In a recent contribution [1], Johnson et al. reported the equilibrium isotope fractionation factor between dissolved Fe(II) and Fe(III) in aqueous solutions at pH=2.5 and 5.5. They suggest that because the iron isotope fractionation observed in their experiments spans virtually the entire range observed in sedimentary rocks, Fe(II)–Fe(III) aqueous speciation may play a major role in determining iron isotope variations in nature where Fe(II) and Fe(III) can become physically separated. They discounted earlier conclusions by us and others [2] ; [3] that significant equilibrium fractionation between specific coexisting Fe(II)- or Fe(III)-aqueous complexes (e.g., between aqueous Fe(II)(OH)x(aq)and Fe(II)(aq) ion) is capable of producing iron isotope contrasts that can be preserved in nature. This is an important contribution not only because the authors recognize the importance of abiotic equilibrium iron isotope fractionation in nature in contrast to previous assertions [4], but also because it will help to focus discussion on the development and evaluation of experimental approaches that can reveal abiotic fractionation mechanisms. However, in this Comment we propose that the experiments presented in this paper cannot be interpreted as straightforwardly as Johnson et al. contend. In particular, we show that in one of their critical experiments attainment of either isotope mass balance or equilibrium was not demonstrated, and thus the results of that experiment cannot be used to calculate an Fe(II)–Fe(III) equilibrium fractionation factor.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01091-9","usgsCitation":"Bullen, T.D., White, A.F., and Childs, C.W., 2003, Comment on “Isotopic fractionation between Fe(III) and Fe(II) in aqueous solutions” by Clark Johnson et al., [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 195 (2002) 141–153]: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 206, no. 1-2, p. 229-232, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01091-9.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"232","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"206","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c946e4b0f37a93ee9b65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bullen, Thomas D. 0000-0003-2281-1691 tdbullen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-1691","contributorId":1969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"Thomas","email":"tdbullen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":682296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Arthur F. afwhite@usgs.gov","contributorId":3718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Arthur","email":"afwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":682297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Childs, Cyril W.","contributorId":188137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Childs","given":"Cyril","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025798,"text":"70025798 - 2003 - Petrogenesis of mesozoic, peraluminous granites in the Lamoille canyon area, Ruby mountains, Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-21T17:31:28.189151","indexId":"70025798","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrogenesis of mesozoic, peraluminous granites in the Lamoille canyon area, Ruby mountains, Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"Two groups of closely associated, peraluminous, two-mica granitic gneiss were identified in the area. The older, sparsely distributed unit is equigranular (EG) with initial εNd ∼ − 8·8 and initial 87Sr/86Sr ∼0·7098. Its age is uncertain. The younger unit is Late Cretaceous (∼80 Ma), pegmatitic, and sillimanite-bearing (KPG), with εNd from −15·8 to −17·3 and initial 87Sr/86Sr from 0·7157 to 0·7198. The concentrations of Fe, Mg, Na, Ca, Sr, V, Zr, Zn and Hf are higher, and K, Rb and Th are lower in the EG. Major- and trace-element models indicate that the KPG was derived by muscovite dehydration melting (<35 km depth) of Neoproterozoic metapelitic rocks that are widespread in the eastern Great Basin. The models are broadly consistent with anatexis of crust tectonically thickened during the Sevier orogeny; no mantle mass or heat contribution was necessary. As such, this unit represents one crustal end-member of regional Late Cretaceous peraluminous granites. The EG was produced by biotite dehydration melting at greater depths, with garnet stable in the residue. The source of the EG was probably Paleoproterozoic metagraywacke. Because EG magmatism probably pre-dated Late Cretaceous crustal thickening, it required heat input from the mantle or from mantle-derived magma.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/44.4.713","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Lee, S., Barnes, C., Snoke, A., Howard, K.A., and Frost, C., 2003, Petrogenesis of mesozoic, peraluminous granites in the Lamoille canyon area, Ruby mountains, Nevada, USA: Journal of Petrology, v. 44, no. 4, p. 713-732, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/44.4.713.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"713","endPage":"732","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388279,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Ruby Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.91650390625,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -114.10400390625,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -114.10400390625,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -116.91650390625,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -116.91650390625,\n 38.8225909761771\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7781e4b0c8380cd784f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, S.-Y.","contributorId":75669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"S.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, C. G.","contributorId":78819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snoke, A.W.","contributorId":14899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snoke","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Frost, C.D.","contributorId":20900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1016354,"text":"1016354 - 2003 - Gyrfalcon diet in central west Greenland during the nestling period","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:43","indexId":"1016354","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gyrfalcon diet in central west Greenland during the nestling period","docAbstract":"We studied food habits of Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) nesting in central west Greenland in 2000 and 2001 using three sources of data: time-lapse video (3 nests), prey remains (22 nests), and regurgitated pellets (19 nests). These sources provided different information describing the diet during the nesting period. Gyrfalcons relied heavily on Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) and arctic hares (Lepus arcticus). Combined, these species contributed 79-91% of the total diet, depending on the data used. Passerines were the third most important group. Prey less common in the diet included waterfowl, arctic fox pups (Alopex lagopus), shorebirds, gulls, alcids, and falcons. All Rock Ptarmigan were adults, and all but one arctic hare were young of the year. Most passerines were fledglings. We observed two diet shifts, first from a preponderance of ptarmigan to hares in mid-June, and second to passerines in late June. The video-monitored Gyrfalcons consumed 94-110 kg of food per nest during the nestling period, higher than previously estimated. Using a combination of video, prey remains, and pellets was important to accurately document Gyrfalcon diet, and we strongly recommend using time-lapse video in future diet studies to identify biases in prey remains and pellet data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Booms, T., and Fuller, M.R., 2003, Gyrfalcon diet in central west Greenland during the nestling period: The Condor, v. 105, no. 3, p. 528-537.","productDescription":"p. 528-537","startPage":"528","endPage":"537","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a0eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Booms, Travis","contributorId":55785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booms","given":"Travis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, Mark R. 0000-0001-7459-1729 mark_fuller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7459-1729","contributorId":2296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Mark","email":"mark_fuller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026117,"text":"70026117 - 2003 - Near-field survey of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami on Unimak and Sanak Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-19T15:47:09.577405","indexId":"70026117","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near-field survey of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami on Unimak and Sanak Islands","docAbstract":"The 1946 Aleutian earthquake stands out among tsunamigenic events because it generated both very high run-up near the earthquake source region and a destructive trans-Pacific tsunami. We obtained new data on the distribution of its tsunami in the near field along south-facing coasts between Unimak Pass on the west and Sanak Island on the east by measuring the height of driftwood and beach materials that were deposited by the tsunami above the extreme storm tide level. Our data indicate that (1) the highest measured run-up, which is at the Scotch Cap lighthouse, was 42 m above tide level or about 37 m above present storm tide elevation; (2) run-up along the rugged coast from Scotch Cap for 12 km northwest to Sennett Point is 12-18 m, and for 30 km east of Scotch Cap to Cape Lutke it is 24-42 m; (3) run-up along the broad lowlands bordering Unimak Bight is 10-20 m, and in-undation is locally more than 2 km; (5) run-up diminishes to 8 m or less at the southeast corner of Unimak Island; (6) no evidence was found for run-up above present storm tides (about 4-5 m above MLLW) on the Ikatan Peninsula or areas along the coast to the west; and (7) run-up above storm tide level in the Sanak Island group is restricted to southwest-facing coasts of Sanak, Long, and Clifford Islands, where it is continuous and locally up to 24 m high. Generation of the tsunami by one or more major earthquake-triggered submarine landslides near the shelf edge south of Unimak Island seems to be the only viable mechanism to account for the data on wave arrival time, run-up heights, and distribution, as well as for unconfirmed anecdotal reports of local postquake increases in water depth and diminished bottom-fisheries productivity. A preliminary hydrodynamic simulation of the local tsunami propagation and run-up using a dipolar model of a possible landslide off Davidson Bank provides an acceptable fit to the characteristics of the distribution of local run-up, with a value at 34 m at the Scotch Cap lighthouse.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020198","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Okal, E., Plafker, G., Synolakis, C., and Borrero, J., 2003, Near-field survey of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami on Unimak and Sanak Islands: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 3, p. 1226-1234, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020198.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1226","endPage":"1234","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387242,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63f8e4b0c8380cd727ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okal, E.A.","contributorId":35082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okal","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Synolakis, C.E.","contributorId":51510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Synolakis","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borrero, J.C.","contributorId":8656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borrero","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":51954,"text":"ofr0354 - 2003 - U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades Science Program: 2002 Biennial Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-06T13:59:38.599699","indexId":"ofr0354","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"03-54","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades Science Program: 2002 Biennial Report","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducts scientific investigations in south Florida to improve society’s understanding of the environment and assist in the sustainable use, protection, and restoration of the Everglades and other ecosystems within the region. The investigations summarized in this document have been carried out under the Greater Everglades Science Program (previously known as the South Florida Ecosystem Program), which is part of the USGS Place-Based Studies initiative.
