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,{"id":70187740,"text":"70187740 - 2004 - Ecological overview of Kenai Fjords National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-16T14:35:23","indexId":"70187740","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":691,"text":"Alaska Park Science","printIssn":"1545- 496","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological overview of Kenai Fjords National Park","docAbstract":"<p>The major drivers of Kenai Fjords ecosystems are tectonics and climate. In this overview, we describe how these forces have contributed to the shaping of the lands and ecosystems of Kenai Fjords.</p><p>Physically, the park is comprised of several distinct components, set within a broader ecophysical framework that includes the Kenai Peninsula and coastal marine waters and islands. Squeezed between the Gulf of Alaska and the Kenai Mountains, the coastal zone of the park is a narrow band of exposed headlands and deep fjords. The Harding Icefield caps the Kenai Mountains above the fjords with ice estimated to be 3,000 feet (1,000 m) thick (Figure 1). Although not included in the National Park Service jurisdiction, the park is ecologically linked to the offshore marine ecosystem, and the embedded offshore islands, most of which are part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Spencer, P., and Irvine, G.V., 2004, Ecological overview of Kenai Fjords National Park: Alaska Park Science, v. 3, no. 1, p. 5-11.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"11","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341376,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/akso/nature/science/ak_park_science/PDF/2004Vol3-1/Alaska-Park-Science-Scientific-Studies-in-Kenai-Fjords-National-Park.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kenai Fjords National Park","volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591c0fcde4b0a7fdb43ddf08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spencer, Page","contributorId":62281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"Page","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irvine, Gail V. girvine@usgs.gov","contributorId":2368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irvine","given":"Gail","email":"girvine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026198,"text":"70026198 - 2004 - Mineralogy at Meridiani Planum from the Mini-TES experiment on the opportunity rover","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70026198","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy at Meridiani Planum from the Mini-TES experiment on the opportunity rover","docAbstract":"The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) on Opportunity investigated the mineral abundances and compositions of outcrops, rocks, and soils at Meridiani Planum. Coarse crystalline hematite and olivine-rich basaltic sands were observed as predicted from orbital TES spectroscopy. Outcrops of aqueous origin are composed of 15 to 35% by volume magnesium and calcium sulfates [a high-silica component modeled as a combination of glass, feldspar, and sheet silicates (???20 to 30%)], and hematite; only minor jarosite is identified in Mini-TES spectra. Mini-TES spectra show only a hematite signature in the millimeter-sized spherules. Basaltic materials have more plagioclase than pyroxene, contain olivine, and are similar in inferred mineral composition to basalt mapped from orbit. Bounce rock is dominated by clinopyroxene and is close in inferred mineral composition to the basaltic martian meteorites. Bright wind streak material matches global dust. Waterlain rocks covered by unaltered basaltic sands suggest a change from an aqueous environment to one dominated by physical weathering.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1104909","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Christensen, P.R., Wyatt, M., Glotch, T., Rogers, A., Anwar, S., Arvidson, R., Bandfield, J., Blaney, D., Budney, C., Calvin, W.M., Fallacaro, A., Fergason, R., Gorelick, N., Graff, T., Hamilton, V., Hayes, A., Johnson, J.R., Knudson, A., McSween, H., Mehall, G., Mehall, L., Moersch, J., Morris, R., Smith, M.D., Squyres, S.W., Ruff, S.W., and Wolff, M., 2004, Mineralogy at Meridiani Planum from the Mini-TES experiment on the opportunity rover: Science, v. 306, no. 5702, p. 1733-1739, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104909.","startPage":"1733","endPage":"1739","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208884,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1104909"},{"id":234961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"306","issue":"5702","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5acde4b0c8380cd6f13e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, P. 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,{"id":70026199,"text":"70026199 - 2004 - In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T14:08:28","indexId":"70026199","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars","docAbstract":"Sedimentary rocks at Eagle crater in Meridiani Planum are composed of fine-grained siliciclastic materials derived from weathering of basaltic rocks, sulfate minerals (including magnesium sulfate and jarosite) that constitute several tens of percent of the rock by weight, and hematite. Cross-stratification observed in rock outcrops indicates eolian and aqueous transport. Diagenetic features include hematite-rich concretions and crystal-mold vugs. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments with a complex diagenetic history. The environmental conditions that they record include episodic inundation by shallow surface water, evaporation, and desiccation. The geologic record at Meridiani Planum suggests that conditions were suitable for biological activity for a period of time in martian history.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","doi":"10.1126/science.1104559","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Squyres, S.W., Grotzinger, J., Arvidson, R., Bell, J., Calvin, W., Christensen, P.R., Clark, B.C., Crisp, J., Farrand, W.H., Herkenhoff, K.E., Johnson, J.R., Klingelhofer, G., Knoll, A., McLennan, S.M., McSween, H., Morris, R., Rice, J.W., Rieder, R., and Soderblom, L.A., 2004, In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars: Science, v. 306, no. 5702, p. 1709-1714, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104559.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1709","endPage":"1714","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487512,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3119538","text":"External Repository"},{"id":234962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars; Meridiani Planum","volume":"306","issue":"5702","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39a0e4b0c8380cd619aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Squyres, S. 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,{"id":70026208,"text":"70026208 - 2004 - The opportunity Rover's Athena science investigation at Meridiani Planum, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T14:00:07","indexId":"70026208","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The opportunity Rover's Athena science investigation at Meridiani Planum, Mars","docAbstract":"The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has investigated the landing site in Eagle crater and the nearby plains within Meridiani Planum. The soils consist of fine-grained basaltic sand and a surface lag of hematite-rich spherules, spherule fragments, and other granules. Wind ripples are common. Underlying the thin soil layer, and exposed within small impact craters and troughs, are flat-lying sedimentary rocks. These rocks are finely laminated, are rich in sulfur, and contain abundant sulfate salts. Small-scale cross-lamination in some locations provides evidence for deposition in flowing liquid water. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments formed by episodic inundation by shallow surface water, followed by evaporation, exposure, and desiccation. Hematite-rich spherules are embedded in the rock and eroding from them. We interpret these spherules to be concretions formed by postdepositional diagenesis, again involving liquid water.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","doi":"10.1126/science.1106171","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Squyres, S.W., Arvidson, R., Bell, J., Bruckner, J., Cabrol, N., Calvin, W., Carr, M.H., Christensen, P.R., Clark, B.C., Crumpler, L., Des Marais, D., D'Uston, C., Economou, T., Farmer, J., Farrand, W., Folkner, W., Golombek, M., Gorevan, S., Grant, J.A., Greeley, R., Grotzinger, J., Haskin, L., Herkenhoff, K.E., Hviid, S., Johnson, J., Klingelhofer, G., Knoll, A., Landis, G., Lemmon, M., Li, R., Madsen, M., Malin, M.C., McLennan, S.M., McSween, H., Ming, D.W., Moersch, J., Morris, R., Parker, T., Rice, J.W., Richter, L., Rieder, R., Sims, M., Smith, M., Smith, P., Soderblom, L.A., Sullivan, R., Wanke, H., Wdowiak, T., Wolff, M., and Yen, A., 2004, The opportunity Rover's Athena science investigation at Meridiani Planum, Mars: Science, v. 306, no. 5702, p. 1698-1703, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1106171.