Water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in west-central North Dakota occur as ground water in bedrock and buried-valley aquifers and as surface water in streams and Lake Sakakawea. The bedrock aquifers-the Fox Hills-Hell Creek, Tongue River, and Sentinel Butte store about 93 million acre-feet of water under the Reservation. The Fox Hills-Hell Creek aquifer is composed mainly of very fine to medium-grained sandstone and stores about 51 million acrefeet of water. Water levels in the aquifer declined from 1976 through 1992. The Tongue River aquifer is composed mainly of claystones and siltstones and has widely distributed pockets of sandstone or lignite layers. The aquifer stores about 24 million acre-feet of water. The Sentinel Butte aquifer is composed mainly of interbedded claystones, siltstones, shale, lignite, and sandstone and stores about 18 million acre-feet of water. Yields from the lignite beds are highly variable. Water in the aquifers was predominantly a sodium bicarbonate type. Mean dissolved solids concentrations were 1,530 milligrams per liter in water from the Fox Hills-Hell Creek aquifer, 2,110 milligrams per liter in water from the Tongue River aquifer, and 1,300 milligrams per liter in water from the Sentinel Butte aquifer.
The East Fork Shell Creek, Shell Creek, White Shield, New Town, and Sanish aquifers occur within buried valleys and store about 1,414,000 acre-feet of water. The East Fork Shell Creek and Shell Creek aquifers are composed of sand and gravel lenses that are surrounded by less permeable till. Water in the East Fork Shell Creek aquifer is a sodium sulfate bicarbonate type, and water in the Shell Creek aquifer is a sodium bicarbonate sulfate type. Mean dissolved-solids concentrations were 3,220 milligrams per liter in water from the East Fork Shell Creek aquifer and 1,470 milligrams per liter in water from the Shell Creek aquifer.
The White Shield aquifer is composed of very fine to coarse sand and fine to coarse gravel. Water in the aquifer varies from a sodium bicarbonate sulfate type to a mixed calcium magnesium sodium bicarbonate sulfate type. Mean dissolved-solids concentrations were 1,080 milligrams per liter in water from the eastern part of the aquifer and 1,430 milligrams per liter in water from the western part of the aquifer. Water levels in the western part of the aquifer rose during 1970-92.
The New Town aquifer is composed of lenticular deposits of sand and gravel. Water in the aquifer is a calcium sodium bicarbonate sulfate type and had a mean dissolved-solids concentration of 1,390 milligrams per liter. Data indicate a close correspondence between ground-water levels and lake stage of Lake Sakakawea, implying a hydraulic connection between the aquifer and the lake.
The Sanish aquifer is composed of sand, clayey sand, and thin gravels that are poorly cemented and highly permeable. Water in the aquifer is a mixed calcium magnesium bicarbonate sulfate type and had a mean dissolved-solids concentration of 1,350 milligrams per liter.
Major streams on the Reservation are Bear Den Creek, Shell Creek, East Fork Shell Creek, Deepwater Creek, Moccasin Creek, and Squaw Creek. Mean streamflow for Bear Den Creek for June 1966 through September 1992 was 6.72 cubic feet per second. Mean streamflow for Shell Creek for September 1965 through September 1981 was 12.9 cubic feet per second. Streamflow measurements for East Fork Shell Creek for April 1990 through June 1991 ranged from zero to 3.65 cubic feet per second, measurements for Deepwater Creek for April 1990 through May 1991 ranged from zero to 4.28 cubic feet per second, measurements for Moccasin Creek for April 1990 through September 1992 ranged from zero to 7.07 cubic feet per second, and measurements for Squaw Creek for April 1990 through September 1992 ranged from zero to 4.22 cubic feet per second.
Lake Sakakawea has a maximum surface area of 390,000 acres. The surface area is variable in relation to lake stage, which was unusually low during this study. The mean lake elevation for Lake Sakakawea for 1970-92 was 1,837.08 feet, and the mean lake elevation for 1990-92 was 1,821.14 feet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984098","usgsCitation":"Cates, S.W., and Macek-Rowland, K.M., 1998, Water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, west-central North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4098, v, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984098.","productDescription":"v, 75 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4098/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95605,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4098/report.pdf","size":"7060","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.72216796875,\n 47.4\n ],\n [\n -101.524658203125,\n 47.4\n ],\n [\n -101.524658203125,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -102.72216796875,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -102.72216796875,\n 47.4\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0554","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cates, Steven W.","contributorId":71592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cates","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macek-Rowland, Kathleen M.","contributorId":50565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macek-Rowland","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28489,"text":"wri974252 - 1998 - Flood of January 19-20, 1996 in New York State","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri974252","displayToPublicDate":"2000-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4252","title":"Flood of January 19-20, 1996 in New York State","docAbstract":"Heavy rain during January 18-19, 1996, combined with unseasonably warm temperatures that caused rapid snowmelt, resulted in widespread flooding throughout New York State. Damages to highways, bridges, and private property exceeded $100 million. The storm and flooding claimed 10 lives, stranded hundreds of people, destroyed or damaged thousands of homes and businesses, and closed hundreds of roads. Forty-one counties in New York were declared federal disaster areas. The most severely affected region was within and surrounding the Catskill Mountains. Damages and losses within Delaware County alone exceeded $20 million.More than 4.5 inches of rain fell on at least 45 inches of melting snow in the Catskill Mountain region during January 18-19 and caused major flooding in the area. The most destructive flooding was along Schoharie Creek and the East and West Branches of the Delaware River. Record peak discharges occurred at 57 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations throughout New York. Maximum discharges at 15 sites, mostly within the Schoharie Creek and Delaware River basins, had recurrence intervals equal to or greater than 100 years. The storage of significant amounts of floodwater in several reservoirs sharply reduced peak discharges downstream. This report presents a summary of peak stages and discharges, precipitation maps, floodflow hydrographs, inflow-outflow hydrographs for several reservoirs, and flood profiles along 83 miles of Schoharie Creek from its headwaters in the Catskill Mountains to its mouth at the Mohawk River. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Service, [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974252","usgsCitation":"Lumia, R., 1998, Flood of January 19-20, 1996 in New York State: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4252, v, 61 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974252.","productDescription":"v, 61 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4252/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57287,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4252/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6020c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lumia, Richard rlumia@usgs.gov","contributorId":4579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumia","given":"Richard","email":"rlumia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26911,"text":"wri984012 - 1998 - Nutrient loading and selected water-quality and biological characteristics of Dickinson Bayou near Houston, Texas, 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T14:15:31","indexId":"wri984012","displayToPublicDate":"2000-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4012","title":"Nutrient loading and selected water-quality and biological characteristics of Dickinson Bayou near Houston, Texas, 1995-97","docAbstract":"Data were collected at 10 stations in the Dickinson Bayou watershed near Houston, Texas, from March 1995 through February 1997 to estimate the concentrations, loads, and yields of selected nutrients that enter the bayou; to characterize the effects on nutrient concentrations of flow conditions, seasonality, and land use; and to identify nutrient sources (point or nonpoint) inferred from the occurrence and abundance of algal species in the benthic algal community. These data included rainfall samples, streamflow measurements, stream-water-quality samples, and biological samples, in addition to quality-assurance/quality-control samples.
\nEstimates of loads of selected nutrients for the 106-square-mile watershed during the study were made for point sources and nonpoint sources. Point-source loading data are available only for ammonia nitrogen. Approximately 21.3 pounds per day of ammonia nitrogen is estimated from point sources during the study period. Nonpoint-source loads are estimated for eight nutrient forms: 7.84 pounds per day of dissolved ammonia nitrogen, 5.79 pounds per day of dissolved nitrite nitrogen, 215 pounds per day of dissolved Kjeldahl nitrogen, 350 pounds per day of total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 40.1 pounds per day of dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, 67.6 pounds per day of total phosphorus, 46.6 pounds per day of dissolved phosphorus, and 42.8 pounds per day of dissolved orthophosphate. Rainfall-deposition rates also are estimated for comparison with point- and nonpoint-source loads. Deposition rates are 110 pounds per day of dissolved ammonia nitrogen, 120 pounds per day of dissolved nitrate nitrogen, and 15.8 pounds per day of dissolved phosphorus.