The USGS Placed-Based Studies initiative is a nationwide program that concentrates on areas with severe environmental problems. Through interdisciplinary investigations the Program provides sound scientific information on which to base informed resource management decisions. Individuals from all the USGS programs (hydrology, geology, biology, mapping) work together with other scientists to cover the diverse scientific disciplines involved in this complex and challenging task. The Greater Everglades Science Program began in 1995 as one of the initial Place-Based Studies programs and serves as a model for similar future collaborative studies. Placed-Based Studies are also being conducted in the San Francisco Bay area, Chesapeake Bay, the Platte River, Greater Yellowstone, Salton Sea, and the Mojave Desert.
The South Florida Ecosystem Program is part of a coordinated federal effort, under the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force. The Task Force was started in 1993, through interagency agreement, to coordinate the efforts of the agencies within six federal departments. In 1996, statutory authority formalized the Task Force and expanded it to include tribal, state, and local governments. The Task Force conducts its activities through the South Florida Ecosystem Working Group and teams, such as the Science Coordination Team. A Science Plan and Integrated Financial Plans are established to focus efforts and prevent duplicative efforts by the agencies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0354","usgsCitation":"Torres, A.E., Higer, A.L., Henkel, H., Mixson, P.R., Eggleston, J., Embry, T.L., and Clement, G., 2003, U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades Science Program: 2002 Biennial Report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-54, 291 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0354.","productDescription":"291 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4503,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0054/ofr03-54.pdf","text":"Report","size":"78.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 03-54"},{"id":179089,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0054/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
The moment magnitude M 7.8 earthquake in 1906 profoundly changed the rate of seismic activity over much of northern California. The low rate of seismic activity in the San Francisco Bay region (SFBR) since 1906, relative to that of the preceding 55 yr, is often explained as a stress-shadow effect of the 1906 earthquake. However, existing elastic and visco-elastic models of stress change fail to fully account for the duration of the lowered rate of earthquake activity. We use variations in the rate of earthquakes as a basis for a simple empirical model for estimating the probability of M ≥6.7 earthquakes in the SFBR. The model preserves the relative magnitude distribution of sources predicted by the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities' (WGCEP, 1999; WGCEP, 2002) model of characterized ruptures on SFBR faults and is consistent with the occurrence of the four M ≥6.7 earthquakes in the region since 1838. When the empirical model is extrapolated 30 yr forward from 2002, it gives a probability of 0.42 for one or more M ≥6.7 in the SFBR. This result is lower than the probability of 0.5 estimated by WGCEP (1988), lower than the 30-yr Poisson probability of 0.60 obtained by WGCEP (1999) and WGCEP (2002), and lower than the 30-yr time-dependent probabilities of 0.67, 0.70, and 0.63 obtained by WGCEP (1990), WGCEP (1999), and WGCEP (2002), respectively, for the occurrence of one or more large earthquakes. This lower probability is consistent with the lack of adequate accounting for the 1906 stress-shadow in these earlier reports. The empirical model represents one possible approach toward accounting for the stress-shadow effect of the 1906 earthquake. However, the discrepancy between our result and those obtained with other modeling methods underscores the fact that the physics controlling the timing of earthquakes is not well understood. Hence, we advise against using the empirical model alone (or any other single probability model) for estimating the earthquake hazard and endorse the use of all credible earthquake probability models for the region, including the empirical model, with appropriate weighting, as was done in WGCEP (2002).