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1698","endPage":"1703","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars; Meridiani Planum","volume":"306","issue":"5702","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae57e4b08c986b324012","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Squyres, S. 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,{"id":70026161,"text":"70026161 - 2004 - Comparison of estimates of uncertainty of discharge at US geological survey index-velocity gages on the Chicago sanitary and ship canal, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026161","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparison of estimates of uncertainty of discharge at US geological survey index-velocity gages on the Chicago sanitary and ship canal, Illinois","docAbstract":"Estimates of uncertainty of discharge at time scales from 5 minutes to 1 year were obtained for two index-velocity gages on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC), Ill., instrumented with acoustic velocity meters (AVMs). The velocity measurements obtained from the AVMs are corrected to a mean channel velocity by use of an index velocity rating (IVR). The IVR is a regression-derived relation between the AVM velocity estimates and those obtained using acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs). The uncertainty estimation method is based on the first-order variance method, but the AVM velocity error is estimated from an empirical perspective, using the statistics of the IVR regression. Some uncertainty exists regarding whether to include the standard error of the IVR regression (????2) in the discharge uncertainty. At the 5-minute time scale when ?? ??2 is included, it has the dominant contribution to the discharge uncertainty, and the discharge uncertainty (expressed as the standard deviation of the discharge estimate) is about 5 m3/s at one gage and 8 m3/s at the other, independent of discharge. When ????2 is not included, the discharge uncertainty at the 5-minute time scale is much smaller (about 0.5 m3/s) and depends more strongly on discharge. For time scales one day or greater and when ????2 is not included, the uncertainty of the IVR parameters dominates the discharge uncertainty. The value of the discharge uncertainty is about 0.4 m3/s for one gage and 0.5 m3/s for the other gage at long time scales.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmetal Resources Management","conferenceTitle":"2004 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmental Resources Management","conferenceDate":"27 June 2004 through 1 July 2004","conferenceLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","language":"English","isbn":"0784407371","usgsCitation":"Over, T., Duncker, J., and Gonzalez-Castro, J.A., 2004, Comparison of estimates of uncertainty of discharge at US geological survey index-velocity gages on the Chicago sanitary and ship canal, Illinois, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmetal Resources Management, Salt Lake City, UT, 27 June 2004 through 1 July 2004, p. 2342-2352.","startPage":"2342","endPage":"2352","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f861e4b0c8380cd4d074","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sehlke G.Hayes D.F.Stevens D.K.","contributorId":128420,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Sehlke G.Hayes D.F.Stevens D.K.","id":536579,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Over, T.M.","contributorId":35918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Over","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duncker, James J.","contributorId":62620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncker","given":"James J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gonzalez-Castro, J. A.","contributorId":96885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez-Castro","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026162,"text":"70026162 - 2004 - Investigation of the low-depression velocity layer in desert area by multichannel analysis of surface-wave method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70026162","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Investigation of the low-depression velocity layer in desert area by multichannel analysis of surface-wave method","docAbstract":"The multichannel analysis of surface-wave method (MASW) is a newly development method. The method has been employed in various applications in environmental and engineering geophysics overseas. However, It can only be found a few case studies in China. Most importantly, there is no application of the MASW in desert area in China or abroad. We present a case study of investigating the low-depression velocity in Temple of North Taba Area in Erdos Basin. The MASW method successfully defined the low-depression velocity layer in the desert area. Comparing results obtained by the MASW method with results by refraction seismic method, we discussed efficiency and simplicity of applying the MASW method in the desert area. It is proved that the maximum investigation depth can reach 60m in the study area when the acquisition and procession parameters are carefully chosen. The MASW method can remedy the incompetence of the refraction method and the micro-seismograph log method in low-depression velocity layer's investigation. The MASW method is also a powerful tool in investigation of near-surface complicated materials and possesses many unique advantages.","largerWorkTitle":"Progress in Environmental and Engineering Geophysics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, ICEEG 2004","conferenceTitle":"Progress in Environmental and Engineering Geophysics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, ICEEG 2004","conferenceDate":"6 June 2004 through 9 June 2004","conferenceLocation":"Wuhan","language":"English","isbn":"1880132974","usgsCitation":"Cheng, S., Tian, G., Xia, J., He, H., and Shi, Z., 2004, Investigation of the low-depression velocity layer in desert area by multichannel analysis of surface-wave method, <i>in</i> Progress in Environmental and Engineering Geophysics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, ICEEG 2004, Wuhan, 6 June 2004 through 9 June 2004, p. 166-171.","startPage":"166","endPage":"171","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ea3e4b0c8380cd63f16","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Chen C.Xia J.","contributorId":128353,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Chen C.Xia J.","id":536580,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, S.","contributorId":31178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tian, G.","contributorId":58425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tian","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"He, H.","contributorId":36722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"He","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shi, Z.","contributorId":42002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shi","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026163,"text":"70026163 - 2004 - Estimating aboveground biomass of broadleaved woody plants in the understory of Florida Keys pine forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026163","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating aboveground biomass of broadleaved woody plants in the understory of Florida Keys pine forests","docAbstract":"Species-specific allometric equations that provide estimates of biomass from measured plant attributes are currently unavailable for shrubs common to South Florida pine rocklands, where fire plays an important part in shaping the structure and function of ecosystems. We developed equations to estimate total aboveground biomass and fine fuel of 10 common hardwood species in the shrub layer of pine forests of the lower Florida Keys. Many equations that related biomass categories to crown area and height were significant (p < 0.05), but the form and variables comprising the best model varied among species. We applied the best-fit regression models to structural information from the shrub stratum in 18 plots on Big Pine Key, the most extensive pine forest in the Keys. Estimates based on species-specific equations indicated clearly that total aboveground shrub biomass and shrub fine fuel increased with time since last fire, but the relationships were non-linear. The relative proportion of biomass constituted by the major species also varied with stand age. Estimates based on mixed-species regressions differed slightly from estimates based on species-specific models, but the former could provide useful approximations in similar forests where species-specific regressions are not yet available. