The Mw 7.9, Denali fault earthquake (DFE) is the largest continental strike-slip earthquake to occur since the development of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). We use five interferograms, constructed using radar images from the Canadian Radarsat-1 satellite, to map the surface deformation at the western end of the fault rupture. Additional geodetic data are provided by displacements observed at 40 campaign and continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) sites. We use the data to determine the geometry of the Susitna Glacier fault, thrusting on which initiated the DFE, and to determine a slip model for the entire event that is consistent with both the InSAR and GPS data. We find there was an average of 7.3 ± 0.4 m slip on the Susitna Glacier fault, between 1 and 9.5 km depth on a 29 km long fault that dips north at 41 ± 0.7° and has a surface projection close to the mapped rupture. On the Denali fault, a simple model with large slip patches finds a maximum of 8.7 ± 0.7 m of slip between the surface and 14.3 ± 0.2 km depth. A more complex distributed slip model finds a peak of 12.5 ± 0.8 m in the upper 4 km, significantly higher than the observed surface slip. We estimate a geodetic moment of 670 ± 10 × 1018 N m (Mw 7.9), consistent with seismic estimates. Lack of preseismic data resulted in an absence of InSAR coverage for the eastern half of the DFE rupture. A dedicated geodetic InSAR mission could obviate coverage problems in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040623","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Wright, T.J., Lu, Z., and Wicks, C., 2004, Constraining the slip distribution and fault geometry of the Mw 7.9, 3 November 2002, Denali fault earthquake with Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Global Positioning System data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6, p. S175-S189, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040623.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"S175","endPage":"S189","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa08e4b0c8380cd4d8ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Tim J.","contributorId":84959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Tim","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wicks, Charles 0000-0002-0809-1328","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-1328","contributorId":9023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"Charles","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":408186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026157,"text":"70026157 - 2004 - The estuarine chemistry and isotope systematics of 234,238U in the Amazon and Fly Rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70026157","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The estuarine chemistry and isotope systematics of 234,238U in the Amazon and Fly Rivers","docAbstract":"Natural concentrations of 238U and ??234U values were determined in estuarine surface waters and pore waters of the Amazon and Fly (Papua New Guinea) Rivers to investigate U transport phenomena across river-dominated land-sea margins. Discharge from large, tropical rivers is a major source of dissolved and solid materials transported to the oceans, and are important in defining not only oceanic mass budgets, but also terrestrial weathering rates. On the Amazon shelf, salinity-property plots of dissolved organic carbon, pH and total suspended matter revealed two vastly contrasting water masses that were energetically mixed. In this mixing zone, the distribution of uranium was highly non-conservative and exhibited extensive removal from the water column. Uranium removal was most pronounced within a salinity range of 0-16.6, and likely the result of scavenging and flocculation reactions with inorganic (i.e., Fe/Mn oxides) and organic colloids/particles. Removal of uranium may also be closely coupled to exchange and resuspension processes at the sediment/water interface. An inner-shelf pore water profile indicated the following diagenetic processes: extensive (???1 m) zones of Fe(III) - and, to a lesser degree, Mn(IV) - reduction in the absence of significant S(II) concentrations appeared to facilitate the formation of various authigenic minerals (e.g., siderite, rhodocrosite and uraninite). The pore water dissolved 238U profile co-varied closely with Mn(II). Isotopic variations as evidenced in ??234U pore waters values from this site revealed information on the origin and history of particulate uranium. Only after a depth of about 1 m did the ??234U value approach unity (secular equilibrium), denoting a residual lattice bound uranium complex that is likely an upper-drainage basin weathering product. This suggests that the enriched ??234U values represent a riverine surface complexation product that is actively involved in Mn-Fe diagenetic cycles and surface complexation reactions. In the Fly River estuary, 238U appears to exhibit a reasonably conservative distribution as a function of salinity. The absence of observed U removal does not necessarily imply non-reactivity, but instead may record an integration of concurrent U removal and release processes. There is not a linear correlation between ??234U vs. 1/ 238U that would imply simple two component mixing. It is likely that resuspension of bottom sediments, prolonged residence times in the lower reaches of the Fly River, and energetic particle-colloid interactions contribute to the observed estuarine U distribution. The supply of uranium discharged from humid, tropical river systems to the sea appears to be foremost influenced by particle/water interactions that are ultimately governed by the particular physiographic and hydrologic characteristics of an estuary. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2004.07.025","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Swarzenski, P., Campbell, P., Porcelli, D., and McKee, B., 2004, The estuarine chemistry and isotope systematics of 234,238U in the Amazon and Fly Rivers: Continental Shelf Research, v. 24, no. 19, p. 2357-2372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.07.025.","startPage":"2357","endPage":"2372","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208843,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.07.025"},{"id":234890,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babdae4b08c986b323107","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swarzenski, P. 0000-0003-0116-0578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":49156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, P.","contributorId":99249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Porcelli, D.","contributorId":35912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porcelli","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKee, B.","contributorId":77716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026155,"text":"70026155 - 2004 - Observations of deep long-period (DLP) seismic events beneath Aleutian arc volcanoes; 1989-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T14:38:04","indexId":"70026155","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of deep long-period (DLP) seismic events beneath Aleutian arc volcanoes; 1989-2002","docAbstract":"Between October 12, 1989 and December 31, 2002, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) located 162 deep long-period (DLP) events beneath 11 volcanic centers in the Aleutian arc. These events generally occur at mid- to lower-crustal depths (10-45 km) and are characterized by emergent phases, extended codas, and a strong spectral peak between 1.0 and 3.0 Hz. Observed wave velocities and particle motions indicate that the dominant phases are P- and S-waves. DLP epicenters often extend over broad areas (5-20 km) surrounding the active volcanoes. The average reduced displacement of Aleutian DLPs is 26.5 cm2 and the largest event has a reduced displacement of 589 cm2 (or ML2.5). Aleutian DLP events occur both as solitary events and as sequences of events with several occurring over a period of 1-30 min. Within the sequences, individual DLPs are often separated by lower-amplitude volcanic tremor with a similar spectral character. Occasionally, volcano-tectonic earthquakes that locate at similar depths are contained within the DLP sequences.
At most, Aleutian volcanoes DLPs appear to loosely surround the main volcanic vent and occur as part of background seismicity. A likely explanation is that they reflect a relatively steady-state process of magma ascent over broad areas in the lower and middle portions of the crust. At Mount Spurr, DLP seismicity was initiated by the 1992 eruptions and then slowly declined until 1997. At Shishaldin Volcano, a short-lived increase in DLP seismicity occurred about 10 months prior to the April 19, 1999 eruption. These observations suggest a link between eruptive activity and magma flux in the mid- to lower-crust and uppermost mantle.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.07.005","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Power, J., Stihler, S., White, R., and Moran, S., 2004, Observations of deep long-period (DLP) seismic events beneath Aleutian arc volcanoes; 1989-2002: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 138, no. 3-4, p. 243-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.07.005.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"266","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Arc","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -189.931640625,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -149.94140625,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -149.94140625,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -189.931640625,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -189.931640625,\n 48.69096039092549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"138","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a8ee4b0c8380cd7422f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Power, J.A.","contributorId":20765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stihler, S.D.","contributorId":42616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stihler","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, R.A.","contributorId":21953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moran, S.C. 0000-0001-7308-9649","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-9649","contributorId":78896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026145,"text":"70026145 - 2004 - Using counts to simultaneously estimate abundance and detection probabilities in a salamander community","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026145","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1892,"text":"Herpetologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using counts to simultaneously estimate abundance and detection probabilities in a salamander community","docAbstract":"A critical variable in both ecological and conservation field studies is determining how many individuals of a species are present within a defined sampling area. Labor intensive techniques such as capture-mark-recapture and removal sampling may provide estimates of abundance, but there are many logistical constraints to their widespread application. Many studies on terrestrial and aquatic salamanders use counts as an index of abundance, assuming that detection remains constant while sampling. If this constancy is violated, determination of detection probabilities is critical to the accurate estimation of abundance. Recently, a model was developed that provides a statistical approach that allows abundance and detection to be estimated simultaneously from spatially and temporally replicated counts. We adapted this model to estimate these parameters for salamanders sampled over a six vear period in area-constrained plots in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Estimates of salamander abundance varied among years, but annual changes in abundance did not vary uniformly among species. Except for one species, abundance estimates were not correlated with site covariates (elevation/soil and water pH, conductivity, air and water temperature). The uncertainty in the estimates was so large as to make correlations ineffectual in predicting which covariates might influence abundance. Detection probabilities also varied among species and sometimes among years for the six species examined. We found such a high degree of variation in our counts and in estimates of detection among species, sites, and years as to cast doubt upon the appropriateness of using count data to monitor population trends using a small number of area-constrained survey plots. Still, the model provided reasonable estimates of abundance that could make it useful in estimating population size from count surveys.