Quantitative PCR (QPCR) technology, incorporating fluorigenic 5′ nuclease (TaqMan) chemistry, was utilized for the specific detection and quantification of six pathogenic species of Candida (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata and C. lusitaniae) in water. Known numbers of target cells were added to distilled and tap water samples, filtered, and disrupted directly on the membranes for recovery of DNA for QPCR analysis. The assay's sensitivities were between one and three cells per filter. The accuracy of the cell estimates was between 50 and 200% of their true value (95% confidence level). In similar tests with surface water samples, the presence of PCR inhibitory compounds necessitated further purification and/or dilution of the DNA extracts, with resultant reductions in sensitivity but generally not in quantitative accuracy. Analyses of a series of freshwater samples collected from a recreational beach showed positive correlations between the QPCR results and colony counts of the corresponding target species. Positive correlations were also seen between the cell quantities of the target Candida species detected in these analyses and colony counts of Enterococcus organisms. With a combined sample processing and analysis time of less than 4 h, this method shows great promise as a tool for rapidly assessing potential exposures to waterborne pathogenic Candida species from drinking and recreational waters and may have applications in the detection of fecal pollution.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.69.3.1775-1782.2003","usgsCitation":"Brinkman, N.E., Haugland, R.A., Wymer, L.J., Byappanahalli, M., Whitman, R.L., and Vesper, S.J., 2003, Evaluation of a rapid, quantitative real-time PCR method for enumeration of pathogenic Candida cells in water: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 69, no. 3, p. 1775-1782, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.3.1775-1782.2003.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1775","endPage":"1782","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478425,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/150045","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625928","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brinkman, Nichole E.","contributorId":69940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinkman","given":"Nichole","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haugland, Richard A.","contributorId":102439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugland","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wymer, Larry J.","contributorId":41791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wymer","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N.","contributorId":47335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byappanahalli","given":"Muruleedhara N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whitman, Richard L. rwhitman@usgs.gov","contributorId":542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"Richard","email":"rwhitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vesper, Stephen J.","contributorId":78296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vesper","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1000876,"text":"1000876 - 2003 - Evaluation of beach grooming techniques on Escherichia coli density in foreshore sand at North Beach, Racine, WI","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-19T12:58:27","indexId":"1000876","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2592,"text":"Lake and Reservoir Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of beach grooming techniques on Escherichia coli density in foreshore sand at North Beach, Racine, WI","docAbstract":"Elevated levels of Escherichia coli(E. coli) in bathing waters at North Beach, a popular recreational site in Racine, Wisconsin, have been a persistent problem often resulting in the issuance of poor water quality advisories. Moreover, waterfowl (mostly Larus delawarensis and L. argentatus) in nearshore and offshore areas are common and may serve as non-point sources for bacterial contamination of recreational waters. Current beach management practice involves daily mechanical grooming of the nearshore sand for aesthetics and removal of hazardous debris. However, this practice has not been evaluated in terms of its effects on E. coli loading to beach sand and potential introduction to contiguous swimming water. In this study, we tested E. coli responses to three treatments: mechanical groomer, daily and twice weekly hand raking, and a control (no raking/grooming). A randomized block design consisted of replicated treatments and one control (10 each), for a total of 40 blocks sampled daily for 10 days. Foreshore sand samples were collected by hand coring to an average depth of 10 cm. Median E. colirecovered were 73 (mechanically groomed), 27 (hand-raked daily), 32 (hand-raked twice weekly), and 22 (control) colony-forming units (CFU) per gram dry weight sand. E. colicounts in sand that was groomed were significantly higher than hand rakings and control (p <0.0001), and there was no significant difference between control and raking treatments (p<0.01). This study demonstrates the beach management implications related to grooming efficacy and the importance of understanding non-point sources of bacterial contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/07438140309353944","usgsCitation":"Kinzelman, J.L., Whitman, R.L., Byappanahalli, M., Jackson, E., and Bagley, R.C., 2003, Evaluation of beach grooming techniques on Escherichia coli density in foreshore sand at North Beach, Racine, WI: Lake and Reservoir Management, v. 19, no. 4, p. 349-354, https://doi.org/10.1080/07438140309353944.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"354","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486886,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07438140309353944","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":134040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faeb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinzelman, Julie L.","contributorId":36094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinzelman","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitman, Richard L. rwhitman@usgs.gov","contributorId":542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"Richard","email":"rwhitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N.","contributorId":47335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byappanahalli","given":"Muruleedhara N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackson, Emma","contributorId":71938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Emma","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bagley, Robert C.","contributorId":40951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bagley","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1000910,"text":"1000910 - 2003 - Shifts in the diets of slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in Lake Ontario following the collapse of the burrowing amphipod Diporeia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T12:44:14","indexId":"1000910","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shifts in the diets of slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in Lake Ontario following the collapse of the burrowing amphipod Diporeia","docAbstract":"In Lake Ontario, the diets of slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus and lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis shifted from a diet dominated by the burrowing amphipod, Diporeia, and to a lesser extent, Mysis, to a more diverse diet, after Diporeia collapsed, to one dominated by Mysis and prey that were formerly less important or uncommon such as Chironomidae, Oligochaeta, and Ostracoda. Additionally, lake whitefish still preyed on native mollusks like Sphaeriidae and Gastropoda, but also preyed on exotic mollusks, Dreissena spp., which are swallowed intact and subsequently crushed in its muscular stomach. Whether Diporeia was abundant (1992) or scarce (1999), selection indices for Diporeia by slimy sculpins was positive, suggesting that Diporeia was a preferred prey. Unlike lake whitefish, slimy sculpins avoided Dreissena; therefore, energy diverted to Dreissena production was a real loss for slimy sculpins. The shifts in the diet of these benthic fishes corresponded with drastic changes in the benthic community between 1992 and 1999. The collapse of Diporeia, formerly the most abundant macroinvertebrate in the benthic community, along with sharp declines in the abundance of Oligochaeta and Sphaeriidae, coincided with the establishment and rapid expansion of Dreissena bugensis, the quagga mussel, and to a lesser degree Dreissena polymorpha, the zebra mussel. It appears that the Diporeia population first collapsed at depths >70 m in southeastern Lake Ontario by autumn 1992, at shallower depths in the eastern Lake Ontario by 1995, and along the entire south shore line at depths <100 m, and perhaps in some areas >100 m by 1999. In response to the disappearance of Diporeia, populations of two native benthivores, slimy sculpin and lake whitefish, collapsed in eastern Lake Ontario, perhaps due in part to starvation, because Diporeia was their principal prey. Presently, alternative food resources do not appear sufficient to sustain these two benthivores at their former levels of abundance. We do not expect slimy sculpin and lake whitefish to recover unless Diporeia returns to earlier levels of abundance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/14634980301487","usgsCitation":"Owens, R.W., and Dittman, D.E., 2003, Shifts in the diets of slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in Lake Ontario following the collapse of the burrowing amphipod Diporeia: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 6, no. 3, p. 311-323, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980301487.