\nStatistical tests were used to determine whether there are significant differences between nutrient concentrations during low-flow and during high-flow conditions. For basins with rural/mixed and urban land uses, nutrient concentrations generally are significantly different (greater) during storm events than during low flow, indicating accumulation in the watershed and subsequent washoff of nutrients. However, nutrient concentrations in storm-event samples consisting predominantly of runoff from a pasture are not significantly greater than those in low-flow samples. Statistical tests for seasonality indicate that dissolved ammonia nitrogen is significantly different in at least one season for all land uses (rural/residential, rural/mixed, and pasture) except urban. Concentrations tend to increase in the spring and early summer months, possibly from fertilizer application and subsequent washoff.
\nConstituent-yield data were used to make direct comparisons of the nonpoint-source load contributions from four stations with watersheds of different land use. These comparisons lead to three conclusions: (1) For all nutrient species except orthophosphate, urban land use is the largest nonpoint-source contributor, (2) Kjeldahl nitrogen is the most abundant nutrient species, and (3) organic nitrogen accounts for the major part of the Kjeldahl nitrogen.
\nAlgal samples were collected at seven stations and were analyzed for periphyton identification and enumeration, and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b concentrations. The large relative abundance of soil algae at stations in the middle of the watershed likely indicates the cumulative effects on water quality of agricultural nonpoint sources. Farther downstream near the State Highway 3 bridge, and downstream of three major tributary inflows, the increase in abundance of soil algae to a larger-than-expected level might reflect water-quality influences from predominantly urban nonpoint sources in the drainage basins of the three major tributary inflows. Nutrient concentrations do not appear to limit algal production in the upper (non-tidal) reach of Dickinson Bayou; but nutrient concentrations could have been limiting benthicalgal production in the lower (tidal) reach of the bayou during the time of the synoptic survey. If nitrogen is the limiting resource for algal productivity in the tidal reach of Dickinson Bayou, eutrophication of the system could be (at least partially) mitigated if nonpoint-source nutrient loads into the Bayou were reduced.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri984012","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Houston-Galveston Area Council and the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission under the authorization of the Texas Clean Rivers Act","usgsCitation":"East, J., Paul, E.M., and Porter, S.D., 1998, Nutrient loading and selected water-quality and biological characteristics of Dickinson Bayou near Houston, Texas, 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4012, Document: v, 50 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984012.","productDescription":"Document: v, 50 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326732,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri984012.JPG"},{"id":2005,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984012/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Dickinson Bayou","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696772","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"East, Jeffery W. jweast@usgs.gov","contributorId":1683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Jeffery W.","email":"jweast@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paul, Edna M.","contributorId":60268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paul","given":"Edna","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Porter, Stephen D.","contributorId":16429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31020,"text":"wri984139 - 1998 - Geohydrology and quality of ground water in unconsolidated aquifers near South Bend, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-13T19:12:54.005746","indexId":"wri984139","displayToPublicDate":"2000-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4139","title":"Geohydrology and quality of ground water in unconsolidated aquifers near South Bend, Indiana","docAbstract":"The water supply for the City of South Bend, Indiana, and much of surrounding St. Joseph County is provided by 36 municipal and community well fields. Some of these well fields are located near known or potential sources of ground-water contamination that could affect ground-water supplies in the near future. As population and industry grow, it will be necessary to find additional sources of water and determine their quantity and quality. Geohydrologic and water-quality data are available to identify areas for developing additional ground-water supplies, but these data have not been compiled into one source accessible to area water-resource managers.
This report presents a compilation of these geohydrologic and water-quality data for the ground-water system in and near South Bend that can be used to identify potentially favorable areas for developing additional ground-water supplies for municipal use. The data were compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Bend Water Works, for a study area of approximately 535 square miles that includes all of St. Joseph County and the eastern part of La Porte County. A map format has been used to facilitate comparison between geohydrologic and water-quality information.
Previously published geologic maps and cross sections describe the geologic setting and aquifer deposits of the study area, the hydrogeology of northeastern St. Joseph County, and the ground-water quality of northeastern St. Joseph County. Beaty (1990) and Clendenon and Beaty (1987) produced water-resource-availability reports for the St. Joseph and Kankakee River Basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984139","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Bend Water Works","usgsCitation":"Fowler, K.K., and Arihood, L.D., 1998, Geohydrology and quality of ground water in unconsolidated aquifers near South Bend, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4139, Document: 1 p.; 3 Plates: 33.34 x 24.16 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984139.","productDescription":"Document: 1 p.; 3 Plates: 33.34 x 24.16 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95894,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4139/wri19984139_sheet3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","size":"241 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Location of Wells with Lithologic, Water Qualityl and Geohydrologic Characteristics Information in the Study area"},{"id":498593,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48997.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":358694,"rank":6,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":95893,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4139/wri19984139_sheet2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"460 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Water Quality Characteristics"},{"id":95891,"rank":8,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4139/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Cover"},{"id":95892,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4139/wri19984139_sheet1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"703 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Geohydrologic Characteristics"},{"id":3014,"rank":7,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4139/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"WRI 1998-4139"}],"scale":"65000","country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"South Bend","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.30756378173828,\n 41.654060291806\n ],\n [\n -86.30756378173828,\n 41.721233705118706\n ],\n [\n -86.18825912475585,\n 41.721233705118706\n ],\n [\n -86.18825912475585,\n 41.654060291806\n ],\n [\n -86.30756378173828,\n 41.654060291806\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98520","usgsCitation":"Drake, A.A., 1998, Geologic map of the Piedmont in the Beltsville, Laurel, and Washington East quadrangles, Montgomery, Prince Georges, Howard, and Anne Arundel Counties, Maryland and the District of Columbia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-520, Report: 18 p.; 1 Plate: 30.19 × 35.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98520.","productDescription":"Report: 18 p.; 1 Plate: 30.19 × 35.82 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390362,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19299.htm"},{"id":60289,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0520/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60288,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0520/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":164289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0520/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"District of Columbia, Maryland","county":"Anne Arundel County, Howard County, Montgomery County, Prince Georges County","otherGeospatial":"Beltsville, Laurel, and Washington East quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77,\n 38.958\n ],\n [\n -76.772,\n 38.958\n ],\n [\n -76.772,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -77,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -77,\n 38.958\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af0e4b07f02db691753","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, Avery A. Jr.","contributorId":81090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Avery","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21646,"text":"ofr98582 - 1998 - Catalog of the historically active volcanoes of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:36:23","indexId":"ofr98582","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-582","title":"Catalog of the historically active volcanoes of Alaska","docAbstract":"Alaska hosts within its borders over 80 major volcanic centers that have erupted during Holocene time (< 10,000 years). At least 29 of these volcanic centers (table 1) had historical eruptions and 12 additional volcanic centers may have had historical eruptions. Historical in Alaska generally means the period since 1760 when explorers, travelers, and inhabitants kept written records. These 41 volcanic centers have been the source for >265 eruptions reported from Alaska volcanoes.
With the exception of Wrangell volcano, all the centers are in, or near, the Aleutian volcanic arc, which extends 2500 km from Hayes volcano 145 km west of Anchorage in the Alaska-Aleutian Range to Buldir Island in the western Aleutian Islands (fig. 1). The volcanic arc, a subduction-related feature associated with underthrusting of the Pacific plate beneath the North American plate is divided between oceanic island arc and continental margin segments, the boundary occurring at about 165° W longitude (fig. 1). An additional 7 volcanic centers in the Aleutian arc (table 2; fig. 1 A) have active fumarole fields but no reported historical eruptions.
This report discusses the location, physiography and structure, eruptive history, and geology of those volcanoes in Alaska that have experienced one or more eruptions that have been recorded in the written history (i.e., in historical time). It is part of the group of catalogs entitled Catalogue of Active Volcanoes of the World published beginning in 1951 under the auspices of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). A knowledge of the information contained in such catalogs aids in understanding the type and scale of activity that might be expected during a particular eruption, the hazards the eruption may pose, and even the prediction of eruptions. The catalog will thus be of value not only to the inhabitants of Alaska but to government agencies concerned with emergency response, air traffic operations, and weather, as well as to industry and scientists. The combination of the hazard posed by volcanic ash to jet aircraft and the heavy use of international air routes located parallel to, and on either side of, the Aleutian volcanic arc means that even remote volcanoes in Alaska now pose significant hazards to life and property.
