagellum.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(04)70372-X","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.D., Walker, G.K., Nichols, S., and Sorenson, D., 2004, The fine structure of the sperm of the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus): Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 30, no. 4, p. 566-572, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(04)70372-X.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"566","endPage":"572","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65db87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Jeffrey D. jdallen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jdallen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, Glenn K.","contributorId":54542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, Susan J.","contributorId":48905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Susan J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sorenson, Dorothy","contributorId":12806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorenson","given":"Dorothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70184487,"text":"70184487 - 2004 - Use of PRD1 bacteriophage in groundwater viral transport, inactivation, and attachment studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-08T15:29:58","indexId":"70184487","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1619,"text":"FEMS Microbiology Ecology","onlineIssn":"1574-6941","printIssn":"0168-6496","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of PRD1 bacteriophage in groundwater viral transport, inactivation, and attachment studies","docAbstract":"<p><span>PRD1, an icosahedra-shaped, 62 nm (diameter), double-stranded DNA bacteriophage with an internal membrane, has emerged as an important model virus for studying the manner in which microorganisms are transported through a variety of groundwater environments. The popularity of this phage for use in transport studies involving geologic media is due, in part, to its relative stability over a range of temperatures and low degree of attachment in aquifer sediments. Laboratory and field investigations employing PRD1 are leading to a better understanding of viral attachment and transport behaviors in saturated geologic media and to improved methods for describing mathematically subsurface microbial transport at environmentally significant field scales. Radioisotopic labeling of PRD1 is facilitating additional information about the nature of viral interactions with solid surfaces in geologic media, the importance of iron oxide surfaces, and allowing differentiation between inactivation and attachment in field-scale tracer tests.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.femsec.2003.09.015","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R.W., and Ryan, J.N., 2004, Use of PRD1 bacteriophage in groundwater viral transport, inactivation, and attachment studies: FEMS Microbiology Ecology, v. 49, no. 1, p. 3-16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2003.09.015.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"3","endPage":"16","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2003.09.015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337290,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c944e4b0f37a93ee9b59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Ronald W. 0000-0002-2791-8503 rwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, Joseph N.","contributorId":54290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":604,"text":"University of Colorado- Boulder","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":681706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70184565,"text":"70184565 - 2004 - Inhibition and enhancement of microbial surface colonization: the role of silicate composition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T09:02:50","indexId":"70184565","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inhibition and enhancement of microbial surface colonization: the role of silicate composition","docAbstract":"<p><span>Classical treatment of cell attachment by models of filtration or coulombic attraction assumes that attachment of cells to mineral surfaces would be controlled by factors such as response to predation, collision efficiency, or coulombic attraction between the charged groups at the mineral and cell surfaces. In the study reported here, the passive model of attachment was investigated using a native microbial consortium and a variety of Al- and Fe-bearing silicates and oxides to determine if other controls, such as mineral composition, also influence the interaction between cells and surfaces. Results from in situ colonization studies in an anaerobic groundwater at pH 6.8 combined with most probable number analyses (MPN) of surface-adherent cells demonstrate that electrostatic effects dominate microbial colonization on positively charged oxide surfaces regardless of mineral composition. In contrast, on negatively charged silicate minerals and glasses, the solid phase composition is a factor in determining the extent of microbial colonization, as well as the diversity of the attached community. In particular, silicates containing more than 1.2% Al exhibit less biomass than Al-poor silicates and MPN suggests a shift in community diversity, possibly indicating Al toxicity on these surfaces. When Fe is present in the silicate, however, this trend is reversed and abundant colonization of the surface is observed. Here, microorganisms preferentially colonize those silicate surfaces that offer beneficial nutrients and avoid those that contain potentially toxic elements.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.08.021","usgsCitation":"Roberts, J., 2004, Inhibition and enhancement of microbial surface colonization: the role of silicate composition: Chemical Geology, v. 212, no. 3-4, p. 313-327, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.08.021.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"313","endPage":"327","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337335,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"212","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c944e4b0f37a93ee9b45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, Jennifer A.","contributorId":184253,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"Jennifer A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001048,"text":"1001048 - 2004 - Reconstructing paleo lake levels from relict shorelines along the Upper Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T12:46:19","indexId":"1001048","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconstructing paleo lake levels from relict shorelines along the Upper Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Shorelines of the upper Great Lakes include many embayments that contain strandplains of beach ridges.  