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2004.07.059","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Sah, J., Ross, M., Koptur, S., and Snyder, J., 2004, Estimating aboveground biomass of broadleaved woody plants in the understory of Florida Keys pine forests: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 203, no. 1-3, p. 319-329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.07.059.","startPage":"319","endPage":"329","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208903,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.07.059"}],"volume":"203","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b06e4b0c8380cd52519","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sah, J.P.","contributorId":58819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sah","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, M.S.","contributorId":96781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koptur, S.","contributorId":85379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koptur","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snyder, J.R.","contributorId":96622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026165,"text":"70026165 - 2004 - Analysis of summer 2002 melt extent on the Greenland ice sheet using MODIS and SSM/I data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026165","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Analysis of summer 2002 melt extent on the Greenland ice sheet using MODIS and SSM/I data","docAbstract":"Previous work has shown that the summer of 2002 had the greatest area of snow melt extent on the Greenland ice sheet ever recorded using passive-microwave data. In this paper, we compare the 0?? isotherm derived from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, with Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I)-derived melt, at the time of the maximum melt extent in 2002. To validate the MODIS-derived land-surface temperatures (LSTs), we compared the MODIS LSTs with air temperatures from nine stations (using 11 different data points) and found that they agreed to within 2.3??2.09??C, with station temperatures consistently lower than the MODIS LSTs. According to the MODIS LST, the maximum surface melt extended to ???2300 m in southern Greenland; while the SSM/I measurements showed that the maximum melt extended to nearly 2700 m in southeastern Greenland. The MODIS and SSM/I data are complementary in providing detailed information about the progression of surface and near-surface melt on the Greenland ice sheet.","largerWorkTitle":"International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)","conferenceTitle":"2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings: Science for Society: Exploring and Managing a Changing Planet. IGARSS 2004","conferenceDate":"20 September 2004 through 24 September 2004","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hall, D., Williams, R., Steffen, K., and Chien, J.Y., 2004, Analysis of summer 2002 melt extent on the Greenland ice sheet using MODIS and SSM/I data, <i>in</i> International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), v. 5, Anchorage, AK, 20 September 2004 through 24 September 2004, p. 3029-3032.","startPage":"3029","endPage":"3032","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb35e4b0c8380cd48cb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, D.K.","contributorId":84506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, R.S. Jr.","contributorId":46102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steffen, K.","contributorId":90914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steffen","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chien, Janet Y.L.","contributorId":38723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chien","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026222,"text":"70026222 - 2004 - Variability of hydrologic regimes and morphology in constructed open-ditch channels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026222","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Variability of hydrologic regimes and morphology in constructed open-ditch channels","docAbstract":"Open-ditch ecosystems are potential transporters of considerable loads of nutrients, sediment, pathogens and pesticides from direct inflow from agricultural land to small streams and larger rivers. Our objective was to compare hydrology and channel morphology between two experimental open-ditch channels. An open-ditch research facility incorporating a paired design was constructed during 2002 near Lamberton, MN. A200-m reach of existing drainage channel was converted into a system of four parallel channels. The facility was equipped with water level control devices and instrumentation for flow monitoring and water sample collection on upstream and downstream ends of the system. Hydrographs from simulated flow during year one indicated that paired open-ditch channels responded similarly to changes in inflow. Variability in hydrologic response between open-ditches was attributed to differences in open-ditch channel bottom elevation and vegetation density. No chemical, biological, or atmospheric measurements were made during 2003. Potential future benefits of this research include improved biological diversity and integrity of open-ditch ecosystems, reduce flood peaks and increased flow during critical low-flow periods, improved and more efficient nitrogen retention within the open-ditch ecosystem, and decreased maintenance cost associated with reduced frequency of open-ditch maintenance.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 8th International Drainage Symposium - Drainage VIII","conferenceTitle":"8th International Drainage Symposium - Drainage VIII","conferenceDate":"21 March 2004 through 24 March 2004","conferenceLocation":"Sacramento, CA","language":"English","isbn":"1892769360","usgsCitation":"Strock, J., Magner, J., Richardson, W.B., Sadowsky, M., Sands, G., and Venterea, R., 2004, Variability of hydrologic regimes and morphology in constructed open-ditch channels, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 8th International Drainage Symposium - Drainage VIII, Sacramento, CA, 21 March 2004 through 24 March 2004, p. 461-468.","startPage":"461","endPage":"468","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc138e4b08c986b32a4b4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cooke R.A.","contributorId":128333,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Cooke R.A.","id":536586,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Strock, J.S.","contributorId":104257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strock","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magner, J.A.","contributorId":26413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magner","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richardson, W. B.","contributorId":16363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sadowsky, M.J.","contributorId":19337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadowsky","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sands, G.R.","contributorId":105487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sands","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Venterea, R.T.","contributorId":53994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Venterea","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70027249,"text":"70027249 - 2004 - Threatened fishes of the world: Noturus placidus Taylor, 1969 (Ictaluridae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T15:00:53","indexId":"70027249","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Threatened fishes of the world: Noturus placidus Taylor, 1969 (Ictaluridae)","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022960.57494.0f","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Bryan, J.L., Wildhaber, M.L., and Noltie, D.B., 2004, Threatened fishes of the world: Noturus placidus Taylor, 1969 (Ictaluridae): Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 70, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022960.57494.0f.