Equations that relate bankfull discharge and channel characteristics (width, depth, and cross-sectional area) to drainage-area size at gaged sites are needed to define bankfull discharge and channel dimensions at ungaged sites and to provide information for watershed assessments, stream-channel classification, and the design of stream-restoration projects. Such equations are most accurate if derived from streams within an area of uniform hydrologic, climatic, and physiographic conditions and applied only within that region. In New York State, eight hydrologic regions were previously defined on the basis of similar high-flow (flood) characteristics. This report presents drainage areas and associated bankfull characteristics (discharge and channel dimensions) for surveyed streams in southwestern New York (Region 6).
Stream-survey data and discharge records from 11 active (currently gaged) sites and 3 inactive (discontinued) sites were used in regression analyses to relate bankfull discharge and bankfull channel width, depth, and cross-sectional area to the size of the drainage area. The resulting equations are:
(1) bankfull discharge, in cubic feet per second = 48.0*(drainage area, in square miles)0.842;
(2) bankfull channel width, in feet = 16.9*(drainage area, in square miles)0.419;
(3) bankfull channel depth, in feet = 1.04*(drainage area, in square miles)0.244; and
(4) bankfull channel cross-sectional area, in square feet = 17.6*(drainage area, in square miles)0.662.
The coefficient of determination (R2) for these four equations were 0.90, 0.79, 0.64, and 0.89, respectively. The high correlation coefficients for bankfull discharge and cross-sectional area indicate that much of the variation in these variables is explained by the size of the drainage area. The smaller correlation coefficients for bankfull channel width and depth indicate that other factors also affect these relations. Recurrence intervals for the estimated bankfull discharge of each stream ranged from 1.01 to 2.35 years; the mean recurrence interval was 1.54 years. The 14 surveyed streams were classified by Rosgen stream type; most were C-type reaches, with occasional B-type reaches. The Region 6 equation (curve) for bankfull discharge was compared with equations previously developed for four other large areas in New York State and southeastern Pennsylvania. The differences among results indicate that, although the equations need to be refined by region before being applied by water-resources managers to local planning and design efforts, similar regions have similar relations between bankfull discharge and channel characteristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, New York State Department of Transportation, and New York City Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Mulvihill, C., Ernst, A., and Baldigo, B.P., 2005, Regionalized equations for bankfull-discharge and channel characteristics of streams in New York State—Hydrologic Region 6 in the Southern Tier of New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5100, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055100.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339596,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20075189","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5189","linkHelpText":"- Regionalized Equations for Bankfull Discharge and Channel Characteristics of Streams in New York State—Hydrologic Regions 1 and 2 in the Adirondack Region of Northern New York"},{"id":339126,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20065075","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5075","linkHelpText":"- Regionalized Equations for Bankfull-Discharge and Channel Characteristics of Streams in New York State—Hydrologic Region 7 in Western New York"},{"id":339594,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20095144","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5144","linkHelpText":"- Bankfull Discharge and Channel Characteristics of Streams in New York State"},{"id":339595,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20075227","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5227","linkHelpText":"- Regionalized Equations for Bankfull-Discharge and Channel Characteristics of Streams in New York State—Hydrologic Region 3 East of the Hudson River"},{"id":339597,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20045247 ","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5247","linkHelpText":"- Regionalized Equations for Bankfull-Discharge and Channel Characteristics of Streams in New York State—Hydrologic Region 5 in Central New York"},{"id":192789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5100/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":7067,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5100/pdf/sir2005-5100.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov
The Alaska Army National Guard Stewart River Training Area is approximately 23 miles north of Nome on the Seward Peninsula in northwest Alaska. The Stewart River Training Area encompasses much of the Stewart River Basin and a small part of the Snake River Basin. Hydrologic, water-quality, and physical-habitat data were collected at seven surface-water sites within the Stewart River Training Area during the summer runoff months (late-May to early-September) in 2004. Two of the sampling sites selected for this study were on the main stem Stewart River, one at the upstream boundary and one at the downstream boundary of the training area. Continuous hydrologic, precipitation, and water temperature data were collected at these two sites throughout the summer of 2004. Three pond sites, along the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Stewart River within the training area, were each sampled twice during the summer of 2004 for analysis of water-quality constituents. Two tributaries to the Snake River Basin, Goldbottom Creek and North Fork Snake River, within the Stewart River Training Area boundary, also were sampled twice during the summer of 2004. Water-quality data collected from the Stewart River at the upstream and downstream study sites indicate similar constituent concentrations. Concentrations of most water-quality constituents collected during the summer of 2004 did not exceed standards for drinking water or recreational contact. Analysis of trace-element concentrations in bed sediment samples indicate the threshold effect concentration (below which no adverse effects on organisms is expected) was exceeded for arsenic, chromium, and nickel concentrations at all sample sites within the Stewart River Training Area and cadmium, copper, zinc, and lead concentrations were found to exceed the threshold effect concentration in varying degrees at the sample sites. The probable effect concentration (above which toxic effects on organisms is likely) was exceeded by arsenic concentrations at all sites except the lower pond site. Chromium and nickel concentrations exceeded the probable effect concentration at the upstream Stewart River site and at the North Fork Snake River site.
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/sir20055221","issn":"2328-031X","usgsCitation":"Eash, J.D., 2005, Baseline water-quality characteristics of the Alaska Army National Guard Stewart River Training Area near Nome, Alaska (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5221, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055221.","productDescription":"54 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7070,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5221/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db68774f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eash, Josh D.","contributorId":100933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"Josh","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72655,"text":"sir20055172 - 2005 - A computer program for predicting recharge with a master recession curve","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T16:57:19","indexId":"sir20055172","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5172","title":"A computer program for predicting recharge with a master recession curve","docAbstract":"Water-table fluctuations occur in unconfined aquifers owing to ground-water recharge following precipitation and infiltration, and ground-water discharge to streams between storm events. Ground-water recharge can be estimated from well hydrograph data using the water-table fluctuation (WTF) principle, which states that recharge is equal to the product of the water-table rise and the specific yield of the subsurface porous medium. The water-table rise, however, must be expressed relative to the water level that would have occurred in the absence of recharge. This requires a means for estimating the recession pattern of the water-table at the site. For a given site there is often a characteristic relation between the water-table elevation and the water-table decline rate following a recharge event. A computer program was written which extracts the relation between decline rate and water-table elevation from well hydrograph data and uses it to construct a master recession curve (MRC). The MRC is a characteristic water-table recession hydrograph, representing the average behavior for a declining water-table at that site. The program then calculates recharge using the WTF method by comparing the measured well hydrograph with the hydrograph predicted by the MRC and multiplying the difference at each time step by the specific yield. This approach can be used to estimate recharge in a continuous fashion from long-term well records. Presented here is a description of the code including the WTF theory and instructions for running it to estimate recharge with continuous well hydrograph data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055172","usgsCitation":"Heppner, C.S., and Nimmo, J.R., 2005, A computer program for predicting recharge with a master recession curve: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5172, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055172.","productDescription":"10 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7061,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5172/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db624762","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heppner, Christopher S.","contributorId":93776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heppner","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70164302,"text":"70164302 - 2005 - A multi-disciplinary approach to the removal of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater treatment plans in New York State, 2003-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T08:27:26","indexId":"70164302","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A multi-disciplinary approach to the removal of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater treatment plans in New York State, 2003-2004","docAbstract":"Across the United States, there is a rapidly growing awareness of the occurrence and the toxicological impacts of natural and synthetic trace compounds in the environment. These trace compounds, referred to as emerging contaminants (ECs), are reported to cause a range of negative impacts in the environment, such as adverse effects on biota in receiving streams and interference with the normal functions of the endocrine system, which controls growth and development in living organisms.
\nWastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as a key collection point for ECs in the water cycle and potentially an ideal location at which to treat to remove them, thereby mitigating their release into the environment (Figure 1). This presents wastewater industry professionals with both a significant opportunity and a tremendous challenge: to identify cost effective treatment processes that can remove or reduce these contaminants before they are released into the environment.
\nAlthough WWTPs have been identified as strategic focal points and potential treatment locations for the removal of ECs from the environment, little is known about the nature, variability, transport and fate of this class of compounds in typical wastewaters and treatment facilities in the United States. Furthermore few studies have been performed to monitor or understand the capability of conventional or innovative wastewater treatment processes to remove or reduce the concentrations of a wide variety of ECs at wastewater facilities.
\nThis study was designed to provide baseline information on this topic. While other studies have examined the occurrence of a limited number of representative contaminants in the environment (generally five to 10 compounds), this study is unique in that it provides information on a comprehensive list of ECs (63 ECs in total, Contaminant List in Appendix A, not included here) in the wastewater collection and treatment systems for four diverse communities over a two-year period. (It should be noted that the study is ongoing and additional data are pending but only 18 months of data are presented in this paper).
\nThe study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 was designed to provide information concerning the general character and concentration of ECs commonly detected in wastewaters, the variability over a prolonged period of time, the transport and fate of ECs through typical wastewater treatment plants operating with a range of conventional technologies and the impact of WWTP discharges on receiving streams. It also provided guidance in understanding the capability of distinct wastewater treatment processes or technologies to reduce or remove ECs.
\nThe second phase of the study focused on one of the most common wastewater treatment processes operated in the United States, the Activated Sludge process. Using four controlled parallel activated sludge pilots, a more detailed assessment of the impact of Sludge Retention Time (SRT) on the reduction or removal of ECs was performed.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Environment Federation’s WEFTEC 78th Annual Technical Exhibition and Conference, conference proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Water Environment Federation’s WEFTEC 78th Annual Technical Exhibition and Conference","conferenceDate":"Oct. 29 - Nov. 2, 2005","conferenceLocation":"Washington, DC","language":"English","publisher":"Water Environment Federation","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.1061/40927(243)136","usgsCitation":"Philips, P.J., Stinson, B., Zaugg, S.D., Furlong, E.T., Kolpin, D.W., Esposito, K., Bodniewicz, B., Pape, R., and Anderson, J., 2005, A multi-disciplinary approach to the removal of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater treatment plans in New York State, 2003-2004, in Water Environment Federation’s WEFTEC 78th Annual Technical Exhibition and Conference, conference proceedings, Washington, DC, Oct. 29 - Nov. 2, 2005, p. 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Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":596898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stinson, Beverley","contributorId":17105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stinson","given":"Beverley","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":596900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":596901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":596902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Esposito, Kathleen","contributorId":21835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esposito","given":"Kathleen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bodniewicz, B.","contributorId":152701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bodniewicz","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pape, R.","contributorId":152702,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pape","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Anderson, J.","contributorId":103437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70184410,"text":"70184410 - 2005 - Effect of the oxidation rate and Fe(II) state on microbial nitrate-dependent Fe(III) mineral formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T13:39:18","indexId":"70184410","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of the oxidation rate and Fe(II) state on microbial nitrate-dependent Fe(III) mineral formation","docAbstract":"A nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing bacterium was isolated and used to evaluate whether Fe(II) chemical form or oxidation rate had an effect on the mineralogy of biogenic Fe(III) (hydr)oxides resulting from nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation. The isolate (designated FW33AN) had 99% 16S rRNA sequence similarity to Klebsiella oxytoca. FW33AN produced Fe(III) (hydr)oxides by oxidation of soluble Fe(II) [Fe(II)sol] or FeS under nitrate-reducing conditions. Based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fe(III) (hydr)oxide produced by oxidation of FeS was shown to be amorphous, while oxidation of Fe(II)sol yielded goethite. The rate of Fe(II) oxidation was then manipulated by incubating various cell concentrations of FW33AN with Fe(II)sol and nitrate. Characterization of products revealed that as Fe(II) oxidation rates slowed, a stronger goethite signal was observed by XRD and a larger proportion of Fe(III) was in the crystalline fraction. Since the mineralogy of Fe(III) (hydr)oxides may control the extent of subsequent Fe(III) reduction, the variables we identify here may have an effect on the biogeochemical cycling of Fe in anoxic ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.71.11.7172-7177.2005","usgsCitation":"Senko, J.M., Dewers, T.A., and Krumholz, L.R., 2005, Effect of the oxidation rate and Fe(II) state on microbial nitrate-dependent Fe(III) mineral formation: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 71, no. 11, p. 7172-7177, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.11.7172-7177.2005.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"7172","endPage":"7177","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1287677","text":"External Repository"},{"id":337101,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c1263de4b014cc3a3d34b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senko, John M.","contributorId":187692,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Senko","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dewers, Thomas A.","contributorId":187693,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dewers","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krumholz, Lee R.","contributorId":187679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krumholz","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72649,"text":"ofr20051197 - 2005 - Water-quality data from two agricultural drainage basins in northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: III. biweekly data, 2000-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-15T22:14:32.296403","indexId":"ofr20051197","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1197","title":"Water-quality data from two agricultural drainage basins in northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: III. biweekly data, 2000-2002","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051197","usgsCitation":"Antweiler, R.C., Smith, R.L., Voytek, M.A., Bohlke, J., and Dupre, D.H., 2005, Water-quality data from two agricultural drainage basins in northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: III. biweekly data, 2000-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1197, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051197.","productDescription":"74 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":382244,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1197/"},{"id":7022,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1197/ofr20051197.