Plants may offer our best hope of removing greenhouse gases (gases that contribute to global warming) emitted to the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels. At the same time, global warming could change environments so that natural plant communities will either need to shift into cooler climate zones, or become extirpated (Prasad and Iverson, 1999; Crumpacker and others, 2001; Davis and Shaw, 2001). It is impossible to know the future, but studies combining field observation of production and modeling can help us make predictions about what may happen to these wetland communities in the future.
Widespread wetland types such as baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) swamps in the southeastern portion of the United States could be especially good at carbon sequestration (amount of CO2 stored by forests) from the atmosphere. They have high levels of production and sometimes store undecomposed dead plant material in wet conditions with low oxygen, thus keeping gases stored that would otherwise be released into the atmosphere (fig. 1).
To study the ability of baldcypress swamps to store carbon, our project has taken two approaches. The first analysis looked at published data to develop an idea (hypothesis) of how production levels change across a temperature gradient in the baldcypress region (published data study). The second study tested this idea by comparing production levels across a latitudinal range by using swamps in similar field conditions (ongoing carbon storage study). These studies will help us make predictions about the future ability of baldcypress swamps to store carbon in soil and plant biomass, as well as the ability of these forests to shift northward with global warming.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20043019","usgsCitation":"Middleton, B.A., and McKee, K., 2004, Latitudinal variation in carbon storage can help predict changes in swamps affected by global warming: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3019, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043019.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5427,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/www.nwrc.usgs.gov/factshts/2004-3019.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":10922,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/www.nwrc.usgs.gov/factshts/2004-3019/2004-3019.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3019.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a89f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Middleton, Beth A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":2029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Beth","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, Karen 0000-0001-7042-670X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":89592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Karen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55683,"text":"ofr20041060 - 2004 - Physical aquatic habitat assessment, Fort Randall segment of the Missouri River, Nebraska and South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T12:41:25","indexId":"ofr20041060","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1060","title":"Physical aquatic habitat assessment, Fort Randall segment of the Missouri River, Nebraska and South Dakota","docAbstract":"This study addressed habitat availability and use by endangered pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) in the Fort Randall segment of the Missouri River. Physical aquatic habitat - depth, velocity, and substrate - was mapped in 15 sites in Augsust and October of 2002. Habitat assessments were compared with fish locations using radio telemetry. Results indicate that pallid sturgeon preferentially use locations in the Fort Randall segment deeper than the average available habitat, with prominent usage peaks aat 3.5-4.0 m and 6-6.5 m, compared to the modal availability at 3-3.5 m. The fish use habitats with a modal velocity of 80 cm/s; the used velocities appear to be in proportion to their availability. Fish located preferentially over sand substrate and seemed to avoid mud and submerged vegetation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041060","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Elliott, C.M., Jacobson, R.B., and DeLonay, A.J., 2004, Physical aquatic habitat assessment, Fort Randall segment of the Missouri River, Nebraska and South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1060, Report: vi, 34 p.; Appendix of Maps: 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041060.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 34 p.; Appendix of Maps: 46 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":181369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8436,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://infolink.cr.usgs.gov/RSB/USGS_OFR_2004-1060/USGS_OFR2004-1060.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":7900,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":14,"text":"Image"},"url":"https://infolink.cr.usgs.gov/RSB/USGS_OFR_2004-1060/USGS_OFR2004-1060-appendix.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":5641,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://infolink.cr.usgs.gov/RSB/USGS_OFR_2004-1060/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685ce9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, Caroline M. 0000-0002-9190-7462 celliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9190-7462","contributorId":2380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Caroline","email":"celliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeLonay, Aaron J.","contributorId":53360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLonay","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":55672,"text":"sir20045045 - 2004 - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bottom sediment and bioavailability in streams in the New River Gorge National River and Gauley River National Recreation Area, West Virginia, 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:53","indexId":"sir20045045","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5045","title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bottom sediment and bioavailability in streams in the New River Gorge National River and Gauley River National Recreation Area, West Virginia, 2002","docAbstract":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including some on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's priority pollutant list, were found in bottom sediment in streams in the coal-producing region of the Kanawha River Basin in 1996-1998, and in and near the New River Gorge National River in 2002, in concentrations exceeding those thought likely to cause adverse effects to wildlife. Very low concentrations of bioavailable PAHs were measured in streams in and near the New River Gorge National River by the use of semipermeable membrane devices. The apparent contradiction between the high concentrations of total PAHs and the low concentrations of bioavailable PAHs may result from the presence of a substantial amount of particulate coal in bottom sediment.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045045","usgsCitation":"Messinger, T., 2004, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bottom sediment and bioavailability in streams in the New River Gorge National River and Gauley River National Recreation Area, West Virginia, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5045, v, 24 p. : maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045045.","productDescription":"v, 24 p. : maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5434,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045045/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":173919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68417d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Messinger, Terrence","contributorId":18030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Messinger","given":"Terrence","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55647,"text":"fs12403 - 2004 - Information Resources Management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T09:22:09","indexId":"fs12403","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"124-03","title":"Information Resources Management","docAbstract":"The Information Resources Management (IRM) Team,\nin the Geographic Information Office (GIO) of the U.S.