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"80","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209131,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022960.57494.0f"}],"volume":"70","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb2fde4b08c986b325afd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bryan, Janice L.","contributorId":58589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"Janice","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wildhaber, Mark L. 0000-0002-6538-9083 mwildhaber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":1386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"Mark","email":"mwildhaber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noltie, Douglas B.","contributorId":70333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noltie","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027240,"text":"70027240 - 2004 - Surface changes on Io during the Galileo mission","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-06T11:37:49","indexId":"70027240","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface changes on Io during the Galileo mission","docAbstract":"<p>A careful survey of Galileo SSI global monitoring images revealed more than 80 apparent surface changes that took place on Io during the 5 year period of observation, ranging from giant plume deposits to subtle changes in the color or albedo of Patera surfaces. Explosive volcanic activity was discovered at four previously unrecognized centers: an unnamed patera to the south of Karei that produced a Pele-sized red ring, a patera to the west of Zal that produced a small circular bright deposit, a large orange ring detected near the north pole of Io, and a small bright ring near Io's south pole. Only a handful of Io's many active volcanoes produced large scale explosive eruptions, and several of these erupted repeatedly, leaving at least 83% of Io's surface unaltered throughout the Galileo mission. Most of the hot spots detected from SSI, NIMS and ground-based thermal observations caused no noticeable surface changes greater than 10 km in extent over the five year period. Surface changes were found at every location where active plumes were identified, including Acala which was never seen in sunlight and was only detected through auroral emissions during eclipse. Two types of plumes are distinguished on the basis of the size and color of their deposits, confirming post-Voyager suggestions by McEwen and Soderblom [Icarus 55 (1983) 191]. Smaller plumes produce near-circular rings typically 150-200 km in radius that are white or yellow in color unless contaminated with silicates, and frequently coat their surroundings with frosts of fine-grained SO2. The larger plumes are much less numerous, limited to a half dozen examples, and produce oval, orange or red, sulfur-rich rings with maximum radii in the north-south direction that are typically in the range from 500 to 550 km. Both types of plumes can be either episodic or quasi-continuous over a five year period. Repeated eruptions of the smaller SO2-rich plumes likely contribute significantly to Io's resurfacing rate, whereas dust ejection is likely dominated by the tenuous giant plumes. Both types of plume deposits fade on time-scales of months to years through burial and alteration. Episodic seepages of SO2 at Haemus Montes, Zal Montes, Dorian Montes, and the plateau to the north of Pillan Patera may have been triggered by activity at nearby volcanic centers.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2003.09.024","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Geissler, P.E., McEwen, A., Phillips, C.B., Keszthelyi, L., and Spencer, J., 2004, Surface changes on Io during the Galileo mission: Icarus, v. 169, no. 1, p. 29-64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2003.09.024.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209054,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2003.09.024"}],"volume":"169","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f96e4b08c986b31e6ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geissler, Paul E. pgeissler@usgs.gov","contributorId":2811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"Paul","email":"pgeissler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEwen, Alfred","contributorId":59723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"Alfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, Cynthia B.","contributorId":210488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phillips","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Spencer, John","contributorId":210491,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spencer","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027237,"text":"70027237 - 2004 - Sedimentary processes of the lower Monterey Fan channel and channel-mouth lobe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70027237","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary processes of the lower Monterey Fan channel and channel-mouth lobe","docAbstract":"The distribution of deposits, sediment transport pathways and processes on the lower Monterey Fan channel and channel-mouth lobe (CML) are studied through the integration of GLORIA and TOBI sidescan sonar data with 7-kHz subbottom profiler records and sediment cores for ground-truthing. The lower Monterey channel is characterised by an up to 30-m-deep channel with poorly developed levees and alternating muddy and silty muddy overbank deposits. The channel is discontinuous, disappearing where gradients are less than about 1:350. Ground-truthing of the large CML shows that the entire CML is characterised by widespread deposits of generally fine sand, with coarser sand at the base of turbidites. Sand is particularly concentrated in finger-like areas of low-backscatter intensity and is interpreted as the result of non-turbulent sediment-gravity flows depositing metres thick massive, fine sand. TOBI sidescan sonar data reveal recent erosional features in the form of scours, secondary channels, large flow slides, and trains of blocks at the distal end of the CML. Erosion is probably related to increasing gradient as the CML approaches Murray Fracture zone and to differential loading of sandy submarine fan deposits onto pelagic clays. Reworking of older flow slides by sediment transport processes on the lobe produces trains of blocks that are several metres in diameter and aligned parallel to the flow direction. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2004.02.006","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Klaucke, I., Masson, D., Kenyon, N.H., and Gardner, J., 2004, Sedimentary processes of the lower Monterey Fan channel and channel-mouth lobe: Marine Geology, v. 206, no. 1-4, p. 181-198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.02.006.","startPage":"181","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209008,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.02.006"}],"volume":"206","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a31e4b08c986b3170a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klaucke, I.","contributorId":88104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaucke","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masson, D.G.","contributorId":44160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masson","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kenyon, Neil H.","contributorId":89535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kenyon","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gardner, J.V.","contributorId":76705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027230,"text":"70027230 - 2004 - PCB impairs smoltification and seawater performance in anadromous Arctic charr (<i>Salvelinus alpinus</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-06T15:26:41","indexId":"70027230","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1296,"text":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"PCB impairs smoltification and seawater performance in anadromous Arctic charr (<i>Salvelinus alpinus</i>)","docAbstract":"<p>The impacts of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure on smoltification and subsequent seawater performance were investigated in hatchery-reared, anadromous Arctic charr (<i>Salvelinus alpinus</i>). The fish were subjected to a 2-month summer seawater residence, after which they were orally dosed with 0 (Control, C), 1 (Low Dose, LD) or 100 mg Aroclor 1254 kg<sup>−1</sup> body mass (High Dose, HD) in November. They were then held in fresh water, without being fed (to mimic their natural overwintering in freshwater), until they had smolted in June the next year. The smolts were then transferred to seawater and fed to mimic their summer feeding residence in seawater, followed by a period without food in freshwater from August until maturation in October. Compared with C and LD charr, the HD charr had either a transient or a permanent reduction in plasma growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and thyroxin and triiodothyronine titers during the period of smoltification. These hormonal alterations in the HD charr corresponded with impaired hyposmoregulatory ability in May and June, as well as reduced growth rate and survival after transference to seawater. Consequently, fewer fish in the HD group matured in October compared to the other two treatments. The HD fish had a liver PCB concentration ranging between 14 and 42 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> wet mass, whereas there were similar, and very low, liver PCB concentrations in LD and C fish throughout the smolting period. Our findings suggest that PCB might compromise mechanisms important for fitness in a fish species living in an extreme environment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.cca.2004.07.005","issn":"15320456","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, E., Aas-Hansen, O., Maule, A., Strand, J., and Vijayan, M., 2004, PCB impairs smoltification and seawater performance in anadromous Arctic charr (<i>Salvelinus alpinus</i>): Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, v. 138, no. 2, p. 203-212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2004.07.005.