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00180831","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C., and Dorazio, R., 2004, Using counts to simultaneously estimate abundance and detection probabilities in a salamander community: Herpetologica, v. 60, no. 4, p. 468-478.","startPage":"468","endPage":"478","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc042e4b08c986b32a007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorazio, R.M. 0000-0003-2663-0468","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":23475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001061,"text":"1001061 - 2004 - Factors affecting the evolution of coastal wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes: An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T12:47:59","indexId":"1001061","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors affecting the evolution of coastal wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes: An overview","docAbstract":"Coastal wetlands play a pivotal role in the Great Lakes ecosystem. As buffer zones between the land and open waters of the Great Lakes, they perform a variety of essential functions providing both direct and indirect anthropogenic benefits. Geology, morphology and climate are the dominant variables that influence Laurentian Great Lakes wetland development. However, anthropogenic factors are the major contributors to alteration of natural wetland processes. This paper provides an overview of natural and anthropogenic factors important in Great Lakes coastal wetland development and provides statistical information describing the Great Lakes Basin. A brief description of wetlands classification and research issues is also presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/14634980490461506","usgsCitation":"Mayer, T., Edsall, T., and Munawar, M., 2004, Factors affecting the evolution of coastal wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes: An overview: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 7, no. 2, p. 171-178, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980490461506.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"178","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f87ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mayer, T.","contributorId":29353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edsall, T.","contributorId":8792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Munawar, M.","contributorId":79835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munawar","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026296,"text":"70026296 - 2004 - Comparison of geodetic and glaciological mass-balance techniques, Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-09T15:51:40.519526","indexId":"70026296","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2328,"text":"Journal of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of geodetic and glaciological mass-balance techniques, Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A","docAbstract":"The net mass balance on Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., has been measured since 1966 by the glaciological method, in which seasonal balances are measured at three index sites and extrapolated over large areas of the glacier. Systematic errors can accumulate linearly with time in this method. Therefore, the geodetic balance, in which errors are less time-dependent, was calculated for comparison with the glaciological method. Digital elevation models of the glacier in 1974, 1993 and 1999 were prepared using aerial photographs, and geodetic balances were computed, giving – 6.0 ± 0.7 m w.e. from 1974 to 1993 and -11.8 ± 0.7 m w.e. from 1974 to 1999. These balances are compared with the glaciological balances over the same intervals, which were – 5.8 ± 0.9 and -11.2 ± 1.0 m w.e. respectively; both balances show that the thinning rate tripled in the 1990s. These cumulative balances differ by <6%. For this close agreement, the glaciologically measured mass balance of Gulkana Glacier must be largely free of systematic errors and be based on a time-variable area-altitude distribution, and the photography used in the geodetic method must have enough contrast to enable accurate photogrammetry.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.3189/172756504781829855","usgsCitation":"Cox, L., and March, R., 2004, Comparison of geodetic and glaciological mass-balance techniques, Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A: Journal of Glaciology, v. 50, no. 170, p. 363-370, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756504781829855.