Although this report is concerned with historical eruptions from Alaskan volcanoes, other volcanoes in Alaska have erupted in the past 10,000 years and might therefore be expected to erupt again. Several Holocene volcanic centers in the Aleutian arc have no reported historical activity. Elsewhere in Alaska the Bering Sea basalt fields cover large areas of the Yukon Delta, Seward Peninsula, and several of the islands of the Bering Sea. Holocene centers also occur in the Wrangell Mountains and in isolated occurrences in the interior and southeastern Alaska. Eruptions from these centers have occurred within the past several hundred years but none were transcribed in the written record. Moodie and others (1992), however, report oral traditions among the Northern Athapaskan Indians of the southwestern Yukon Territory that may record the second and younger deposition of the White River Ash circa A.D. 720. This lobe of the White River Ash was deposited during the paroxysmal eruption of Churchill volcano in the Wrangell Mountains of eastcentral Alaska (McGimsey and others, 1992; Richter and others, 1995).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98582","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.P., McGimsey, R.G., Richter, D., Riehle, J., Nye, C., Yount, M.E., and Dumoulin, J.A., 1998, Catalog of the historically active volcanoes of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-582, v, 104 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98582.","productDescription":"v, 104 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0582/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51198,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0582/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -184.1748046875,\n 51.15178610143037\n ],\n [\n -138,\n 51.15178610143037\n ],\n [\n -138,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -184.1748046875,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -184.1748046875,\n 51.15178610143037\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e7088","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGimsey, R. G.","contributorId":93921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richter, D.H.","contributorId":43325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Riehle, J.R.","contributorId":73573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riehle","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nye, C.J.","contributorId":42734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yount, M. E.","contributorId":76748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yount","given":"M.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":38147,"text":"ofr98219A - 1998 - Potential mineral resources, Payette National Forest, Idaho: Description and probabilistic estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-14T15:00:53.172265","indexId":"ofr98219A","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-219","chapter":"A","title":"Potential mineral resources, Payette National Forest, Idaho: Description and probabilistic estimation","docAbstract":"The Payette National Forest (PNF), in west-central Idaho, is geologically diverse and contains a wide variety of mineral resources. Mineral deposit types are grouped into locatable, leasable, and salable categories. The PNF has substantial past production and identified resources of locatable commodities, including gold, silver, copper, zinc, tungsten, antimony, mercury, and opal. Minor lignitic coal is the only leasable mineral resource known to be present in the PNF. Resources of salable commodities in the PNF include sand-and-gravel, basalt for crushed-rock aggregate, and minor gypsum.
\nLocatable mineral resources are geographically divided between eastern and western parts of the PNF. The western PNF lies west of the Riggins-to-Cascade highway (US 95 - Idaho 55), and the eastern PNF is east of that highway. The western and eastern parts of the PNF are geologically distinctive and have different types of locatable mineral deposits, so their locatable mineral resources are described separately. Within the western and eastern parts of the PNF, locatable deposit types generally are described in order of decreasing geologic age.
\nAn expert panel delineated tracts considered geologically permissive and (or) favorable for the occurrence of undiscovered mineral deposits of types that are known to be present within or near the PNF. The panel also estimated probabilities for undiscovered deposits, and used numerical simulation, based on tonnage-grade distribution models, to derive estimates of in-situ metals contained. These estimates are summarized in terms of mean and median measures of central tendency. Most grade and tonnage distributions appear to be log-normal, with the median lower than the mean. Inasmuch as the mean is influenced by the largest deposits in the model tonnage-grade distribution, the median provides a lower measure of central tendency and a more conservative estimation of undiscovered resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98219A","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Bookstrom, A.A., Johnson, B.R., Cookro, T.M., Lund, K., Watts, K., King, H.D., Kleinkopf, M.D., Pitkin, J.A., Sanchez, J.D., and Causey, J.D., 1998, Potential mineral resources, Payette National Forest, Idaho: Description and probabilistic estimation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-219, Report: 180 p.; Readme; 2 Metadata files; Complete digital package; Dataset; Additional dataset; Additional files; 2 Map files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98219A.","productDescription":"Report: 180 p.; Readme; 2 Metadata files; Complete digital package; Dataset; Additional dataset; Additional files; 2 Map files","numberOfPages":"270","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284335,"rank":10,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98219A.jpg"},{"id":3458,"rank":11,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219a/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":64408,"rank":12,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219a/readme.txt","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284327,"rank":9,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219a/pnfmines.met"},{"id":284326,"rank":8,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219a/pnfdepmod.met"},{"id":284328,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219a/pdf/of98-219a.pdf"},{"id":284329,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219a/pnf.tar.Z"},{"id":284330,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219a/covers.e00.tar.Z"},{"id":284331,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219a/more.e00.tar.Z"},{"id":284332,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219a/pnfmines.e00.Z"},{"id":284333,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219a/pnfplate.hp.Z"},{"id":284334,"rank":1,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219a/pnfplate.eps.Z"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Payette National Forest","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.04,44.4219 ], [ -117.04,45.5697 ], [ -114.547,45.5697 ], [ -114.547,44.4219 ], [ -117.04,44.4219 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6833cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bookstrom, Arthur A. 0000-0003-1336-3364 abookstrom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1336-3364","contributorId":1542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bookstrom","given":"Arthur","email":"abookstrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Bruce R.","contributorId":100009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cookro, Theresa M.","contributorId":47808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cookro","given":"Theresa","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lund, Karen 0000-0002-4249-3582 klund@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-3582","contributorId":1235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"Karen","email":"klund@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Watts, Kenneth C.","contributorId":101180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Kenneth C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"King, Harley D. hking@usgs.gov","contributorId":4046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Harley","email":"hking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":219193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kleinkopf, Merlin D.","contributorId":76643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleinkopf","given":"Merlin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pitkin, James A.","contributorId":96651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitkin","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sanchez, J. David","contributorId":40511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Causey, J. Douglas","contributorId":41398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Causey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":32169,"text":"ofr98478 - 1998 - Mineral resource appraisal of the Salmon National Forest, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T13:09:04.776939","indexId":"ofr98478","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-478","title":"Mineral resource appraisal of the Salmon National Forest, Idaho","docAbstract":"The Salmon National Forest administers 1,776,994 net acres of mountainous terrain located in east-central Idaho. Most of the Forest is in Lemhi County; only a small portion falls within Idaho and Valley Counties. Approximately 426,114 acres of the Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness extends into the western part of the Forest and mineral entry is severely restricted. Because of its location within the Salmon River drainage, the Forest also is subject to numerous issues surrounding restoration of anadromous fish runs.\n\nMineral production from the Salmon National Forest began during 1866 when placer gold was discovered in Leesburg Basin. Hardrock mining quickly spread throughout the Forest and many deposits containing a wide range of commodities were discovered and developed. Although early records are sketchy, production is estimated to include 940,000 ounces gold, 654,000 ounces silver, 61.9 million pounds copper, 8.9 million pounds lead, 13.9 million pounds cobalt, 208,000 pounds zinc, and 37,000 tons fluorite mill feed.\n\nMineral resources are large, diverse, and occur in many deposit types including exhalative, stockwork, disseminated, vein, replacement, sedimentary, skarn, breccia pipe, porphyry, and placer. The largest cobalt resource in the United States occurs in the Blackbird Mining District. Other resources include gold, silver, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphate, manganese, iron, fluorite, uranium, thorium, rare earth oxides, and barite.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98478","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R., Close, T., and McHugh, E., 1998, Mineral resource appraisal of the Salmon National Forest, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-478, 277 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98478.","productDescription":"277 p.","numberOfPages":"277","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":60281,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0478/pdf/of98-478.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163405,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0478/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":3129,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0478/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Salmon National Forest","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.565231,45.218764 ], [ -114.565231,45.281607 ], [ -114.437171,45.281607 ], [ -114.437171,45.218764 ], [ -114.565231,45.218764 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649f24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Rick","contributorId":64158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Rick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Close, Terry","contributorId":76651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Close","given":"Terry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McHugh, Ed","contributorId":52890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"Ed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32145,"text":"ofr98224B - 1998 - Map showing areas with potential for talc deposits in the Gravelly, Greenhorn, and Ruby Ranges and the Henrys Lake Mountains of southwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-14T13:58:23.902824","indexId":"ofr98224B","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-224","chapter":"B","title":"Map showing areas with potential for talc deposits in the Gravelly, Greenhorn, and Ruby Ranges and the Henrys Lake Mountains of southwestern Montana","docAbstract":"For the last several years, Montana has been the leading talc producing state in the United States (U.S. Geological Survey, 1996). For example, in 1992 Montana supplied about 40 percent of the U.S. mine production of talc (Virta, 1992). All of this production has come from the large deposits of high purity talc in the southwestern part of the state. All Montana talc is currently (1997) extracted from four mines, each within the study area of this map—the open pit operations of the Treasure State, Regal, and Yellowstone mines and the underground operation of the Beaverhead mine (see map numbers 1-4 on list and map to the left). The related mineral chlorite is mined at the Antler mine, located nearby, but outside of the study area in the Highland Mountains. Montana talc has at least two market advantages: (1) some deposits are very large and near surface, allowing economic mining by open pit methods; and (2) the deposits are of high purity and lack tremolite or other amphibole mineral contaminants (such as absestos) that occur in some other talc-rich deposits. Talc from southwest Montana is used in ceramics, paint, paper, plastics, cosmetics, rubber, roofing, flooring, caulking, and agricultural applications. The talc is also used in the processes of recycling paper and plastics.