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Illinois","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.75,40.5 ], [ -87.75,41.25 ], [ -87,41.25 ], [ -87,40.5 ], [ -87.75,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688c89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voytek, Mary A.","contributorId":91943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bohlke, John Karl 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":66293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John Karl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dupre, David H. dhdupre@usgs.gov","contributorId":2782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dupre","given":"David","email":"dhdupre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":72651,"text":"sir20055195 - 2005 - Hydrogeology and simulation of source areas of water to production wells in a colluvium-mantled carbonate-bedrock aquifer near Shippensburg, Cumberland and Franklin Counties, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T20:36:41.03836","indexId":"sir20055195","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5195","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of source areas of water to production wells in a colluvium-mantled carbonate-bedrock aquifer near Shippensburg, Cumberland and Franklin Counties, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Shippensburg Borough Authority to evaluate the source areas of water to production wells in a colluvium-mantled carbonate-bedrock aquifer in Cumberland and Franklin Counties, Pa. The areal extent of the zone of contribution was simulated for three production wells near Shippensburg, Pa. by use of a ground-water-flow model. A 111-square-mile area was selected as the model area and includes areas of the South Mountain Section and the Great Valley Section of the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province. Within the model area, the geologic units in the South Mountain area are predominantly metamorphic rocks and the geologic units in the Great Valley are predominantly carbonate rocks. Hydrologic and geologic information were compiled to establish a conceptual model of ground-water flow. Characteristics of aquifer materials were determined, and streamflow and water levels were measured. Streamflow measurements in November 2003 showed all streams lost water as they flowed from South Mountain over the colluvium-mantled carbonate aquifer into the Great Valley. Some streams lost more than 1 cubic foot per second to the aquifer in this area. The Shippensburg Borough Authority owns three production wells in the model area. Two wells, Cu 969 and Fr 823, are currently (2004) used as production wells and produce 500,000 and 800,000 gallons per day, respectively. Well Cu 970 is intended to be brought on line as a production well in the future. Water levels were measured in 43 wells to use for model calibration. Water-level fluctuations and geophysical logs indicated confined conditions in well Cu 970. \r\n\r\nGround-water flow was simulated with a model that consisted of two vertical layers, with five zones in each layer. The units were hydrostratigraphic units that initially were based on geologic formations, but boundaries were adjusted during model calibration. Model calibration resulted in a root mean square error of 9.8 feet. A parameter-estimation package was used during model calibration to estimate three parameters. The parameter estimation resulted in a value of 233 feet per day for horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the highly fractured carbonate rocks and sandy colluvium in layer 1; 3.97 feet per day for horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the ridge-forming unit in layer 1; and a value of 1.73 for horizontal anisotropy in both layers. \r\n\r\nThe calibrated model was used to delineate the areal extent of the zone of contribution for wells Cu 969 and Fr 823. Although well Cu 970 is not currently (2004) being used, the areal extent of its zone of contribution also was simulated without additional model calibration. The shape of the areal extent of the zone of contribution was similar for each well and included an area that extended from the well southwest along the Tomstown Formation, and then extended southeast into the metamorphic rocks of South Mountain. The contributing areas from the watersheds of losing streams were also delineated because losing stream reaches bisect the areal extent of the zones of contribution. \r\n\r\nSpatial uncertainty of the areal extent of the zone of contribution was illustrated using a Monte-Carlo analysis. The model was run 1,000 times using randomly generated parameter sets that were normally distributed within the confidence interval around the optimal values for the three estimated parameters. The model converged and had a reasonable water budget for 980 of the model runs. For each of those 980 model runs, the recharge area was determined, and the results for all runs were compiled and contoured. The results of the Monte-Carlo analysis were compared to the results of the deterministic model, illustrating that the deterministic model has the greatest certainty in the area closest to each well in the Tomstown Formation. The areas farther from the well, upgradient, and in the metamorphic rocks have a higher degree","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055195","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., 2005, Hydrogeology and simulation of source areas of water to production wells in a colluvium-mantled carbonate-bedrock aquifer near Shippensburg, Cumberland and Franklin Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5195, vi, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055195.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192695,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414751,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75450.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":7060,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5195/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Cumberland County, Franklin County","city":"Shippensburg","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.4,\n 39.9333\n ],\n [\n -77.4,\n 40.1208\n ],\n [\n -77.6431,\n 40.1208\n ],\n [\n -77.6431,\n 39.9333\n ],\n [\n -77.4,\n 39.9333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685532","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, Bruce D. 0000-0002-7180-4319 blindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7180-4319","contributorId":434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Bruce D.","email":"blindsey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":285811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72583,"text":"fs20053081 - 2005 - Hydrologic conditions in Arizona during 1999-2004: a historical perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:58","indexId":"fs20053081","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3081","title":"Hydrologic conditions in Arizona during 1999-2004: a historical perspective","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20053081","usgsCitation":"Phillips, J.V., and Thomas, B.E., 2005, Hydrologic conditions in Arizona during 1999-2004: a historical perspective: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3081, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053081.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2005_3081.bmp"},{"id":7618,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3081/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611431","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Jeff V.","contributorId":50510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, Blakemore E.","contributorId":93871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Blakemore","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72581,"text":"sir20055208 - 2005 - Potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in northern Arkansas, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:36","indexId":"sir20055208","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5208","title":"Potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in northern Arkansas, 2004","docAbstract":"The Ozark aquifer in northern Arkansas comprises dolomites, limestones, sandstones, and shales of Late Cambrian to Middle Devonian age, and ranges in thickness from approximately 1,100 feet to more than 4,000 feet. Hydrologically, the aquifer is complex, characterized by discrete and discontinuous flow components with large variations in permeability. \r\n\r\nThe potentiometric-surface map, based on 59 well and 5 spring water-level measurements collected in 2004 in Arkansas and Missouri, indicates maximum water-level altitudes of about 1,188 feet in Benton County and minimum water-level altitudes of about 116 feet in Randolph County. Regionally, the flow within the aquifer is to the south and southeast in the eastern and central part of the study area and to the northwest and north in the western part of the study area. Comparing the 2004 potentiometric- surface map with a predevelopment potentiometricsurface map indicates general agreement between the two surfaces. Potentiometric-surface differences could be attributed to differences in pumping related to changing population from 1990 to 2000, change in source for public supplies, processes or water use outside the study area, or differences in data-collection or map-construction methods.