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"370","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478257,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/172756504781829855","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulkana Glacier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -145.59391021728516,\n 63.281827557877136\n ],\n [\n -145.59459686279297,\n 63.265924227825494\n ],\n [\n -145.47683715820312,\n 63.26654199650337\n ],\n [\n -145.47683715820312,\n 63.296950744530605\n ],\n [\n -145.59425354003906,\n 63.299110552224185\n ],\n [\n -145.59391021728516,\n 63.281827557877136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"170","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-09-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f866e4b0c8380cd4d095","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, L.H.","contributorId":61609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"March, R.S.","contributorId":16431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026149,"text":"70026149 - 2004 - Migration and rearing histories of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) determined by ion microprobe Sr isotope and Sr/Ca transects of otoliths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T10:14:52","indexId":"70026149","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migration and rearing histories of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) determined by ion microprobe Sr isotope and Sr/Ca transects of otoliths","docAbstract":"Strontium isotope and Sr/Ca ratios measured in situ by ion microprobe along radial transects of otoliths of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) vary between watersheds with contrasting geology. Otoliths from ocean-type chinook from Skagit River estuary, Washington, had prehatch regions with 87Sr/86Sr ratios of ~0.709, suggesting a maternally inherited marine signature, extensive fresh water growth zones with 87Sr/86Sr ratios similar to those of the Skagit River at ~0.705, and marine-like 87Sr/86Sr ratios near their edges. Otoliths from stream-type chinook from central Idaho had prehatch 87Sr/86Sr ratios ≥0.711, indicating that a maternal marine Sr isotopic signature is not preserved after the ~1000- to 1400-km migration from the Pacific Ocean. 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the outer portions of otoliths from these Idaho juveniles were similar to those of their respective streams (~0.7080.722). For Skagit juveniles, fresh water growth was marked by small decreases in otolith Sr/Ca, with increases in Sr/Ca corresponding to increases in 87Sr/86Sr with migration into salt water. Otoliths of Idaho fish had Sr/Ca radial variation patterns that record seasonal fluctuation in ambient water Sr/Ca ratios. The ion microprobe's ability to measure both 87Sr/86Sr and Sr/Ca ratios of otoliths at high spatial resolution in situ provides a new tool for studies of fish rearing and migration.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f04-167","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., Weber, P., Larsen, K., Reisenbichler, R., Fitzpatrick, J., and Wooden, J.L., 2004, Migration and rearing histories of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) determined by ion microprobe Sr isotope and Sr/Ca transects of otoliths: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 61, no. 12, p. 2425-2439, https://doi.org/10.1139/f04-167.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2425","endPage":"2439","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208761,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-167"}],"volume":"61","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56f6e4b0c8380cd6d957","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. 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The amount of N2 adsorbed on a SWNT sample depended on the sample purity, methodology, and on the sample age. Adsorption capacities of organic vapors (100-1000 ppm vol) on SWNT in humid conditions were much higher than those for microporous activated carbons. These results established a foundation for additional studies related to potential environmental applications of SWNT. The MEK adsorption capacities of samples EA95 and CVD80 and mesoporous tire-derived activated carbon in humid conditions were lower than in dry conditions. 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The quantitative distinction between clear and turbid water in coral habitats is not well defined nor are the amount of sediment in suspension and rates of sedimentation used to evaluate the condition of reef environments well established. This study of sediment resuspension, transport, and resulting deposition on a fringing reef flat off Molokai, Hawaii, uses a year of time-series data from a small, instrumented tripod. It shows the importance of trade winds and ocean wave heights in controlling the movement of sediment. Sediment is typically resuspended daily and the dominant controls on the magnitude of events (10-25 mg/l) are the trade-wind-generated waves and currents and tidal elevation on the reef flat. The net flux of sediment on this reef is primarily along the reef flat in the direction of the prevailing trade winds (to the west), with a secondary direction of slightly offshore, towards a zone of low coral abundance. These results have application to reef studies and reef management in other areas in several ways. First, the observed resuspension and turbidity results from fine-grained terrigenous sediment that appears to be trapped and recycled on the reef flat. Thus corals are subjected to light attenuation by the same particles repeatedly, however small the amount. Secondly, the measurements show high temporal variability (from daily to seasonal scales) of sediment resuspension, indicating that single measurements are inadequate to accurately describe conditions on a reef flat. ?? 