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"212","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"138","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7333e4b0c8380cd76f08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgensen, E.H.","contributorId":13782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"E.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aas-Hansen, O.","contributorId":66899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aas-Hansen","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maule, A.G.","contributorId":45067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maule","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strand, J.E.T.","contributorId":76920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strand","given":"J.E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vijayan, M.M.","contributorId":33087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vijayan","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026166,"text":"70026166 - 2004 - Mapping saline groundwater beneath the Sea Galilee and its vicinity using time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) geophysical technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026166","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2116,"text":"Israel Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping saline groundwater beneath the Sea Galilee and its vicinity using time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) geophysical technique","docAbstract":"An extensive time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) survey covering the Sea of Galilee with a dense grid of points has been recently carried out. A total of 269 offshore and 33 supplementary onshore TDEM soundings were performed along six N-S and ten W-E profiles and at selected points both offshore and onshore along the whole coastal line. The interpreted resistivities were calibrated with the direct salinity measurements in the Haon-2 borehole and relatively deep (5 m) cores taken from the lake bottom. It was found that resistivities below 1 ohm-m are solely indicative of groundwater salinity exceeding 10,000 mg Cl/l. Such low resistivities (high salinities) were detected at depths greater than 15 m below almost the entire bottom of the lake. At some parts of the lake, particularly in the south, the saline water was detected at shallower depths, sometimes at a few meters below the bottom. Relatively high resistivity (fresh groundwater) was found along the margins of the lake down to roughly 100 m, the maximum exploration depth of the system. The detected sharp lateral contrasts at the lake margin between high and low resistivities coincide with the faults separating the carbonate and clastic units, respectively. The geometry of the fresh/saline groundwater interface below the central part of the lake is very similar to the shape of the lake bottom, probably due to the diffusive salt transport from the bottom sediments to the lake water. The above geophysical observations suggest differentsalt transport mechanisms from the sediments to the central part of the lake (diffusion) and from regional aquifers to the margins of the lake (advection). ?? 2004 Science From Israel/LPPLtd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Israel Journal of Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1560/P1W7-UYDE-WJFW-CVHB","issn":"00212164","usgsCitation":"Goldman, M., Gvirtzman, H., and Hurwitz, S., 2004, Mapping saline groundwater beneath the Sea Galilee and its vicinity using time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) geophysical technique: Israel Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 53, no. 3-4, p. 187-197, https://doi.org/10.1560/P1W7-UYDE-WJFW-CVHB.","startPage":"187","endPage":"197","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208925,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1560/P1W7-UYDE-WJFW-CVHB"},{"id":235030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5074e4b0c8380cd6b6cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldman, M.","contributorId":84540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldman","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gvirtzman, H.","contributorId":105470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gvirtzman","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hurwitz, S.","contributorId":61110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurwitz","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027219,"text":"70027219 - 2004 - Noise in two-color electronic distance meter measurements revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-23T08:57:03","indexId":"70027219","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Noise in two-color electronic distance meter measurements revisited","docAbstract":"Frequent, high-precision geodetic data have temporally correlated errors. Temporal correlations directly affect both the estimate of rate and its standard error; the rate of deformation is a key product from geodetic measurements made in tectonically active areas. Various models of temporally correlated errors are developed and these provide relations between the power spectral density and the data covariance matrix. These relations are applied to two-color electronic distance meter (EDM) measurements made frequently in California over the past 15-20 years. Previous analysis indicated that these data have significant random walk error. Analysis using the noise models developed here indicates that the random walk model is valid for about 30% of the data. A second 30% of the data can be better modeled with power law noise with a spectral index between 1 and 2, while another 30% of the data can be modeled with a combination of band-pass-filtered plus random walk noise. The remaining 10% of the data can be best modeled as a combination of band-pass-filtered plus power law noise. This band-pass-filtered noise is a product of an annual cycle that leaks into adjacent frequency bands. For time spans of more than 1 year these more complex noise models indicate that the precision in rate estimates is better than that inferred by just the simpler, random walk model of noise.","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002819","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Langbein, J., 2004, Noise in two-color electronic distance meter measurements revisited: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002819.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478100,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jb002819","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209205,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002819"}],"volume":"109","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a672ee4b0c8380cd731fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, J.","contributorId":16990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70027191,"text":"70027191 - 2004 - Effects of distance from cattle water developments on grassland birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-22T17:04:58.813865","indexId":"70027191","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2441,"text":"Journal of Range Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of distance from cattle water developments on grassland birds","docAbstract":"<p>Many North American grassland bird populations appear to be declining, which may be due to changes in grazing regimes on their breeding areas. Establishment of water developments and confining cattle (<i>Bos taurus</i> L.) to small pastures often minimizes spatial heterogeneity of cattle forage consumption, which may lead to uniformity in vegetative structure. This increased uniformity may provide suitable habitat for some bird species but not others. We assessed how cattle use, vegetative structure, and bird population densities varied with increasing distance from water developments (0-800 m) on the Little Missouri National Grassland (LMNG) in North Dakota. Lark buntings (<i>Calamospiza melancorys</i> Stejneger), which are typically associated with low vegetative cover, decreased with increasing distance from water developments. Horned larks (<i>Eremophila alpestris</i> L.), also a low-cover associate, followed a similar but weaker trend. Densities of another low-cover associate as well as moderate- and high-cover associates were not related to distance from water. Vegetative height-density and litter depth increased by 50 and 112%, respectively, while cowpie cover and structural variability decreased by 51 and 24%, respectively, with distance from water. Confidence interval overlap was common among all measures, showing substantial variability among study sites. Our results indicate cattle use is higher closer to water developments, and this pattern may positively affect the densities of lark buntings and horned larks. The absence of density gradients in the other bird species may be due to the paucity of locations &gt; 800 m from water on the LMNG.