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"323","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69b42f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Owens, Randall W.","contributorId":23871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dittman, Dawn E. 0000-0002-0711-3732 ddittman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0711-3732","contributorId":2762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dittman","given":"Dawn","email":"ddittman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000992,"text":"1000992 - 2003 - Historic and modern abundance of wild lean lake trout in Michigan waters of Lake Superior: Implications for restoration goals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T09:08:07","indexId":"1000992","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historic and modern abundance of wild lean lake trout in Michigan waters of Lake Superior: Implications for restoration goals","docAbstract":"Populations of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Superior collapsed in the late 1950s due to overfishing and predation by sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus. A binational effort to restore the lean morphotype of lake trout began with the stocking of hatchery-reared fish followed by the chemical control of sea lampreys and closure of the commercial fishery. Previous comparisons of the contemporary abundance of wild lean lake trout with that from historic commercial fishery statistics indicate that abundance was higher historically. However, this conclusion may be biased because several factors—the inclusion of siscowet (the “fat” morphotype of lake trout) in the catch statistics, the soak time of nets, seasonal effects on catch per effort, and the confounding effects of effort targeted at lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis—were not accounted for. We developed new indices of historic lean lake trout abundance that correct for these biases and compared them with the assessment data from 1984 to 1998 in Michigan waters of Lake Superior. The modern (1984–1998) abundance of wild lean lake trout is at least as high as that during 1929–1943 in six of eight management areas but lower in one area. Measures to promote and protect naturally reproducing populations have been more successful than previously realized.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0100:HAMAOW>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wilberg, M.J., Hansen, M.J., and Bronte, C.R., 2003, Historic and modern abundance of wild lean lake trout in Michigan waters of Lake Superior: Implications for restoration goals: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, no. 1, p. 100-108, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0100:HAMAOW>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"108","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68863d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilberg, Michael J.","contributorId":36494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilberg","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, Michael J. 0000-0001-8522-3876 michaelhansen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8522-3876","contributorId":5006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Michael","email":"michaelhansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bronte, Charles R.","contributorId":83050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronte","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000996,"text":"1000996 - 2003 - Planning and executing a lampricide treatment of the St. Marys River using georeferenced data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:45","indexId":"1000996","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Planning and executing a lampricide treatment of the St. Marys River using georeferenced data","docAbstract":"The St. Marys River is believed to be the primary source of sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in Lake Huron. Planning or evaluating lampricide treatments required knowing where lampricides could effectively be placed and where larvae were located. Accurate maps of larval density were therefore critical to formulating or evaluating management strategies using lampricides. Larval abundance was systematically assessed with a deepwater electrofishing device at 12,000 georeferenced locations during 1993 to 1996. Maps were produced from catches at those locations, providing georeferenced detail previously unavailable. Catches were processed with a geographic information system (GIS), to create a map of larval density. Whole-river treatment scenarios using TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) were evaluated by combining the map with one of lethal conditions predicted by a lampricide-transport model. The map was also used to evaluate spot treatment scenarios with a granular, bottom-release formulation of another lampricide, Bayluscide (2',5-dichloro-4'-nitro-salicylanilide). Potential high-density plots for Bayluscide treatment were selected from the map and estimates of area, cost, and larval population were developed using the GIS. Plots were ranked by the cost per larva killed. Spot treatments were found to be more cost effective than a conventional TFM treatment and Bayluscide was applied to 82 ha in 1998 and 759 ha in 1999. Effectiveness was estimated with stratified-random sampling before and after treatment in 1999 at 35%. Ten percent already had been removed in 1998, for a total reduction of 45% percent. This marked a change in how research and planning were combined in sea lamprey management to minimize treatment costs and evaluate success.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Fodale, M.F., Bergstedt, R.A., Cuddy, D.W., Adams, J.V., and Stolyarenko, D.A., 2003, Planning and executing a lampricide treatment of the St. Marys River using georeferenced data: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 29, p. 706-716.","productDescription":"p. 706-716","startPage":"706","endPage":"716","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68521e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fodale, Michael F.","contributorId":18309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fodale","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergstedt, Roger A. rbergstedt@usgs.gov","contributorId":4174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstedt","given":"Roger","email":"rbergstedt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cuddy, Douglas W.","contributorId":77474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuddy","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adams, Jean V. 0000-0002-9101-068X jvadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-068X","contributorId":3140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Jean","email":"jvadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stolyarenko, Dimitri A.","contributorId":8813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolyarenko","given":"Dimitri","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1000998,"text":"1000998 - 2003 - Evaluation of strategies for the release of male sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in Lake Superior for a proposed sterile-male-release program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:06","indexId":"1000998","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of strategies for the release of male sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in Lake Superior for a proposed sterile-male-release program","docAbstract":"Successful implementation of a sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control technique that uses sterilized males to reduce reproduction presently depends on the importation of large numbers of males outside of the target population. Strategies were examined for releasing male sea lampreys from Lakes Michigan and Huron into the Lake Superior spawning population and the ability of these introduced males to compete with resident males and spawn with resident females. During 1987, 553 (9%) of 6,324 imported fertile males released at 12 shoreline and one offshore site in Lake Superior were recaptured. Most remained within 20 km of the release site and entered the first stream encountered. During 1988, 393 (18%) of 2,208 imported fertile males released directly into three spawning rivers were recaptured. In both cases, animals released early during the spawning run were more likely to be recaptured than those released later. Introduced males successfully competed with resident males and spawned with resident females. Demonstrating that male sea lampreys could reproduce successfully when relocated supported subsequent large-scale field trials of the sterile-male-release technique.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kaye, C.A., Heinrich, J., Genovese, J., Hanson, L., McDonald, R., Slade, J., and Swink, W., 2003, Evaluation of strategies for the release of male sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in Lake Superior for a proposed sterile-male-release program: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 29, p. 424-434.","productDescription":"p. 424-434","startPage":"424","endPage":"434","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128522,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67eb0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaye, C. A.","contributorId":6003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaye","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heinrich, J.W.","contributorId":38093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinrich","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Genovese, J.H.","contributorId":18306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Genovese","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanson, L.H.","contributorId":73535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McDonald, R.B.","contributorId":40549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Slade, J.W.","contributorId":67450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Swink, W.D.","contributorId":66200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swink","given":"W.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1001006,"text":"1001006 - 2003 - Effects of two classification strategies on a Benthic Community Index for streams in the Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-19T12:46:48","indexId":"1001006","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of two classification strategies on a Benthic Community Index for streams in the Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion","docAbstract":"Ninety-four sites were used to analyze the effects of two different classification strategies on the Benthic Community Index (BCI). The first, a priori classification, reflected the wetland status of the streams; the second, a posteriori classification, used a bio-environmental analysis to select classification variables. Both classifications were examined by measuring classification strength and testing differences in metric values with respect to group membership. The a priori (wetland) classification strength (83.3%) was greater than the a posteriori (bio-environmental) classification strength (76.8%). Both classifications found one metric that had significant differences between groups. The original index was modified to reflect the wetland classification by re-calibrating the scoring criteria for percent Crustacea and Mollusca. A proposed refinement to the original Benthic Community Index is suggested. This study shows the importance of using hypothesis-driven classifications, as well as exploratory statistical analysis, to evaluate alternative ways to reveal environmental variability in biological assessment tools.