{"pageNumber":"277","pageRowStart":"6900","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11003,"records":[{"id":70022005,"text":"70022005 - 1999 - Occurrence and transport of total mercury and methyl mercury in the Sacramento River Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T16:37:11","indexId":"70022005","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and transport of total mercury and methyl mercury in the Sacramento River Basin, California","docAbstract":"Mercury poses a water-quality problem for California's Sacramento River, a large river with a mean annual discharge of over 650 m3/s. This river discharges into the San Francisco Bay, and numerous fish species of the bay and river contain mercury levels high enough to affect human health if consumed. Two possible sources of mercury are the mercury mines in the Coast Ranges and the gold mines in the Sierra Nevada. Mercury was once mined in the Coast Ranges, west of the Sacramento River, and used to process gold in the Sierra Nevada, east of the river. The mineralogy of the Coast Ranges mercury deposits is mainly cinnabar (HgS), but elemental mercury was used to process gold in the Sierra Nevada. Residual mercury from mineral processing in the Sierra Nevada is mainly in elemental form or in association with oxide particles or organic matter and is biologically available. Recent bed-sediment sampling, at sites below large reservoirs, showed elevated levels of total mercury (median concentration 0.28 ??g/g) in every large river (the Feather, Yuba, Bear, and American rivers) draining the Sierra Nevada gold region. Monthly sampling for mercury in unfiltered water shows relatively low concentrations during the nonrainy season in samples collected throughout the Sacramento River Basin, but significantly higher concentrations following storm-water runoff. Measured concentrations, following storm-water runoff, frequently exceeded the state of California standards for the protection of aquatic life. Results from the first year of a 2-year program of sampling for methyl mercury in unfiltered water showed similar median concentrations (0.1 ng/l) at all sampling locations, but with apparent high seasonal concentrations measured during autumn and winter. Methyl mercury concentrations were not significantly higher in rice field runoff water, even though rice production involves the creation of seasonal wetlands: higher rates of methylation are known to occur in stagnant wetland environments that have high dissolved carbon.Mercury poses a water-quality problem for California's Sacramento River, a large river with a mean annual discharge of over 650 m3/s. This river discharges into the San Francisco Bay, and numerous fish species of the bay and river contain mercury levels high enough to affect human health if consumed. Two possible sources of mercury are the mercury mines in the Coast Ranges and the gold mines in the Sierra Nevada. Mercury was once mined in the Coast Ranges, west of the Sacramento River, and used to process gold in the Sierra Nevada east of the river. The mineralogy of the Coast Ranges mercury deposits is mainly cinnabar (HgS), but elemental mercury was used to process gold in the Sierra Nevada. Residual mercury from mineral processing in the Sierra Nevada is mainly in elemental form or in association with oxide particles or organic matter and is biologically available. Recent bed-sediment sampling, at sites below large reservoirs, showed elevated levels of total mercury (median concentration 0.28 ??g/g) in every large river (the Feather, Yuba, Bear, and American rivers) draining the Sierra Nevada gold region. Monthly sampling for mercury in unfiltered water shows relatively low concentrations during the nonrainy season in samples collected throughout the Sacramento River Basin, but significantly higher concentrations following storm-water runoff. Measured concentrations, following storm-water runoff, frequently exceeded the state of California standards for the protection of aquatic life. Results from the first year of a 2-year program of sampling for methyl mercury in unfiltered water showed similar median concentrations (0.1 ng/l) at all sampling locations, but with apparent high seasonal concentrations measured during autumn and winter. Methyl mercury concentrations were not significantly higher in rice field runoff water, even though rice production involves the creation of seasonal wetlands: higher rates of methylation a","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry ISEG. Pt 1 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"5 October 1997 through 10 October 1997","conferenceLocation":"Vail, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0375-6742(98)00038-7","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., 1999, Occurrence and transport of total mercury and methyl mercury in the Sacramento River Basin, California: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 64, no. 1-3 -3 pt 1, p. 277-291, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(98)00038-7.","startPage":"277","endPage":"291","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206242,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(98)00038-7"}],"volume":"64","issue":"1-3 -3 pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b85e4b0c8380cd74749","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021882,"text":"70021882 - 1999 - U-Pb zircon age of metafelsite from the Pinney Hollow formation: Implications for the development of the Vermont Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-06T17:42:04.242704","indexId":"70021882","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb zircon age of metafelsite from the Pinney Hollow formation: Implications for the development of the Vermont Appalachians","docAbstract":"

The Pinney Hollow Formation of central Vermont is part of a rift-clastic to drift-stage sequence of cover rocks deposited on the Laurentian margin during the development of the Iapetan passive margin in Late Proterozoic to Cambrian time. Conventional U-Pb zircon data indicate an age of 571+ or -5 Ma for a metafelsite from the Pinney Hollow Formation. Geochemical data indicate that the protolith for the metafelsite, now a quartz-albite gneiss or granofels, was rhyolite from a source that was transitional between a within-plate granite and ocean-ridge granite setting and probably came through partially distended continental crust. The transitional setting is consistent with previous data from metabasalts in the Pinney Hollow Formation and supports the idea that the source magma came through continental crust on the rifted margin of the Laurentian craton. The 571+ or -5 Ma age provides the first geochronologic age from the rift-clastic cover sequence in New England and establishes a Late Proterozoic age for the Pinney Hollow Formation. The Late Proterozoic age of the Pinney Hollow confirms the presence of a significant mapped thrust fault between the autochthonous and para-autochthonous rocks of the cover sequence. These findings support the interpretation that the Taconic root zone is located in the hinterland of the Vermont Appalachians on the eastern side of the Green Mountain massif.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.299.2.157","usgsCitation":"Walsh, G.J., and Aleinikoff, J., 1999, U-Pb zircon age of metafelsite from the Pinney Hollow formation: Implications for the development of the Vermont Appalachians: American Journal of Science, v. 299, no. 2, p. 157-170, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.299.2.157.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479588,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.299.2.157","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229635,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Pinney Hollow Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.17249075618014,\n 44.48519104114985\n ],\n [\n -73.17249075618014,\n 43.80789390484773\n ],\n [\n -72.73568409098988,\n 43.80789390484773\n ],\n [\n -72.73568409098988,\n 44.48519104114985\n ],\n [\n -73.17249075618014,\n 44.48519104114985\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"299","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9e3e4b08c986b327ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":56061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015936,"text":"1015936 - 1999 - Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-13T02:47:21.739472","indexId":"1015936","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in Idaho","title":"Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in Idaho","docAbstract":"

Informed management of large carnivores depends on the timely and useful presentation of relevant information. We describe an approach to evaluating carnivore habitat that uses pre-existing qualitative and quantitative information on humans and carnivores to generate coarse-scale maps of habitat suitability, habitat productivity, potential reserves, and areas of potential conflict. We use information pertinent to the contemplated reintroduction of grizzly bears Ursus arctos horribilis into central Idaho to demonstrate our approach. The approach uses measures of human numbers, their estimated distribution, road and trail access, and abundance and quality of bear foods to create standardized indices that are analogues of death and birth rates, respectively; the first subtracted from the second indicates habitat suitability (HS). We calibrate HS to sightings of grizzly bears in two ecosystems in northern Idaho and develop an empirical model from these same sightings based on piece-wise treatment of the variables contained in HS. Depending on whether the empirical model or HS is used, we estimate that there is 14 800 km2 of suitable habitat in two blocks or 37 100 km2 in one block in central Idaho, respectively. Both approaches show suitable habitat in the current Evaluation Area and in an area of southeastern Idaho centered on the Palisades Reservoir. Areas of highly productive habitat are concentrated in northern and western Idaho and in the Palisades area. Future conflicts between humans and bears are most likely to occur on the western and northern margins of suitable habitat in central Idaho, rather than to the east, where opposition to reintroduction of grizzly bears is currently strongest.