Talc was first discovered in the early 1900's at the present site of the Yellowstone mine (Perry, 1948, p. 9). Modest production began in 1942 from shallow pits and adits, supplying steatite (massive, compact, high-purity) talc that was used to make ceramic insulators. The southwest Montana talc industry grew to become a significant part of the region's economy; this history is described by Perry (1948), Olson (1976), and Berg (1997). Exploration and development are likely to continue for the foreseeable future for several reasons: (1) mines are active in the area at present and an infrastructure for talc processing exists; (2) large changes in domestic and export talc markets are not expected in the next few years based on recent market trends (Virta, 1997); (3) the talc of this region is especially pure and asbestos-free; and (4) except for potential ground stabilization problems and land disturbance associated with largescale open pit mining, no significant environmental impacts are associated with talc mining.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98224B","usgsCitation":"Van Gosen, B.S., Berg, R.B., and Hammarstrom, J.M., 1998, Map showing areas with potential for talc deposits in the Gravelly, Greenhorn, and Ruby Ranges and the Henrys Lake Mountains of southwestern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-224, 1 Plate: 42.65 × 33.62 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98224B.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 42.65 × 33.62 inches","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":164274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":108810,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17783.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"17783"},{"id":3105,"rank":300,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0224-b/98_224b.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Gravelly, Greenhorn, and Ruby Ranges and the Henrys Lake Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -111.25,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -111.25,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 44.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db65946d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Gosen, Bradley S. 0000-0003-4214-3811 bvangose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3811","contributorId":1174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Gosen","given":"Bradley","email":"bvangose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berg, Richard B.","contributorId":57912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammarstrom, Jane M. 0000-0003-2742-3460 jhammars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-3460","contributorId":1226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"Jane","email":"jhammars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24739,"text":"ofr98619 - 1998 - GLORIA sidescan sonar field data and navigation data collected off Puerto Rico in 1985 and the eastern United States in 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-07T17:32:06.487764","indexId":"ofr98619","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-619","title":"GLORIA sidescan sonar field data and navigation data collected off Puerto Rico in 1985 and the eastern United States in 1987","docAbstract":"This CD-ROM contains copies of the navigation and field sidescan sonar data collected within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) surrounding Puerto Rico and off the eastern United States during cruises aboard the R/V FARNELLA. The survey of the Puerto Rico EEZ was completed during one cruise between 4 November and 3 December, 1985. The survey of the EEZ off the eastern United States was completed during five cruises between 2 February and 30 May, 1987. The data were collected as part of the USGS EEZ-SCAN program which was a cooperative mapping program between the US Geological Survey and the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences of the UK. The survey areas included the entire US EEZ of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands as well as of the eastern United States from the Canadian international boundary at Georges Bank to the Bahamian international boundary east of Florida. GLORIA imagery was collected seaward of approximately 400 m water depth.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98619","usgsCitation":"Twichell, D.C., Paskevich, V.F., and Delorey, C.M., 1998, GLORIA sidescan sonar field data and navigation data collected off Puerto Rico in 1985 and the eastern United States in 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-619, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98619.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157783,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":409064,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13231.htm","text":"Puerto Rico","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465764,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13232.htm","text":"eastern United States","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465771,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-619/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.63345446800696,\n 19.59467659585617\n ],\n [\n -67.63345446800696,\n 16.79926352546829\n ],\n [\n -64.50612409343177,\n 16.79926352546829\n ],\n [\n -64.50612409343177,\n 19.59467659585617\n ],\n [\n -67.63345446800696,\n 19.59467659585617\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.14519124521632,\n 44.416813348103574\n ],\n [\n -81.55555739432253,\n 44.416813348103574\n ],\n [\n -81.55555739432253,\n 25.399006976067326\n ],\n [\n -66.14519124521632,\n 25.399006976067326\n ],\n [\n -66.14519124521632,\n 44.416813348103574\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b15d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twichell, David C.","contributorId":37730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":192472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paskevich, Valerie F.","contributorId":81907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paskevich","given":"Valerie","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Delorey, Catherine M.","contributorId":33976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delorey","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32170,"text":"ofr98480 - 1998 - Surficial geologic map along the Castle Mountain Fault between Houston and Hatcher Pass Road, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-09T17:16:42.608891","indexId":"ofr98480","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-480","title":"Surficial geologic map along the Castle Mountain Fault between Houston and Hatcher Pass Road, Alaska","docAbstract":"The surficial geology of the map area is dominated by sedimentary deposits laid down during and after the Naptowne glaciation (Karlstrom, 1964) of late Pleistocene age. During this episode, a large valley glacier flowed westward down the Matanuska Valley along the southern flank of the Talkeetna Mountains. The youngest of two documented advances has been referred to as the Elmendorf stade, which reached its maximum extent about 12,000 radiocarbon years ago (Schmoll and others, 1972; Reger and Updike, 1983). Deposits from this stade in the map area include: glacial till (Qg), lateral moraine (Qml) and kame terrace (Qk) deposits. Older episodes of glaciation have been inferred by a number of workers (e.g., Karlstrom, 1964; Reger and Updike, 1983; Reger and Updike, 1989; Schmoll and Yehle, 1986). The ridge above and north of the map area, Bald Mountain Ridge, is rounded in contrast to higher areas of the Talkeetna Mountains to the east. Therefore, within the map area older glacial deposits (Qg2) are inferred to lie above the highest Naptowne deposits. After reaching its maximum extent the valley glacier stagnated (Reger and Updike, 1983), as indicated by a crevasse-fill-ridge complex south of Houston in the map area, perched drainages along the sides of the Talkeetna Mountains, and an esker (unit Qe in the middle of the western map area). The ancient stream deposits (unit Qad) are perched on the southern flanks of the Talkeetna Mountains and were deposited by westward flowing streams as the valley glacier stagnated. These sinuous ancient drainages commonly incised up to 20 m into the underlying glacial till. Because stream flow is not as high today as when the drainages formed, the modern streams flowing within these drainages are underfit, and the ancient drainage courses are commonly filled with peat deposits (Qp).