These former shoreline positions of the lakes can be used to determine changes in the elevation of the lakes through time, and they also provide information on the warping of the ground surface that is occurring in the Great Lakes after the weight of glacial ice was removed. Relative lake-level hydrographs can be created by coring the beach ridges to determine the elevation of basal foreshore (swash zone) deposits in each ridge and by obtaining radiocarbon dates of basal wetland sediments between ridges to generate an age model for the ridges. Because the relative-level hydrographs are the combination of lake-level change and vertical ground movement (isostatic rebound), the rebound must be removed to produce a graph that shows only the physical limits and timing of past lake-level fluctuations referenced to a common outlet. More than 500 vibracores of beach-ridge sediments were collected at five sites along Lake Michigan and four sites along Lake Superior. The cores showed a sequence of dune deposits overlying foreshore deposits that, in turn, overlie upper shoreface deposits. The base of the foreshore deposits is coarser and more poorly sorted than an overlying and underlying sediment and represents the plunge-point sediments at the base of the swash zone. The plunge-point deposits are a close approximation of the elevation of the lake when the beach ridge formed. More than 150 radiocarbon ages of basal wetland sediments were collected to produce age models for the sites. Currently, age models exist for all Lake Michigan sites and one Lake Superior site. By combining the elevation data with the age models, six relative lake-level hydrographs were created for the upper Great Lakes. An iterative approach was used to remove rebound from the five Lake Michigan relative hydrographs and merge the graphs into a single hydrograph.  The resultant hydrograph shows long-term patterns of lake-level change for lakes Michigan and Huron and is referenced to the Port Huron outlet. When the age models are completed for the Lake Superior sites, a hydrograph will be created for the entire lake.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/14634980490513274","usgsCitation":"Baedke, S.J., Thompson, T.A., Johnston, J.W., and Wilcox, D.A., 2004, Reconstructing paleo lake levels from relict shorelines along the Upper Great Lakes: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 7, no. 4, p. 435-449, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980490513274.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"435","endPage":"449","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/2318","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db636175","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baedke, Steve J.","contributorId":18325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedke","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Todd A.","contributorId":38501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, John W.","contributorId":71141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilcox, Douglas A.","contributorId":36880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1000905,"text":"1000905 - 2004 - <i>Escherichia coli</i> sampling reliability at a frequently closed Chicago beach: monitoring and management implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T13:53:50","indexId":"1000905","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"<i>Escherichia coli</i> sampling reliability at a frequently closed Chicago beach: monitoring and management implications","docAbstract":"<p><span>Monitoring beaches for recreational water quality is becoming more common, but few sampling designs or policy approaches have evaluated the efficacy of monitoring programs. The authors intensively sampled water for&nbsp;</span><i>E. coli&nbsp;</i><span>(</span><i>N</i><span>=1770) at 63rd Street Beach, Chicago for 6 months in 2000 in order to (1) characterize spatial-temporal trends, (2) determine between and within transect variation, and (3) estimate sample size requirements and determine sampling reliability.</span><i>E. coli</i><span>&nbsp;counts were highly variable within and between sampling sites but spatially and diurnally autocorrelated. Variation in counts decreased with water depth and time of day. Required number of samples was high for 70% precision around the critical closure level (i.e., 6 within or 24 between transect replicates). Since spatial replication may be cost prohibitive, composite sampling is an alternative once sources of error have been well defined. The results suggest that beach monitoring programs may be requiring too few samples to fulfill management objectives desired. As the recreational water quality national database is developed, it is important that sampling strategies are empirically derived from a thorough understanding of the sources of variation and the reliability of collected data. Greater monitoring efficacy will yield better policy decisions, risk assessments, programmatic goals, and future usefulness of the information.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es034978i","usgsCitation":"Whitman, R.L., and Nevers, M.B., 2004, <i>Escherichia coli</i> sampling reliability at a frequently closed Chicago beach: monitoring and management implications: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 16, p. 4241-4246, https://doi.org/10.1021/es034978i.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"4241","endPage":"4246","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fde4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitman, Richard L. rwhitman@usgs.gov","contributorId":542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"Richard","email":"rwhitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nevers, Meredith B.","contributorId":91803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nevers","given":"Meredith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70184550,"text":"70184550 - 2004 - Monitored natural attenuation forum: A panel discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T09:39:44","indexId":"70184550","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3249,"text":"Remediation Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitored natural attenuation forum: A panel discussion","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rem.20007","usgsCitation":"Rittmann, B.E., Kremer, F., and Bekins, B., 2004, Monitored natural attenuation forum: A panel discussion: Remediation Journal, v. 14, no. 2, p. 153-158, https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.20007.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"153","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.20007","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337333,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c944e4b0f37a93ee9b47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rittmann, Bruce E.","contributorId":187944,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rittmann","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kremer, Fran","contributorId":187945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kremer","given":"Fran","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":139407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}