</p>","language":"English","publisherLocation":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2307/4003790","usgsCitation":"Fontaine, A., Kennedy, P., and Johnson, D.H., 2004, Effects of distance from cattle water developments on grassland birds: Journal of Range Management, v. 57, no. 3, p. 238-242, https://doi.org/10.2307/4003790.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"242","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Little Missouri National Grassland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -103.56948852539062,\n              46.91556521415998\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.51730346679688,\n              46.91556521415998\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.51730346679688,\n              46.93901161506044\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.56948852539062,\n              46.93901161506044\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.56948852539062,\n              46.91556521415998\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06d4e4b0c8380cd51424","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fontaine, A.L.","contributorId":87885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fontaine","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, P.L.","contributorId":78680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027184,"text":"70027184 - 2004 - Wildfire-resistant biological soil crusts and fire-induced loss of soil stability in Palouse prairies, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70027184","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":846,"text":"Applied Soil Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildfire-resistant biological soil crusts and fire-induced loss of soil stability in Palouse prairies, USA","docAbstract":"Frequent low-intensity fires are a natural component of the ecology of the Palouse prairies of northwestern North America. To study the effects of fire upon biological soil crusts (BSCs) occurring in these grasslands, we sampled three burned (in 2000) sites and three unburned sites in the Hell's Canyon area (OR, USA) ???1 year post-fire. We measured vascular plant and BSC cover, soil microbe pigmentation, texture and chemistry, and soil surface physical properties (stability and rugosity). Festuca idahoensis was two times more abundant in unburned plots (P=0.0006), and vascular plant and litter cover were generally higher in unburned plots. At the community scale, there was no difference in the lichen and moss species composition, suggesting much less drastic effects of fire on BSCs than reported in other systems. Soil surface stability (measured using slake value) was significantly lower in burned sites than unburned sites (median value=5 versus 6, P=0.008), a result which is likely due to the greater density of lichens and mosses encountered in the unburned plots. Soil microbe pigmentation was lower in burned plots (P=0.03), suggesting that the biomass of photosynthetic microbes had decreased; however, the presence of intra- and extracellular pigments in burned soils indicates that microorganisms were not eradicated. Pigments most strongly associated with cyanobacteria were more abundant in unburned sites, suggesting that cyanobacteria may have been more strongly impacted by the fire than other BSC components. Composition of nutrients and surface rugosity did not differ significantly between treatments. We hypothesize that Palouse prairie soil crusts are relatively resistant to wildfire because of low fire intensity and their occupation of space away from the vascular plant fuel load.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Soil Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apsoil.2003.10.005","issn":"09291393","usgsCitation":"Bowker, M.A., Belnap, J., Rosentreter, R., and Graham, B., 2004, Wildfire-resistant biological soil crusts and fire-induced loss of soil stability in Palouse prairies, USA: Applied Soil Ecology, v. 26, no. 1, p. 41-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2003.10.005.","startPage":"41","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209203,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2003.10.005"},{"id":235450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0d4e4b08c986b32f0a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowker, M. A.","contributorId":18901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosentreter, R.","contributorId":27653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosentreter","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graham, B.","contributorId":21742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015164,"text":"1015164 - 2004 - Chemistry & migration mysteries: Fur holds clues to previous journeys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-21T16:26:53","indexId":"1015164","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":974,"text":"BATS Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemistry & migration mysteries: Fur holds clues to previous journeys","docAbstract":"<p><span>The bat was not only pregnant but downright angry as I snipped a bit of fur from her back. Within a few seconds, however, she flapped her powerful wings, took off from my hand and disappeared into the night, rejoining thousands of female hoary bats (<i>Lasiurus cinereus</i>) on their migration through the mountains of New Mexico.</span></p><p>Every spring, hundreds of these expectant mothers pass through this small stream drainage on their way to birthing grounds farther east. Their annual passage was first reported here more than 30 years ago, and it is still one of the few known migration corridors in the area.</p><p>My task that night was simple: catch hoary bats and snip tiny samples of fur from their thick coats, then let them continue on their way. The explanation, however, is a bit more complicated.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Bat Conservation International","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","usgsCitation":"Cryan, P.M., 2004, Chemistry & migration mysteries: Fur holds clues to previous journeys: BATS Magazine, v. 22, no. 3, p. 12-13.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"13","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":14855,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.batcon.org/resources/media-education/bats-magazine/bat_article/4","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1177.000000000000000"},{"id":133081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e3151","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cryan, Paul M. 0000-0002-2915-8894 cryanp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-8894","contributorId":2356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cryan","given":"Paul","email":"cryanp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026169,"text":"70026169 - 2004 - Scientific objectives and selection of targets for the SMART-1 Infrared Spectrometer (SIR)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026169","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scientific objectives and selection of targets for the SMART-1 Infrared Spectrometer (SIR)","docAbstract":"The European SMART-1 mission to the Moon, primarily a testbed for innovative technologies, was launched in September 2003 and will reach the Moon in 2005. On board are several scientific instruments, including the point-spectrometer SMART-1 Infrared Spectrometer (SIR). Taking into account the capabilities of the SMART-1 mission and the SIR instrument in particular, as well as the open questions in lunar science, a selection of targets for SIR observations has been compiled. SIR can address at least five topics: (1) Surface/regolith processes; (2) Lunar volcanism; (3) Lunar crust structure; (4) Search for spectral signatures of ices at the lunar poles; and (5) Ground truth and study of geometric effects on the spectral shape. For each topic we will discuss specific observation modes, necessary to achieve our scientific goals. The majority of SIR targets will be observed in the nadir-tracking mode. More than 100 targets, which require off-nadir pointing and off-nadir tracking, are planned. It is expected that results of SIR observations will significantly increase our understanding of the Moon. Since the exact arrival date and the orbital parameters of the SMART-1 spacecraft are not known yet, a more detailed planning of the scientific observations will follow in the near future. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary and Space Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2004.09.002","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Basilevsky, A., Keller, H., Nathues, A., Mall, U., Hiesinger, H., and Rosiek, M., 2004, Scientific objectives and selection of targets for the SMART-1 Infrared Spectrometer (SIR): Planetary and Space Science, v. 52, no. 14, p. 1261-1285, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2004.09.002.","startPage":"1261","endPage":"1285","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208944,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2004.09.002"},{"id":235066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8788e4b08c986b316529","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Basilevsky, A.T.","contributorId":34208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basilevsky","given":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keller, H.U.","contributorId":84526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"H.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nathues, A.","contributorId":24145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathues","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mall, U.","contributorId":19751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mall","given":"U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hiesinger, H.","contributorId":62808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiesinger","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rosiek, M.","contributorId":46679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosiek","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026170,"text":"70026170 - 2004 - Stress interaction between subduction earthquakes and forearc strike-slip faults: Modeling and application to the northern Caribbean plate boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T10:07:16","indexId":"70026170","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress interaction between subduction earthquakes and forearc strike-slip faults: Modeling and application to the northern Caribbean plate boundary","docAbstract":"Strike-slip faults in the forearc region of a subduction zone often present significant seismic hazard because of their proximity to population centers. We explore the interaction between thrust events on the subduction interface and strike-slip faults within the forearc region using three-dimensional models of static Coulomb stress change. Model results reveal that subduction earthquakes with slip vectors subparallel to the trench axis enhance the Coulomb stress on strike-slip faults adjacent to the trench but reduce the stress on faults farther back in the forearc region. In contrast, subduction events with slip vectors perpendicular to the trench axis enhance the Coulomb stress on strike-slip faults farther back in the forearc, while reducing the stress adjacent to the trench. A significant contribution to Coulomb stress increase on strike-slip faults in the back region of the forearc comes from \"unclamping\" of the fault, i.e., reduction in normal stress due to thrust motion on the subduction interface. We argue that although Coulomb stress changes from individual subduction earthquakes are ephemeral, their cumulative effects on the pattern of lithosphere deformation in the forearc region are significant. We use the Coulomb stress models to explain the contrasting deformation pattern between two adjacent segments of the Caribbean subduction zone. Subduction earthquakes with slip vectors nearly perpendicular to the Caribbean trench axis is dominant in the Hispaniola segment, where the strike-slip faults are more than 60 km inland from the trench. In contrast, subduction slip motion is nearly parallel to the Caribbean trench axis along the Puerto Rico segment, where the strike-slip fault is less than 15 km from the trench. This observed jump from a strike-slip fault close to the trench axis in the Puerto Rico segment to the inland faults in Hispaniola is explained by different distributions of Coulomb stress in the forearc region of the two segments, as a result of the change from the nearly trench parallel slip on the Puerto Rico subduction interface to the more perpendicular subduction slip beneath Hispaniola. The observations and modeling suggest that subduction-induced strike-slip seismic hazard to Puerto Rico may be smaller than previously assumed but the hazard to Hispaniola remains high. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003031","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., and Lin, J., 2004, Stress interaction between subduction earthquakes and forearc strike-slip faults: Modeling and application to the northern Caribbean plate boundary: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 12, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003031.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478200,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jb003031","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.4658203125,\n              16.109153239219467\n            ],\n            [\n              -63.47900390625,\n              16.109153239219467\n            ],\n            [\n              -63.47900390625,\n              22.553147478403194\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.4658203125,\n              22.553147478403194\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.4658203125,\n              16.109153239219467\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b5ce4b08c986b31ce1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":408238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lin, J.","contributorId":33065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026172,"text":"70026172 - 2004 - Development of regional liquefaction-induced deformation hazard maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026172","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of regional liquefaction-induced deformation hazard maps","docAbstract":"This paper describes part of a project to assess the feasibility of producing regional (1:24,000-scale) liquefaction hazard maps that are based-on potential liquefaction-induced deformation. The study area is the central Santa Clara Valley, at the south end of San Francisco Bay in Central California. The information collected and used includes: a) detailed Quaternary geological mapping, b) over 650 geotechnical borings, c) probabilistic earthquake shaking information, and d) ground-water levels. Predictions of strain can be made using either empirical formulations or numerical simulations. In this project lateral spread displacements are estimated and new empirical relations to estimate future volumetric and shear strain are used. Geotechnical boring data to are used to: (a) develop isopach maps showing the thickness of sediment thatis likely to liquefy and deform under earthquake shaking; and (b) assess the variability in engineering properties within and between geologic map units. Preliminary results reveal that late Holocene deposits are likely to experience the greatest liquefaction-induced strains, while Holocene and late Pleistocene deposits are likely to experience significantly less horizontal and vertical strain in future earthquakes. Development of maps based on these analyses is feasible.","largerWorkTitle":"Geotechnical Special Publication","conferenceTitle":"Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Projects: Proceedings of Geo-Trans 2004","conferenceDate":"27 July 2004 through 31 July 2004","conferenceLocation":"Los Angeles, CA","language":"English","issn":"08950563","usgsCitation":"Rosinski, A., Knudsen, K.L., Wu, J., Seed, R., and Real, C., 2004, Development of regional liquefaction-induced deformation hazard maps, <i>in</i> Geotechnical Special Publication, no. 126 I, Los Angeles, CA, 27 July 2004 through 31 July 2004, p. 797-806.","startPage":"797","endPage":"806","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"126 I","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0061e4b0c8380cd4f722","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Yegian M.K.Kavazanjian E.","contributorId":128426,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Yegian M.K.Kavazanjian E.","id":536581,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Rosinski, A.","contributorId":18150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosinski","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knudsen, Kathy