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00043-8","usgsCitation":"Butcher, J.T., Stewart, P.M., and Simon, T.P., 2003, Effects of two classification strategies on a Benthic Community Index for streams in the Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion: Ecological Indicators, v. 3, no. 3, p. 195-202, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00043-8.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"202","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133625,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60ffad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butcher, Jason T.","contributorId":98662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butcher","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, Paul M.","contributorId":63336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simon, Thomas P.","contributorId":77081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001750,"text":"1001750 - 2003 - Life history, diversity and distribution: A study of Japanese pteridophytes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-19T12:05:19.666761","indexId":"1001750","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1445,"text":"Ecography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life history, diversity and distribution: A study of Japanese pteridophytes","docAbstract":"Many studies address the relationships between diversity or distribution and attributes of the physical environment. However, how these relationships are connected to variation in life history is poorly understood. This is particularly true in the case of pteridophytes. Japanese ferns and their allies comprise one of the best-known pteridophyte floras in the world. We analyzed ca 600 species of Japanese pteridophytes for which there is detailed information on distribution, reproduction, and chromosome number. Species richness was greatest in groups with a single reproductive mode (sexual, followed by apogamous), but distribution was greatest in species groups with multiple reproductive modes: sexual plus either sterile (irregular in meiosis) or apogamous. Geographical ranges varied greatly among species with small chromosome numbers but were uniformly small among species having high chromosome numbers. Seasonally green (mostly summer green) species had significantly larger distribution ranges than evergreen species. Endemic species had higher proportions of apogamy and sterility than non-endemic species. Seasonally green species had significantly larger distributional ranges, and a smaller proportion of species with apogamous reproduction, than evergreen species. There was no clear relationship between distribution and spore size, either among endemic species, non-endemic species, or all species combined. There was no relationship between spore size and chromosome number when all species were combined. However, positive relationships were detected within three of the nine largest genera, suggesting potential phylogenetic effects. We concluded that habitat availability, rather than dispersability, may be the limiting factor for the distribution of pteridophytes in Japan.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03379.x","usgsCitation":"Guo, Q., Kato, M., and Ricklefs, R., 2003, Life history, diversity and distribution: A study of Japanese pteridophytes: Ecography, v. 26, no. 2, p. 129-138, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03379.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"138","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478390,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.415.6622","text":"External Repository"},{"id":130453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[134.63843,34.14923],[134.76638,33.80633],[134.20342,33.20118],[133.79295,33.52199],[133.28027,33.28957],[133.01486,32.70457],[132.36311,32.98938],[132.37118,33.46364],[132.92437,34.0603],[133.49297,33.94462],[133.90411,34.36493],[134.63843,34.14923]]],[[[140.97639,37.14207],[140.59977,36.34398],[140.77407,35.84288],[140.25328,35.13811],[138.97553,34.6676],[137.2176,34.60629],[135.79298,33.46481],[135.12098,33.84907],[135.07943,34.59654],[133.34032,34.37594],[132.15677,33.90493],[130.98614,33.88576],[132.00004,33.14999],[131.33279,31.45035],[130.68632,31.02958],[130.20242,31.41824],[130.44768,32.31947],[129.81469,32.61031],[129.40846,33.29606],[130.35394,33.60415],[130.87845,34.23274],[131.88423,34.74971],[132.61767,35.43339],[134.6083,35.73162],[135.67754,35.52713],[136.72383,37.30498],[137.39061,36.82739],[138.8576,37.82748],[139.4264,38.21596],[140.05479,39.43881],[139.88338,40.56331],[140.30578,41.19501],[141.36897,41.37856],[141.91426,39.99162],[141.8846,39.18086],[140.95949,38.174],[140.97639,37.14207]]],[[[143.91016,44.1741],[144.61343,43.96088],[145.32083,44.38473],[145.54314,43.26209],[144.05966,42.98836],[143.18385,41.99521],[141.61149,42.67879],[141.06729,41.58459],[139.95511,41.56956],[139.81754,42.56376],[140.31209,43.33327],[141.38055,43.38882],[141.67195,44.77213],[141.96764,45.55148],[143.14287,44.51036],[143.91016,44.1741]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Japan\"}}]}","volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-04-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a53d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guo, Q.","contributorId":67039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kato, Masako","contributorId":25105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kato","given":"Masako","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ricklefs, R. E.","contributorId":13924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ricklefs","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001784,"text":"1001784 - 2003 - Temporal species richness-biomass relationships along successional gradients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T09:47:53","indexId":"1001784","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2490,"text":"Journal of Vegetation Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal species richness-biomass relationships along successional gradients","docAbstract":"Diversity-biomass relationships are frequently reported to be hump-shaped over space at a given time. However, it is not yet clear how diversity and biomass change simultaneously and how they are related to each other over time (e.g. in succession) at one locality. This study develops a temporal model based on the projected changes of various community variables in a generalized terrestrial environment after fire and uses post-fire succession data on Santa Monica Mountains of southern California and other published succession data to examine the temporal diversity-biomass relationships. The results indicate that in the early stages of succession, both diversity and biomass increase and a positive relationship appears, while in the late stages of succession, biomass continued to increase but diversity usually declines; thus a negative relationship may be observed. When the scales of measurement become sufficiently large so that the measured diversity and biomass cross various stages of succession, a 'hump-shaped' relationship can emerge. The diversity-biomass relationship appears to be concordant in space and time when appropriate scales are used. Formerly proposed explanations for spatial patterns may well apply to the temporal patterns (particularly colonization, facilitation and competitive exclusion).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Vegetation Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Guo, Q., 2003, Temporal species richness-biomass relationships along successional gradients: Journal of Vegetation Science, v. 14, p. 121-128.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"128","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68554b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guo, Q.","contributorId":67039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001863,"text":"1001863 - 2003 - Predator exclusion methods for managing endangered shorebirds: Are two barriers better than one?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-14T17:34:27.389673","indexId":"1001863","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predator exclusion methods for managing endangered shorebirds: Are two barriers better than one?","docAbstract":"Reproductive success of shorebirds can be improved by placement of predator exclosure fences along beaches or wire-mesh exclosure “cages” over nests. We predicted that these two types of exclosures used simultaneously might further improve reproductive success over that when cages alone are used. Field experiments were carried out on Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) on prairie alkali lakes in North Dakota and Montana. During 1996 and 1997, we compared success of nesting plover pairs provided with: (1) no protection, (2) cages that protected eggs in individual nests from both mammalian and avian predators, and (3) a combination of cages plus a temporary electric fence that excluded mammalian predators from the entire nesting beach where chicks were being reared. In 20 replicated trials, fledgling production rates were: no protection, 0.72 chicks/pair (95% CI: 0.29-1.15, N = 43 pairs); cage only, 1.73 (1.30-2.16, N = 46); fence plus cage, 2.06 (1.63-2.49, N = 50). Production by protected pairs was significantly greater than for unprotected pairs. However, no significant difference in production was detected between the two protection types. Temporary electric fences were relatively expensive to apply and added little to the effectiveness of cages, but may be appropriate in situations where cages cannot be used or where mammalian predation on chicks is a greater threat.