After ice of the Elmendorf stade melted, modern stream courses were established. These include the southward flowing streams on the flank of the Talkeetna Mountains as well as the west-southwestward flowing Little Susitna River. The Little Susitna River cut down through older river terrace deposits (Qat) to form the active alluvial plain (Qaa). Alluvium from the southward flowing streams (Qas) forms alluvial fans on top of, and presumably interfingering with, active alluvium along the Little Susitna River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98480","usgsCitation":"Haeussler, P.J., 1998, Surficial geologic map along the Castle Mountain Fault between Houston and Hatcher Pass Road, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-480, Report: 4 p.; 1 Plate: 34.53 x 41.68 inches; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98480.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; 1 Plate: 34.53 x 41.68 inches; Metadata","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163406,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98480.GIF"},{"id":284342,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0480/pdf/cmfmap.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284341,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0480/cmf_meta.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":284340,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0480/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284343,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0480/pdf/cmftext.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"25000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Castle Mountain Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.8798496931205,\n 61.6658995318015\n ],\n [\n -149.77875208037563,\n 61.6008117814078\n ],\n [\n -149.30403285531318,\n 61.74403231707677\n ],\n [\n -149.4725288765544,\n 61.79289471886946\n ],\n [\n -149.8798496931205,\n 61.6658995318015\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689262","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26581,"text":"wri984062 - 1998 - Simulation of ground-water flow and stream-aquifer relations in the vicinity of the Savannah River Site, Georgia and South Carolina, predevelopment through 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T09:54:27","indexId":"wri984062","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4062","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and stream-aquifer relations in the vicinity of the Savannah River Site, Georgia and South Carolina, predevelopment through 1992","docAbstract":"Ground-water flow and stream-aquifer relations were simulated for seven aquifers in Coastal Plain sediments in the vicinity of the U.S. Department of Energy, Savannah River Site (SRS), in Georgia and South Carolina to evaluate the potential for ground water containing hazardous materials to migrate from the SRS into Georgia through aquifers underlying the Savannah River (trans-river flow). The work was completed as part of a cooperative study between the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Department of Energy, and Georgia Department of Natural Resources. The U.S. Geological Survey three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model, MODFLOW, was used to simulate ground-water flow in three aquifer systems containing seven discrete aquifers: (1) the Floridan aquifer system, consisting of the Upper Three Runs and Gordon aquifers in sediments of Eocene age; (2) the Dublin aquifer system, consisting of the Millers Pond, and upper and lower Dublin aquifers in sediments of Paleocene and Late Cretaceous age; and (3) the Midville aquifer system, consisting of the upper and lower Midville aquifers of sediments in Late Cretaceous age. Ground-water flow was simulated using a series of steady-state simulations of predevelopment (pre-1953) conditions and six pumping periods--1953-60, 1961-70, 1971-75, 1976-80, 1981-86, and 1987-92--results are presented for predevelopment (prior to 1953) and modern-day (1987-92) conditions. \r\n\r\nTotal simulated predevelopment inflow is 1,023 million gallons per day (Mgal/d), of which 76 percent is contributed by leakage from the Upper Three Runs aquifer. Over most of the study area, pumpage induced changes in ground-water levels, ground-water discharge to streams, and water-budget components were small during 1953-92, and changes in aquifer storage were insignificant. Simulated drawdown between predevelopment and modern-day conditions is small (less than 7 feet) and of limited areal extent--the largest simulated declines occur in the upper and lower Dublin aquifers in the vicinity of the Sandoz plant site in South Carolina. These declines extend beneath the Savannah River and change the configuration of the simulated potentiometric surface and flow paths near the river.\r\n\r\nPredevelopment and modern-day flowpaths were simulated near the Savannah River by using the U.S. Geological Survey particle-tracking code MODPATH. Eastward and westward zones of trans-river flow were identified in three principal areas as follows: \r\n\r\n --zone 1-from the Fall Line southward to the confluence of Hollow Creek and the Savannah River; \r\n --zone 2-from the zone 1 boundary southward to the southern border of the SRS (not including the Lower Three Runs Creek section); and \r\n --zone 3-from the zone 2 boundary, southward into the northern part of Screven County, Ga. All zones for all model layers were located within or immediately adjacent to the Savannah River alluvial valley and most were located in the immediate vicinity of the Savannah River. Recharge areas for each of the zones of trans-river flow generally are in the vicinity of major interstream drainage divides. \r\nMean time-of-travel simulated for predevelopment conditions ranges from 300 to 24,000 years for westward trans-river flow zones; and from 550 to 41,000 years for eastward zones. Corresponding travel times under modern-day conditions range from 300 to 34,000 years for westward zones and from 580 to 31,000 years for eastward zones. Differences in travel times between predevelopment and modern-day simulations result from changes in hydraulic gradients due to ground-water pumpage that alter flow paths in the vicinity of the river. \r\n\r\nRecharge to Georgia trans-river flow zones originating on the SRS was simulated for the Gordon and upper Dublin aquifers during predevelopment, and in the Gordon aquifer during 1987-92. During 1987-92, SRS recharge was simulated in 6 model cells covering a 2-square mile area, located away from areas of ground-water contamination. Si","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984062","usgsCitation":"Clarke, J.S., and West, C.T., 1998, Simulation of ground-water flow and stream-aquifer relations in the vicinity of the Savannah River Site, Georgia and South Carolina, predevelopment through 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4062, vii, 134 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984062.","productDescription":"vii, 134 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1982,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri98-4062/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River Site","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.83333333333333,32.833333333333336 ], [ -82.83333333333333,33.833333333333336 ], [ -81.83333333333333,33.833333333333336 ], [ -81.83333333333333,32.833333333333336 ], [ -82.83333333333333,32.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2b5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clarke, John S. jsclarke@usgs.gov","contributorId":400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"John","email":"jsclarke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"West, Christopher T.","contributorId":77547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32137,"text":"ofr98114 - 1998 - Rotational and accretionary evolution of the Klamath Mountains, California and Oregon, from Devonian to present time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-14T14:58:41.791136","indexId":"ofr98114","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-114","title":"Rotational and accretionary evolution of the Klamath Mountains, California and Oregon, from Devonian to present time","docAbstract":"The purpose of this report is to show graphically how the Klamath Mountains grew from a relatively small nucleus in Early Devonian time to its present size while rotating clockwise approximately 110°. This growth occurred by the addition of large tectonic slices of oceanic lithosphere, volcanic arcs, and melange during a sequence of accretionary episodes. The Klamath Mountains province consists of eight lithotectonoic units called terranes, some of which are divided into subterranes. The Eastern Klamath terrane, which was the early Paleozoic nucleus of the province, is divided into the Yreka, Trinity, and Redding subterranes. Through tectonic plate motion, usually involving subduction, the other terranes joined the early Paleozoic nucleus during seven accretionary episodes ranging in age from Early Devonian to Late Jurassic. The active terrane suture is shown for each episode by a bold black line. Much of the western boundary of the Klamath Mountains is marked by the South Fork and correlative faults along which the Klamath terranes overrode the Coast Range rocks during an eighth accretionary episode, forming the South Fork Mountain Schist in Early Cretaceous time.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98114","usgsCitation":"Irwin, W., and Mankinen, E.A., 1998, Rotational and accretionary evolution of the Klamath Mountains, California and Oregon, from Devonian to present time: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-114, Poster: 38.72 x 22.07 inches; Geologic explanation, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98114.","productDescription":"Poster: 38.72 x 22.07 inches; Geologic explanation","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163464,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98114.jpg"},{"id":3091,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0114/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284288,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0114/pdf/klam_post.pdf","text":"Plate 1"},{"id":284289,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0114/pdf/klam_expl.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.2997,40.704 ], [ -124.2997,42.7185 ], [ -122.396,42.7185 ], [ -122.396,40.704 ], [ -124.2997,40.704 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe1fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irwin, William P.","contributorId":12889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"William P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32144,"text":"ofr98224A - 1998 - Map showing areas with potential for garnet resources in bedrock and placer in the Blacktail Mountains and the Gravelly, Greenhorn, Ruby, and Snowcrest ranges of southwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-27T22:16:05.698168","indexId":"ofr98224A","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-224","chapter":"A","title":"Map showing areas with potential for garnet resources in bedrock and placer in the Blacktail Mountains and the Gravelly, Greenhorn, Ruby, and Snowcrest ranges of southwestern Montana","docAbstract":"Garnet crystals, some of gem quality, have been sought by rock hounds for many years in the alluvial deposits of the Alder Gulch-Ruby River area. Since 1995, garnet have been extracted from these gravels for industrial products at two separately own placer mines in the region: (1) at Cominco American's \"Ruby Garnet\" operation at Alder , Montana and (2) at the \"Sweetwater Garnet\" operation in the Sweetwater Basin of the Ruby Range. The two placer mines excavate different types of garnetiferous deposits, but both produce sized concentrates of almandine garnet derived from similar source rocks.
