Variations in atmospheric pressure have long been known to introduce noise in long-period (>10 s) seismic records. This noise can overwhelm signals of interest such as normal modes and surface waves. Generally, this noise is most pronounced on the horizontal components where it arises due to tilting of the seismometer in response to changes in atmospheric pressure. Several studies have suggested methodologies for correcting unwanted pressure-induced noise using collocated microbarograph records. However, how applicable these corrections are to varying geologic settings and installation types (e.g. vault versus post-hole) is unclear. Using coefficients obtained by solving for the residuals of these corrections, we can empirically determine the sensitivity of instruments in a specific location to the influences of pressure. To better understand how long-period, pressure-induced noise changes with time and emplacement, we examine horizontal seismic records along with barometric pressure at five different Global Seismographic Network stations, all with multiple broadband seismometers. We also analyse three Streckeisen STS-2 broadband seismometers, which are collocated with a microbarograph, at the Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory. We observe periods of high magnitude-squared-coherence (γ2-coherence; γ2 > 0.8) between the seismic and pressure signals which fluctuate through time, frequency, and even between seismic instruments in the same vault. These observations suggest that these tilt-generated signals are highly sensitive to very local (<10 m) site effects. However, we find that in cases where instruments are not located at a large depth (<100 m), the pressure-induced noise is polarized in a nearly constant direction that is consistent with local topographic features or the geometry of the vault. We also find that borehole instruments at a large depth (>100 m) appear to be unaffected by pressure-loading mechanisms outlined by Sorrells (1971) but possibly by Newtonian attraction. Correlating the induced-noise polarization direction with times of high coherence, we work to identify sensors that are ultimately limited by pressure-induced horizontal noise as well as period bands that can benefit from pressure corrections. We find that while the situation is complex, each sensor appears to have its own unique response to pressure. Our findings suggest that we can determine empirical relationships between pressure and induced tilt on a case by case basis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/gji/ggaa340","usgsCitation":"Alejandro, A.C., Ringler, A.T., Wilson, D.C., Anthony, R.E., and Moore, S., 2020, Towards understanding relationships between atmospheric pressure variations and long-period horizontal seismic data: A case study: Geophysical Journal International, v. 223, no. 1, p. 676-691, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa340.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"676","endPage":"691","ipdsId":"IP-117969","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":455992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa340","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":382087,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"223","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alejandro, Alexis Casondra Bianca 0000-0002-3401-9303","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3401-9303","contributorId":246023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alejandro","given":"Alexis","email":"","middleInitial":"Casondra Bianca","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ringler, Adam T. 0000-0002-9839-4188 aringler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9839-4188","contributorId":3946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ringler","given":"Adam","email":"aringler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, David C. 0000-0003-2582-5159 dwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2582-5159","contributorId":145580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"David","email":"dwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anthony, Robert 0000-0001-7089-8846 reanthony@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7089-8846","contributorId":202829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"Robert","email":"reanthony@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moore, S.V. 0000-0003-3059-8261","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3059-8261","contributorId":247564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moore","given":"S.V.","affiliations":[{"id":49580,"text":"UNLV, Las Vegas, NV","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":807922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70247977,"text":"70247977 - 2020 - Kinematics of fault slip associated with the July 4-6 2019 Ridgecrest, Californai earthquakes sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-30T11:54:27.06699","indexId":"70247977","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-16T06:50:08","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinematics of fault slip associated with the July 4-6 2019 Ridgecrest, Californai earthquakes sequence","docAbstract":"The 2019 Ridgecrest, California, earthquake sequence produced observable crustal deformation over much of central and southern California, as well as surface rupture over several tens of kilometers. To obtain a detailed picture of the fault slip involved in the 4 July M 6.4 foreshock and 6 July M 7.1 mainshock, we combine strong‐motion seismic waveforms with crustal deformation observations to obtain kinematic and static slip models of both events. We sample the regional seismic wavefield for both the foreshock and mainshock with three‐component records from 31 stations of the California Integrated Seismic Network. The deformation observations include Global Positioning System (GPS), Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), and borehole strainmeter recordings of the dynamic strain field. These data collectively constrain the kinematic coseismic slip distributions of the events, with measurements variously observing coseismic slip from one event (e.g., seismic waveforms, kinematic solutions from continuous GPS, and strainmeter time series) or coseismic slip from both events combined (InSAR). We find that the foreshock ruptured two separate faults, one with left‐lateral strike slip on a northeast–southwest‐trending fault and the other with right‐lateral strike slip on an orthogonal fault, with unilateral rupture propagation along both. The mainshock ruptured a series of northwest–southeast‐trending faults with right‐lateral strike slip concentrated in the uppermost 6 km with exceptionally low‐rupture velocity averaging