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055208","usgsCitation":"Schrader, T., 2005, Potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in northern Arkansas, 2004 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5208, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055208.","productDescription":"16 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7616,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5208/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95,33 ], [ -95,36.833333333333336 ], [ -89,36.833333333333336 ], [ -89,33 ], [ -95,33 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682f38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schrader, T.P.","contributorId":56300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72436,"text":"ofr20051053 - 2005 - Water-quality data from two agricultural drainage basins in northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: II. diel data, 1999-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-15T22:13:30.672116","indexId":"ofr20051053","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1053","title":"Water-quality data from two agricultural drainage basins in northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: II. diel data, 1999-2001","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051053","usgsCitation":"Antweiler, R.C., Smith, R.L., Voytek, M.A., and Bohlke, J., 2005, Water-quality data from two agricultural drainage basins in northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: II. diel data, 1999-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1053, 124 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051053.","productDescription":"124 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191933,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":382243,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1053/"},{"id":382171,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1053/pdf/OFR%2020051053.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Illinois","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.5,40.666666666666664 ], [ -87.5,40.833333333333336 ], [ -87.41666666666667,40.833333333333336 ], [ -87.41666666666667,40.666666666666664 ], [ -87.5,40.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e57c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voytek, Mary A.","contributorId":91943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bohlke, John Karl 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":66293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John Karl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70205872,"text":"70205872 - 2005 - Remote sensing of coastal environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-09T07:11:38","indexId":"70205872","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-08T18:37:24","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Remote sensing of coastal environments","docAbstract":"Coastal ecosystems are transitional environments that are sensitively balanced between open water and upland landscapes. Worldwide, they exhibit extreme variations in areal extent, spatial complexity, and temporal variability. Sustaining these ecosystems requires the ability to monitor their biophysical features and controlling processes at high spatial and temporal resolutions but within a holistic context. Remote sensing is the only tool that can economically measure these features and processes over large areas at appropriate resolutions. Consequently, it offers the only holistic approach to understanding the variable forces shaping the dynamic coastal landscape. Remote sensing must be able to adjust to these spatially and temporally changing conditions and also be able to discriminate subtle differences in these systems. As a result, remote sensing of coastal ecosystems is a complex undertaking that needs to incorporate not only the ability to define the observable hydrologic and vegetation features, but also the scale of measurement.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of Coastal Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_257","usgsCitation":"Ramsey III, E., 2005, Remote sensing of coastal environments, chap. of Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, p. 797-804, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_257.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"797","endPage":"804","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368139,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey III, Elijah 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":212009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey III","given":"Elijah","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70205865,"text":"70205865 - 2005 - National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An integrated assessment","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70205862,"text":"70205862 - 2005 - Results of the acid rain program: Status and trends of emissions and environmental impacts (1990–2002)","indexId":"70205862","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"chapter":"2","title":"Results of the acid rain program: Status and trends of emissions and environmental impacts (1990–2002)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70205865,"text":"70205865 - 2005 - National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An integrated assessment","indexId":"70205865","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An integrated assessment"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70205863,"text":"70205863 - 2005 - Assessing acid deposition: Advances in the state of science","indexId":"70205863","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"chapter":"3","title":"Assessing acid deposition: Advances in the state of science"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70205865,"text":"70205865 - 2005 - National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An integrated assessment","indexId":"70205865","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An integrated assessment"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-09T07:15:17","indexId":"70205865","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-08T16:27:32","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5871,"text":"Report to Congress","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":"National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An integrated assessment","docAbstract":"Acid deposition, more commonly known as acid rain, occurs when emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) react in the atmosphere (with water, oxygen, and oxidants) to form various acidic compounds. These acidic compounds then fall to earth in either a wet form (rain, snow, and fog) or a dry form (gases, aerosols, and particles). Prevailing winds transport the acidic compounds hundreds of miles, often across state and national borders. At certain levels the acidic compounds, including small particles such as sulfates and nitrates can cause many negative human health and environmental effects. While ecosystems are subject to many stresses, including land-use changes, climate change, and variations in hydrologic and meteorologic cycles, the scientific literature has clearly demonstrated that these pollutants can:
• Degrade air quality,
• Impair visibility,
• Damage public health,
• Acidify lakes and streams,
• Harm sensitive forests,
• Harm sensitive coastal ecosystems, and
• Accelerate the decay of building materials, paints, and cultural artifacts such as buildings, statues, and sculptures.
Title IV was passed by Congress as part of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments to reduce emissions of SO2 and NOx from fossil fuel-burning power plants in order to protect
ecosystems suffering damage from acid deposition and to improve air quality. At the same time, the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) was asked to periodically assess and report to Congress on the implementation of the Acid Rain Program, recent scientific knowledge surrounding acid deposition and its effects, and
the reduction in acid deposition necessary to prevent adverse ecological effects. This NAPAP Report focuses primarily on emission reductions from power plants, both in terms of assessing past reductions under the Acid Rain Program and in projecting the ecological effects of additional reductions of SO2 and NOx.
It should be noted that power generation currently contributes approximately 69% of the SO2 emissions and 22% of the NOx emissions nationwide. This contribution is decreasing as emissions from power generation continue to decrease, making the other sources of these pollutants more prominent. Modeling suggests that even if SO2
emissions from power generation were reduced to zero, some lakes and streams would remain acidic due to acid deposition. However, there are several other regulations that reduce emissions of SO2 and NOx from these non-power generation sources, such as the Tier II mobile source standards, the Heavy Duty Diesel standards, and the Clean Air Non-Road Diesel Rule, that have also been promulgated since 1990. These regulations, primarily designed to bring counties into attainment with fine particle and ozone air quality standards, also incidentally reduce emissions that contribute to acid deposition.
Implementation of Title IV has successfully and substantially reduced emissions of SO2 and NOx from power generation at a significantly lower cost than expected:
• In 2002, SO2 emissions were 10.2 million tons, 35% lower than 1990 emissions and 40% lower than 1980 emissions.*
• In 2002, NOx emissions were 4.5 million tons, 33% lower than 1990 emissions.
In addition, SO2 emissions from all sources have decreased by 32% since 1990 and emissions of NOx from all sources have decreased by 12% since 1990. Power generating sources continue to close in on the goal of reducing power plant SO2 emissions from 1980 levels by 50% (to 8.95 million tons) as required by the 1990 Clean Air Act. Power generating sources have also exceeded the goal of a two million ton reduction in NOx emissions from projected 2000 levels as required by the 1990 Clean Air Act.