The National Water-Quality Assessment Program for the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins began in 1991 to study the effects of natural and anthropogenic influences on the quality of ground water, surface water, biology, and ecology. The San Joaquin-Tulare Basins study unit, which covers approximately 31,200 square miles in central California, is made up of the San Joaquin Valley, the eastern slope of the Coast Ranges to the west, and the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the east. The sediments of the San Joaquin Valley can be divided into alluvial fans and basin deposits. The San Joaquin River receives water from tributaries draining the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, and except for streams discharging directly to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, is the only surface- water outlet from the study unit. The surface-water hydrology of the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins study unit has been significantly modified by development of water resources. Almost every major river entering the valley from the Sierra Nevada has one or more reservoirs. Almost every tributary and drainage into the San Joaquin River has been altered by a network of canals, drains, and wasteways. The Sierra Nevada is predominantly forested, and the Coast Ranges and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada are predominately rangeland. The San Joaquin Valley is dominated by agriculture, which utilized approximately 14.7 million acre-feet of water and 597 million pounds active ingredient of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in 1990, and 88 million pounds active ingredient of pesticides in 1991. In addition, the livestock industry contributed 318 million pounds active ingredient of nitrogen and phosphorus from manure in 1987. This report provides the background information to assess the influence of these and other factors on water quality and to provide the foundation for the design and interpretation of all spatial data. These characterizations provide a basis for comparing the influences of human activities among basins and specific land use settings, as well as within and among study units at the national level.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974205","usgsCitation":"Gronberg, J.A., Dubrovsky, N.M., Kratzer, C.R., Domagalski, J.L., Brown, L.R., and Burow, K.R., 1998, Environmental setting of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4205, vii, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974205.","productDescription":"vii, 45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":413788,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13081.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54206,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4205/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118944,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4205/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin-Tulare basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118,\n 34.798\n ],\n [\n -121.375,\n 34.798\n ],\n [\n -121.375,\n 38.707\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 38.707\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 34.798\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5fec33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gronberg, JoAnn A.","contributorId":36594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gronberg","given":"JoAnn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dubrovsky, Neil M. 0000-0001-7786-1149 nmdubrov@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-1149","contributorId":1799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"Neil","email":"nmdubrov@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kratzer, Charles R.","contributorId":30619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":193860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burow, Karen R. 0000-0001-6006-6667 krburow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-6667","contributorId":1504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burow","given":"Karen","email":"krburow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":26634,"text":"wri974096 - 1998 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Sandstone Aquifer, northeastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T11:19:19","indexId":"wri974096","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4096","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Sandstone Aquifer, northeastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Municipalities in the lower Fox River Valley in northeastern Wisconsin obtain their water supply from a series of permeable sandstones and carbonates of Cambrian to Ordovician age. Withdrawals from this \"sandstone aquifer\" have resulted in water levels declining at a rate of more than 2 feet per year. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the major water utilities in the Fox Cities area, the East Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission and the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, collected hydrogeological data and constructed a quasithree- dimensional, transient ground-water-flow model for use as a tool in assessing the water resources of the sandstone aquifer.
\nThe rocks of the Sinnipee Group and Maquoketa Shale form the Maquoketa-Sinnipee confining unit that separates the sandstone aquifer from the overlying upper aquifer, which consists of unconsolidated deposits and permeable dolomite of Silurian age. The confining unit is present in the eastern part of the study area, but is absent in the western part, where the upper aquifer directly overlies the sandstone aquifer.
\nThe ground-water-flow model simulates water levels in the two aquifers and vertical flow across the confining unit. Streams and lakes are simulated in the upper aquifer as head-dependent boundaries where the confining unit is absent and as constant head boundaries where the confining unit is present. The sandstone aquifer has constant heads assigned to the southern boundary, which is far from the lower Fox River Valley and coincident with a ground-water divide.
\nThe model was calibrated to predevelopment, 1957, and 1990 water levels, and used to simulate steady-state predevelopment conditions and transient conditions from 1880 to 1990. The trend in simulated water levels over time was similar to trends in measured water levels. Simulated base flow to streams was within the calculated range of base flow at gaged streams. A groundwater divide that separates westerly ground-water flow to the Wolf River from easterly flow to the lower Fox River Valley and Lake Michigan was simulated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Willage of Little Chute, Darboy Sanitary District #1, Kimberly Water Works Department, Town of Menasha Sanitary District #4, Kaukauna Electric and Water Utilities, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, East Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission","usgsCitation":"Conlon, T., 1998, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Sandstone Aquifer, northeastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4096, Report: v, 60 p.; 1 Plate: 18.00 x 21.85 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974096.","productDescription":"Report: v, 60 p.; 1 Plate: 18.00 x 21.85 inches","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55507,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4096/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55506,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4096/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.85791015625,\n 45.11230010229608\n ],\n [\n -89.12109375,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -89.769287109375,\n 43.41302868475145\n ],\n [\n -87.47314453125,\n 42.94838139765314\n ],\n [\n -86.737060546875,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -86.407470703125,\n 42.87596410238254\n ],\n [\n -86.077880859375,\n 44.535674532413196\n ],\n [\n -85.770263671875,\n 44.89479576469787\n ],\n [\n -86.85791015625,\n 45.11230010229608\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db62529b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conlon, T.D. 0000-0002-5899-7187","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-7187","contributorId":97947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"T.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33105,"text":"b1995WX - 1998 - Cenozoic deformation of the Franciscan Complex, eastern Santa Maria Basin, California. Regional thermal maturity of surface rocks, onshore Santa Maria Basin and Santa Barbara-Ventura Basin area, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":33105,"text":"b1995WX - 1998 - Cenozoic deformation of the Franciscan Complex, eastern Santa Maria Basin, California. Regional thermal maturity of surface rocks, onshore Santa Maria Basin and Santa Barbara-Ventura Basin area, California","indexId":"b1995WX","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"chapter":"W,X","title":"Cenozoic deformation of the Franciscan Complex, eastern Santa Maria Basin, California. Regional thermal maturity of surface rocks, onshore Santa Maria Basin and Santa Barbara-Ventura Basin area, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33200,"text":"b1995 - 1991 - Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province","indexId":"b1995","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/onshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-24T20:15:28.912429","indexId":"b1995WX","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1995","chapter":"W,X","title":"Cenozoic deformation of the Franciscan Complex, eastern Santa Maria Basin, California. Regional thermal maturity of surface rocks, onshore Santa Maria Basin and Santa Barbara-Ventura Basin area, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Evolution of sedimentary basins/offshore oil and gas investigations: Santa Maria Province (Bulletin 1995)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1995WX","usgsCitation":"Wahl, A.D., Naeser, N.D., Isaacs, C.M., and Keller, M.A., 1998, Cenozoic deformation of the Franciscan Complex, eastern Santa Maria Basin, California. Regional thermal maturity of surface rocks, onshore Santa Maria Basin and Santa Barbara-Ventura Basin area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1995, Report: 64 p.; 2 Plates: 54.00 × 31.00 inches and \t23.00 × 36.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1995WX.","productDescription":"Report: 64 p.; 2 Plates: 54.00 × 31.00 inches and \t23.00 × 36.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":60903,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1995w-x/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60902,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1995w-x/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160636,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1995w-x/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60904,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1995w-x/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":109813,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22234.htm","text":"Cenozoic deformation of the Franciscan complex, eastern Santa Maria basin, California","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"22234"},{"id":109814,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22235.htm","text":"Regional thermal maturity of surface rocks, onshore Santa Maria basin and Santa Barbara - Ventura basin area, California","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"22235"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Maria basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.87158203125,\n 34.21634468843463\n ],\n [\n -119.58618164062499,\n 34.21634468843463\n ],\n [\n -119.58618164062499,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -120.87158203125,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -120.87158203125,\n 34.21634468843463\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wahl, Arthur D.","contributorId":63062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahl","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naeser, Nancy D.","contributorId":82753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Isaacs, Caroline M.","contributorId":98755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isaacs","given":"Caroline","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keller, Margaret A. mkeller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Margaret","email":"mkeller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26423,"text":"wri974284 - 1998 - Occurrence of nitrate and pesticides in ground water beneath three agricultural land-use settings in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California, 1993-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri974284","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4284","title":"Occurrence of nitrate and pesticides in ground water beneath three agricultural land-use settings in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California, 1993-1995","docAbstract":"The processes that affect nitrate and pesticide occurrence may be better understood by relating ground-water quality to natural and human factors in the context of distinct, regionally extensive, land- use settings. This study assesses nitrate and pesticide occurrence in ground water beneath three agricultural land-use settings in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California. Water samples were collected from 60 domestic wells in vineyard, almond, and a crop grouping of corn, alfalfa, and vegetable land-use settings. Each well was sampled once during 1993?1995. This study is one element of the U.S. Geological Survey?s National Water-Quality Assessment Program, which is designed to assess the status of, and trends in, the quality of the nation?s ground- and surface-water resources and to link the status and trends with an understanding of the natural and human factors that affect the quality of water.