\nGeological Survey (USGS), manages compliance with\ninformation mandates defined by Public Law, the Office of\nManagement and Budget (OMB) (specifically Circular A-\n130), the National Archives and Records Administration, the\nDepartment of the Interior (DOl), and other official sources.\nThe team uses a variety of mechanisms to fulfill USGS IRM\nrequirements from coordination through USGS-wide teams,\nto topical training sessions, to one-on-one communications\nwith individual USGS programs. In addition, the team serves\nas a bureau contact for Federal Register notices and as the\ngroup contact for USGS Federal Advisory Committees. Currently,\nan IRM employee-awareness training course is being\ndeveloped, in coordination with the DOl, that will provide\nan overview of IRM requirements. Below is a list of some of\nthe Federal mandates for which the IRM team ensures USGS\ncompliance.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs12403","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004, Information Resources Management: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 124-03, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12403.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs12403.jpg"},{"id":285405,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0124-03/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55658,"text":"fs20043046 - 2004 - Effects of ammonia on freshwater mussels in the St. Croix River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T14:42:22","indexId":"fs20043046","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3046","title":"Effects of ammonia on freshwater mussels in the St. Croix River","docAbstract":"The St. Croix River contains a diverse and abundant group of freshwater mussels. The St. Croix is one of the few rivers in the Midwest not substantially affected by the invasion of the exotic zebra mussel, which encrusts and kills native freshwater mussels. Increased concentrations of ammonia in river sediments, however, poses a significant threat to mussels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20043046","usgsCitation":"Newton, T.J., 2004, Effects of ammonia on freshwater mussels in the St. Croix River: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3046, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043046.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5366,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.umesc.usgs.gov/reports_publications/fact_sheets/ammonia_mussels.html"},{"id":126369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3046.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"St. Croix River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.3787841796875,\n 46.25204849722291\n ],\n [\n -91.82373046875,\n 46.21785176740299\n ],\n [\n -92.032470703125,\n 46.176026824576574\n ],\n [\n -92.2796630859375,\n 46.05036097561633\n ],\n [\n -92.6092529296875,\n 45.84410779560204\n ],\n [\n -92.735595703125,\n 45.6101948758674\n ],\n [\n -92.6092529296875,\n 45.487094732298374\n ],\n [\n -92.5982666015625,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -92.6641845703125,\n 45.27488643704894\n ],\n [\n -92.691650390625,\n 45.06964120886863\n ],\n [\n -92.691650390625,\n 44.92591837128866\n ],\n [\n -92.6971435546875,\n 44.82860426955568\n ],\n [\n -92.669677734375,\n 44.77013681219717\n ],\n [\n -92.6202392578125,\n 44.735027899515465\n ],\n [\n -92.3565673828125,\n 44.59437896722391\n ],\n [\n -92.3236083984375,\n 44.55133484083592\n ],\n [\n -92.4169921875,\n 44.50042343601631\n ],\n [\n -92.5872802734375,\n 44.535674532413196\n ],\n [\n -92.68615722656249,\n 44.629573191951046\n ],\n [\n -92.83447265624999,\n 44.70380207177485\n ],\n [\n -92.8839111328125,\n 44.809121700077355\n ],\n [\n -92.8289794921875,\n 44.9609111593886\n ],\n [\n -92.8509521484375,\n 45.10066901851988\n ],\n [\n -92.8509521484375,\n 45.24008561090264\n ],\n [\n -92.83447265624999,\n 45.37530235052552\n ],\n [\n -92.8289794921875,\n 45.4524242413431\n ],\n [\n -92.88940429687499,\n 45.533288879467456\n ],\n [\n -92.9608154296875,\n 45.58713413436409\n ],\n [\n -92.9498291015625,\n 45.744526980468436\n ],\n [\n -92.8179931640625,\n 45.93969078234\n ],\n [\n -92.5762939453125,\n 46.07323062540838\n ],\n [\n -92.3345947265625,\n 46.17983040759436\n ],\n [\n -92.1697998046875,\n 46.255846818480336\n ],\n [\n -92.01599121093749,\n 46.29001987172955\n ],\n [\n -91.8072509765625,\n 46.33175800051563\n ],\n [\n -91.593017578125,\n 46.36209301204985\n ],\n [\n -91.3787841796875,\n 46.36209301204985\n ],\n [\n -91.329345703125,\n 46.32417161725694\n ],\n [\n -91.3787841796875,\n 46.25204849722291\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624a33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newton, Teresa J. 0000-0001-9351-5852 tnewton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9351-5852","contributorId":2470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"Teresa","email":"tnewton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":253919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55654,"text":"fs20043058 - 2004 - Resources for teachers and students at the Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:53","indexId":"fs20043058","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3058","title":"Resources for teachers and students at the Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043058","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004, Resources for teachers and students at the Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3058, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043058.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5362,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.umesc.usgs.gov/reports%5Fpublications/fact%5Fsheets/tours.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":120686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3058.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629dd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55721,"text":"wdrNJ032 - 2004 - Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 2003 - Volume 2. Ground-Water Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:17","indexId":"wdrNJ032","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NJ-03-2","title":"Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 2003 - Volume 2. Ground-Water Data","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2003 water year for New Jersey are presented in three volumes, and consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams: stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. Volume 2 contains a summary of the hydrologic conditions for 2003 water year; a listing of current water resource projects in New Jersey; a bibliography of water-related reports, articles, and fact sheets completed by the Geological Survey in recent years; records of ground-water levels from 185 wells; and a table of discontinued observation wells for which ground-water-level data are available. The locations of the ground-water level sites are shown on figure 4. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, Sate, and local agencies in New Jersey.