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\"}}]}","volume":"87","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6724c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merrill, Troy","contributorId":103638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merrill","given":"Troy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mattson, D.J.","contributorId":57022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, R.G.","contributorId":9622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quigley, Howard 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Middle Ordovician (late Arenigian - early Caradocian) conodonts were recovered from a dolostone lens in carbonaceous schist 30 m below the base of the Pinney Hollow Formation in the Eastern Cover sequence near West Bridgewater, Vermont. These are the first reported fossils from the metamorphic cover sequence rocks east of the Green Mountain, Berkshire, and Housatonic massifs of western New England. The conodonts are recrystallized, coated with graphitic matter, thermally altered to a color alteration index (CAI) of at least 5, and tectonically deformed. The faunule is nearly monospecific, consisting of abundant Periodon aculeatus Hadding? and rare Protopanderodus. The preponderance of Periodon and the absence of warm, shallow-water species characteristic of the North American Midcontinent Conodont Province suggest a slope or basin depositional setting. The conodont-bearing carbonaceous schist is traceable 3 km southeast to the Plymouth area, where it had been designated the uppermost member of the Plymouth Formation, previously regarded as Early Cambrian in age. The age and structural position of the carbonaceous schist above dolostones of the Plymouth Formation but below the Pinney Hollow Formation (upper Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian?) suggest that this unit may be correlative or time transgressive with the Ira Formation, which underlies the Taconic allochthons in the Vermont Valley. Such a correlation supports the concept of placing the western limit of the root zone of the Taconic allochthons beneath the Pinney Hollow Formation. An approximate absolute age assignment for the conodont-bearing rock is between 470 and 454 Ma. This suggests that dynamothermal metamorphism during the Taconian orogeny on the east flank of the Green Mountains was younger than early Caradocian, which is in accord with the middle Caradocian age of the Ira Formation west of the Green Mountain massif.

","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e99-009","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Ratcliffe, N.M., Harris, A., and Walsh, G., 1999, Tectonic and regional metamorphic implications of the discovery of Middle Ordovician conodonts in cover rocks east of the Green Mountain massif, Vermont: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 36, no. 3, p. 371-382, https://doi.org/10.1139/e99-009.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"382","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229487,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Green Mountain Massif","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.27078354898968,\n 42.74121278979263\n ],\n [\n -72.46389730468489,\n 42.72385391244967\n ],\n [\n -72.4909060492644,\n 42.77343781422945\n ],\n [\n -72.53479525920545,\n 42.810599709765626\n ],\n [\n -72.55167572456786,\n 42.862588874493554\n ],\n [\n -72.5111626076986,\n 42.89722401655618\n ],\n [\n -72.51453870077124,\n 42.95655331033336\n ],\n [\n -72.4335124670336,\n 42.983726805246505\n ],\n [\n -72.45714511854044,\n 43.04790733964663\n ],\n [\n -72.47064949083018,\n 43.22282782139749\n ],\n [\n -72.44701683932335,\n 43.326066342279944\n ],\n [\n -72.5111626076986,\n 43.529570189273386\n ],\n [\n -72.83526754264925,\n 43.637174220458775\n ],\n [\n -73.25390308362732,\n 43.529570189273386\n ],\n [\n -73.2809118282068,\n 42.852689548715034\n ],\n [\n -73.30116838664101,\n 42.81802941119153\n ],\n [\n -73.27078354898968,\n 42.74121278979263\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba452e4b08c986b320256","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratcliffe, N. M.","contributorId":80691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"N.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, A. G.","contributorId":39791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walsh, G. J. 0000-0003-4264-8836","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":47409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"G. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021606,"text":"70021606 - 1999 - Thermal regime of the Great Basin and its implications for enhanced geothermal systems and off-grid power","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T13:19:40","indexId":"70021606","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1827,"text":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal regime of the Great Basin and its implications for enhanced geothermal systems and off-grid power","docAbstract":"The Basin and Range Province of the Western United States covers most of Nevada and parts of adjoining states. It was formed by east-west tectonic extension that occurred mostly between 50 and 10 Ma, but which still is active in some areas. The northern Basin and Range, also known as the Great Basin, is higher in elevation, has higher regional heat flow and is more tectonically active than the southern Basin and Range which encompasses the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts. The Great Basin terrane contains the largest number of geothermal power plants in the United States, although most electrical production is at The Geysers and in the Salton Trough. Installed capacities of electrical power plants in the Great Basin vary from 1 to 260 MWe. Productivity is limited largely by permeability, relatively small productive reservoir volumes, available water, market conditions and the availability of transmission lines. Accessible, in-place heat is not a limiting condition for geothermal systems in the Great Basin. In many areas, economic temperatures (>120°C) can be found at economically drillable depths making it an appropriate region for implementation of the concept of \"Enhanced Geothermal Systems\" (EGS). An incremental approach to EGS would involve increasing the productivity and longevity of existing hydrothermal systems. Those geothermal projects that have an existing power plant and transmission facilities are the most attractive EGS candidates. Sites that were not developed owing to marginal size, lack of intrinsic permeability, and distance to existing electrical grid lines are also worthy of consideration for off-grid power production in geographically isolated markets such as ranches, farms, mines, and smelters.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Global Geothermal Resources: Sustainable Energy for the Future","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","usgsCitation":"Sass, J.H., and Walters, M., 1999, Thermal regime of the Great Basin and its implications for enhanced geothermal systems and off-grid power: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 23, p. 211-218.","startPage":"211","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280154,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1016472"}],"volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb252e4b08c986b325717","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sass, John H.","contributorId":69596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walters, Mark A.","contributorId":25604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Mark A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021524,"text":"70021524 - 1999 - Prediction of episodic acidification in North-eastern USA: An empirical/mechanistic approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70021524","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction of episodic acidification in North-eastern USA: An empirical/mechanistic approach","docAbstract":"Observations from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Episodic Response Project (ERP) in the North-eastern United States are used to develop an empirical/mechanistic scheme for prediction of the minimum values of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) during episodes. An acidification episode is defined as a hydrological event during which ANC decreases. The pre-episode ANC is used to index the antecedent condition, and the stream flow increase reflects how much the relative contributions of sources of waters change during the episode. As much as 92% of the total variation in the minimum ANC in individual catchments can be explained (with levels of explanation >70% for nine of the 13 streams) by a multiple linear regression model that includes pre-episode ANC and change in discharge as independent variable. The predictive scheme is demonstrated to be regionally robust, with the regional variance explained ranging from 77 to 83%. The scheme is not successful for each ERP stream, and reasons are suggested for the individual failures. The potential for applying the predictive scheme to other watersheds is demonstrated by testing the model with data from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed in the South-eastern United States, where the variance explained by the model was 74%. The model can also be utilized to assess 'chemically new' and 'chemically old' water sources during acidification episodes.Observations from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Episodic Response Project (ERP) in the Northeastern United States are used to develop an empirical/mechanistic scheme for prediction of the minimum values of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) during episodes. An acidification episode is defined as a hydrological event during which ANC decreases. The pre-episode ANC is used to index the antecedent condition, and the stream flow increase reflects how much the relative contributions of sources of waters change during the episode. As much as 92% of the total variation in the minimum ANC in individual catchments can be explained (with levels of explanation >70% for nine of the 13 streams) by a multiple linear regression model that includes pre-episode ANC and change in discharge as independent variables. The predictive scheme is demonstrated to be regionally robust, with the regional variance explained ranging from 77 to 83%. The scheme is not successful for each ERP stream, and reasons are suggested for the individual failures. The potential for applying the predictive scheme to other watersheds is demonstrated by testing the model with data from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed in the South-eastern United States, where the variance explained by the model was 74%. The model can also be utilized to assess `chemically new' and `chemically old' water sources during acidification episodes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons Ltd","publisherLocation":"Chichester, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19990615)13:8<1181::AID-HYP767>3.0.CO;2-9","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Davies, T., Tranter, M., Wigington, P., Eshleman, K., Peters, N., Van Sickle, J., DeWalle, D.R., and Murdoch, P., 1999, Prediction of episodic acidification in North-eastern USA: An empirical/mechanistic approach: Hydrological Processes, v. 13, no. 8, p. 1181-1195, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19990615)13:8<1181::AID-HYP767>3.0.CO;2-9.","startPage":"1181","endPage":"1195","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206201,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19990615)13:8<1181::AID-HYP767>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"id":229100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81ede4b0c8380cd7b7e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davies, T.D.","contributorId":86513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tranter, M.","contributorId":22525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tranter","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wigington, P.J. Jr.","contributorId":96433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wigington","given":"P.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eshleman, K.N.","contributorId":12632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eshleman","given":"K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Van Sickle, J.","contributorId":79252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Sickle","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"DeWalle, David R.","contributorId":23291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWalle","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":1015996,"text":"1015996 - 1999 - Integrating physical and chemical characteristics of lakes into the glacially influenced landscape of the Northern Cascade Mountains, Washington State, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-20T08:55:39","indexId":"1015996","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating physical and chemical characteristics of lakes into the glacially influenced landscape of the Northern Cascade Mountains, Washington State, USA","docAbstract":"A basic knowledge of the physical and chemical characteristics of lakes is needed by management to make informed decisions to protect water resources. In this study we investigated some of the physical and chemical characteristics of 58 lakes in alpine, subalpine, and forest vegetation zones in a natural area (North Cascades National Park Service Complex) between 1989 and 1993. The objectives of the study were to: (1) document the time of ice-out relative to lake elevation; (2) determine how a sharp climate gradient west and east of the hydrologic divide affected the time of ice-out for subalpine lakes; and (3) assess how lake water quality was associated with lake elevation, lake depth, and basin geology. As expected, lake ice-out times occurred earlier with decreasing elevation. East-slope subalpine lakes iced-out earlier than did west-slope subalpine lakes because the east slope of the study area was drier and warmer than the west slope. On average, the lakes were relatively cold, neutral in pH, and low in dissolved substances and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. Although some shallow lakes (depth ,10 m) exhibited the highest alkalinities, conductivities, and concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen, most shallow lakes exhibited low values for these variables that were comparable to values observed in deep lakes. Geology did not play a major role in segregating the lakes based on water quality. Overall, lake temperature, pH,\r\nalkalinity, conductivity, and concentrations of total phosphorus and total Kjeldahl N increased with decreasing elevation. These changes in water quality with decreasing elevation in this temperate mountainous region corresponded with warmer air temperatures and increased vegetation biomass, soil depth and maturity, and dissolved substances and nutrients.\r\n","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002679900228","usgsCitation":"Larson, G.L., Lomnicky, G., Hoffman, R., Liss, W., and Deimling, E., 1999, Integrating physical and chemical characteristics of lakes into the glacially influenced landscape of the Northern Cascade Mountains, Washington State, USA: Environmental Management, v. 24, no. 2, p. 219-228, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679900228.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"228","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd62bbe4b0b290850fe5cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Gary L. gary_l._larson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Gary","email":"gary_l._larson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":323478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lomnicky, G.A.","contributorId":37697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lomnicky","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, Robert robert_hoffman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Robert","email":"robert_hoffman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liss, W.J.","contributorId":75887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liss","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Deimling, E.","contributorId":48522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deimling","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":2001107,"text":"2001107 - 1999 - Avian cholera","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001107,"text":"2001107 - 1999 - Avian cholera","indexId":"2001107","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Avian cholera"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:16:42","indexId":"2001107","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Avian cholera","docAbstract":"