\r\nThe concentrations and occurrence of nitrate and pesticides in ground-water samples from domestic wells in the eastern alluvial fan physiographic region were related to differences in chemical applica- tions and to the physical and biogeochemical processes that charac- terize each of the three land-use settings. Ground water beneath the vineyard and almond land-use settings on the coarse-grained, upper and middle parts of the alluvial fans is more vulnerable to nonpoint- source agricultural contamination than is the ground water beneath the corn, alfalfa, and vegetable land-use setting on the lower part of the fans, near the basin physiographic region.\r\nNitrate concentrations ranged from less than 0.05 to 55 milligrams per liter, as nitrogen. Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in the almond land-use setting than in the vineyard land-use setting, whereas concentrations in the corn, alfalfa, and vegetable land-use setting were intermediate. Nitrate concentrations exceeded the maximum contaminant level in eight samples from the almond land- use setting (40 percent), in seven samples from the corn, alfalfa, and vegetable land-use setting (35 percent), and in three samples from the vineyard land-use setting (15 percent). The physical and chemical characteristics of the vineyard and the almond land-use settings are similar, characterized by coarse-grained sediments and high dissolved- oxygen concentrations, reflecting processes that promote rapid infiltration of water and solutes. The high nitrate concentrations in the almond land-use setting reflect the high amount of nitrogen appli- cations in this setting, whereas the low nitrate concentrations in the vineyard land-use setting reflect relatively low nitrogen applications. In the corn, alfalfa, and vegetable land-use setting, the relatively fine-grained sediments, and low dissolved-oxygen concentrations, reflect processes that result in slow infiltration rates and longer ground-water residence times. The intermediate nitrate concentrations in the corn, alfalfa, and vegetable land-use setting are a result of these physical and chemical characteristics, combined with generally high (but variable) nitrogen applications.\r\nTwenty-three different pesticides were detected in 41 of 60 ground- water samples (68 percent). Eighty percent of the ground-water samples from the vineyard land-use setting had at least one pesticide detection, followed by 70 percent in the almond land-use setting, and 55 percent in the corn, alfalfa, and vegetable land-use setting. All concentra- tions were less than state or federal maximum contaminant levels only 5 of the detected pesticides have established maximum contaminant levels) with the exception of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, which exceeded the maximum contaminant level of 0.2 micrograms per liter in 10 ground-water samples from vineyard land-use wells and in 5 ground- water samples from almond land-use wells. Simazine was detected most often, occurring in 50 percent of the ground-water samples from the vineyard land-use wells and in 30 percent","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974284","usgsCitation":"Burow, K.R., Shelton, J.L., and Dubrovsky, N.M., 1998, Occurrence of nitrate and pesticides in ground water beneath three agricultural land-use settings in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California, 1993-1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4284, vii, 51 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974284.","productDescription":"vii, 51 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4284/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55216,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4284/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db692380","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burow, Karen R. 0000-0001-6006-6667 krburow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-6667","contributorId":1504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burow","given":"Karen","email":"krburow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shelton, Jennifer L. 0000-0001-8508-0270 jshelton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8508-0270","contributorId":1155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jshelton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dubrovsky, Neil M. 0000-0001-7786-1149 nmdubrov@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-1149","contributorId":1799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"Neil","email":"nmdubrov@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6139,"text":"pp1587 - 1998 - Water quality assessment of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: Analysis of available data on nutrients and suspended sediment in surface water, 1972-1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-03T22:00:14.570488","indexId":"pp1587","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1587","title":"Water quality assessment of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: Analysis of available data on nutrients and suspended sediment in surface water, 1972-1990","docAbstract":"Nutrients and suspended sediment in surface water of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins in California were assessed using 1972-1990 data from the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Information System and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's STOrage and RETrieval database. Loads of nutrients and suspended sediment were calculated at several sites and the contributions from point and nonpoint sources were estimated. Trends in nutrient and suspended-sediment concentrations were evaluated at several sites, especially at the basin outlet on the San Joaquin River. Comparisons of nutrient and suspended sediment concentrations were made among three environmental settings: the San Joaquin Valley-west side, the San Joaquin Valley-east side, and the Sierra Nevada.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1587","usgsCitation":"Kratzer, C.R., and Shelton, J.L., 1998, Water quality assessment of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: Analysis of available data on nutrients and suspended sediment in surface water, 1972-1990: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1587, ix, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1587.","productDescription":"ix, 92 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410012,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16280.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":33214,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1587/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124640,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1587/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin-Tulare basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.542,\n 38.711\n ],\n [\n -121.542,\n 34.778\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 34.778\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 38.711\n ],\n [\n -121.542,\n 38.711\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9b18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kratzer, Charles R.","contributorId":30619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":152186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shelton, Jennifer L. 0000-0001-8508-0270 jshelton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8508-0270","contributorId":1155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jshelton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":152185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25962,"text":"wri974204 - 1998 - Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow in northwestern Elkhart County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T11:00:25","indexId":"wri974204","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4204","title":"Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow in northwestern Elkhart County, Indiana","docAbstract":"In 1994, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the City of Elkhart, developed a ground-water model of the Elkhart, Indiana, area to determine the avail-ability and source of water at potential new well fields. The modeled area covered 190 square miles of northwestern Elkhart County and a small part of southern Michigan. Three Superfund sites and several other sites in this area are undergoing environmental cleanup. The model would be used to guide the location of well fields so that Superfund sites and environmental cleanup areas would not be within recharge areas for the well fields. The City of Elkhart obtains its water supply from two aquifers separated by a generally continuous confining unit. The upper aquifer is composed primarily of sand and gravel of glacial origin. Thickness of the upper aquifer ranges from 0 to 116 feet and averages 47 feet. The lower aquifer is composed of sand and gravel with interbedded lenses of silt and clay. Thickness of the lower aquifer ranges from 1 to 335 feet and averages 35 feet. The intervening confining unit is composed of silt and clay with interbedded sand and gravel; the confining unit ranges from 0 to 177 feet, with an average thickness of 27 feet. Flow through the aquifers is generally horizontal vertically downward from the upper aquifer, through the confining unit, and into the lower aquifer, except where flow is vertically upward at the St. Joseph River and other large streams. The hydraulic characteristics of the aquifers and confining unit were estimated by analyzing aquifer-test data from well drillers? logs and by calibration of the model. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the upper aquifer is 170 feet per day within about 1 mile of the St. Joseph and Elkhart Rivers and 370 feet per day at distances greater than about 1 mile. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the lower aquifer is 370 feet per day throughout the modeled area, with the exception of an area near the center of the modeled area where the horizontal hydraulic conductivity is 170 feet per day. Transmissivity of the lower aquifer increases generally from southwest to northeast; transmissivity values range from near 0 where the lower aquifer is absent to 57,000 square feet per day and average about 8,100 square feet per day. The vertical hydraulic conductivity of the confining unit is 0.07 feet per day; the vertical conductivity of the streambeds commonly is 1.0 foot per day and ranges from 0.05 foot per day to 50 feet per day. The areal recharge rate to the outwash deposits was determined by a base-flow separation technique to be 16 inches per year, and the areal recharge rate to the till was assumed to be 4 inches per year. A two-layer digital model was used to simulate flow in the ground-water system. The model was calibrated on the basis of historical water-use data, water-level records, and gain/loss data for streams during May and June 1979. The model was recalibrated with water-use data and water-level records from 1988. For 1979 data, 49 percent of the inflow to the model area is from precipitation and 46 percent is ground-water inflow across the model boundaries. Most of the ground-water inflow across the model boundary is from the north and east, which corresponds to high values of transmissivity?as high as 57,000 feet squared per day?in the model layers in the northern and eastern areas. Eighty-two percent of the ground-water discharge is to the streams; 5 percent of the ground-water discharge is to wells. Source areas and flow paths to the City of Elkhart public well fields are affected by the location of streams and the geology in the area. Flow to the North Well Field originates north-west of the well field, forms relatively straight flow paths, and moves southeast toward the well field and the St. Joseph River. Flow to the South Well Field begins mostly in the out-wash along Yellow Creek south of the well field, moves northward, and t