These emission reductions have contributed to measurable improvements in air quality, reductions in acid deposition, and the beginnings of recovery of acid-sensitive waters in some areas:
• SO2 concentrations in the atmosphere (a precursor to fine particles and acid deposition) have decreased since 1990. Average annual SO2 concentrations in the Northeast in 2000–2002 were 40% lower than they were in 1989–1991, concentrations in the mid-Atlantic were 30% lower, concentrations in the Southeast were 35% lower, and concentrations in the Midwest were 45% lower.
• Sulfate concentrations in the atmosphere (a major component of fine particles, especially in the East) have decreased since 1990 as well. Average annual sulfate concentrations in the Northeast and Midwest in 2000–2002 were approximately 30% lower than they were in 1989–1991, and concentrations in the mid-Atlantic and Southeast were 25% lower.
• Wet sulfate deposition, a major component of acid rain, has also decreased since 1990. Average annual sulfate deposition in the Northeast in 2000–2002 was 40% lower than it was in 1989–1991, deposition in the mid-Atlantic and Midwest was 35% lower, and deposition in the Southeast was 25% lower.
• Wet nitrate deposition has not decreased regionally from historical levels because of the relatively moderate NOx reduction from power plants and the continuing large contribution (over 50% of total NOx emissions) from other sources of NOx such as vehicles and nonroad vehicles.
• Although visibility has begun to improve in some parts of the U.S., there is still significant impairment of visibility in many national parks and other Class I areas throughout the U.S.
• Acid neutralizing capacity is beginning to rise in some surface waters in the Northeast, including lakes in the Adirondack Mountains (see graphic below). This is an indication that recovery from acidification is occurring in those areas.
Geochemical studies of lake sediment from Eagle Rock Lake and upper Fawn Lake were conducted to evaluate the effect of mining at the Molycorp Questa porphyry molybdenum deposit located immediately north of the Red River. Two cores were taken, one from each lake near the outlet where the sediment was thinnest, and they were sampled at 1-cm intervals to provide geochemical data at less than 1-year resolution. Samples from the core intervals were digested and analyzed for 34 elements using ICP–AES (inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry). The activity of 137Cs has been used to establish the beginning of sedimentation in the two lakes. Correlation of the geochemistry of heavy-mineral suites in the cores from both Fawn and Eagle Rock Lakes has been used to develop a sedimentation model to date the intervals sampled. The core from upper Fawn Lake, located upstream of the deposit, provided an annual sedimentary record of the geochemical baseline for material being transported in the Red River, whereas the core from Eagle Rock Lake, located downstream of the deposit, provided an annual record of the effect of mining at the Questa mine on the sediment in the Red River. Abrupt changes in the concentrations of many lithophile and deposit-related metals occur in the middle of the Eagle Rock Lake core, which we correlate with the major flood-of-record recorded at the Questa gage at Eagle Rock Lake in 1979. Sediment from the Red River collected at low flow in 2002 is a poor match for the geochemical data from the sediment core in Eagle Rock Lake. The change in sediment geochemistry in Eagle Rock Lake in the post-1979 interval is dramatic and requires that a new source of sediment be identified that has substantially different geochemistry from that in the pre-1979 core interval. Loss of mill tailings from pipeline breaks are most likely responsible for some of the spikes in trace-element concentrations in the Eagle Rock Lake core. Enrichment of Al2O3, Cu, and Zn occurred as a result of chemical precipitation of these metals from ground water upstream in the Red River. Comparisons of the geochemistry of the post-1979 sediment core with both mine wastes and with premining sediment from the vicinity of the Questa mine indicate that both are possible sources for this new component of sediment. Existing data have not resolved this enigma.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055006","usgsCitation":"Church, S.E., Fey, D., and Marot, M.E., 2005, Questa baseline and premining ground-water quality investigation. 8. Lake-sediment geochemical record from 1960 to 2002, Eagle Rock and Fawn Lakes, Taos County, New Mexico (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5006, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055006.","productDescription":"47 p.","temporalStart":"1960-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":402636,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_73907.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7395,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5006/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Taos County","otherGeospatial":"Eagle Rock and Fawn Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.58547973632812,\n 36.6959520787169\n ],\n [\n -105.42823791503906,\n 36.6959520787169\n ],\n [\n -105.42823791503906,\n 36.72842852891896\n ],\n [\n -105.58547973632812,\n 36.72842852891896\n ],\n [\n -105.58547973632812,\n 36.6959520787169\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a06c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fey, D.L.","contributorId":44537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marot, M. E.","contributorId":7733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marot","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184386,"text":"70184386 - 2005 - The U-tube: A novel system for acquiring borehole fluid samples from a deep geologic CO2 sequestration experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-06T16:42:09.667272","indexId":"70184386","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The U-tube: A novel system for acquiring borehole fluid samples from a deep geologic CO2 sequestration experiment","docAbstract":"A novel system has been deployed to obtain geochemical samples of water and gas, at in situ pressure, during a geologic CO2 sequestration experiment conducted in the Frio brine aquifer in Liberty County, Texas. Project goals required high-frequency recovery of representative and uncontaminated aliquots of a rapidly changing two-phase fluid (supercritical CO2 and brine) fluid from 1.5 km depth. The data sets collected, using both the liquid and gas portions of the downhole samples, provide insights into the coupled hydrogeochemical issues affecting CO2sequestration in brine-filled formations. While the basic premise underlying the U-tube sampler is not new, the system is unique because careful consideration was given to the processing of the recovered two-phase fluids. In particular, strain gauges mounted beneath the high-pressure surface sample cylinders measured the ratio of recovered brine to supercritical CO2. A quadrupole mass spectrometer provided real-time gas analysis for perfluorocarbon and noble gas tracers that were injected along with the CO2. The U-tube successfully acquired frequent samples, facilitating accurate delineation of the arrival of the CO2 plume, and on-site analysis revealed rapid changes in geochemical conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005JB003735","usgsCitation":"Freifeild, B.M., Trautz, R.C., Kharaka, Y.K., Phelps, T.J., Myer, L.R., Hovorka, S.D., and Collins, D.J., 2005, The U-tube: A novel system for acquiring borehole fluid samples from a deep geologic CO2 sequestration experiment: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 110, no. B10, B10203, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003735.","productDescription":"B10203, 10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477651,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jb003735","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337061,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c1263ee4b014cc3a3d34b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freifeild, Barry M.","contributorId":42444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freifeild","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trautz, Robert C.","contributorId":171754,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trautz","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":26941,"text":"Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kharaka, Yousif K. 0000-0001-9861-8260 ykharaka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-8260","contributorId":1928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Yousif","email":"ykharaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phelps, Tommy J.","contributorId":175588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phelps","given":"Tommy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Myer, Larry R.","contributorId":177239,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myer","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6670,"text":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hovorka, Susan