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wdrNJ032","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Jones, W.D., 2004, Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 2003 - Volume 2. Ground-Water Data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NJ-03-2, x, 232 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNJ032.","productDescription":"x, 232 p.","temporalStart":"2002-10-01","temporalEnd":"2003-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9845,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/WDR-NJ-03-2/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb231","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Walter D.","contributorId":106460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58240,"text":"ds106 - 2004 - Rectified images of selected geologic maps in the Northern Rockies Area, Idaho, Montana, Washington, and Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:21","indexId":"ds106","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"106","title":"Rectified images of selected geologic maps in the Northern Rockies Area, Idaho, Montana, Washington, and Wyoming","docAbstract":"Selected geologic maps covering parts of the Northern Rocky Mountains and adjacent areas were converted to raster images and georeferenced (rectified) for use in a geographic information system (GIS). These rectified images were created for the purpose of visually comparing published geologic maps with other geospatial information. However, they cannot be queried or used for spatial analysis thus limiting their use in a GIS. The 42 georeferenced images included in this report range in scale from 1:250,000 to 1:100,000.Tagged Image Format (TIFF) images of the maps were generated by scanning an original paper map or converting previously published Portable Document Format (PDF) images or Encapsulated Post-Script (EPS) files. To reduce file size and minimize image overlap, the TIFF images were cropped, and then rectified using ArcMap? 8 and converted to MrSID? images. Information in the explanation and cross sections can be viewed in un-rectified images of the original publications that are included with this report. In addition, the text in the map unit description along with the unit name, map label, and a citation are organized in a searchable PDF file.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ds106","usgsCitation":"Larsen, J.C., Assmus, K.C., Causey, J.D., and Zientek, M.L., 2004, Rectified images of selected geologic maps in the Northern Rockies Area, Idaho, Montana, Washington, and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 106, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds106.","productDescription":"17 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5823,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/106/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c389","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Jeremy C.","contributorId":13697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Assmus, Kenneth C.","contributorId":17311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Assmus","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Causey, J. Douglas","contributorId":41398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Causey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zientek, Michael L. 0000-0002-8522-9626 mzientek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-9626","contributorId":2420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zientek","given":"Michael","email":"mzientek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":55825,"text":"wdrNM031 - 2004 - Water resources data, New Mexico, water year 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:22","indexId":"wdrNM031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NM-03-1","title":"Water resources data, New Mexico, water year 2003","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2003 water year for New Mexico consist of records of discharge and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells and springs. This report contains discharge records for 182 gaging stations; stage and contents for 24 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 34 gaging stations, 83 wells, and 7 partial-record stations and miscellaneous sites; and water levels at 141 observation wells. Also included are 80 crest-stage, partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements. Two seepage investigations were made during the year. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in New Mexico.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrNM031","usgsCitation":"Byrd, D., Allen, H.R., and Montano, M., 2004, Water resources data, New Mexico, water year 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NM-03-1, 437 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNM031.","productDescription":"437 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183862,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5695,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/WDR-NM-03-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f0ef3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byrd, Dave","contributorId":59114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrd","given":"Dave","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Harriet R.","contributorId":94683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Harriet","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Montano, Mary","contributorId":102950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montano","given":"Mary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":58225,"text":"sir20045182 - 2004 - Water-quality assessment of Lakes Maumelle and Winona, Arkansas, 1991 through 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:02","indexId":"sir20045182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5182","title":"Water-quality assessment of Lakes Maumelle and Winona, Arkansas, 1991 through 2003","docAbstract":"Lakes Maumelle and Winona are water-supply reservoirs for the Little Rock and North Little Rock metropolitan areas in central Arkansas. In addition to water supply, the reservoirs are used for recreation and fish and wildlife habitat. The purpose of this report is to describe the hydrology and water quality of Lakes Maumelle and Winona and their inflows from data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Central Arkansas Water for calendar years 1991 through 2003. \r\n\r\nThe main inflows into Lakes Maumelle and Winona, the Maumelle River and Alum Fork Saline River, exhibited typical seasonal variability in streamflow with high flows usually occurring in the late fall, winter, and early spring, and low or no flow in the summer and early fall. The highest annual mean streamflow occurred in 1991 and the lowest annual mean streamflow occurred in 1992 for the Maumelle River and 1995 for the Alum Fork Saline River. \r\n\r\nWater quality measured in Lakes Maumelle and Winona varied spatially and temporally. Although total phosphorus concentrations were substantially higher at the upper ends of the lakes than at the lower ends of the lakes, nitrogen and orthophosphorus concentrations were not significantly different among the sampling sites on each lake. The highest concentrations of nitrogen generally were measured in 1991 and from 1998 through 2003 at all of the sampling sites. The highest total phosphorus concentrations were measured from 1994 to 1996 and from 1998 to 2001 on Lake Maumelle and from 1993 to 1994 on Lake Winona. Total and dissolved organic carbon concentrations were similar among sites on each lake and the greatest concentrations were measured in 1996 and 1997 at all of the sites. The chlorophyll a concentrations varied seasonally, with the highest concentrations in October and November, but were relatively uniform spatially and annually in Lakes Maumelle and Winona for 1991 through 2003. Water clarity was greater at the lower ends of the lakes than