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Waterbird Society","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2003)026[0156:PEMFME]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Murphy, R.K., Greenwood, R.J., Ivan, J., and Smith, K.A., 2003, Predator exclusion methods for managing endangered shorebirds: Are two barriers better than one?: Waterbirds, v. 26, no. 2, p. 156-159, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2003)026[0156:PEMFME]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"156","endPage":"159","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, North Dakota","county":"Divide County, McLean County, Mountrail County, Sheridan County, Ward County, Williams County","city":"Lostwood","otherGeospatial":"Williams Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.00006103515625,\n 47.48217672294507\n ],\n [\n -100.70102691650389,\n 47.48217672294507\n ],\n [\n -100.70102691650389,\n 47.58856790334661\n ],\n [\n -101.00006103515625,\n 47.58856790334661\n ],\n [\n -101.00006103515625,\n 47.48217672294507\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.7056884765625,\n 48.38817819201506\n ],\n [\n -102.1453857421875,\n 48.38817819201506\n ],\n [\n -102.1453857421875,\n 48.59341332926223\n ],\n [\n -102.7056884765625,\n 48.59341332926223\n ],\n [\n -102.7056884765625,\n 48.38817819201506\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.6832275390625,\n 47.97889140226657\n ],\n [\n -103.1781005859375,\n 47.97889140226657\n ],\n [\n -103.1781005859375,\n 48.99824008113872\n ],\n [\n -104.6832275390625,\n 48.99824008113872\n ],\n [\n -104.6832275390625,\n 47.97889140226657\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db67ff6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, Robert K.","contributorId":67643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":56253,"text":"Eagle Environmental, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":311977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greenwood, R. J.","contributorId":74326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenwood","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ivan, Jacob S.","contributorId":200243,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ivan","given":"Jacob S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Karen A.","contributorId":77477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1002989,"text":"1002989 - 2003 - Evaluation of relocation of unionid mussels to in situ refugia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:07","indexId":"1002989","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2393,"text":"Journal of Molluscan Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of relocation of unionid mussels to in situ refugia","docAbstract":"The aim of this study was to evaluate the recovery and survival of four species of unionid mussles [pimpleback, Quadrula pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831); spike, Elliptio dilatata (Rafinesque, 1820); Higgins eye, Lampsilis higginsii (I. Lea, 1857); and pocketbook, Lampsilis cardium (Rafinesque, 1820)] that were experimentally relocated to in situ refugia in the St Croix River of Minnesota and Wisconsin, USA. In 1996, 150 mussels of each of the first three species (450 total) were relocated to three 5 x 5 m study grids (Site A), one near Lakeland, Minnesota, which served as a source-site control, and two in the experimental refuge 48 km upstream, near Franconia, Minnesota. In a second relocation in 1997, L. Cardium was substituted for L. Higginsii and 150 mussels of this and each of the other two species (450 total), were relocated to two study grids (Site B). The source site control was near Sunrise, Minnesota and the experimental refuge was 14 km downstream near Almelund, Minnesota. Mussel recovery, survival and substratum characteristics were evaluated annually at Site A for 2 years and for 3 years at Site B. Mean annual recovery of all three species ranged from 90 to 100% at Site A, and from 34 to 70% at site B. The mean annual survival of recaptured mussels ranged from 85 to 100% at Site A, and from 88 to 100% at Site B. The textural characteristics of the substratum differed significantly between the control and the two refuge locations at the beginning of the study, but did not differ from this initial status among subsequent years at Site A. At Site B, there was a significant shift in textural characteristics from large to smaller fractions over the four years. The relatively high survival of mussels during this study demonstrates the importance of proper handling and transport protocols when relocating mussels and the selection of suitable relocation habitat with stable substratum. When established correctly, in situ refugia may be a viable tool for preserving unionid mussels.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Molluscan Studies","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Cope, W., Hove, M., Waller, D.L., Hornbach, D., Bartsch, M., Cunningham, L., Dunn, H., and Kapuscinski, A., 2003, Evaluation of relocation of unionid mussels to in situ refugia: Journal of Molluscan Studies, v. 69, p. 27-34.","productDescription":"pp. 27-34","startPage":"27","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15594,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/69/1/27","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5332.000000000000000"}],"volume":"69","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667952","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cope, W.G.","contributorId":71918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cope","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hove, M.C.","contributorId":57002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hove","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waller, D. L.","contributorId":43704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hornbach, D.J.","contributorId":100781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornbach","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bartsch, M.R.","contributorId":42908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartsch","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cunningham, L.A.","contributorId":28195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dunn, H.L.","contributorId":102022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunn","given":"H.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kapuscinski, A.R.","contributorId":21106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kapuscinski","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":1003021,"text":"1003021 - 2003 - Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in controlling mortality associated with saprolegniasis on walleye, white sucker, and paddlefish eggs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-22T17:37:20.7904","indexId":"1003021","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2885,"text":"North American Journal of Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in controlling mortality associated with saprolegniasis on walleye, white sucker, and paddlefish eggs","docAbstract":"The efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in controlling saprolegniasis on eggs of walleye Stizostedion vitreum, white sucker Catostomus commersoni, and paddlefish Polyodon spathula was evaluated at four private, state, and federal production hatcheries participating in an Investigational New Animal Drug efficacy study (experiment 1; walleyes) and in a laboratory-based miniature egg jar incubation system (experiment 2; walleyes, white suckers, and paddlefish). Naturally occurring fungal infestations (saprolegniasis) were observed on eggs in both experiments. Confirmatory diagnosis of infested eggs from one hatchery in experiment 1 identified the pathogen as Saprolegnia parasitica. During experiment 1, eggs were treated daily for 15 min with either 0, 500, or 750 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide, and one trial compared a 500-mg/L hydrogen peroxide treatment with a formalin treatment at 1,667 mg/L. Saprolegniasis infestation was observed in control egg jars, whereas treatment with either formalin or hydrogen peroxide virtually eliminated the infestation. Hydrogen peroxide treatments of 500 mg/L either increased egg hatch or were as effective as physical removal of infested eggs in controlling mortality. Although treatment with formalin at 1,667 mg/L significantly increased the percent eye-up of walleye eggs compared with that of those treated with hydrogen peroxide at 500 mg/L, the difference was only 1.9-2.6%. In experiment 2, noneyed eggs were treated for 15 min every other day with 0, 283, 565, or 1,130 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide until the viable eggs hatched. Saprolegniasis infestation engulfed most control eggs, whereas infestation of treated eggs was either reduced or not visible. Hydrogen peroxide significantly increased egg hatch for all three species tested in experiment 2. Although hydrogen peroxide treatments as low as 283 mg/L significantly increased walleye and white sucker hatch, treatments between 500 and 1,000 mg/L are more likely to be effective in production egg incubation systems.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/C02-054","issn":"15222055","usgsCitation":"Gaikowski, M., Rach, J., Drobish, M., Hamilton, J., Harder, T., Lee, L., Moen, C., and Moore, A., 2003, Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in controlling mortality associated with saprolegniasis on walleye, white sucker, and paddlefish eggs: North American Journal of Aquaculture, v. 65, no. 4, p. 349-355, https://doi.org/10.1577/C02-054.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"355","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388318,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f5a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaikowski, M.P. 0000-0002-6507-9341","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6507-9341","contributorId":51685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaikowski","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rach, J.J.","contributorId":73948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rach","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drobish, M.","contributorId":85533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobish","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, J.","contributorId":63343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harder, T.","contributorId":65412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harder","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, L.A.","contributorId":54921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moen, C.","contributorId":34079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moen","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Moore, A.","contributorId":29351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":1003477,"text":"1003477 - 2003 - Acute toxicity of TFM and a TFM/niclosamide mixture to selected species of fish, including lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) and mudpuppies (Necturus maculosus), in laboratory and field exposures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-18T16:01:56","indexId":"1003477","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity of TFM and a TFM/niclosamide mixture to selected species of fish, including lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) and mudpuppies (Necturus maculosus), in laboratory and field exposures","docAbstract":"The toxicity of the lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (niclosamide) to non-target fishes has been a major point of concern since their use to control larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) populations began in the early 1960s. The toxicity of TFM to several non-target fish species has been demonstrated in previous studies. However, little information is available on the toxicity of the TFM/1% niclosamide mixture. One species of particular concern is the lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens). Juvenile lake sturgeon of several size ranges were exposed to determine potential effects of the lampricides to individuals present in treatment streams. Sac fry were most resistant to the lampricides followed by fingerlings in the 200 to 225 mm size range. Swim-up fry and fingerlings less than 100 mm were the most sensitive. Concentrations that produced 50% mortality (LC50s) in juvenile lake sturgeon of these smaller size ranges were at or near the minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) required for effective control of larval sea lampreys. The mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus), an amphibian native to several tributaries of the Great Lakes, have also become a species of interest in recent years. Laboratory tests conducted with TFM and a TFM/1% niclosamide mixture on adult mudpuppies indicate that although the amphibian is sensitive to the lampricides, an adequate margin of safety exists for adult mudpuppies to survive when exposed during stream treatments. Fifteen other fish species native to streams treated with lampricides were investigated in the laboratory to determine their sensitivity to the lampricides. Centrarchids, bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) were the least sensitive to TFM, while ictalurids, black bullhead (Ictalurus melas), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), and tadpole madtom (Notorus gyrinus) were the most sensitive. On-site bioassays conducted before lampricide treatments also revealed that lake sturgeon, channel catfish, and whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) were sensitive to the lampricides although considerably less sensitive compared to sea lamprey.