D.","contributorId":175572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hovorka","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Collins, Daniel J.","contributorId":177241,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collins","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":72363,"text":"sir20055165 - 2005 - Estimation of constituent concentrations, densities, loads, and yields in lower Kansas River, northeast Kansas, using regression models and continuous water-quality monitoring, January 2000 through December 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:01","indexId":"sir20055165","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5165","title":"Estimation of constituent concentrations, densities, loads, and yields in lower Kansas River, northeast Kansas, using regression models and continuous water-quality monitoring, January 2000 through December 2003","docAbstract":"The lower Kansas River is an important source of drinking water for hundreds of thousands of people in northeast Kansas. Constituents of concern identified by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) for streams in the lower Kansas River Basin include sulfate, chloride, nutrients, atrazine, bacteria, and sediment. Real-time continuous water-quality monitors were operated at three locations along the lower Kansas River from July 1999 through September 2004 to provide in-stream measurements of specific conductance, pH, water temperature, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen and to estimate concentrations for constituents of concern. Estimates of concentration and densities were combined with streamflow to calculate constituent loads and yields from January 2000 through December 2003. The Wamego monitoring site is located 44 river miles upstream from the Topeka monitoring site, which is 65 river miles upstream from the DeSoto monitoring site, which is 18 river miles upstream from where the Kansas River flows into the Missouri River. Land use in the Kansas River Basin is dominated by grassland and cropland, and streamflow is affected substantially by reservoirs.\r\n\r\nWater quality at the three monitoring sites varied with hydrologic conditions, season, and proximity to constituent sources. Nutrient and sediment concentrations and bacteria densities were substantially larger during periods of increased streamflow, indicating important contributions from nonpoint sources in the drainage basin. \r\n\r\nDuring the study period, pH remained well above the KDHE lower criterion of 6.5 standard units at all sites in all years, but exceeded the upper criterion of 8.5 standard units annually between 2 percent of the time (Wamego in 2001) and 65 percent of the time (DeSoto in 2003). The dissolved oxygen concentration was less than the minimum aquatic-life-support criterion of 5.0 milligrams per liter less than 1 percent of the time at all sites.\r\n\r\nDissolved solids, a measure of the dissolved material in water, exceeded 500 milligrams per liter about one-half of the time at the three Kansas River sites. Larger dissolved-solids concentrations upstream likely were a result of water inflow from the highly mineralized Smoky Hill River that is diluted by tributary flow as it moves downstream.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus at the three monitoring sites exceeded the ecoregion water-quality criteria suggested by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency during the entire study period. Median nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were similar at all three sites, and nutrient load increased moving from the upstream to downstream sites. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus yields were nearly the same from site to site indicating that nutrient sources were evenly distributed throughout the lower Kansas River Basin. About 11 percent of the total nitrogen load and 12 percent of the total phosphorus load at DeSoto during 2000-03 originated from wastewater-treatment facilities. \r\n\r\nEscherichia coli bacteria densities were largest at the middle site, Topeka. On average, 83 percent of the annual bacteria load at DeSoto during 2000-03 occurred during 10 percent of the time, primarily in conjunction with runoff.\r\n\r\nThe average annual sediment loads at the middle and downstream monitoring sites (Topeka and DeSoto) were nearly double those at the upstream site (Wamego). The average annual sediment yield was largest at Topeka. On average, 64 percent of the annual suspended-sediment load at DeSoto during 2000-03 occurred during 10 percent of the time. Trapping of sediment by reservoirs located on contributing tributaries decreases transport of sediment and sediment-related constituents. \r\n\r\nThe average annual suspended-sediment load in the Kansas River at DeSoto during 2000-03 was estimated at 1.66 million tons. An estimated 13 percent of this load consisted of sand-size particles, so approximately 216,000 tons of sand were transported ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055165","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, T.J., Ziegler, A., and Rasmussen, P.P., 2005, Estimation of constituent concentrations, densities, loads, and yields in lower Kansas River, northeast Kansas, using regression models and continuous water-quality monitoring, January 2000 through December 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5165, 126 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055165.","productDescription":"126 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":193037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7326,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5165/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fba50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rasmussen, Teresa J. 0000-0002-7023-3868 rasmuss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-3868","contributorId":3336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Teresa","email":"rasmuss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ziegler, Andrew C. aziegler@usgs.gov","contributorId":433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"Andrew C.","email":"aziegler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":285489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rasmussen, Patrick P. 0000-0002-3287-6010 pras@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3287-6010","contributorId":3530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Patrick","email":"pras@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72362,"text":"sir20055170 - 2005 - Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Cedar Valley, Iron County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T13:58:41","indexId":"sir20055170","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5170","title":"Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Cedar Valley, Iron County, Utah","docAbstract":"Cedar Valley, located in the eastern part of Iron County in southwestern Utah, is experiencing rapid population growth. Cedar Valley traditionally has supported agriculture, but the growing population needs a larger share of the available water resources. Water withdrawn from the unconsolidated basin fill is the primary source for public supply and is a major source of water for irrigation. Water managers are concerned about increasing demands on the water supply and need hydrologic information to manage this limited water resource and minimize flow of water unsuitable for domestic use toward present and future public-supply sources.
Surface water in the study area is derived primarily from snowmelt at higher altitudes east of the study area or from occasional large thunderstorms during the summer. Coal Creek, a perennial stream with an average annual discharge of 24,200 acre-feet per year, is the largest stream in Cedar Valley. Typically, all of the water in Coal Creek is diverted for irrigation during the summer months. All surface water is consumed within the basin by irrigated crops, evapotranspiration, or recharge to the ground-water system.
Ground water in Cedar Valley generally moves from primary recharge areas along the eastern margin of the basin where Coal Creek enters, to areas of discharge or subsurface outflow. Recharge to the unconsolidated basin-fill aquifer is by seepage of unconsumed irrigation water, streams, direct precipitation on the unconsolidated basin fill, and subsurface inflow from consolidated rock and Parowan Valley and is estimated to be about 42,000 acre-feet per year. Stable-isotope data indicate that recharge is primarily from winter precipitation. The chloride mass-balance method indicates that recharge may be less than 42,000 acre-feet per year, but is considered a rough approximation because of limited chloride concentration data for precipitation and Coal Creek. Continued declining water levels indicate that recharge is not sufficient to meet demand. Water levels in many areas are at or close to historic lows.