Avian cholera is a contagious disease resulting from infection by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. Several subspecies of bacteria have been proposed for P. multocida, and at least 16 different P. multocida serotypes or characteristics of antigens in bacterial cells that differentiate bacterial variants from each other have been recognized. The serotypes are further differentiated by other methods, including DNA fingerprinting. These evaluations are useful for studying the ecology of avian cholera (Fig. 7.1), because different serotypes are generally found in poultry and free-ranging migratory birds. These evaluations also show that different P. multocida serotypes are found in wild birds in the eastern United States than those that are found in the birds in the rest of the Nation (Fig. 7.2).

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1999, Avian cholera: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 18 p.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"92","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15549,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=87","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65ab2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, Milton 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":31332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"Milton","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70187673,"text":"70187673 - 1999 - Surface phenology and satellite sensor-derived onset of greenness: An initial comparison","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T13:32:45","indexId":"70187673","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface phenology and satellite sensor-derived onset of greenness: An initial comparison","docAbstract":"

The objective of this work was to document the utility of phenological data derived from satellite sensors by comparing them with modelled phenology. Surface phenological model outputs (first leaf and first bloom dates) were correlated positively with satellite sensor-derived start of season (SOS) dates for 1991-1995 across the eastern United States. The correlation was highest for forest (r 0.62 for deciduous trees and 0.64 for mixed woodland) and tall grass (r 0.46) and lowest for short grass (r 0.37). The average correlation over all land cover types was 0.61. Average SOS dates were consistently earlier than Spring Index dates across all land cover types. This finding and limited native tree phenology data suggest that the SOS technique detects understorey green-up in the forest rather than overstorey species. The biweekly temporal resolution of the satellite sensor data placed an upper limit on prediction accuracy; thus, year-to-year variations at individual sites were typically small. Nevertheless, the correct biweek SOS could be identified from the surface models 61% of the time, and 1 biweek 96% of the time. Further temporal refinement of the satellite sensor measurements is necessary in order to connect them with surface phenology adequately and to develop links among 'green wave' components in selected biomes.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/014311699211499","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, M.D., and Reed, B.C., 1999, Surface phenology and satellite sensor-derived onset of greenness: An initial comparison: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 20, no. 17, p. 3451-3457, https://doi.org/10.1080/014311699211499.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3451","endPage":"3457","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341225,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9b7e4b044b359e486aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, Mark D.","contributorId":175228,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":18038,"text":"University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, Bradley C. 0000-0002-1132-7178 reed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":2901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"reed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81458,"text":"81458 - 1999 - Consumption of rainbow smelt by walleye and salmonine fishes in eastern Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:52","indexId":"81458","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Consumption of rainbow smelt by walleye and salmonine fishes in eastern Lake Erie","docAbstract":"At present, rainbow smelt appear to represent a key component of the eastern Lake Erie fish community as they are the dominant prey for virtually every open water predator, and are harvested directly by an important Ontario commercial fishery. In response to concern over the status of rainbow smelt in eastern Lake Erie, our objective was to quantify some primary top down forces of rainbow smelt mortality that include walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum), five stocked salmonine fishes, and the commercial fishery. This objective was to satisfy a need to understand whether consumption by the major fish predators was significant relative to the measured commercial harvest of rainbow smelt. Achieving this knowledge may provide fisheries managers with an improved basis for managing the rainbow smelt resource through adjustments to stocking policies and/or commercial fishing quotas.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The state of Lake Erie: past, present and future","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Backhuys Publishers","publisherLocation":"Leiden, The Netherlands","usgsCitation":"Einhouse, D., Bur, M., Cornelius, F., Kenyon, R., Madenjian, C., Rand, P., Sztramko, K., and Witzel, L., 1999, Consumption of rainbow smelt by walleye and salmonine fishes in eastern Lake Erie, chap. of The state of Lake Erie: past, present and future, p. 291-303.","productDescription":"p. 291-303","startPage":"291","endPage":"303","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e91","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Munawar, M.","contributorId":79835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munawar","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504130,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edsall, T.","contributorId":8792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504128,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Munawar, I.F.","contributorId":71934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munawar","given":"I.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504129,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Einhouse, D.W.","contributorId":27813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einhouse","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bur, M.T.","contributorId":58215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bur","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cornelius, F.C.","contributorId":97841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornelius","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kenyon, R.","contributorId":33652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenyon","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Madenjian, C.P.","contributorId":64175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"C.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rand, P.S.","contributorId":17561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rand","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sztramko, K.L.","contributorId":60977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sztramko","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Witzel, L.D.","contributorId":70324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzel","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70185285,"text":"70185285 - 1999 - Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponica in Alaska: A population estimate from the staging grounds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:28:50","indexId":"70185285","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3704,"text":"Wader Study Group Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponica in Alaska: A population estimate from the staging grounds","docAbstract":"

Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponica were surveyed on their staging grounds in Alaska during September 1995 and 1997. The single high count of 94,000 birds closely matched that of counts from New Zealand and south-eastern Australia, the known non-breeding area for most of the baueri subspecies. Numbers recorded on the southern Yukon-Kuskokwim River Delta and at Egegik Bay, a small estuary along the Alaska Peninsula, qualify both areas as Hemispheric Reserves under the Westem Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network, as sites within the East Asian-Australian Shorebird Reserve Network, and as Ramsar sites. The breeding origins, destinations, and taxonomic affinities of Bar-tailed Godwits staging on the coast of south-west Alaska need further assessment.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wader Study Group","usgsCitation":"Gill, R., and McCaffery, B.J., 1999, Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponica in Alaska: A population estimate from the staging grounds: Wader Study Group Bulletin, v. 88, p. 49-54.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"54","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337824,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337823,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waderstudygroup.org/publications/bulletin/bulletin-vol-volume-106-and-earlier/","text":"Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.5302734375,\n 54.44449176335762\n ],\n [\n -152.40234375,\n 54.44449176335762\n ],\n [\n -152.40234375,\n 65.10914820386473\n ],\n [\n -168.5302734375,\n 65.10914820386473\n ],\n [\n -168.5302734375,\n 54.44449176335762\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"88","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ccf59ee4b0849ce97f0ce8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCaffery, Brian J.","contributorId":37617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCaffery","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021809,"text":"70021809 - 1999 - The search for a source rock for the giant Tar Sand triangle accumulation, southeastern Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-23T16:49:21.418653","indexId":"70021809","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The search for a source rock for the giant Tar Sand triangle accumulation, southeastern Utah","docAbstract":"

A large proportion (about 36%) of the world’s oil resource is contained in accumulations of heavy oil or tar. In these large deposits of degraded oil, the oil in place represents only a fraction of what was present at the time of accumulation. In many of these deposits, the source of the oil is unknown, and the oil is thought to have migrated over long distances to the reservoirs. The Tar Sand triangle in southeastern Utah contains the largest tar sand accumulation in the United States, with 6.3 billion bbl of heavy oil estimated to be in place. The deposit is thought to have originally contained 13-16 billion bbl prior to the biodegradation, water washing, and erosion that have taken place since the middle-late Tertiary. The source of the oil is unknown.

The tar is primarily contained within the Lower Permian White Rim Sandstone, but extends into permeable parts of overlying and underlying beds. Oil is interpreted to have migrated into the White Rim sometime during the Tertiary when the formation was at a depth of approximately 3500 m. This conclusion is based on integration of fluid inclusion analysis, time-temperature reconstruction, and apatite fission-track modeling for the White Rim Sandstone. Homogenization temperatures cluster around 85-90°C for primary fluid inclusions in authigenic, nonferroan dolomite in the White Rim. The fluid inclusions are associated with fluorescent oil-bearing inclusions, indicating that dolomite precipitation was coeval with oil migration. Burial reconstruction suggests that the White Rim Sand stone reached its maximum burial depth from 60 to 24 Ma, and that maximum burial was followed by unroofing from 24 to 0 Ma. Time-temperature modeling indicates that the formation experienced temperatures of 85-90°C from about 35 to 40 Ma during maximum burial. Maximum formation temperatures of about 105-110°C were reached at about 24 Ma, just prior to unroofing.

Thermal modeling is used to examine the history of potential source rocks for the White Rim oil. The most attractive potential sources for White Rim oil include beds within one or more of the following formations: the Proterozoic Chuar Group, which is present in the subsurface southwest of the Tar Sand triangle; the Mississippian Delle Phosphatic Member of the Deseret Limestone and equivalent formations, the Permian Kaibab Limestone, the Sinbad Limestone Member of the Triassic Moenkopi Formation, and the Jurassic Arapien Shale, Twin Creek Limestone, and Carmel Formation, which are present west of the Tar Sand triangle; the Pennsylvanian Paradox Formation in the Paradox basin east of the Tar Sand triangle; and the Permian Park City Formation northwest of the Tar Sand triangle. Each formation has a high total organic carbon content and is distributed over a wide enough geographic area to have provided a huge volume of oil. Source beds in all of the formations reached thermal maturity at times prior to or during the time that migration into the White Rim is interpreted to have occurred. Based on all available data, the most likely source for the Tar Sand triangle appears to be the Mississippian Delle Phosphatic Member of the Deseret Limestone. Secondary migration out of the Delle is interpreted to have occurred during the Cretaceous, during Sevier thrusting. Subsequent tertiary migration into the Tar Sand triangle reservoir is interpreted to have occurred later, during middle Tertiary Laramide deformation. 

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","doi":"10.1306/00AA9BD8-1730-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Huntoon, J.E., Hansley, P., and Naeser, N.D., 1999, The search for a source rock for the giant Tar Sand triangle accumulation, southeastern Utah: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 83, no. 3, p. 467-495, https://doi.org/10.1306/00AA9BD8-1730-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"495","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229563,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.40307140277676,\n 38.245591077835826\n ],\n [\n -110.40307140277676,\n 37.840235115054426\n ],\n [\n -109.91648969374877,\n 37.840235115054426\n ],\n [\n -109.91648969374877,\n 38.245591077835826\n ],\n [\n -110.40307140277676,\n 38.245591077835826\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bafbfe4b08c986b324a00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntoon, J. E.","contributorId":98060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntoon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansley, P. L.","contributorId":82299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansley","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naeser, N. D.","contributorId":74510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1004110,"text":"1004110 - 1999 - Changes in element contents of four lichens over 11 years in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, northern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-04T16:41:43.683635","indexId":"1004110","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1575,"text":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in element contents of four lichens over 11 years in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, northern Minnesota","docAbstract":"