Geophysical models characterize the exposed and interpreted buried extent of the Stillwater Complex, critical for understanding the origin of the layered mafic intrusion and its associated high-grade platinum group element resources. The 3D models, constrained by gravity, magnetic, xenolith, seismic, borehole, and rock property data indicate that the likely maximum extent of the Stillwater Complex beneath Phanerozoic cover is ~10 times greater than its outcrop, ~2240 km2. The thickness values are poorly constrained but vary from ~7000 to 12,000 m, depending on crustal and mantle density variations and depths to the top of the lower crust and mantle. This thickness may include dense metasedimentary units of the basin into which the Stillwater Complex intruded. Using the modeled thickness results in a volume estimate of ~24,700 km3, albeit poorly constrained. New analyses of xenoliths from the Cretaceous Sliderock and Suzie Peak intrusions produce ages of 2706–2716 Ma, corresponding to the age of the Stillwater Complex, and 2813 Ma, corresponding to the age of Archean gneissic basement. Seismic reflectors in inferred Archean crystalline basement, possibly including the Stillwater Complex, dip ~25–30° north, with segments dipping as much as 70° north. Layered reflectors beneath the Phanerozoic sedimentary section and above the inferred Archean crystalline basement may represent metasedimentary units, perhaps a southern extension of the Mesoproterozoic Belt Basin. The potential field models and the seismic reflection data suggest that the Stillwater Complex was dipping northward prior to deposition of Cambrian strata, perhaps uplifted in the late Archean or Proterozoic as previously proposed, and that during Laramide times, faulting and intrusions highly disrupted the complex. Temperature measurements from boreholes help constrain the depths of feasible mining of the complex.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105860","usgsCitation":"Finn, C., Zientek, M., Parks, H.L., and Peterson, D.E., 2020, Mapping the 3-D extent of the Stillwater Complex, Montana—Implications for potential platinum group element exploration and development: Precambrian Research, v. 348, 105860, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105860.","productDescription":"105860, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-114827","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":455995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105860","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":377138,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Stillwater Complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.70898437499999,\n 45.0502402697946\n ],\n [\n -108.7646484375,\n 45.0502402697946\n ],\n [\n -108.7646484375,\n 45.98169518512228\n ],\n [\n -111.70898437499999,\n 45.98169518512228\n ],\n [\n -111.70898437499999,\n 45.0502402697946\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"348","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":205010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":795058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zientek, Michael L. 0000-0002-8522-9626","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-9626","contributorId":210763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zientek","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":795059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parks, Heather L. 0000-0002-5917-6866 hparks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5917-6866","contributorId":4989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"Heather","email":"hparks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":795060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, Dana E. 0000-0002-1941-265X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1941-265X","contributorId":225536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Dana","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":795061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70262551,"text":"70262551 - 2020 - A GT-seq panel for walleye (Sander vitreus) provides important insights for efficient development and implementation of amplicon panels in non-model organisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-23T17:56:36.098172","indexId":"70262551","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-15T11:52:02","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2776,"text":"Molecular Ecology Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A GT-seq panel for walleye (Sander vitreus) provides important insights for efficient development and implementation of amplicon panels in non-model organisms","docAbstract":"Targeted amplicon sequencing methods, such as genotyping-in-thousands by sequencing (GT-seq), facilitate rapid, accurate, and cost-effective analysis of hundreds of genetic loci in thousands of individuals. Development of GT-seq panels is nontrivial, but studies describing trade-offs associated with different steps of GT-seq panel development are rare. Here, we construct a dual-purpose GT-seq panel for walleye (Sander vitreus), discuss trade-offs associated with different development and genotyping approaches, and provide suggestions for researchers constructing their own GT-seq panels. Our GT-seq panel was developed using an ascertainment set consisting of restriction site-associated DNA data from 954 individuals sampled from 23 populations in Minnesota and Wisconsin, USA. We conducted simulations to test the utility of all loci for parentage analysis and genetic stock identification and designed 600 primer pairs to maximize joint accuracy for these analyses. We then performed three rounds of primer optimization to remove loci that overamplified and our final panel consisted of 436 loci. We also explored different approaches for DNA extraction, multiplexed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and cleanup steps during the GT-seq process and discovered the following: (i) inexpensive Chelex extractions performed well for genotyping; (ii) the exonuclease I and shrimp alkaline phosphatase (ExoSAP) procedure included in some current protocols did not improve results substantially and was probably unnecessary; and (iii) it was possible to PCR amplify panels separately and combine them prior to adapter ligation. Well-optimized GT-seq panels are valuable resources for conservation genetics and our findings and suggestions should aid in their construction in myriad taxa.