at the upper ends. Secchi depth varied seasonally, with the greatest depth from July to September and the least depth during October through December. There was no apparent trend in Secchi depth over the entire sampling period. \r\n\r\nThe trophic state indices calculated from near-surface concentrations of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a for Lakes Maumelle and Winona indicated that they generally were oligotrophic although they fluctuated in time between mesotrophic and oligotrophic conditions. \r\n\r\nWater-quality concentrations generally were less for the main inflow to Lake Winona, the Alum Fork Saline River, than for the Maumelle River, Bringle, Yount, and Reece Creeks, which flow into Lake Maumelle. Nutrient concentrations for the Maumelle and Alum Fork Saline Rivers remained fairly uniform from 1991 through 2003. Suspended-sediment concentrations generally were greatest at Bringle Creek. Concentrations of fecal streptococci measured at the Alum Fork Saline River were similar to concentrations measured at the Maumelle River, and fecal coliforms concentrations for the Alum Fork Saline River were approximately half the concentration measured at the Maumelle River. Bringle and Reece Creeks had greater concentrations of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci than the Maumelle River, and Yount Creek had the lowest concentration of fecal streptococci among all the sites. \r\n\r\nAnnual loads of nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, and suspended sediment estimated for the Maumelle River and the Alum Fork Saline River were similar between sites and varied with time from 1991 through 2003. Annual loads were greatest in 1991 for the Maumelle and Alum Fork Saline Rivers and the least in 2000 for the Maumelle River and 1995 for the Alum Fork Saline River. Estimated loads also demonstrated seasonal trends with the highest daily loads in the winter and fall and lowest daily loads in the summer for both sites. \r\n\r\nAnnual yields of nutrients and dissolved organic carbon computed","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045182","usgsCitation":"Galloway, J.M., and Green, W.R., 2004, Water-quality assessment of Lakes Maumelle and Winona, Arkansas, 1991 through 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5182, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045182.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5806,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5182/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":180827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49efe4b07f02db5eda87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, Joel M. 0000-0002-9836-9724 jgallowa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-9724","contributorId":1562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Joel","email":"jgallowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53989,"text":"fs20043029 - 2004 - Predicting and Mapping Bird Abundances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:40","indexId":"fs20043029","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3029","title":"Predicting and Mapping Bird Abundances","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043029","usgsCitation":"Knutson, M., and Thogmartin, W., 2004, Predicting and Mapping Bird Abundances: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3029, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043029.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3029.jpg"},{"id":4813,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.umesc.usgs.gov/reports_publications/fact_sheets/modeling.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e8b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knutson, Melinda","contributorId":27929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutson","given":"Melinda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thogmartin, Wayne","contributorId":36974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53983,"text":"fs20043042 - 2004 - Tree Swallows: A Nationwide Sentinel Species for Assessing and Monitoring Aquatic Contamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:43","indexId":"fs20043042","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3042","title":"Tree Swallows: A Nationwide Sentinel Species for Assessing and Monitoring Aquatic Contamination","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043042","usgsCitation":"Custer, C., and Custer, T., 2004, Tree Swallows: A Nationwide Sentinel Species for Assessing and Monitoring Aquatic Contamination: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3042, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043042.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4922,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.umesc.usgs.gov/reports_publications/fact_sheets/swallows.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":120634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3042.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db6268dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, Christine","contributorId":93567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Christine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Custer, Thomas","contributorId":103351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":57774,"text":"fs20043078 - 2004 - Pesticides in ground water - Sweetwater County, Wyoming, 2001-02","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:02","indexId":"fs20043078","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3078","title":"Pesticides in ground water - Sweetwater County, Wyoming, 2001-02","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043078","usgsCitation":"Eddy-Miller, C., and Remley, K., 2004, Pesticides in ground water - Sweetwater County, Wyoming, 2001-02: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3078, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043078.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5732,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs20043078/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3078.jpg"}],"scale":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68823b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eddy-Miller, Cheryl A.","contributorId":86755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddy-Miller","given":"Cheryl A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Remley, Kendra J.","contributorId":26753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Remley","given":"Kendra J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50454,"text":"ofr01468 - 2004 - Lahar Hazards at Casita and San Cristóbal Volcanoes, Nicaragua","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-16T14:10:59","indexId":"ofr01468","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-468","title":"Lahar Hazards at Casita and San Cristóbal Volcanoes, Nicaragua","docAbstract":"Casita and San Cristóbal volcanoes are part of a volcano complex situated at the eastern end of the Cordillera de los Maribios. Other centers of volcanism in the complex include El Chonco, Cerro Moyotepe, and La Pelona. At 1745 m, San Cristóbal is the highest and only historically active volcano of the complex. The volcano’s crater is 500 to 600 m across and elongate east to west; its western rim is more than 100 m higher than its eastern rim. The conical volcano is both steep and symmetrical. El Chonco, which lies west of San Cristóbal, is crudely conical but has been deeply dissected by streams. Cerro Moyotepe to the northeast of San Cristóbal is even more deeply incised by erosion than El Chonco, and its crater is breached by erosion. Casita volcano, about 5 km east of San Cristóbal volcano, comprises a broad ridge like form, elongate along an eastwest axis, that is deeply dissected. Nested along the ridge are two craters. The younger