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri974204","collaboration":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, City of Elkhart","usgsCitation":"Arihood, L.D., and Cohen, D., 1998, Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow in northwestern Elkhart County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4204, v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974204.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4204/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54712,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4204/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Elkhart","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.7874,41.7615],[-85.7591,41.7613],[-85.6606,41.7608],[-85.6589,41.699],[-85.6575,41.6122],[-85.6554,41.5251],[-85.6542,41.4733],[-85.6552,41.4384],[-85.7704,41.4377],[-85.8874,41.4379],[-86.0008,41.4375],[-86.059,41.4367],[-86.0594,41.4644],[-86.0593,41.474],[-86.0593,41.479],[-86.0592,41.4935],[-86.0598,41.4999],[-86.0624,41.7619],[-85.932,41.7623],[-85.7874,41.7615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Elkhart\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arihood, L. D. 0000-0001-5792-3699","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-3699","contributorId":74388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cohen, D.A.","contributorId":17628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22448,"text":"ofr98534 - 1998 - Concepts for monitoring water quality in the Spokane River Basin, northern Idaho and eastern Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-29T13:26:32","indexId":"ofr98534","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-534","title":"Concepts for monitoring water quality in the Spokane River Basin, northern Idaho and eastern Washington","docAbstract":"Numerous environmental studies have been\nconducted in the Spokane River Basin over the\npast several decades by government agencies,\nacademic institutions, and environmental engineering\nfirms. Most of these efforts have focused\non the environmental effects of more than a century\nof silver, lead, and zinc mining and oreprocessing\nactivities in the South Fork Coeur\nd'Alene River valley in northern Idaho. Several\nstudies also have assessed the water quality and\npotential for eutrophication of Coeur d'Alene and\nLong Lakes and the Coeur d'Alene, St. Joe, and\nSpokane Rivers. Because past investigations often\nwere limited in scope and employed different\napproaches and methods, an integrated understanding\nof hydrologic, water-quality, and\naquatic biological conditions still is lacking for\nthe basin as a whole. Substantial resources are\nbeing spent for water-quality and naturalresource\nmanagement, and for mitigating the\nadverse environmental effects of past mining\nactivities in the basin. A water-quality monitoring\nnetwork, integrated with the decision-making\nprocesses associated with these efforts, could be\nof considerable value. The purpose of such a\nmonitoring network is to produce high-quality\ninformation on which to base sound water-quality\nand natural-resource management decisions\nand to assess the effectiveness of those decisions.\nA streamflow- and water-quality monitoring\ninfrastructure already exists in the Spokane River\nBasin. This infrastructure consists of 20 lake-stage\nand streamflow-gaging stations, representing\nspecific drainages or subdrainages and, in many\ncases, specific stream reaches or subreaches.\nThese gaging stations are operated by the U.S.\nGeological Survey (USGS), several of them in\ncooperation with State and Federal agencies and\na private utility company. Extensive streamflow\ndata are available, some dating from the late\n1800s. Water-quality data are also available from\nrecent USGS cooperative studies in the Coeur\nd'Alene Lake watershed. A nutrient load/lake\nresponse (eutrophication) model has been developed\nfor Coeur d'Alene Lake. Hydraulic models\nfor estimating streamflow through the low-gradient\nreaches of the Coeur d'Alene and St. Joe\nRivers have been developed. Trace-element concentrations\nand distributions in sediments in the\nlower South Fork and main-stem Coeur d'Alene\nRiver flood plain and the bed of Coeur d'Alene\nLake have been assessed. Trace-element transport\nmodels have been developed for the lower\nCoeur d'Alene River system; estimates of annual\nload are available from the early 1990's to the\npresent (1998). The USGS is monitoring traceelement\nconcentrations and transport at seven\ngaging stations in the lower Coeur d'Alene River\nsystem and upper Spokane River, in cooperation\nwith the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Fish and macroinvertebrate community assessment\nand tissue contaminant analyses at four\nCoeur d'Alene and St. Joe River gaging stations\nwill begin in 1998, either as part of the Idaho Surface-\nWater Quality Ambient Monitoring Network\noperated by USGS in cooperation with the Idaho\nDivision of Environmental Quality, or for the\nNorthern Rockies Intermontane Basins (NROK)\nstudy of the USGS National Water-Quality\nAssessment (NAWQA) Program. Several gaging\nstations in the Spokane River Basin are being considered\nfor routine sampling sites for the NROK\nNAWQA study. Several other sites also will be\nsampled for contaminants in bed sediment and\nfish tissue for the NROK study.\nCombined with appropriate sampling and\ndata interpretation strategies, the existing USGS\ngaging-station network and data base could provide\nintegrated water-quality information needed\nfor sound environmental and resource-management\ndecisions throughout the Spokane River\nBasin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98534","isbn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Beckwith, M., 1998, Concepts for monitoring water quality in the Spokane River Basin, northern Idaho and eastern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-534, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98534.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0534/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51977,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0534/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Washington","otherGeospatial":"Couer D'alene River;Long Lake;St. Joe River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.429262,46.792472 ], [ -118.429262,48.100301 ], [ -114.927162,48.100301 ], [ -114.927162,46.792472 ], [ -118.429262,46.792472 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db63602e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beckwith, M.A.","contributorId":79503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckwith","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22056,"text":"ofr98476 - 1998 - Preliminary report on water quality associated with the abandoned Fontana and Hazel Creek Mines, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina and Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T09:38:29","indexId":"ofr98476","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-476","title":"Preliminary report on water quality associated with the abandoned Fontana and Hazel Creek Mines, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina and Tennessee","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98476","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Seal, R., Hammarstrom, J.M., Southworth, C., Meier, A.L., Haffner, D., Schultz, A., Plumlee, G., Flohr, M., Jackson, J., Smith, S.M., and Hageman, P., 1998, Preliminary report on water quality associated with the abandoned Fontana and Hazel Creek Mines, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina and Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-476, 50 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98476.","productDescription":"50 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0476/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51513,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0476/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee","city":"Gatlinburg","otherGeospatial":"Fontana Mine, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Hazel Creek Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n \"stroke-width\": 2,\n \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n \"fill-opacity\": 0.5\n },\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.41070556640625,\n 35.149108698601644\n ],\n [\n -84.41070556640625,\n 35.93798832265393\n ],\n [\n -82.6336669921875,\n 35.93798832265393\n ],\n [\n -82.6336669921875,\n 35.149108698601644\n ],\n [\n -84.41070556640625,\n 35.149108698601644\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c755","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal, R.R. II","contributorId":102097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammarstrom, J. M.","contributorId":34513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Southworth, C.S.","contributorId":51272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southworth","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meier, A. L.","contributorId":81480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haffner, D.P.","contributorId":11241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haffner","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schultz, A. P.","contributorId":106139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"A. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Plumlee, G.S.","contributorId":80698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Flohr, M.J.","contributorId":95906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flohr","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jackson, J.C.","contributorId":104503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Smith, S. M.","contributorId":27859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hageman, P. L. 0000-0002-3440-2150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3440-2150","contributorId":27459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hageman","given":"P. 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The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and Moorhead Public Service, investigated the hydrogeology of and sources of recharge to the Buffalo and Wahpeton aquifers.
\nThe Buffalo aquifer is a complex, heterogeneous outwash deposit composed of medium to coarse sand and gravel. Part of the Buffalo aquifer is unconfined and part is confined. The direction of ground water flow in the Buffalo aquifer is from east to west. Water-level declines in observation wells near the Moorhead Public Service North Well Field extend beyond the eastern and western boundaries of the Buffalo aquifer. Transmissivity and storativity calculated from the drawdown part of an aquifer test ranged from 20,870 to 23,852 feet squared per day and from 3.0 x 10-5 to 3.2 x 10-2, respectively. Transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity values of 29,090 and 28,450 feet squared per day and 272 and 266 feet per day were calculated from the recovery-phase data.
\nPotential recharge from the Buffalo River and its tributaries to the Buffalo aquifer ranged from 5 to 14 cubic feet per second. Recharge from precipitation where the Buffalo aquifer is unconfined was about 1.49 x 105 cubic feet per day. Recharge per unit length of the Buffalo aquifer during an aquifer test near the Moorhead Public Service North Well Field ranged from 3.9 x 10-4 to 2.0 x 10-2 cubic feet per day.
\nThe Wahpeton Shallow Sand, the Wahpeton Sand Plain, and the Wahpeton Buried Valley aquifers comprise the Wahpeton aquifers in order of increasing depth. All the aquifers are composed of fine- to coarse-grained sand mixed with gravel. Confining units are interleaved with the Wahpeton aquifers.
\nGround-water-flow directions in the Wahpeton aquifers were changed by ground-water development. Before development, ground water flowed from the Wahpeton Buried Valley aquifer upward to the Wahpeton Sand Plain aquifer and the Wahpeton Shallow Sand aquifer. After development, ground water flowed from the Wahpeton Shallow Sand aquifer to the Wahpeton Sand Plain and the Wahpeton Buried Valley aquifers.
\nThe potential sources of recharge to the Wahpeton aquifers investigated were the Red River of the North, and adjacent hydro geologic units. The volume of ground water pumped from the Wahpeton aquifers provides an estimate of the upper limit for the volume of recharge to the aquifer. Based on pumpage from all of the Wapheton aquifers from 1990 to 1993, the upper limit is about 580 million gallons per year (2.4 x 105 cubic feet per day).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri974084","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and Moorhead Public Service","usgsCitation":"Schoenberg, M., 1998, Hydrogeology and sources of recharge to the Buffalo and Wahpeton aquifers in the southern part of the Red River of the North drainage basin, west-central Minnesota and southeastern North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4084, v, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974084.","productDescription":"v, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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