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\"}}]}","volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bootsma, Matthew L.","contributorId":349232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bootsma","given":"Matthew L.","affiliations":[{"id":17717,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gruenthal, Kristen","contributorId":349610,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gruenthal","given":"Kristen","affiliations":[{"id":17717,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKinney, Garrett","contributorId":270641,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKinney","given":"Garrett","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simmons, Levi","contributorId":349636,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simmons","given":"Levi","affiliations":[{"id":17717,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, Loren","contributorId":349233,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Loren","affiliations":[{"id":34923,"text":"Minnesota DNR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sass, Greg G.","contributorId":279948,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sass","given":"Greg G.","affiliations":[{"id":16117,"text":"Wisconsin DNR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Larson, Wesley 0000-0003-4473-3401 wlarson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4473-3401","contributorId":199509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Wesley","email":"wlarson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":924527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70211181,"text":"70211181 - 2020 - Hypoxia augments edge effects of water column stratification on fish distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-16T17:35:05.836472","indexId":"70211181","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-15T09:36:10","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1661,"text":"Fisheries Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hypoxia augments edge effects of water column stratification on fish distribution","docAbstract":"Hypoxic conditions in both freshwater and marine habitats have a significant effect on the distribution of fish in the water column, resulting in some fishes aggregating near the edges of the hypoxic zone. These aggregations may increase fish susceptibility to fishing gears, with attendant effects on stock assessment inferences. We investigated how hypoxic conditions influenced catch rates of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in both fishery independent bottom trawls and stationary commercial trap nets. Specifically, we examined how the presence of hypoxia affected trap net catch rates and how hypoxia interacted with hypolimnion thickness to modify trawl catch rates. Bottom trawl catch rates were significantly higher in hypoxic conditions than in normoxic conditions, and in each of these scenarios catch rates declined as hypolimnion thickness increased. By comparison, trap net catch rates had a dome-shaped response to the duration of hypoxia with the highest catch rates occurring at intermediate levels. Increased catch rates in hypoxic conditions potentially causes yellow perch population models, which rely on both trap net and trawl indices, to overestimate abundance and could result in overfishing.
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We validated classifications using comparisons to existing ecoregional classifications, the distribution of major forest types and tree species in eastern North America. We projected future life zones for mid- and late century time periods under three greenhouse gas emission scenarios (low - B1, moderate - A1B and high - A2) using an ensemble of global climate models. To assess vulnerability of installations (n = 529), we analyzed biome shifts using spatial cluster analysis to characterize interregional variation and identified representative installations for subsequent landscape-level analyses. Although mean annual temperatures are expected to increase, installations located in the Northeast, Lake States and western Great Plains are likely to experience the largest proportional increases in temperature relative to historical conditions. Accordingly, forest and grassland communities at these installations managed to support a wide range of military training and environmental objectives may be adversely affected by altered disturbance regimes, heat and moisture stress. However, precipitation is projected to increase in the Northeast and Lake States mitigating some effects of increased atmospheric temperatures on biological communities. Given the uncertain response to climate change in the coming decades in different ecoregions, additional environmental and stewardship attributes are needed within a decision support framework to understand vulnerabilities and provide appropriate responses.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-020-01331-3","usgsCitation":"Odom, R., and Ford, W., 2020, Assessing the vulnerability of military installations in the coterminous United States to potential biome shifts resulting from rapid climate change: Environmental Management, v. 66, no. 4, p. 564-589, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-020-01331-3.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"564","endPage":"589","ipdsId":"IP-116375","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102438","text":"External 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Mark 0000-0002-9611-594X wford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-594X","contributorId":172499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"W. Mark","email":"wford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":829627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220551,"text":"70220551 - 2020 - Linking nest microhabitat selection to nest survival within declining pheasant populations in the Central Valley of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-19T13:06:14.033546","indexId":"70220551","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-15T08:01:51","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3777,"text":"Wildlife Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking nest microhabitat selection to nest survival within declining pheasant populations in the Central Valley of California","docAbstract":"Context: The ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) has experienced considerable population declines in recent decades, especially in agricultural environments of the Central Valley of California. Although large-scale changes in land cover have been reported as an important driver of population dynamics, the effects of microhabitat conditions on specific demographic rates (e.g. nesting) are largely unknown.