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70514-0","usgsCitation":"Boogaard, M., Bills, T., and Johnson, D., 2003, Acute toxicity of TFM and a TFM/niclosamide mixture to selected species of fish, including lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) and mudpuppies (Necturus maculosus), in laboratory and field exposures: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 29, no. Supplement 1, p. 529-541, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70514-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"541","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264120,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70514-0"}],"volume":"29","issue":"Supplement 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boogaard, M.A.","contributorId":92994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boogaard","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bills, T.D.","contributorId":6393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bills","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, D.A.","contributorId":61370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003781,"text":"1003781 - 2003 - Lichens promote flowering Opuntia fragilis in west-central Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-14T22:27:18.560051","indexId":"1003781","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lichens promote flowering Opuntia fragilis in west-central Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Clumps of the cactus Opuntia fragilis growing in association with mats of the lichens Cladina mitis, Cladina rangiferina and a spikemoss, Selaginella rupestris, were discovered in an agricultural field in Pepin County, Wisconsin, that had been abandoned for over 50 y. The association appeared to be beneficial to the cactus, which flowered almost exclusively in the presence of lichens. Of 294 cactus clumps examined in 2001, 127 grew in the presence of lichen mats and, of these, 24 flowered, producing 91 flowers, while none of the cacti growing in the absence of lichens flowered. In 2002, 19 out of 265 cactus clumps flowered, all but one in the presence of lichens. All sizes of cacti in the presence of lichens flowered and the probability of flowering increased with cactus size. In addition, the cacti that flowered had cladodes that were on average 19% heavier than those of cacti that did not flower. The presence of lichens lowered summer soil temperatures 2–4 C compared to soil temperatures in the absence of lichens. Cooler soil temperatures conserve soil moisture better, which may enhance flowering in these cacti.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2003)150[0221:LPFOOF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., Bornar, C., and Harrington, C., 2003, Lichens promote flowering Opuntia fragilis in west-central Wisconsin: American Midland Naturalist, v. 150, no. 2, p. 221-230, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2003)150[0221:LPFOOF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"230","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Pepin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.32120513916016,\n 44.54350521320822\n ],\n [\n -92.1368408203125,\n 44.543260520374844\n ],\n [\n -92.13787078857422,\n 44.68574195264856\n ],\n [\n -91.64863586425781,\n 44.68574195264856\n ],\n [\n -91.64932250976561,\n 44.59437896722391\n ],\n [\n -92.00775146484374,\n 44.596090290766625\n ],\n [\n -92.032470703125,\n 44.582887346829935\n ],\n [\n -92.04517364501953,\n 44.52563993352614\n ],\n [\n -92.04551696777344,\n 44.5063000997406\n ],\n [\n -92.05856323242188,\n 44.4867089169177\n ],\n [\n -92.0599365234375,\n 44.461475576425855\n ],\n [\n -92.07538604736328,\n 44.426424791343855\n ],\n [\n -92.07881927490233,\n 44.40337295966717\n ],\n [\n -92.11349487304688,\n 44.41122141189896\n ],\n [\n -92.12654113769531,\n 44.42004966190147\n ],\n [\n -92.21717834472656,\n 44.436476467560205\n ],\n [\n -92.24292755126953,\n 44.44922244824691\n ],\n [\n -92.29820251464844,\n 44.485974119519405\n ],\n [\n -92.32120513916016,\n 44.54350521320822\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"150","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a54b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, J. P.","contributorId":52103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bornar, C.R.","contributorId":25131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bornar","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harrington, C.A.","contributorId":96650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrington","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1007960,"text":"1007960 - 2003 - Marine reserve design for conservation and fisheries management: a case study from the California Channel Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:16","indexId":"1007960","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marine reserve design for conservation and fisheries management: a case study from the California Channel Islands","docAbstract":"Five races of cottontail rabbits belonging to three species occur in Virginia. One of them, the Mearns cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi), is reported here for the first time. It occurs in six southwestern counties of the state, while the eastern cottontail (S. f. mallurus) occurs in the remainder of the state with the exception of Smith and Fishermans islands off the eastern coast of Cape Charles, where it is replaced by Hitchens cottontail (S. f. hitchensi). The New England cottontail (S. transitionalis) is found on the higher mountain peaks, above 3000 feet, and the swamp rabbit (S. palustris) occurs in the Dismal Swamp region of southeastern Virginia.....The height of the breeding season for the eastern cottontail in Virginia is March and April, but breeding continues through the entire year except in December and January. The average litter size based on embryo counts was 4.7. The sex ratio of 234 specimens from all parts of the state, taken mostly in the December to February period, was 53 males to 47 females. That of a group of 145 rabbits live-trapped at Blacksburg during February and Marchwas 58 males to 42 females. The figures show that males are more active than females during the winter months, and therefore are more easily taken then....In transplanting cottontails from one section of the state to another, it is recommended that only cottontails of the same race as those originally present in the region being restocked be released there....Tularemia is not a common disease among rabbits in Virginia, but the rabbit ticks are often carriers of the disease and may transmit it to rabbits. Rabbit ticks are also found to be carriers of Rocky Mountain fever and American Q. fever. After the ticks drop off the rabbits to hibernate in the ground, which is likely to occur during mid-winter in Virginia, there is relatively little danger of humans contracting tularemia by contact with rabbits. Present laws in Virginia which prohibit rabbit hunting until the opening of the general hunting season, November 15and November 20--west and east of the Blue Ridge Mountains, respectively--protect the licensed hunters to which these regulations apply, but landowners or tenants are still allowed to take rabbits for their own use on their own land at any time. It is recommended that as a public health measure the taking of cottontails be completely prohibited to all until the opening of the general hunting season.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Airame, S., Dugan, E., Lafferty, K.D., Leslie, H., McArdle, D., and Warner, R., 2003, Marine reserve design for conservation and fisheries management: a case study from the California Channel Islands: Ecological Applications, v. 13, p. S170-S184.","productDescription":"p. S170-S184","startPage":"S170","endPage":"S184","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60425c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Airame, S.J.","contributorId":91441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Airame","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dugan, E.","contributorId":60581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lafferty, K. D.","contributorId":58213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lafferty","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leslie, H.M.","contributorId":28926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McArdle, D.A.","contributorId":107233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McArdle","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Warner, R.R.","contributorId":92201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1008309,"text":"1008309 - 2003 - Effects of increased soil nitrogen on the dominance of alien annual plants in the Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-28T14:40:09","indexId":"1008309","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of increased soil nitrogen on the dominance of alien annual plants in the Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"1. Deserts are one of the least invaded ecosystems by plants, possibly due to naturally low levels of soil nitrogen. Increased levels of soil nitrogen caused by atmospheric nitrogen deposition may increase the dominance of invasive alien plants and decrease the diversity of plant communities in desert regions, as it has in other ecosystems. Deserts should be particularly susceptible to even small increases in soil nitrogen levels because the ratio of increased nitrogen to plant biomass is higher compared with most other ecosystems.