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The granites (sensu lato) intruded the ancient North American continental margin of the northern Canadian Cordillera as part of a single magmatic episode in the mid-Cretaceous (96-90 Ma). The Tombstone Suite is alkalic, variably fractionated, slightly oxidised, contains magnetite and titanite, and has primary, but no xenocrystic, zircon. The Mayo Suite is sub-alkalic, metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, fractionated, but with early felsic and late mafic phases, moderately reduced with titanite dominant, and has xenocrystic zircon. The Tungsten Suite is peraluminous, entirely felsic, more highly fractionated, reduced with ilmenite dominant, and has abundant xenocrystic zircon. Each suite has a distinctive petrogenesis. The Tombstone Suite was derived from an enriched, previously depleted lithospheric mantle, the Tungsten Suite is from the continental crust including, but not dominated by, carbonaceous pelitic rocks, and the Mayo Suite is from a similar sedimentary crustal source, but is mixed with a distinct mafic component from an enriched mantle source. Each suite has a distinctive metallogeny that is related to the source and redox characteristics of the magma. The Tombstone Suite has a Au-Cu-Bi association that is characteristic of most oxidised and alkalic magmas, but also has associated, and enigmatic, U-Th-F mineralisation. The reduced Tungsten Suite intrusions are characterised by world-class tungsten skarn deposits with less significant Cu, Zn, Sn and Mo anomalies. The Mayo Suite intrusions are characteristically gold-enriched, with associated As, Bi, Te and W associations. All suites also have associated, but distal and lower temperature Ag-Pb- and Sb-rich mineral occurrences. Although processes such as fractionation, volatile enrichment and phase separation are ultimately required to produce economic concentrations of ore elements from crystallising magmas, the nature of the source materials and their redox state play an important role in determining which elements are effectively concentrated by magmatic processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1017/S0263593300001115","issn":"02635933","usgsCitation":"Hart, C., Mair, J., Goldfarb, R., and Groves, D., 2004, Source and redox controls on metallogenic variations in intrusion-related ore systems, Tombstone-Tungsten Belt, Yukon Territory, Canada: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, v. 95, no. 1-2, p. 339-356, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300001115.","startPage":"339","endPage":"356","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269501,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300001115"}],"volume":"95","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b931fe4b08c986b31a2da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, C.J.R.","contributorId":67228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"C.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mair, J.L.","contributorId":24144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mair","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Groves, D.I.","contributorId":73616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026192,"text":"70026192 - 2004 - Pancam multispectral imaging results from the opportunity Rover at Meridiani Planum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T13:20:02","indexId":"70026192","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pancam multispectral imaging results from the opportunity Rover at Meridiani Planum","docAbstract":"Panoramic Camera (Pancam) images from Meridiani Planum reveal a low-albedo, generally flat, and relatively rock-free surface. Within and around impact craters and fractures, laminated outcrop rocks with higher albedo are observed. Fine-grained materials include dark sand, bright ferric iron-rich dust, angular rock clasts, and millimeter-size spheroidal granules that are eroding out of the laminated rocks. Spectra of sand, clasts, and one dark plains rock are consistent with mafic silicates such as pyroxene and olivine. Spectra of both the spherules and the laminated outcrop materials indicate the presence of crystalline ferric oxides or oxyhydroxides. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission. 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The first birds arrived during the second week of May each spring with peak numbers recorded the third week of May. Most nests and newly hatched broods were found on sparsely vegetated dwarf shrub-lichen mat tundra on level or gently sloping areas throughout the alpine zone between 980 and 1400 m above sea level. Most eggs hatched during the third week of June and independent young were noted during the second and third weeks of July. Both parents initially tended broods, but only the male remained after chicks were about four days of age. During early brood-rearing, adults began to move chicks, often to higher elevations and over distances of several hundred metres. Throughout the area the density of nesting birds was about 0.2 pairs/km 2 with up to 0.9 pairs/km 2 found on southerly exposures of the north study slope. A summary of available information revealed the global nesting distribution of bairdii to be strongly associated with disturbed landscapes, especially montane areas affected by glaciation, suggesting the breeding range is likely to be much more extensive than currently known, especially in areas of Alaska, the Yukon, and possibly Chukotka.
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The United Nations has continued to build on this and other works, with support from many relevant international organizations, with the objective of updating the UNFC to apply to the extractive industries. The result is the United Nations Framework Classification for Energy and Mineral Resources (2) that this paper will present. Reserves and resources are categorized with respect to three sets of criteria: ??? Economic and commercial viability ??? Field project status and feasibility ??? The level of geologic knowledge The field project status criteria are readily recognized as the ones highlighted in the SPE/WPC/AAPG classification system of 2000. The geologic criteria absorb the rich traditions that form the primary basis for the Russian classification system, and the ones used to delimit, in part, proved reserves. Economic and commercial criteria facilitate the use of the classification in general, and reflect the commercial considerations used to delimit proved reserves in particular. The classification system will help to develop a common understanding of reserves and resources for all the extractive industries and will assist: ??? International and national resources management to secure supplies; ??? Industries' management of business processes to achieve efficiency in exploration and production; and ??? An appropriate basis for documenting the value of reserves and resources in financial statements.