Four species of lichen (Cladina rangiferina, Evernia mesomorpha, Hypogymnia physodes, and Parmelia sulcata) were sampled at six locations in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness three times over a span of 11 years and analyzed for concentrations of 16 chemical elements to test the hypotheses that corticolous species would accumulate higher amounts of chemical elements than terricolous species, and that 11 years were sufficient to detect spatial patterns and temporal trends in element contents. Multivariate analyses of over 2770 data points revealed two principal components that accounted for 68% of the total variance in the data. These two components, the first highly loaded with Al, B, Cr, Fe, Ni and S, and the second loaded with Ca, Cd, Mg and Mn, were inversely related to each other over time and space. The first component was interpreted as consisting of an anthropogenic and a dust component, while the second, primarily a nutritional component. Cu, K, Na, P, Pb and Zn were not highly loaded on either component. Component 1 decreased significantly over the 11 years and from west to east, while component 2 increased. The corticolous species were more enriched in heavy metals than the terricolous species. All four elements in component 2 in H. physodes were above enrichment thresholds for this species. Species differences on the two components were greater than the effects of time and space, suggesting that biomonitoring with lichens is strongly species dependent. Some localities in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness appear enriched in some anthropogenic elements for no obvious reasons.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0098-8472(98)00055-0","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., and Wetmore, C.M., 1999, Changes in element contents of four lichens over 11 years in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, northern Minnesota: Environmental and Experimental Botany, v. 41, no. 1, p. 75-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(98)00055-0.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Boundary Waters","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.28923768284771,\n 48.04818270788198\n ],\n [\n -90.2933028235245,\n 48.11064886039284\n ],\n [\n -90.75266372000586,\n 48.10250540260512\n ],\n [\n -90.85429223692648,\n 48.26242328251959\n ],\n [\n -90.95592075384717,\n 48.23264591910663\n ],\n [\n -91.43967249438973,\n 48.05361755828051\n ],\n [\n -91.5941478401091,\n 48.10250540260512\n ],\n [\n -91.73236262312133,\n 48.20014174802935\n ],\n [\n -92.06163901794453,\n 48.35705411093949\n ],\n [\n -92.35839428735292,\n 48.37325892048108\n ],\n [\n -92.26896119246263,\n 48.243476057264246\n ],\n [\n -92.4275016788588,\n 47.88487042872998\n ],\n [\n -91.27300172663998,\n 47.76477982489226\n ],\n [\n -90.28923768284771,\n 48.04818270788198\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, James P.","contributorId":100323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wetmore, C. M.","contributorId":65036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wetmore","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021690,"text":"70021690 - 1999 - Structural and petrologic evolution of the Lihue basin and eastern Kauai, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-20T00:44:48.601703","indexId":"70021690","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural and petrologic evolution of the Lihue basin and eastern Kauai, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

The topography of the eastern part of the Hawaiian island of Kauai is dominated by the Lihue basin, a large (∼110 km2) semicircular depression bounded by steep cliffs and partly filled by late rejuvenated-stage (or posterosional stage) volcanic material. As with other large, semicircular basins on ocean-island volcanoes, the subsurface geology and origin (e.g., structural collapse vs. fluvial erosion) of the Lihue basin are poorly understood. New analyses of samples collected from eastern Kauai and drill holes within the basin document several important features of the late-stage geologic evolution of Kauai. First, thick (>300 m) sequences of rejuvenated-stage Koloa Volcanics in the Lihue basin show systematic, basin-wide geochemical trends of increasingly incompatible elements with time, indicating a gradual decrease in the extent of partial melting of mantle sources with time. Second, beneath the rejuvenated-stage volcanics in the basin, a thin layer of postshield alkalic stage lavas (e.g., hawaiites and mugearites) overlies older shield-stage tholeiitic lavas of the Napali Member, indicating that the Lihue basin formed by structural collapse, not fluvial erosion. Third, a large (∼2–5 km3) matrix-supported breccia, interpreted as deposits of one or more debris flows, is within the rejuvenated-stage volcanics throughout the basin, and correlates with surficial exposures of the Palikea Breccia west of the basin. Isotopic compositions of the bulk breccia are similar to those of tholeiites from the east side of Kauai, and distinct from those of west Kauai tholeiites. Clasts within the breccia are dominantly hawaiite and alkali gabbro. The source region of the breccia in the steep cliffs and highlands of the central massif to the west of the basin must contain magmatic products of an extensive postshield alkalic stage, including hawaiite flows and one or more large intrusive bodies or ponded sequences of alkali gabbro.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0674:SAPEOT>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Reiners, P., Nelson, B., and Izuka, S.K., 1999, Structural and petrologic evolution of the Lihue basin and eastern Kauai, Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, no. 5, p. 674-685, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0674:SAPEOT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"674","endPage":"685","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229259,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kauai","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.00454681906945,\n 22.341438241687584\n ],\n [\n -160.00454681906945,\n 21.80183769714712\n ],\n [\n -159.14761322531945,\n 21.80183769714712\n ],\n [\n -159.14761322531945,\n 22.341438241687584\n ],\n [\n -160.00454681906945,\n 22.341438241687584\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bc8e4b08c986b31d0b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reiners, P.W.","contributorId":34241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiners","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, B.K.","contributorId":85344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Izuka, S. K.","contributorId":39818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izuka","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021646,"text":"70021646 - 1999 - Quaternary grabens in southernmost Illinois: Deformation near an active intraplate seismic zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021646","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary grabens in southernmost Illinois: Deformation near an active intraplate seismic zone","docAbstract":"Narrow grabens displace Quaternary sediments near the northern edge of the Mississippi Embayment in extreme southern Illinois, east-central United States. Grabens are part of the Fluorspar Area Fault Complex (FAFC), which has been recurrently active throughout Phanerozoic time. The FAFC strikes directly toward the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), scene of some of the largest intra-plate earthquakes in history. The NMSZ and FAFC share origin in a failed Cambrian rift (Reelfoot Rift). Every major fault zone of the FAFC in Illinois exhibits Quaternary displacement. The structures appear to be strike-slip pull-apart grabens, but the magnitude and direction of horizontal slip and their relationship to the current stress field are unknown. Upper Tertiary strata are vertically displaced more than 100 m, Illinoian and older Pleistocene strata 10 to 30 m, and Wisconsinan deposits 1 m or less. No Holocene deformation has been observed. Average vertical slip rates are estimated at 0.01 to 0.03 mm/year, and recurrence intervals for earthquakes of magnitude 6 to 7 are on the order of 10,000s of years for any given fault. Previous authors remarked that the small amount of surface deformation in the New Madrid area implies that the NMSZ is a young feature. Our findings show that tectonic activity has shifted around throughout the Quaternary in the central Mississippi Valley. In addition to the NMSZ and southern Illinois, the Wabash Valley (Illinois-Indiana), Benton Hills (Missouri), Crowley's Ridge (Arkansas-Missouri), and possibly other sites have experienced Quaternary tectonism. The NMSZ may be only the latest manifestation of seismicity in an intensely fractured intra-plate region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00018-9","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Nelson, W., Denny, F., Follmer, L., and Masters, J., 1999, Quaternary grabens in southernmost Illinois: Deformation near an active intraplate seismic zone: Tectonophysics, v. 305, no. 1-3, p. 381-397, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00018-9.","startPage":"381","endPage":"397","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206251,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00018-9"},{"id":229216,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"305","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a92cfe4b0c8380cd80a6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, W.J.","contributorId":17762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denny, F.B.","contributorId":53546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denny","given":"F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Follmer, L.R.","contributorId":19294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Follmer","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Masters, J.M.","contributorId":92440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masters","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021257,"text":"70021257 - 1999 - At-sea distribution of Spectacled Eiders: A 120-year-old mystery resolved","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T10:59:14","indexId":"70021257","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"At-sea distribution of Spectacled Eiders: A 120-year-old mystery resolved","docAbstract":"