Aims: Our goal was to identify the key microhabitat factors that contribute to wild pheasant fitness by linking individual-level selection of each microhabitat characteristic to the survival of their nests within the California Central Valley.
Methods: We radio- or GPS-marked 190 female ring-necked pheasants within five study areas and measured nest-site characteristics and nest fates during 2013–2017. Specifically, we modeled microhabitat selection using vegetation covariates measured at nest sites and random sites and then modeled nest survival as a function of selecting each microhabitat characteristic.
Key results: Female pheasants tended to select nest sites with greater proportions of herbaceous cover and avoided areas with greater proportions of bare-ground. Specifically, perennial grass cover was the most explanatory factor with regard to nest survival, but selection for increasing visual obstruction alone was not shown to have a significant effect on survival. Further, we found strong evidence that pheasants selecting sites with greater perennial grass height were more likely to have successful nests.
Conclusions: Although pheasants will select many types of vegetation available as cover, our models provided evidence that perennial grasses are more beneficial than other cover types to pheasants selecting nesting sites.
Implications: Focusing management actions on promoting perennial grass cover and increased heights at the microsite level, in lieu of other vegetative modifications, may provide improved quality of habitat for nesting pheasants and, perhaps, result in increased productivity. This is especially important if cover is limited during specific times of the nesting period. Understanding how microhabitat selection influences fitness can help land managers develop strategies to increase the sustainability of hunted populations of this popular game-bird species.
","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO","doi":"10.1071/WR18199","usgsCitation":"Dwight, I., Vogt, J., Coates, P.S., Fleskes, J., Connelly, D.P., and Gardner, S.C., 2020, Linking nest microhabitat selection to nest survival within declining pheasant populations in the Central Valley of California: Wildlife Research, v. 47, no. 5, p. 391-403, https://doi.org/10.1071/WR18199.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"391","endPage":"403","ipdsId":"IP-098339","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071/wr18199","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385761,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.9150390625,\n 38.87392853923629\n ],\n [\n -121.44287109374999,\n 38.87392853923629\n ],\n [\n -121.44287109374999,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -122.9150390625,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -122.9150390625,\n 38.87392853923629\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dwight, Ian 0000-0002-8393-5391 idwight@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8393-5391","contributorId":192077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwight","given":"Ian","email":"idwight@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":815980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vogt, Jessica H","contributorId":258211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vogt","given":"Jessica H","affiliations":[{"id":39913,"text":"former WERC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":815981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coates, Peter S. 0000-0003-2672-9994 pcoates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-9994","contributorId":3263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"Peter","email":"pcoates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":815982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fleskes, Joseph P. 0000-0001-5388-6675","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5388-6675","contributorId":210345,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fleskes","given":"Joseph P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Connelly, Daniel P.","contributorId":192079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Connelly","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gardner, Scott C.","contributorId":192081,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70263322,"text":"70263322 - 2020 - Using a structured decision analysis to evaluate bald eagle vital signs monitoring in Southwest Alaska National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-06T15:31:57.444951","indexId":"70263322","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1467,"text":"Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using a structured decision analysis to evaluate bald eagle vital signs monitoring in Southwest Alaska National Parks","docAbstract":"1. Monitoring programs can benefit from an adaptive monitoring approach, where key decisions about why, where, what, and how to monitor are revisited periodically in order to ensure programmatic relevancy.