one, La Ollada crater, truncates an older smaller crater to the east near Casita’s summit (1430 m). La Ollada crater is about 1 km across and 100 m deep. Numerous small fumarole fields occur near the summit of Casita and on nearby slopes outside of the craters. Casita volcano overlaps the 3-km-wide crater of La Pelona to the east. Stream erosion has deeply incised the slopes of La Pelona, and it is likely the oldest center of the Casita-San Cristóbal volcano complex. In late October and early November 1998, torrential rains of Hurricane Mitch caused numerous slope failures in Central America. The most catastrophic occurred at Casita volcano, on October 30, 1998. At Casita, five days of heavy rain triggered a 1.6-million-cubic-meter rock and debris avalanche that generated an 2- to 4- million-cubic-meter debris flow that swept down the steep slopes of the volcano. The debris flow spread out across the volcano’s apron, destroyed two towns, and killed more than 2500 people. In prehistoric time, Casita erupted explosively to form ash-fall deposits (tephra), debris avalanches, lava flows, and hot flowing mixtures of ash and rock (called pyroclastic flows). The chronology of activity at Casita is rather poorly known. Its last documented eruption occurred 8300 years ago, and included a pyroclastic flow. Tephra deposits exposed in the east crater suggest the possibility of subsequent eruptions. Work prior to Hurricane Mitch suggested that a part of the volcano’s apron that included the area inundated during the 1998 event south of Casita was a lahar pathway. Erosion during Hurricane Mitch revealed that at least three large lahars descended this pathway to distances of up to 10 km. This report describes the hazards of landslides and lahars in general, and discusses potential hazards from future landslides and lahars at San Cristóbal and Casita volcanoes in particular. The report also shows, in the accompanying lahar hazard-zonation maps, which areas are likely to be at risk from future landslides and lahars at Casita and San Cristóbal.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01468","usgsCitation":"Vallance, J., Schilling, S., Devoli, G., Reid, M., Howell, M., and Brien, D., 2004, Lahar Hazards at Casita and San Cristóbal Volcanoes, Nicaragua: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-468, Report: iv, 18 p.; Plate 1: 35.18 inches x 30.33 inches, Plate 2: 34.13 inches x 32.69 inches, Plate 3: 34.29 inches x 32.59 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01468.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 18 p.; Plate 1: 35.18 inches x 30.33 inches, Plate 2: 34.13 inches x 32.69 inches, Plate 3: 34.29 inches x 32.59 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280332,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0468/"},{"id":280334,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0468/pdf/of2001-0468_plate1.pdf"},{"id":280333,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0468/pdf/of2001-0468.pdf"},{"id":280335,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0468/pdf/of2001-0468_plate2.pdf"},{"id":280336,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0468/pdf/of2001-0468_plate3.pdf"}],"country":"Nicaragua","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.042446,12.660438 ], [ -87.042446,12.721396 ], [ -86.942196,12.721396 ], [ -86.942196,12.660438 ], [ -87.042446,12.660438 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b43af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vallance, J.W.","contributorId":45336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallance","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schilling, S. P.","contributorId":42606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Devoli, G.","contributorId":42632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Devoli","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reid, M.E.","contributorId":108130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Howell, M.M.","contributorId":95109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brien, D.L.","contributorId":43027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brien","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":53270,"text":"ofr03285 - 2004 - SutraGUI, a graphical-user interface for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-16T11:11:58","indexId":"ofr03285","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-285","title":"SutraGUI, a graphical-user interface for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport","docAbstract":"This report describes SutraGUI, a flexible graphical user-interface (GUI) that supports two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) simulation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) SUTRA ground-water-flow and transport model (Voss and Provost, 2002). SutraGUI allows the user to create SUTRA ground-water models graphically. SutraGUI provides all of the graphical functionality required for setting up and running SUTRA simulations that range from basic to sophisticated, but it is also possible for advanced users to apply programmable features within Argus ONE to meet the unique demands of particular ground-water modeling projects. SutraGUI is a public-domain computer program designed to run with the proprietary Argus ONE? package, which provides 2D Geographic Information System (GIS) and meshing support. For 3D simulation, GIS and meshing support is provided by programming contained within SutraGUI. When preparing a 3D SUTRA model, the model and all of its features are viewed within Argus 1 in 2D projection. For 2D models, SutraGUI is only slightly changed in functionality from the previous 2D-only version (Voss and others, 1997) and it provides visualization of simulation results. In 3D, only model preparation is supported by SutraGUI, and 3D simulation results may be viewed in SutraPlot (Souza, 1999) or Model Viewer (Hsieh and Winston, 2002). A comprehensive online Help system is included in SutraGUI. For 3D SUTRA models, the 3D model domain is conceptualized as bounded on the top and bottom by 2D surfaces. The 3D domain may also contain internal surfaces extending across the model that divide the domain into tabular units, which can represent hydrogeologic strata or other features intended by the user. These surfaces can be non-planar and non-horizontal. The 3D mesh is defined by one or more 2D meshes at different elevations that coincide with these surfaces. If the nodes in the 3D mesh are vertically aligned, only a single 2D mesh is needed. For nonaligned meshes, two or more 2D meshes of similar connectivity are used. Between each set of 2D meshes (and model surfaces), the vertical space in the 3D mesh is evenly divided into a user-specified number of layers of finite elements. Boundary conditions may be specified for 3D models in SutraGUI using a variety of geometric shapes that may be located freely within the 3D model domain. These shapes include points, lines, sheets, and solids. These are represented by 2D contours (within the vertically-projected Argus ONE view) with user-defined elevations. In addition, boundary conditions may be specified for 3D models as points, lines, and areas that are located exactly within the surfaces that define the model top and the bottoms of the tabular units. Aquifer properties may be specified separately for each tabular unit. If the aquifer properties vary vertically within a unit, SutraGUI provides the Sutra_Z function that can be used to specify such variation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03285","usgsCitation":"Winston, R.B., and Voss, C.I., 2004, SutraGUI, a graphical-user interface for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-285, 114 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03285.","productDescription":"114 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4976,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/sutra-gui/SutraGUI.