The at-sea distribution of the threatened Spectacled Eider (Somateria fischeri) has remained largely undocumented. We identified migration corridors, staging and molting areas, and wintering areas of adult Spectacled Eiders using implanted satellite-transmitters in birds from each of the three extant breeding grounds (North Slope and Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in Alaska and arctic Russia). Based on transmitter locations, we conducted aerial surveys to provide visual confirmation of eider flocks and to estimate numbers of birds. We identified two principal molting and staging areas off coastal Alaska (Ledyard Bay and eastern Norton Sound) and two off coastal Russia (Mechigmenskiy Bay on the eastern Chukotka Peninsula, and the area between the Indigirka and Kolyma deltas in the Republic of Sakha). We estimated that >10,000 birds molt and stage in monospecific flocks at Mechigmenskiy and Ledyard bays, and several thousand molt and stage in eastern Norton Sound. We further identified eastern Norton Sound as the principal molting and staging area for females nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, and Ledyard Bay and Mechigmenskiy Bay as the principal molting and staging areas for females nesting on the North Slope. Males marked at all three breeding grounds molt and stage in Mechigmenskiy Bay, Ledyard Bay, and the Indigirka-Kolyma delta region. Males from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta molt and stage mainly at Mechigmenskiy Bay. Equal numbers of males from the North Slope molt and stage at all three areas, and most males from arctic Russia molt and stage at the Indigirka-Kolyma delta region. Postbreeding migration corridors were offshore in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas. In winter, eiders were in the Bering Sea south of St. Lawrence Island. Our estimates from surveys in late winter and early spring suggest that at least 333,000 birds winter in single-species flocks in the pack ice in the Bering Sea.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089681","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.R., Larned, W.W., and Douglas, D., 1999, At-sea distribution of Spectacled Eiders: A 120-year-old mystery resolved: The Auk, v. 116, no. 4, p. 1009-1020, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089681.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1009","endPage":"1020","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479626,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089681","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":486683,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9B091HG","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Tracking Data for Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri)"},{"id":230062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -210,\n 60\n ],\n [\n -145,\n 60\n ],\n [\n -145,\n 73\n ],\n [\n -210,\n 73\n ],\n [\n -210,\n 60\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee9ce4b0c8380cd49e6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":389237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larned, William W.","contributorId":75206,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larned","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":389236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020900,"text":"70020900 - 1999 - Mercury concentration in coal — Unraveling the puzzle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-28T18:41:22.021786","indexId":"70020900","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury concentration in coal — Unraveling the puzzle","docAbstract":"

Based on data from the US Geological Survey's COALQUAL database, the mean concentration of mercury in coal is approximately 0.2 μg g−1. Assuming the database reflects in-ground US coal resources, values for conterminous US coal areas range from 0.08 μg g−1 for coal in the San Juan and Uinta regions to 0.22 μg g−1 for the Gulf Coast lignites. Recalculating the COALQUAL data to an equal energy basis unadjusted for moisture differences, the Gulf Coast lignites have the highest values (36.4 lb of Hg/1012 Btu) and the Hams Fork region coal has the lowest value (4.8 lb of Hg/1012 Btu). Strong indirect geochemical evidence indicates that a substantial proportion of the mercury in coal is associated with pyrite occurrence. This association of mercury and pyrite probably accounts for the removal of mercury with the pyrite by physical coal cleaning procedures. Data from the literature indicate that conventional coal cleaning removes approximately 37% of the mercury on an equal energy basis, with a range of 0% to 78%. When the average mercury reduction value is applied to in-ground mercury values from the COALQUAL database, the resulting `cleaned' mercury values are very close to mercury in `as-shipped' coal from the same coal bed in the same county. Applying the reduction factor for coal cleaning to eastern US bituminous coal, reduces the mercury input load compared to lower-rank non-cleaned western US coal. In the absence of analytical data on as-shipped coal, the mercury data in the COALQUAL database, adjusted for cleanability where appropriate, may be used as an estimator of mercury contents of as-shipped coal.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00112-4","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Toole-O’Neil, B., Tewalt, S., Finkelman, R.B., and Akers, D., 1999, Mercury concentration in coal — Unraveling the puzzle: Fuel, v. 78, no. 1, p. 47-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00112-4.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230121,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","volume":"78","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53ebe4b0c8380cd6cdf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toole-O’Neil, B.","contributorId":63982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toole-O’Neil","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tewalt, S.J.","contributorId":55838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewalt","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Akers, D.J.","contributorId":100566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akers","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021911,"text":"70021911 - 1999 - Deaggregation of probabilistic ground motions in the central and eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T10:52:54.727588","indexId":"70021911","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deaggregation of probabilistic ground motions in the central and eastern United States","docAbstract":"

Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is a technique for estimating the annual rate of exceedance of a specified ground motion at a site due to known and suspected earthquake sources. The relative contributions of the various sources to the total seismic hazard are determined as a function of their occurrence rates and their ground-motion potential. The separation of the exceedance contributions into bins whose base dimensions are magnitude and distance is called deaggregation. We have deaggregated the hazard analyses for the new USGS national probabilistic ground-motion hazard maps (Frankel et al., 1996). For points on a 0.2° grid in the central and eastern United States (CEUS), we show color maps of the geographical variation of mean and modal magnitudes (M, Mˇ) and distances (D, Dˇ) for ground motions having a 2% chance of exceedance in 50 years. These maps are displayed for peak horizontal acceleration and for spectral response accelerations of 0.2, 0.3, and 1.0 sec. We tabulate M, D, Mˇ, and Dˇ for 49 CEUS cities for 0.2- and 1.0-sec response. Thus, these maps and tables are PSHA-derived estimates of the potential earthquakes that dominate seismic hazard at short and intermediate periods in the CEUS.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0890010001","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Harmsen, S., Perkins, D., and Frankel, A., 1999, Deaggregation of probabilistic ground motions in the central and eastern United States: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 89, no. 1, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0890010001.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":421943,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/89/1/1/120360/Deaggregation-of-probabilistic-ground-motions-in"},{"id":229343,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.35529324972059,\n 50.267706320710346\n ],\n [\n -98.35529324972059,\n 24.81584356675542\n ],\n [\n -66.01154324972084,\n 24.81584356675542\n ],\n [\n -66.01154324972084,\n 50.267706320710346\n ],\n [\n -98.35529324972059,\n 50.267706320710346\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdeae4b0c8380cd4e9f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harmsen, S.","contributorId":79600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, D.","contributorId":83589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frankel, A. 0000-0001-9119-6106","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":41593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021912,"text":"70021912 - 1999 - Historical trends of metals in the sediments of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T15:04:20","indexId":"70021912","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical trends of metals in the sediments of San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"

Concentrations of Ag, Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were determined in six sediment cores from San Francisco Bay (SFB) and one sediment core in Tomales Bay (TB), a reference estuary. SFB cores were collected from between the head of the estuary and its mouth (Grizzly Bay, GB; San Pablo Bay, SP; Central Bay, CB; Richardson Bay, RB, respectively) and ranged in length from 150 to 250 cm. Concentrations of Cr, V and Ni are greater than mean crustal content in SFB and TB sediments, and greater than found in many other coastal sediments. However, erosion of ultramafic rock formations in the watershed appears to be the predominant source. Baseline concentrations of other metals were determined from horizons deposited before sediments were influenced by human activities and by comparing concentrations to those in TB. Baseline concentrations of Cu co-varied with Al in the SFB sediments and ranged from 23.7±1.2 μg/g to 41.4±2.4 μg/g. Baseline concentrations of other metals were less variable: Ag, 0.09±0.02 μg/g; Pb, 5.2±0.7 μg/g; Hg, 0.06±0.01 μg/g; Zn, 78±7 μg/g. The earliest anthropogenic influence on metal concentrations appeared as Hg contamination (0.3–0.4 μg/g) in sediments deposited at SP between 1850 and 1880, apparently associated with debris from hydraulic gold mining. Maximum concentrations of Hg within the cores were 20 times baseline. Greater inventories of Hg at SP and GB than at RB verified the importance of mining in the watershed as a source. Enrichment of Ag, Pb, Cu and Zn first appeared after 1910 in the RB core, later than is observed in Europe or eastern North America. Maximum concentrations of Ag and Pb were 5–10 times baseline and Cu and Zn concentrations were less than three times baseline. Large inventories of Pb to the sediments in the GB and SP cores appeared to be the result of the proximity to a large Pb smelter. Inventories of Pb at RB are similar to those typical of atmospheric inputs, although influence from the Pb smelter is also suspected. Concentrations of Hg and Pb have decreased since the 1970s (to 0.30 μg/g and 25 μg/g, respectively) and were similar among all cores in 1990. Early Ag contamination was perhaps a byproduct of the Pb smelting process, but a modern source of Ag is also indicated, especially at RB and CB.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-4203(98)80083-2","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Hornberger, M.I., Luoma, S., VanGeen, A., Fuller, C., and Anima, R., 1999, Historical trends of metals in the sediments of San Francisco Bay, California: Marine Chemistry, v. 64, no. 1-2, p. 39-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(98)80083-2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.81591796875,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -123.81591796875,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -123.81591796875,\n 36.56260003738545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31abe4b0c8380cd5e114","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hornberger, Michelle I. 0000-0002-7787-3446","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-3446","contributorId":23574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"VanGeen, A.","contributorId":84086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanGeen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fuller, C.","contributorId":106640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anima, R.","contributorId":77304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anima","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022043,"text":"70022043 - 1999 - Late Quaternary slip rate and seismic hazards of the West Klamath Lake fault zone near Crater Lake, Oregon Cascades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:09:49","indexId":"70022043","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary slip rate and seismic hazards of the West Klamath Lake fault zone near Crater Lake, Oregon Cascades","docAbstract":"