2. The National Park Service (NPS) monitors status and trends of Vital Signs to evaluate compliance with the NPS mission. Although abundant, The Southwest Alaska Network (SWAN) monitors bald eagles because of their inherent importance to park visitors and role as an important ecological indicator. Our goal is to identify an optimal monitoring program that may be standardized among participating parks.
3. We gathered an expert panel of scientists and managers, and implemented a Delphi Process to gather information about the bald eagle monitoring program. Panelists generated a list of means objectives for the monitoring program: minimizing cost, minimizing effort, maximizing the ability to detect change in bald eagle populations, and maximizing the amount of accurate information collected about bald eagles.
4. We used a swing-weighting technique to assign importance to each objective. Collecting accurate information about bald eagles was considered the most important means objective.
5. Combining panelist-generated information with objective importance, we analyzed the scenarios and defined the optimal decision using linear value modeling. Through our analysis, we found that a “Comprehensive” monitoring scenario, comprised of all feasible monitoring metrics is the optimal monitoring scenario. Even with greatly increased cost, the Comprehensive monitoring scenario remains the best solution.
6. We suggest further exploration of the cost and effort required for the Comprehensive scenario, to determine if it is in the parks’ best interest to begin monitoring additional metrics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ece3.6499","usgsCitation":"Kolstrom, R., Wilson, T., and Gigliotti, L.M., 2020, Using a structured decision analysis to evaluate bald eagle vital signs monitoring in Southwest Alaska National Parks: Ecology and Evolution, v. 10, no. 15, p. 8114-8126, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6499.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"8114","endPage":"8126","ipdsId":"IP-111171","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6499","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":481741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting microcystin concentration action-level exceedances resulting from cyanobacterial blooms in selected lake sites in Ohio","docAbstract":"Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms and the toxins they produce are a global water-quality problem. Monitoring and prediction tools are needed to quickly predict cyanotoxin action-level exceedances in recreational and drinking waters used by the public. To address this need, data were collected at eight locations in Ohio, USA, to identify factors significantly related to observed concentrations of microcystins (a freshwater cyanotoxin) that could be used in two types of site-specific regression models. Real-time models include easily- or continuously-measured factors that do not require that a sample be collected; comprehensive models use a combination of discrete sample-based measurements and real-time factors. The study sites included two recreational sites and six water treatment plant sites. Real-time models commonly included variables such as phycocyanin, pH, specific conductance, and streamflow or gage height. Many real-time factors were averages over time periods antecedent to the time the microcystin sample was collected, including water-quality data compiled from continuous monitors. Comprehensive models were useful at some sites with lagged variables for cyanobacterial toxin genes, dissolved nutrients, and (or) nitrogen to phosphorus ratios. Because models can be used for management decisions, important measures of model performance were sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of estimates above or below the microcystin concentration threshold standard or action level. Sensitivity is how well the predictive tool correctly predicts exceedance of a threshold, an important measure for water-resource managers. Sensitivities >90% at four Lake Erie water treatment plants indicated that models with continuous monitor data were especially promising. The planned next steps are to collect more data to build larger site-specific datasets and validate models before they can be used for management decisions.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10661-020-08407-x","usgsCitation":"Francy, D.S., Brady, A.M., Stelzer, E., Cicale, J.R., Hackney, C.P., Dalby, H.D., Struffolino, P., and Dwyer, D.F., 2020, Predicting microcystin concentration action-level exceedances resulting from cyanobacterial blooms in selected lake sites in Ohio: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 192, 513, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08407-x.","productDescription":"513, 27 p.","ipdsId":"IP-095890","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456015,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index 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\"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 39.73253798438173\n ],\n [\n -80.92529296875,\n 39.73253798438173\n ],\n [\n -80.92529296875,\n 40.772221877329024\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 40.772221877329024\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 39.73253798438173\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"192","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francy, Donna S. 0000-0001-9229-3557 dsfrancy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":1853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"Donna","email":"dsfrancy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brady, Amie M.G. 0000-0002-7414-0992 amgbrady@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7414-0992","contributorId":2544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"Amie","email":"amgbrady@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.G.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stelzer, Erin A. 0000-0001-7645-7603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7645-7603","contributorId":220549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelzer","given":"Erin A.