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition","conferenceTitle":"2004 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition","conferenceDate":"26 September 2004 through 29 September 2004","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ahlbrandt, T., Blaise, J., Blystad, P., Kelter, D., Gabrielyants, G., Heiberg, S., Martinez, A., Ross, J., Slavov, S., Subelj, A., and Young, E., 2004, Updated United Nations Framework Classification for reserves and resources of extractive industries, in Proceedings - SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX, 26 September 2004 through 29 September 2004, p. 4051-4057.","startPage":"4051","endPage":"4057","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd14e4b08c986b328eb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ahlbrandt, Thomas S.","contributorId":58279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahlbrandt","given":"Thomas S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blaise, J.R.","contributorId":107894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blaise","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blystad, P.","contributorId":80048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blystad","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kelter, D.","contributorId":35102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelter","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gabrielyants, G.","contributorId":38336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gabrielyants","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Heiberg, S.","contributorId":17806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heiberg","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Martinez, A.","contributorId":81260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ross, J.G.","contributorId":84955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Slavov, S.","contributorId":69338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slavov","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Subelj, A.","contributorId":57243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Subelj","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Young, E.D.","contributorId":69307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70026250,"text":"70026250 - 2004 - Status and reproduction of Gulf coast strain walleye in a Tombigbee River tributary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70026250","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3444,"text":"Southeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status and reproduction of Gulf coast strain walleye in a Tombigbee River tributary","docAbstract":"Walleye (Sander vitreus [Mitchill]) are native to rivers and streams in the Mobile River basin in Mississippi and Alabama. These populations comprise a genetically unique strain (Gulf coast walleye, GCW) and represent the southernmost distribution of walleye in the United States. Luxapallila Creek was considered an important spawning site for GCW prior to and shortly after impoundment of the Tombigbee River in 1980. Extensive sampling in Luxapallila Creek in 2001 and 2002 collected only one larval walleye. Microsatellite DNA analysis suggested 14 of 16 adult walleye from Luxapallila Creek were hatchery-produced fish or their progeny. Controlled angling catch rates of adult walleye have declined since 1997. The scarcity of wild-spawned walleye and the similarity of wild-caught and hatchery broodstock walleye indicates that the GCW population in, or spawning in, Luxapallila Creek is sustained by stocking and recruitment from these stocked fish may be diminishing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"15287092","usgsCitation":"Schramm, H., Hart, J., and Hanson, L.A., 2004, Status and reproduction of Gulf coast strain walleye in a Tombigbee River tributary: Southeastern Naturalist, v. 3, no. 4, p. 745-757.","startPage":"745","endPage":"757","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9791e4b08c986b31bb34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schramm, H.L. 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We determined Rover locations during traverses with an error as small as several centimeters using engineering telemetry and overlapping images. Topographic profiles generated from rover data show that the plains are very smooth from meter- to centimeter-length scales, consistent with analyses of orbital observations. Solar cell output decreased because of the deposition of airborne dust on the panels. The lack of dust-covered surfaces on Meridiani Planum indicates that high velocity winds must remove this material on a continuing basis. The low mechanical strength of the evaporitic rocks as determined from grinding experiments, and the abundance of coarse-grained surface particles argue for differential erosion of Meridiani Planum.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1126/science.1104211","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Arvidson, R., Anderson, R.C., Bartlett, P., Bell, J., Christensen, P.R., Chu, P., Davis, K., Ehlmann, B., Golombek, M., Gorevan, S., Guinness, E., Haldemann, A.F., Herkenhoff, K.E., Landis, G., Li, R., Lindemann, R., Ming, D.W., Myrick, T., Parker, T., Richter, L., Seelos, F., Soderblom, L.A., Squyres, S.W., Sullivan, R., and Wilson, J., 2004, Localization and physical property experiments conducted by opportunity at Meridiani Planum: Science, v. 306, no. 5702, p. 1730-1733, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104211.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1730","endPage":"1733","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars, Meridiani Planum","volume":"306","issue":"5702","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48f1e4b0c8380cd6824c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arvidson, R. 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