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winston, Richard B. 0000-0002-6287-8834 rbwinst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6287-8834","contributorId":3567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winston","given":"Richard","email":"rbwinst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53988,"text":"fs20043030 - 2004 - Geographic Information System Tools for Conservation Planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:40","indexId":"fs20043030","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3030","title":"Geographic Information System Tools for Conservation Planning","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043030","usgsCitation":"Knutson, M., and Rohweder, J.J., 2004, Geographic Information System Tools for Conservation Planning: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3030, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043030.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4812,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.umesc.usgs.gov/reports_publications/fact_sheets/gis_conservation.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122252,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3030.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a99a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knutson, Melinda","contributorId":27929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutson","given":"Melinda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rohweder, Jason J. jrohweder@usgs.gov","contributorId":460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohweder","given":"Jason","email":"jrohweder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":56945,"text":"ofr20041220 - 2004 - Baseline Characteristics of Jordan Creek, Juneau, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:21","indexId":"ofr20041220","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1220","title":"Baseline Characteristics of Jordan Creek, Juneau, Alaska","docAbstract":"Anadromous fish populations historically have found healthy habitat in Jordan Creek, Juneau, Alaska. Concern regarding potential degradation to the habitat by urban development within the Mendenhall Valley led to a cooperative study among the City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, and the U.S. Geological Survey, that assessed current hydrologic, water-quality, and physical-habitat conditions of the stream corridor.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nPeriods of no streamflow were not uncommon at the Jordan Creek below Egan Drive near Auke Bay stream gaging station. Additional flow measurements indicate that periods of no flow are more frequent downstream of the gaging station. Although periods of no flow typically were in March and April, streamflow measurements collected prior to 1999 indicate similar periods in January, suggesting that no flow conditions may occur at any time during the winter months. This dewatering in the lower reaches likely limits fish rearing and spawning habitat as well as limiting the migration of juvenile salmon out to the ocean during some years.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nDissolved-oxygen concentrations may not be suitable for fish survival during some winter periods in the Jordan Creek watershed. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations were measured as low as 2.8 mg/L at the gaging station and were measured as low as 0.85 mg/L in a tributary to Jordan Creek. Intermittent measurements of pH and dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the mid-reaches of Jordan Creek were all within acceptable limits for fish survival, however, few measurements of these parameters were made during winter-low-flow conditions. One set of water quality samples was collected at six different sites in the Jordan Creek watershed and analyzed for major ions and dissolved nutrients. Major-ion chemistry showed Jordan Creek is calcium bicarbonate type water with little variation between sampling sites.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041220","usgsCitation":"Host, R.H., and Neal, E., 2004, Baseline Characteristics of Jordan Creek, Juneau, Alaska (Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1220, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041220.","productDescription":"53 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5705,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1220/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":184207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Online Only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648818","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Host, Randy H.","contributorId":53778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Host","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neal, Edward G.","contributorId":68775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Edward G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":57071,"text":"ds88 - 2004 - Acetamide herbicides and their degradation products in ground water and surface water of the United States, 1993-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:10","indexId":"ds88","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88","title":"Acetamide herbicides and their degradation products in ground water and surface water of the United States, 1993-2003","docAbstract":"During 1993 through 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a number of studies to investigate and document the occurrence, fate, and transport of acetamide herbicides and their degradation products in ground and surface water. As part of these studies, approximately 5,100 water samples were collected and analyzed for the acetamide parent herbicides acetochlor, alachlor, dimethenamid, flufenacet, and metolachlor and their degradation products ethanesulfonic acid, oxanilic acid, and sulfinyl acetic acid. During this period, various analytical methods were developed to detect and measure concentrations of acetamide herbicides and their degradation products in ground water and surface water. Results showed that the degradation products of acetamide herbicides in ground water were detected more frequently and occurred at higher concentrations than their parent compounds. Further study showed that the acetamide herbicides and their degradation products were detected more frequently in surface water than in ground water. In general, the parent compounds were detected at similar or greater frequencies than the degradation products in surface water. The developed methods and data were valuable for acquiring information about the occurrence, fate, and transport of the herbicides and their degradation products and the importance of analyzing for both parent compounds and their degradate products in water-quality studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ds88","usgsCitation":"Scribner, E.A., Dietze, J.E., and Thurman, M., 2004, Acetamide herbicides and their degradation products in ground water and surface water of the United States, 1993-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 88, 256 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds88.","productDescription":"256 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5629,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ds88/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3549","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, Elisabeth A.","contributorId":80265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"Elisabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dietze, Julie E. 0000-0002-5936-5739 