Crater Lake caldera is at the north end of the Klamath graben, where this N10°W-trending major Basin and Range structure impinges upon the north-south–trending High Cascades volcanic arc. East-facing normal faults, typically 10–15 km long, form the West Klamath Lake fault zone, which bounds the graben on its west side. The fault zone terminates on the south near the epicentral area of the September 1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes. It continues north past Crater Lake as the Annie Spring fault, which is within ∼1 km of the west caldera rim, and Red Cone Spring fault. We have determined a long-term vertical slip rate of 0.3 mm/yr for these two faults using high-precision K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar age measurements on offset lava flows ranging in age from ca. 35 to 300 ka. Holocene offset reported by Hawkins et al. and epicenters of eight MW 2 earthquakes in 1994 and 1995 indicate that the West Klamath Lake fault zone is active. Empirical relations between earthquake magnitudes and scarp heights or fault lengths suggest that the fault zone is capable of producing earthquakes as large as MW 7¼. Earthquakes on these or other faults of the zone could trigger landslides and rockfalls from the walls of the caldera, possibly resulting in large waves on Crater Lake.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0043:LQSRAS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., Lanphere, M.A., and Champion, D., 1999, Late Quaternary slip rate and seismic hazards of the West Klamath Lake fault zone near Crater Lake, Oregon Cascades: Geology, v. 27, no. 1, p. 43-46, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0043:LQSRAS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4537e4b0c8380cd67123","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Champion, D.E.","contributorId":70402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022088,"text":"70022088 - 1999 - Prediction of gas production using well logs, Cretaceous of north-central Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022088","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction of gas production using well logs, Cretaceous of north-central Montana","docAbstract":"Cretaceous gas sands underlie much of east-central Alberta and southern Saskatchewan, eastern Montana, western North Dakota, and parts of South Dakota and Wyoming. Estimates of recoverable biogenic methane from these rocks in the United States are as high as 91 TCF. In northern Montana, current production is localized around a few major structural features, while vast areas in between these structures are not being exploited. Although the potential for production exists, the lack of commercial development is due to three major factors: 1) the lack of pipeline infrastructure; 2) the lack of predictable and reliable rates of production; and 3) the difficulty in recognizing and selecting potentially productive gas-charged intervals. Unconventional (tight), continuous-type reservoirs, such as those in the Cretaceous of the northern Great Plains, are not well suited for conventional methods of formation evaluation. Pay zones frequently consist only of thinly laminated intervals of sandstone, silt, shale stringers, and disseminated clay. Potential producing intervals are commonly unrecognizable on well logs, and thus are overlooked. To aid in the identification and selection of potential producing intervals, a calibration system is developed here that empirically links the 'gas effect' to gas production. The calibration system combines the effects of porosity, water saturation, and clay content into a single 'gas-production index' (GPI) that relates the in-situ rock with production potential. The fundamental method for isolating the gas effect for calibration is a crossplot of neutron porosity minus density porosity vs gamma-ray intensity. Well-log and gas-production data used for this study consist of 242 perforated intervals from 53 gas-producing wells. Interval depths range from about 250 to 2400 ft. Gas volumes in the peak calendar year of production range from about 4 to 136 MMCF. Nine producing formations are represented. Producing-interval data show that porosity and gas production are closely linked to clay volume. Highest porosities and maximum gas production occur together at an intermediate clay content of about 12% (60 API). As clay volume exceeds 35% (130 API), minimum porosity required for production increases rapidly, and the number of potential producing intervals declines. Gas production from intervals where clay volume exceeds 50% is rare. Effective porosities of less than about 8% are probably inadequate for commercial gas production in these rocks regardless of clay content.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Hester, T., 1999, Prediction of gas production using well logs, Cretaceous of north-central Montana: Mountain Geologist, v. 36, no. 2, p. 85-98.","startPage":"85","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81eee4b0c8380cd7b7e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hester, T.C.","contributorId":93054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hester","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44550,"text":"wri984262 - 1999 - Simulation of ground-water system response to proposed withdrawals from 1993 to 2043 in the northern part of Juab Valley, Juab County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T20:08:30.057423","indexId":"wri984262","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4262","title":"Simulation of ground-water system response to proposed withdrawals from 1993 to 2043 in the northern part of Juab Valley, Juab County, Utah","docAbstract":"Information on the ground-water system in the northern part of Juab Valley, Utah, is needed by water managers to plan the optimal use of surface water that will be imported by the Central Utah Project and ground water pumped locally. The response of the ground-water system to an increase in withdrawal with no new sources of recharge was simulated to provide a baseline for comparing possible water-management plans and to determine their potential effects on wetlands in the area.\r\n\r\nTo assess the effects of additional withdrawal on the system, a 50-year-long stress period was added to the end of the existing three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model. This stress period simulates recharge and discharge stresses determined for 1987-92. Another model was constructed by simulating 30 additional wells pumping a total of 4,000 acre-feet per year in the 50-year-long stress period. The 30 additional wells were simulated in a north-south trending line along the eastern part of the valley and as pumping from the bottom model layer. The difference between model-computed water-level changes after 10, 30, and 50 years with and without the additional pumped wells was calculated for the uppermost model layer.\r\n\r\nWater-level declines of more than 6 feet were computed for layer 1 in the area east of Mona Reservoir, and natural sources of ground-water discharge in the northern part of the valley decreased in response to 30 years of additional pumping. Discharge from springs and seeps computed in 2022 of the revised model simulating additional pumping decreased by about 7 percent and computed discharge by evapotranspiration decreased by about 23 percent relative to the same time in the revised model simulating no additional pumping.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, Utah","doi":"10.3133/wri984262","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Central Utah Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., 1999, Simulation of ground-water system response to proposed withdrawals from 1993 to 2043 in the northern part of Juab Valley, Juab County, Utah (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4262, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984262.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135025,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9775,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri984262/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":463446,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81454.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Juab County","otherGeospatial":"Juab Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.08333333333333,39.333333333333336 ], [ -112.08333333333333,40 ], [ -111.66666666666667,40 ], [ -111.66666666666667,39.333333333333336 ], [ -112.08333333333333,39.333333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ade4b07f02db5c75cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":229983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25496,"text":"wri994059 - 1999 - Evaluation of processes affecting 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) concentrations in ground water in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California: Analysis of chemical data and ground-water flow and transport simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-16T21:08:32.596841","indexId":"wri994059","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4059","title":"Evaluation of processes affecting 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) concentrations in ground water in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California: Analysis of chemical data and ground-water flow and transport simulations","docAbstract":"Future use of the sole-source aquifer near Fresno in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California, will depend, in part, on how long 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), an agricultural fumigant banned from use since the late 1970's, persists at concentrations greater than the maximum contaminant level of 0.2 micrograms per liter (mg/L). Field data indicate that DBCP concentrations in ground water have decreased since the late 1970's. Laboratory experiments by earlier investigators show that DBCP transformed to 2-bromoallyl alcohol (BAA) under conditions similar to in situ conditions, with an estimated half-life ranging from 6.1 (pH 7.8, 21.1 degrees Celsius) to 141 years (pH 7.0, 15 degrees Celsius). For this current study, a detailed hydrogeologic investigation was done to assess the relative importance of chemical transformation, dispersion, and ground-water pumping and reapplication of irrigation water in affecting DBCP concentrations.\nGround-water samples were collected from 20 monitoring wells installed along a 4.6-kilometer transect. DBCP concentrations in these samples ranged from less than the detection limit of 0.03 mg/L to a maximum of 6.4 mg/L. Results of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) age dating indicate that DBCP occurs in water that ranges in age from about 2 to 41 years. The primary transformation product BAA, which was identified during previous laboratory studies, was not detected at or greater than 0.03 mg/L in any of the 20 ground-water samples. The lack of detection of BAA indicates that transformation to BAA is insignificant relative to other processes controlling DBCP concentrations. Results from this current study indicate that the in situ hydrolysis half-life for DBCP to BAA is much greater than the laboratory-determined values.\nEstimated initial concentrations of DBCP, calculated using CFC-estimated travel times and a half-life of 6.1 years, indicate that maximum initial concentrations are consistent with maximum measured concentrations in ground water. In contrast to initial DBCP concentrations, the estimated initial nitrate concentrations indicate that nitrate concentrations in recharge water have increased with time.\nA conceptual two-dimensional numerical flow and transport modeling approach was used to test hypotheses addressing dispersion, transformation rate, and in a relative sense, the effects of ground- water pumping and reapplication of irrigation water on DBCP concentrations in the aquifer. The flow and transport simulations, which represent hypothetical steady-state flow conditions in the aquifer, were used to refine the conceptual understanding of the aquifer system rather than to predict future concentrations of DBCP. Results indicate that dispersion reduces peak concentrations, but this process alone does not account for the apparent decrease in DBCP concentrations in ground water in the eastern San Joaquin Valley. Ground-water pumping and reapplication of irrigation water may affect DBCP concentrations to the extent that this process can be simulated indirectly using first-order decay. Transport simulation results indicate that the in situ 'effective' half-life of DBCP caused by processes other than dispersion and transformation to BAA could be on the order of 6 years.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994059","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the University of California - Davis","usgsCitation":"Burow, K.R., Panshin, S.Y., Dubrovsky, N.H., Vanbrocklin, D., and Fogg, G., 1999, Evaluation of processes affecting 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) concentrations in ground water in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California: Analysis of chemical data and ground-water flow and transport simulations: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4059, viii, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994059.","productDescription":"viii, 57 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":396040,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19392.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"eastern San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.736,\n 36.667\n ],\n [\n -119.5370,\n 36.667\n ],\n [\n -119.5370,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -119.736,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -119.736,\n 36.667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fabfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burow, Karen R. 0000-0001-6006-6667 krburow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-6667","contributorId":1504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burow","given":"Karen","email":"krburow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Panshin, Sandra Y.","contributorId":46126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panshin","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dubrovsky, Neil H.","contributorId":25193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vanbrocklin, David","contributorId":55041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vanbrocklin","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fogg, Graham E.","contributorId":68779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogg","given":"Graham E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":54870,"text":"wdrNY981 - 1999 - Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year; 1998. Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-14T11:14:49","indexId":"wdrNY981","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NY-98-1","title":"Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year; 1998. Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island","docAbstract":"