In 2000, withdrawal from wells was estimated to be 36,000 acre-feet per year. About 4,000 acre-feet per year are estimated to discharge to evapotranspiration or as subsurface outflow. Prior to large-scale ground-water development, ground-water discharge by evapotranspiration and discharge to springs was much larger.
Ground water along the eastern margin of the valley between Cedar City and Enoch is unsuitable for domestic use because of high dissolved-solids and nitrate concentrations. The predominant ions of Ca and SO4 in this area indicate dissolution of gypsum in the Markagunt Plateau to the east. Data collected during this study were compared to historic data; there is no evidence to indicate deterioration in ground-water quality. The spatial distribution of ground water with high nitrate concentration does not appear to be migrating beyond its previously known extent.
No single source can be identified as the cause for elevated nitrate concentrations in ground water. Low nitrogen-15 values north of Cedar City indicate a natural geologic source. Higher nitrogen-15 values toward the center of the basin and associated hydrologic data indicate probable recharge from waste-water effluent. Excess dissolved nitrogen gas and low nitrate concentrations in shallow ground water indicate that denitrification is occurring in some areas.
A computer ground-water flow model was developed to simulate flow in the unconsolidated basin fill. The method of determining recharge from irrigation was changed during the calibration process to incorporate more areal and temporal variability. In general, the model accurately simulates water levels and water-level fluctuations and can be considered an adequate tool to help determine the valley-wide effects on water levels of additional ground-water withdrawals and changes in water use. The model was used to simulated water-level changes caused by projecting current withdrawal rates, increased withdrawal rates, and a 10-year drought. Water levels declined 20 to 275 feet in the southern and central parts of the valley and less than 20 feet north of Enoch
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/sir20055170","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Central Iron County Water Conservancy District; Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources; Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality; Cedar City, and City of Enoch","usgsCitation":"Brooks, L.E., and Mason, J.L., 2005, Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Cedar Valley, Iron County, Utah (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5170, x, 114 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055170.","productDescription":"x, 114 p.","numberOfPages":"127","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7325,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Valley","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-112.4806,38.1474],[-112.4806,38.1379],[-112.4805,38.1293],[-112.481,38.1148],[-112.481,38.1098],[-112.4808,38.0862],[-112.4813,38.0658],[-112.4818,38.0572],[-112.4817,38.0418],[-112.4822,38.0273],[-112.4825,37.9847],[-112.483,37.9788],[-112.4696,37.9789],[-112.4707,37.9635],[-112.4706,37.9462],[-112.4711,37.9349],[-112.4715,37.9059],[-112.489,37.9063],[-112.4895,37.8913],[-112.5075,37.8912],[-112.5245,37.8912],[-112.5256,37.8912],[-112.5623,37.8905],[-112.5909,37.8909],[-112.5909,37.8832],[-112.5815,37.8832],[-112.5812,37.8383],[-112.5815,37.8057],[-112.5949,37.8065],[-112.6275,37.8082],[-112.6491,37.8085],[-112.6567,37.8076],[-112.6928,37.8065],[-112.6931,37.7752],[-112.6934,37.7525],[-112.6931,37.7185],[-112.6902,37.7186],[-112.6877,37.574],[-112.6874,37.545],[-112.7641,37.5445],[-112.7948,37.5448],[-112.8331,37.5449],[-112.8534,37.5448],[-112.9051,37.5449],[-112.9047,37.5154],[-112.9046,37.5005],[-112.9452,37.5006],[-113.0415,37.5007],[-113.0411,37.4744],[-113.0817,37.4745],[-113.1496,37.4748],[-113.1497,37.4803],[-113.2024,37.4807],[-113.2123,37.4806],[-113.2175,37.4805],[-113.2605,37.481],[-113.2601,37.4946],[-113.2604,37.5114],[-113.2601,37.5313],[-113.2775,37.5311],[-113.2955,37.5314],[-113.3153,37.5307],[-113.4772,37.5302],[-113.4779,37.5946],[-113.4784,37.6182],[-113.5144,37.6186],[-113.5324,37.6189],[-113.5353,37.6188],[-113.5539,37.619],[-113.5917,37.619],[-113.592,37.6059],[-113.61,37.6061],[-113.7204,37.6068],[-113.7402,37.6065],[-113.7564,37.6068],[-113.7599,37.6067],[-113.7936,37.6067],[-113.8128,37.6073],[-113.8686,37.6074],[-113.8872,37.6071],[-113.904,37.6068],[-113.9232,37.607],[-114.0539,37.6075],[-114.0541,37.6431],[-114.0541,37.6447],[-114.0539,37.666],[-114.0536,37.7109],[-114.0535,37.7259],[-114.0531,37.7887],[-114.0531,37.7903],[-114.0524,37.9039],[-114.0524,37.9059],[-114.0494,38.0308],[-114.0494,38.0329],[-114.0493,38.1503],[-114.0445,38.1499],[-114.0246,38.1502],[-114.0077,38.1505],[-113.9889,38.1504],[-113.955,38.1505],[-113.9368,38.1503],[-113.9333,38.1508],[-113.9164,38.1506],[-113.8988,38.1509],[-113.8807,38.1507],[-113.8438,38.1508],[-113.8239,38.1507],[-113.8069,38.1505],[-113.787,38.1508],[-113.7688,38.1506],[-113.7343,38.1506],[-113.7144,38.1504],[-113.6957,38.1507],[-113.6781,38.1509],[-113.6594,38.1507],[-113.643,38.151],[-113.6225,38.1508],[-113.605,38.151],[-113.5862,38.1508],[-113.5657,38.1506],[-113.5546,38.1508],[-113.547,38.1504],[-113.5142,38.1508],[-113.4961,38.1506],[-113.4926,38.1506],[-113.4738,38.1504],[-113.4545,38.1506],[-113.4364,38.1504],[-113.4042,38.1498],[-113.3814,38.1501],[-113.3638,38.1498],[-113.3474,38.1496],[-113.3351,38.1497],[-113.3111,38.1495],[-113.2924,38.1488],[-113.2736,38.149],[-113.2034,38.1493],[-113.1999,38.1493],[-113.1812,38.149],[-113.163,38.1488],[-113.1449,38.1485],[-113.1267,38.1491],[-113.108,38.1488],[-113.0717,38.1482],[-113.0536,38.1484],[-113.0325,38.1481],[-113.012,38.1483],[-112.9939,38.1484],[-112.9605,38.1482],[-112.9418,38.1484],[-112.9383,38.1484],[-112.9202,38.1485],[-112.9014,38.1487],[-112.8833,38.1484],[-112.8499,38.1491],[-112.8318,38.1487],[-112.8277,38.1488],[-112.8101,38.1489],[-112.7902,38.149],[-112.7715,38.1487],[-112.7381,38.1489],[-112.7194,38.1481],[-112.7165,38.1485],[-112.6989,38.1482],[-112.6773,38.1483],[-112.6585,38.1484],[-112.6275,38.1486],[-112.6094,38.1491],[-112.6035,38.1492],[-112.5854,38.1488],[-112.5673,38.1489],[-112.5485,38.1485],[-112.5356,38.1486],[-112.5304,38.1481],[-112.5134,38.1478],[-112.4806,38.1474]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iron\",\"state\":\"UT\"}}]}","edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e865","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, Lynette E. 0000-0002-9074-0939 lebrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-0939","contributorId":2718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Lynette","email":"lebrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, James L.","contributorId":14397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72324,"text":"sir20055189 - 2005 - Effects of rain gardens on the quality of water in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota, 2002-04","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T11:29:27","indexId":"sir20055189","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5189","title":"Effects of rain gardens on the quality of water in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota, 2002-04","docAbstract":"Rain gardens are a popular method of managing runoff while attempting to provide aesthetic and environmental benefits. Five rain-garden sites in the Minneapolis – Saint Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota were instrumented to evaluate the effects of this water-management system on surface and subsurface water quality. Most of these sites were in suburban locations and frequently in newer developments. Because of this they were affected by changing hydrology during the course of this study.