2. The hypothesis that increased soil nitrogen will lead to increased dominance by alien plants and decreased plant species diversity was tested in field experiments using nitrogen additions at three sites in the in the Mojave Desert of western North America.
3. Responses of alien and native annual plants to soil nitrogen additions were measured in terms of density, biomass and species richness. Effects of nitrogen additions were evaluated during 2 years of contrasting rainfall and annual plant productivity. The rate of nitrogen addition was similar to published rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in urban areas adjacent to the Mojave Desert (3·2 g N m−2 year−1). The dominant alien species included the grasses Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens and Schismus spp. (S. arabicus and S. barbatus) and the forb Erodium cicutarium.
4. Soil nitrogen addition increased the density and biomass of alien annual plants during both years, but decreased density, biomass and species richness of native species only during the year of highest annual plant productivity. The negative response of natives may have been due to increased competitive stress for soil water and other nutrients caused by the increased productivity of aliens.
5. The effects of nitrogen additions were significant at both ends of a natural nutrient gradient, beneath creosote bush Larrea tridentata canopies and in the interspaces between them, although responses varied among individual alien species. The positive effects of nitrogen addition were highest in the beneath-canopy for B. rubens and in interspaces for Schismus spp. and E. cicutarium.
6. The results indicated that increased levels of soil nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen deposition or from other sources could increase the dominance of alien annual plants and possibly promote the invasion of new species in desert regions. Increased dominance by alien annuals may decrease the diversity of native annual plants, and increased biomass of alien annual grasses may also increase the frequency of fire.
7. Although nitrogen deposition cannot be controlled by local land managers, the managers need to understand its potential effects on plant communities and ecosystem properties, in particular how these effects may interact with land-use activities that can be managed at the local scale. These interactions are currently unknown, and hinder the ability of managers to make appropriate land-use decisions related to nitrogen deposition in desert ecosystems.
8. Synthesis and applications. The effects of nitrogen deposition on invasive alien plants should be considered when deciding where to locate new conservation areas, and in evaluating the full scope of ecological effects of new projects that would increase nitrogen deposition rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00789.x","usgsCitation":"Brooks, M.L., 2003, Effects of increased soil nitrogen on the dominance of alien annual plants in the Mojave Desert: Journal of Applied Ecology, v. 40, no. 2, p. 344-353, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00789.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"344","endPage":"353","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478541,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00789.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-04-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611e06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, Matthew L. 0000-0002-3518-6787 mlbrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3518-6787","contributorId":393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Matthew","email":"mlbrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1008312,"text":"1008312 - 2003 - Satellite telemetry and wildlife studies in India: Advantages, options and challenges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T13:14:41","indexId":"1008312","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1359,"text":"Current Science","onlineIssn":"0011-3891","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Satellite telemetry and wildlife studies in India: Advantages, options and challenges","docAbstract":"Greater spatial coverage, accuracy and non-invasiveness of satellite technology make it one of the best tools to track long-distance migrants, which is otherwise difficult using conventional radio telemetry. In this article, we review the evolution of satellite telemetry and its application. We provide examples of three recent studies in India that have demonstrated and created a widespread appreciation of the use and benefits of satellite telemetry among biologists and managers. We also discuss the future prospects of this technology vis-a-vis benefits and challenges in the Indian subcontinent.
","language":"English","publisher":"Current Science Association","usgsCitation":"Javed, S., Higuchi, H., Nagendran, M., and Takekawa, J.Y., 2003, Satellite telemetry and wildlife studies in India: Advantages, options and challenges: Current Science, v. 85, no. 10, p. 1439-1443.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1439","endPage":"1443","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":329067,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.currentscience.ac.in/php/toc.php?vol=085&issue=10"}],"volume":"85","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdca0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Javed, Sàlim","contributorId":13733,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Javed","given":"Sàlim","affiliations":[{"id":34107,"text":"Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":317366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higuchi, Hiroyoshi","contributorId":69850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higuchi","given":"Hiroyoshi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nagendran, Meenakshi","contributorId":34083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagendran","given":"Meenakshi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":317368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008344,"text":"1008344 - 2003 - Species area relationships in mediterranean-climate plant communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-28T11:33:34","indexId":"1008344","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Species area relationships in mediterranean-climate plant communities","docAbstract":"Aim To determine the best-fit model of species–area relationships for Mediterranean-type plant communities and evaluate how community structure affects these species–area models.
Location Data were collected from California shrublands and woodlands and compared with literature reports for other Mediterranean-climate regions.
Methods The number of species was recorded from 1, 100 and 1000 m2 nested plots. Best fit to the power model or exponential model was determined by comparing adjusted r2 values from the least squares regression, pattern of residuals, homoscedasticity across scales, and semi-log slopes at 1–100 m2 and 100–1000 m2. Dominance–diversity curves were tested for fit to the lognormal model, MacArthur's broken stick model, and the geometric and harmonic series.
Results Early successional Western Australia and California shrublands represented the extremes and provide an interesting contrast as the exponential model was the best fit for the former, and the power model for the latter, despite similar total species richness. We hypothesize that structural differences in these communities account for the different species–area curves and are tied to patterns of dominance, equitability and life form distribution. Dominance–diversity relationships for Western Australian heathlands exhibited a close fit to MacArthur's broken stick model, indicating more equitable distribution of species. In contrast, Californian shrublands, both postfire and mature stands, were best fit by the geometric model indicating strong dominance and many minor subordinate species. These regions differ in life form distribution, with annuals being a major component of diversity in early successional Californian shrublands although they are largely lacking in mature stands. Both young and old Australian heathlands are dominated by perennials, and annuals are largely absent. Inherent in all of these ecosystems is cyclical disequilibrium caused by periodic fires. The potential for community reassembly is greater in Californian shrublands where only a quarter of the flora resprout, whereas three quarters resprout in Australian heathlands.
Other Californian vegetation types sampled include coniferous forests, oak savannas and desert scrub, and demonstrate that different community structures may lead to a similar species–area relationship. Dominance–diversity relationships for coniferous forests closely follow a geometric model whereas associated oak savannas show a close fit to the lognormal model. However, for both communities, species–area curves fit a power model. The primary driver appears to be the presence of annuals. Desert scrub communities illustrate dramatic changes in both species diversity and dominance–diversity relationships in high and low rainfall years, because of the disappearance of annuals in drought years.
Main conclusions Species–area curves for immature shrublands in California and the majority of Mediterranean plant communities fit a power function model. Exceptions that fit the exponential model are not because of sampling error or scaling effects, rather structural differences in these communities provide plausible explanations. The exponential species–area model may arise in more than one way. In the highly diverse Australian heathlands it results from a rapid increase in species richness at small scales. In mature California shrublands it results from very depauperate richness at the community scale. In both instances the exponential model is tied to a preponderance of perennials and paucity of annuals. For communities fit by a power model, coefficients z and log c exhibit a number of significant correlations with other diversity parameters, suggesting that they have some predictive value in ecological communities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00950.x","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., and Fotheringham, C.J., 2003, Species area relationships in mediterranean-climate plant communities: Journal of Biogeography, v. 30, no. 11, p. 1629-1657, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00950.x.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1629","endPage":"1657","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-10-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699f0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fotheringham, C. J.","contributorId":63334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fotheringham","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}