Water resources data for the 1998 water year for New York consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and ground-water levels. This volume contains records for water discharge at 127 gaging stations; stage only at 10 gaging stations; stage and contents at 4 gaging stations, and 18 other lakes and reservoirs; water quality at 32 gaging stations; and water levels at 4 observation wells. Also included are data for 36 crest-stage partial-record stations. Locations of all these sites are shown on figure 8. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data together with the data in volumes 2 and 3 represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with State, Municipal, and Federal agencies in New York.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrNY981","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of New York and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Butch, G.K., Murray, P.M., Lumia, R., and Weigel, J.F., 1999, Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year; 1998. Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NY-98-1, xvi, 434 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNY981.","productDescription":"xvi, 434 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1998/ny-98-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":363758,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1998/ny-98-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.25,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -73.1,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -73.1,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dd98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butch, Gerard K. gkbutch@usgs.gov","contributorId":914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butch","given":"Gerard","email":"gkbutch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, Patricia M. pmurray@usgs.gov","contributorId":4863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Patricia","email":"pmurray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lumia, Richard rlumia@usgs.gov","contributorId":4579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumia","given":"Richard","email":"rlumia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weigel, Jay F.","contributorId":19560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weigel","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25764,"text":"wri994028 - 1999 - Selected nutrients and pesticides in streams of the eastern Iowa basins, 1970-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-28T14:47:44","indexId":"wri994028","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4028","title":"Selected nutrients and pesticides in streams of the eastern Iowa basins, 1970-95","docAbstract":"

Water-quality data from 17 surface-water monitoring sites were compiled for 1970 through 1995 and analyzed to determine historical waterquality conditions and possible trends in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The Eastern Iowa Basins encompasses the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Skunk River Basins and covers about 19,500 square miles. Seven of the monitoring sites were sampled by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, three sites by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, three sites by the University of Iowa Institute for Hydraulic Research, and four sites by the U.S. Geological Survey. Water-quality analyses typically consisted of nitrate, ammonia, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, with limited analyses available for organic nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphate, and water-soluble pesticides. Long-term historical nutrient and pesticide data were not available for the Wapsipinicon River Basin.

\n

 Median concentrations for total nitrogen ranged from 4.6 to 9.4 milligrams per liter, and maximum concentrations of total nitrogen ranged from 4.6 to 31 milligrams per liter. The majority of nitrogen transported in surface waters of the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit is in the form of nitrate (nitrogen). Median concentrations of total phosphorus ranged from less than 0.10 to 0.66 milligram per liter, and maximum concentrations of total phosphorus ranged from less than 0.10 to 5.4 milligrams per liter.

\n

 Nitrate varied seasonally. Median concentrations of nitrate were largest during the spring and the winter (6.0 to 7.0 milligrams per liter) compared to the summer and fall (2.0 to 4.0 milligrams per liter). Concentrations of nitrate greater than 10 milligrams per liter typically occurred during spring runoff. Median ammonia concentrations generally were highest during the winter (approximately 0.3-0.5 milligram per liter) compared to the spring and summer when ammonia concentrations were often close to the detection limit (0.01 milligram per liter). In general, the median concentrations of total phosphorus varied less than 0.1 milligram per liter between seasons.

\n

 The statistical analysis of the nutrient data typically indicated a strong positive correlation of nitrate with streamflow. Total phosphorus concentrations with streamflow showed greater variability than nitrate, perhaps reflecting the greater potential of transport of phosphorus on sediment rather than in the dissolved phase as with nitrate. Ammonia and ammonia plus organic nitrogen showed no correlation with streamflow or a weak positive correlation. Seasonal variations and the relations of nutrients and pesticides to streamflow generally corresponded with nonpoint‑source loadings, although possible point sources for nutrients were indicated by the data at selected monitoring sites. Statistical trend tests for concentrations and loads were computed for nitrate, ammonia, and total phosphorus. Trend analysis indicated decreases for ammonia and total phosphorus concentrations at several sites and increases for nitrate concentrations at other sites in the study unit.

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