\nLess-than-normal precipitation during much of the study may have resulted in samples that may not be representative of normal conditions. However, the resulting data indicate that properly designed rain gardens enhance infiltration and can reduce concentrations of dissolved ions relative to background conditions.
\nThe runoff events in one rain garden and several runoff events in the other rain gardens produced no sampled overflow during this study because the gardens captured all of the inflow, which subsequently infiltrated beneath the land surface, evaporated, or transpired through garden vegetation. Where measured, overflow had reduced concentrations of suspended solids and most nutrient species associated with particulate material, as compared to inflow. Many of these materials settle to the bottom of the rain garden, and some nutrients may be assimilated by the plant community.
\nSite design, including capacity relative to drainage area and soil permeability, is an important consideration in the efficiency of rain-garden operation. Vegetation type likely affects the infiltration capacity, nutrient uptake, and evapotranspiration of a rain garden and probably the resulting water quality. The long-term efficiency of rain gardens is difficult to determine from the results of this study because most are still evolving and maturing in relation to their hydrologic, biologic, and chemical setting. Many resource managers have questioned what long-term maintenance will be needed to keep rain gardens operating effectively. Additional or continued studies could address many of these concerns.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/sir20055189","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Metropolitan Council of the Twin Cities","usgsCitation":"Tornes, L.H., 2005, Effects of rain gardens on the quality of water in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota, 2002-04: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5189, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055189.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319760,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055189.JPG"},{"id":7277,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5189/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -92.75,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -92.75,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 45.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6119bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tornes, Lan H.","contributorId":70484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tornes","given":"Lan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72315,"text":"ds127 - 2005 - Water-quality and biologic data for the Blue River basin, Kansas City metropolitan area, Missouri and Kansas, October 2000 to October 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T17:17:00","indexId":"ds127","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"127","title":"Water-quality and biologic data for the Blue River basin, Kansas City metropolitan area, Missouri and Kansas, October 2000 to October 2004","docAbstract":"This report presents water-quality and biologic data collected in the Blue River Basin, metropolitan Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas, from October 2000 to October 2004. Data were collected in cooperation with the city of Kansas City, Missouri, Water Services Department as part of an ongoing study designed to characterize long-term water-quality trends in the basin and to provide data to support a strategy for combined sewer overflow control. These data include values of physical properties, fecal indicator bacteria densities, suspended sediment, and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, trace elements, organic wastewater compounds, and pharmaceutical compounds in base-flow and stormflow stream samples and bottom sediments. Six surface-water sites in the basin were sampled 13 times during base-flow conditions and during a minimum of 7 storms. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities are described at 10 sites in the basin and 1 site outside the basin. Water-column and bottom-sediment data from impounded reaches of Brush Creek are provided. Continuous specific conductance, pH, water-quality temperature, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen data are provided for two streams-the Blue River and Brush Creek. Sampling, analytical, and quality assurance methods used in data collection during the study also are described in the report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds127","usgsCitation":"Wilkison, D.H., Armstrong, D., Brown, R., Poulton, B.C., Cahill, J.D., and Zaugg, S.D., 2005, Water-quality and biologic data for the Blue River basin, Kansas City metropolitan area, Missouri and Kansas, October 2000 to October 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 127, 166 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds127.","productDescription":"166 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7215,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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-94.6805191040039,\n 39.097828059155134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688c86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilkison, Donald H. wilkison@usgs.gov","contributorId":3824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkison","given":"Donald","email":"wilkison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armstrong, Daniel J. armstron@usgs.gov","contributorId":3823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Daniel J.","email":"armstron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Rebecca E.","contributorId":99233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Rebecca E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poulton, Barry C. 0000-0002-7219-4911 bpoulton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7219-4911","contributorId":2421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulton","given":"Barry","email":"bpoulton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cahill, Jeffrey D.","contributorId":22047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahill","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70203798,"text":"70203798 - 2005 - Geology of the proposed Yucca Mountain repository site, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-13T09:40:01","indexId":"70203798","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-20T09:21:37","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geology of the proposed Yucca Mountain repository site, Nevada","docAbstract":"Yucca Mountain, located about 100 miles northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada, has been recommended by the President for a mined geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste. This field trip will examine the geologic and hydrologic setting for Yucca Mountain, as well as specific results of the site characterization program. The field trip will visit the locations for underground in situ testing in the “Exploratory Studies Facility” plus several locales for surface-based tests. Discussions will comprise selected topics of Yucca Mountain geology, unsaturated zone hydrology, saturated zone
hydrology and geochemistry and will include the probabilistic volcanic hazard analysis
and the seismicity and seismic hazard analyses in the Yucca Mountain area. Emphasis of the field trip is the relationship of the geology and hydrology of Yucca Mountain to the performance of a repository that will safely isolate nuclear waste.