juliec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5936-5739","contributorId":3939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietze","given":"Julie","email":"juliec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":256216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, Michael","contributorId":72872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":57073,"text":"tm4A4 - 2004 - Guidelines for preparation of state water-use estimates for 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T19:49:06","indexId":"tm4A4","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"4-A4","title":"Guidelines for preparation of state water-use estimates for 2000","docAbstract":"This report describes the water-use categories and data elements required for the 2000 national water-use compilation conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as part of its National Water Use Information Program. It identifies sources of water-use information, guidelines for estimating water use, and required documentation for preparation of the national compilation by State for the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The data are published in USGS Circular 1268, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000. USGS has published circulars on estimated use of water in the United States at 5-year intervals since 1950. \r\n\r\nAs part of this USGS program to document water use on a national scale for the year 2000, all States prepare estimates of water withdrawals for public supply, industrial, irrigation, and thermoelectric power generation water uses at the county level. All States prepare estimates of domestifc use and population served by public supply at least at the State level. All States provide estimates of irrigated acres by irrigation system type (sprinkler, surface, or microirrigation) at the county level. County-level estimates of withdrawals for mining, livestock, and aquaculture uses are compiled by selected States that comprised the largest percentage of national use in 1995 for these categories, and are optional for other States. Ground-water withdrawals for public-supply, industrial, and irrigation use are aggregated by principal aquifer or aquifer system, as identified by the USGS Office of Ground Water. \r\n\r\nSome categories and data elements that were mandatory in previous compilations are optional for the 2000 compilation, in response to budget considerations at the State level. Optional categories are commercial, hydroelectric, and wastewater treatment. Estimation of deliveries from public supply to domestic, commercial, industrial, and thermoelectric uses, consumptive use for any category, and irrigation conveyance loss are optional data elements. Aggregation of data by the eight-digit hydrologic cataloging unit is optional.\r\n\r\nWater-use data compiled by the States are stored in the USGS Aggregated Water-Use Data System (AWUDS). This database is designed to store both mandatory and optional data elements. AWUDS contains several routines that can be used for quality assurance and quality control of the data, and also produces tables of water-use data compiled for 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000. These water-use data are used by USGS, other agencies, organizations, academic institutions, and the public for research, water-management decisions, trend analysis, and forecasting.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tm4A4","usgsCitation":"2004, Guidelines for preparation of state water-use estimates for 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 4-A4, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm4A4.","productDescription":"49 p.","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5631,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/tm4A4/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c51a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kenny, Joan jkenny@usgs.gov","contributorId":127603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenny","given":"Joan","email":"jkenny@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747062,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58313,"text":"ofr20041352 - 2004 - Digital engineering aspects of karst map: A GIS version of Davies, W.E., Simpson, J.H., Ohlmacher, G.C., Kirk, W.S., and Newton, E.G., 1984, Engineering aspects of karst: U.S. Geological Survey, National atlas of the United States of America, scale 1:7,500,000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-11T18:56:55.527601","indexId":"ofr20041352","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1352","title":"Digital engineering aspects of karst map: A GIS version of Davies, W.E., Simpson, J.H., Ohlmacher, G.C., Kirk, W.S., and Newton, E.G., 1984, Engineering aspects of karst: U.S. Geological Survey, National atlas of the United States of America, scale 1:7,500,000","docAbstract":"These data are digital facsimiles of the original 1984 Engineering Aspects of Karst map by Davies and others. This data set was converted from a printed map to a digital GIS coverage to provide users with a citable national scale karst data set to use for graphic and demonstration purposes until new, improved data are developed. These data may be used freely with proper citation. Because it has been converted to GIS format, these data can be easily projected, displayed and queried for multiple uses in GIS. The karst polygons of the original map were scanned from the stable base negatives of the original, vectorized, edited and then attributed with unit descriptions. All of these processes potentially introduce small errors and distortions to the geography. The original map was produced at a scale of 1:7,500,000; this coverage is not as accurate, and should be used for broad-scale purposes only. It is not intended for any site-specific studies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041352","usgsCitation":"Tobin, B.D., and Weary, D.J., 2004, Digital engineering aspects of karst map: A GIS version of Davies, W.E., Simpson, J.H., Ohlmacher, G.C., Kirk, W.S., and Newton, E.G., 1984, Engineering aspects of karst: U.S. Geological Survey, National atlas of the United States of America, scale 1:7,500,000 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1352, 1 Plate: 48.00 × 35.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041352.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 48.00 × 35.50 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041352.jpg"},{"id":110543,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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D.","contributorId":93968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tobin","given":"Bret","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weary, David J. 0000-0002-6115-6397 dweary@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6115-6397","contributorId":545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weary","given":"David","email":"dweary@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58306,"text":"sir20045289 - 2004 - Effects of surface applications of biosolids on soil, crops, ground water, and streambed sediment near Deer Trail, Colorado, 1999-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:37:28.985859","indexId":"sir20045289","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5289","title":"Effects of surface applications of biosolids on soil, crops, ground water, and streambed sediment near Deer Trail, Colorado, 1999-2003","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Metro Wastewater Reclamation District and North Kiowa Bijou Groundwater Management District, studied natural geochemical effects and the effects of biosolids applications to the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District properties near Deer Trail, Colorado, during 1999 through 2003 because of public concern about potential contamination of soil, crops, ground water, and surface water from biosolids applications. Parameters analyzed for each monitoring component included arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc (the nine trace elements regulated by Colorado for biosolids), gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity, and plutonium, as well as other parameters. \r\n\r\nConcentrations of the nine regulated trace elements in biosolids were relatively uniform and did not exceed applicable regulatory standards. All plutonium concentrations in biosolids were below the minimum detectable level and were near zero. The most soluble elements in biosolids were arsenic, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, and selenium. Elevated concentrations of bismuth, mercury, phosphorus, and silver would be the most likely inorganic biosolids signature to indicate that soil or streambed sediment has been affected by biosolids. Molybdenum and tungsten, and to a lesser degree antimony, cadmium, cobalt, copper, mercury, nickel, phosphorus, and selenium, would be the most likely inorganic 'biosolids signature' to indicate ground water or surface water has been affected by biosolids. \r\n\r\nSoil data indicate that biosolids have had no measurable effect on the concentration of the constituents monitored. Arsenic concentrations in soil of both Arapahoe and Elbert County monitoring sites (like soil from all parts of Colorado) exceed the Colorado soil remediation objectives and soil cleanup standards, which were determined by back-calculating a soil concentration equivalent to a one-in-a-million cumulative cancer risk. Lead concentrations in soil slightly exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency toxicity-derived ecological soil-screening levels for avian wildlife. Plutonium concentration in the soil was near zero. \r\n\r\nWheat-grain data were insufficient to determine any measurable effects from biosolids. Comparison with similar data from other parts of North America where biosolids were not applied indicates similar concentrations. However, the Deer Trail study area had higher nickel concentrations in wheat from both the biosolids-applied fields and the control fields. Plutonium content of the wheat was near zero. \r\n\r\nGround-water levels generally declined at most wells during 1999 through 2003. Ground-water quality did not correlate with ground-water levels. Vertical ground-water gradients during 1999 through 2003 indicate that bedrock ground-water resources downgradient from the biosolids-applied areas are not likely to be contaminated by biosolids applications unless the gradients change as a result of pumping. \r\n\r\nGround-water quality throughout the study area varied over time at each site and from site to site at the same time, but plutonium concentrations in the ground water always were near zero. Inorganic concentrations at well D6 were relatively high compared to other ground-water sites studied. Ground-water pH and concentrations of fluoride, nitrite, aluminum, arsenic, barium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, zinc, and plutonium in the ground water of the study area met Colorado standards. Concentrations of chloride, sulfate, nitrate, boron, iron, manganese, and selenium exceeded Colorado ground-water standards at one or more wells. Nitrate concentrations at well D6 significantly (alpha = 0.05) exceeded the Colorado regulatory standard. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc in ground water had no significant (alpha = 0.05) upward trends. During 1999-2003, concentrations of nitrate, copper, molybdenum, and selenium","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045289","usgsCitation":"Yager, T., Smith, D., and Crock, J.G., 2004, Effects of surface applications of biosolids on soil, crops, ground water, and streambed sediment near Deer Trail, Colorado, 1999-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5289, 98 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045289.","productDescription":"98 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5887,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5289/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c907","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yager, Tracy J.B.","contributorId":10861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Tracy J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":1274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David B.","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crock, James G. jcrock@usgs.gov","contributorId":200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"James","email":"jcrock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":58314,"text":"ofr20041402 - 2004 - Results of coal bed methane drilling, Mylan Park, Monongalia County, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:04","indexId":"ofr20041402","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1402","title":"Results of coal bed methane drilling, Mylan Park, Monongalia County, West Virginia","docAbstract":"The Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory funded drilling of a borehole (39.64378 deg E , -80.04376 deg N) to evaluate the potential for coal bed methane and carbon dioxide sequestration at Mylan Park, Monongalia County, West Virginia. The drilling commenced on September 23, 2002 and was completed on November 14, 2002. The 2,525 ft deep hole contained 1,483.41 ft of Pennsylvanian coal-bearing strata, 739.67 feet of Mississippian strata, and 301.93 ft. of Devonian strata. \r\n\r\nThe drill site was located directly over abandoned Pittsburgh and Sewickley coal mines. Coal cores from remaining mine pillars were cut and retrieved for desorption from both mines. In addition, coals were cored and desorbed from the Pittsburgh Roof, Little Pittsburgh, Elk Lick, Brush Creek, Upper Kittanning, Middle Kittanning, Clarion, Upper Mercer, Lower Mercer, and Quakertown coal beds. All coals are Pennsylvanian in age and are high-volatile-A bituminous in rank. A total of 34.75 ft of coal was desorbed over a maximum period of 662 days, although most of the coal was desorbed for about 275 days. \r\n\r\nThis report is provided in Adobe Acrobat format. Appendix 3 is provided in Excel format.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041402","usgsCitation":"Ruppert, L.F., Fedorko, N., Warwick, P.D., Grady, W.C., Crangle, R., and Britton, J.Q., 2004, Results of coal bed methane drilling, Mylan Park, Monongalia County, West Virginia (Version 1.0, online only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1402, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041402.","productDescription":"44 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5895,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1402/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0, online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605d4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruppert, Leslie F. 0000-0002-7453-1061 lruppert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1061","contributorId":660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"Leslie","email":"lruppert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fedorko, Nick","contributorId":29457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedorko","given":"Nick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grady, William C.","contributorId":22429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grady","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":35742,"text":"West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":258712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crangle, Robert D. Jr.","contributorId":102948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crangle","given":"Robert D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Britton, James Q.","contributorId":72864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britton","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}