L.","contributorId":41188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knudsen","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wu, J.","contributorId":56998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seed, R.B.","contributorId":34691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seed","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Real, C.R.","contributorId":45322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Real","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026173,"text":"70026173 - 2004 - Dramatic increase in the relative abundance of large male dungeness crabs Cancer magister following closure of commercial fishing in Glacier Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T18:14:24","indexId":"70026173","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":718,"text":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dramatic increase in the relative abundance of large male dungeness crabs Cancer magister following closure of commercial fishing in Glacier Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"The size structure of the population of the Dungeness crab Cancer magister was studied at six sites in or near Glacier Bay, Alaska, before and after the closure of commercial fishing. Seven years of preclosure and 4 years of postclosure data are presented. After the closure of Glacier Bay to commercial fishing, the number and size of legal-sized male Dungeness crabs increased dramatically at the experimental sites. Female and sublegal-sized male crabs, the portions of the population not directly targeted by commercial fishing, did not increase in size or abundance following the closure. There was not a large shift in the size-abundance distribution of male crabs at the control site that is still open to commercial fishing. Marine protected areas are being widely promoted as effective tools for managing fisheries while simultaneously meeting marine conservation goals and maintaining marine biodiversity. Our data demonstrate that the size of male Dungeness crabs can markedly increase in a marine reserve, which supports the concept that marine reserves could help maintain genetic diversity in Dungeness crabs and other crab species subjected to size-limit fisheries and possibly increase the fertility of females. ?? 2004 by the American Fisheries Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08922284","usgsCitation":"Taggart, S.J., Shirley, T.C., O’Clair, C.E., and Mondragon, J., 2004, Dramatic increase in the relative abundance of large male dungeness crabs Cancer magister following closure of commercial fishing in Glacier Bay, Alaska: American Fisheries Society Symposium, v. 2004, no. 42, p. 243-253.","startPage":"243","endPage":"253","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":336086,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/glba/learn/nature/upload/Taggart_etal_2004_ChangeInSizeOfDungeness.pdf"}],"volume":"2004","issue":"42","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03d5e4b0c8380cd5068c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taggart, S. James","contributorId":30131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shirley, Thomas C.","contributorId":17409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shirley","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12548,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":408253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Clair, Charles E.","contributorId":60571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Clair","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mondragon, Jennifer","contributorId":57580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mondragon","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70185331,"text":"70185331 - 2004 - Additions to the avifauna of St Matthew Island, Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-20T20:14:26","indexId":"70185331","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3743,"text":"Western Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Additions to the avifauna of St Matthew Island, Bering Sea","docAbstract":"<p>St. Matthew Island (60°24' N, 172<span>°</span>42' W) is located in the north-central Bering Sea and is renowned for its distinctive Beringian flora and fauna. Because of its central position between the coasts of Russia and Alaska, St. Matthew Island and its nearby satellites, Hall and Pinnacle islands, support a mixture of Palearctic and Nearctic avifaunas. Of special interest to North American ornithologists are the numerous Eurasian bird species that visit the islands each spring and fall. Winker et al. (2002) published the first comprehensive summary of bird records for the 125 species detected on St. Matthew Island from 1899 to 1997. Because of its remote location, however, St. Matthew Island is seldom visited, and the island's avifauna remains poorly described.</p><p>As part of an island-wide systematic survey for Rock Sandpipers (<i>Calidris ptilocnemis</i>) and McKay's Buntings (<i>Plectrophenax hyperboreus</i>), our crew of five ornithologists was present on St. Matthew Island from 25 May to 9 July 2003. In this paper we provide information for 11 bird species seen for the first time on St. Matthew Island. Phylogenetic sequence and nomenclature follow the American Ornithologists' Union (1998, 2000) and Banks et al. (2002, 2003, 2004). An annotated species list with details of observation is on file at the University of Alaska Museum, Fairbank.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Western Field Ornithologists","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J., Matsuoka, S.M., Ruthrauff, D.R., Litzow, M.A., and Dementyev, M.N., 2004, Additions to the avifauna of St Matthew Island, Bering Sea: Western Birds, v. 35, no. 1, p. 50-52.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"50","endPage":"52","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337874,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337873,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.westernfieldornithologists.org/archive/V35/journal-35-1.php","text":"Volume 35, Issue 1 on Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"St. Matthew Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -173.30657958984375,\n              60.142872118694264\n            ],\n            [\n              -172.12554931640625,\n              60.142872118694264\n            ],\n            [\n              -172.12554931640625,\n              60.72962950387011\n            ],\n            [\n              -173.30657958984375,\n              60.72962950387011\n            ],\n            [\n              -173.30657958984375,\n              60.142872118694264\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1be4b0236b68f6736b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, James A.","contributorId":84649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matsuoka, Steven M. 0000-0001-6415-1885 smatsuoka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6415-1885","contributorId":184173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matsuoka","given":"Steven","email":"smatsuoka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruthrauff, Daniel R. 0000-0003-1355-9156 druthrauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1355-9156","contributorId":4181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruthrauff","given":"Daniel","email":"druthrauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Litzow, Michael A.","contributorId":8789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litzow","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dementyev, Maksim N.","contributorId":138560,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dementyev","given":"Maksim","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70182137,"text":"70182137 - 2004 - Status of Ash Meadows speckled dace in Bradford Springs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-16T14:50:08","indexId":"70182137","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Status of Ash Meadows speckled dace in Bradford Springs","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":" U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","usgsCitation":"Leavy, T., McShane, R., Swaim, K., and Scoppettone, G., 2004, Status of Ash Meadows speckled dace in Bradford Springs, 12 p. .","productDescription":"12 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a6c83be4b025c4642862d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leavy, T.","contributorId":181847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leavy","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McShane, R.R","contributorId":178376,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McShane","given":"R.R","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swaim, K.M.","contributorId":178377,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swaim","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scoppettone, G.G.","contributorId":22793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scoppettone","given":"G.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}