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science 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0000-0001-6048-3217","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6048-3217","contributorId":228841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalby","given":"Harrison","email":"","middleInitial":"D","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Struffolino, Pamela 0000-0002-9065-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9065-3405","contributorId":229549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Struffolino","given":"Pamela","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12455,"text":"University of Toledo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dwyer, Daryl F. 0000-0002-5033-0927","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5033-0927","contributorId":229550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dwyer","given":"Daryl","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":12455,"text":"University of Toledo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70211257,"text":"70211257 - 2020 - Spatial proximity moderates genotype uncertainty in genetic tagging studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-04T14:28:28.360713","indexId":"70211257","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-13T15:08:00","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3164,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial proximity moderates genotype uncertainty in genetic tagging studies","docAbstract":"Accelerating declines of an increasing number of animal populations worldwide necessitate methods to reliably and efficiently estimate demographic parameters such as population density and trajectory. Standard methods for estimating demographic parameters from noninvasive genetic samples are inefficient because lower-quality samples cannot be used, and they assume individuals are identified without error. We introduce the genotype spatial partial identity model (gSPIM), which integrates a genetic classification model with a spatial population model to combine both spatial and genetic information, thus reducing genotype uncertainty and increasing the precision of demographic parameter estimates. We apply this model to data from a study of fishers (Pekania pennanti) in which 37% of hair samples were originally discarded because of uncertainty in individual identity. The gSPIM density estimate using all collected samples was 25% more precise than the original density estimate, and the model identified and corrected three errors in the original individual identity assignments. A simulation study demonstrated that our model increased the accuracy and precision of density estimates 63 and 42%, respectively, using three replicated assignments (e.g., PCRs for microsatellites) per genetic sample. Further, the simulations showed that the gSPIM model parameters are identifiable with only one replicated assignment per sample and that accuracy and precision are relatively insensitive to the number of replicated assignments for high-quality samples. Current genotyping protocols devote the majority of resources to replicating and confirming high-quality samples, but when using the gSPIM, genotyping protocols could be more efficient by devoting more resources to low-quality samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"United States National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2000247117","usgsCitation":"Augustine, B., Royle, A., Linden, D., and Fuller, A.K., 2020, Spatial proximity moderates genotype uncertainty in genetic tagging studies: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 117, no. 30, p. 17903-17912, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000247117.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"17903","endPage":"17912","ipdsId":"IP-114514","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000247117","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":376597,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Augustine, Ben C.","contributorId":229524,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Augustine","given":"Ben C.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167 aroyle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":146229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","email":"aroyle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Linden, Daniel W.","contributorId":229525,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Linden","given":"Daniel W.","affiliations":[{"id":36803,"text":"NOAA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fuller, Angela K.","contributorId":229526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fuller","given":"Angela","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70222537,"text":"70222537 - 2020 - Time-evolving surface and subsurface signatures of Quaternary volcanism in the Cascades arc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-03T12:24:29.313995","indexId":"70222537","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-13T07:22:18","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time-evolving surface and subsurface signatures of Quaternary volcanism in the Cascades arc","docAbstract":"Increased resolution of data constraining topography and crustal structures provides new quantitative ways to assess province-scale surface-subsurface connections beneath volcanoes. We used a database of mapped vents to extract edifices with known epoch ages from digital elevation models (DEMs) in the Cascades arc (western North America), deriving volumes that likely represent ∼50% of total Quaternary eruptive output. Edifice volumes and spatial vent density correlate with diverse geophysical data that fingerprint magmatic influence in the upper crust. Variations in subsurface structures consistent with volcanism are common beneath Quaternary vents throughout the arc, but they are more strongly associated with younger vents. Geophysical magmatic signatures increase in the central and southern Cascade Range (Cascades), where eruptive output is largest and vents are closely spaced. Vents and correlated crustal structures, as well as temporal transitions in the degree of spatially localized versus distributed eruptions, define centers with lateral extents of ∼100 km throughout the arc, suggesting a time-evolving spatial focusing of magma ascent.
Reliable age estimation is an essential tool to assess the status of wildlife populations and inform successful management. Aging methods, however, are often limited by too few data, skewed demographic representation, and by single or uncertain morphometric relationships. In this study, we synthesize age estimates in southern sea otters Enhydra lutris nereis from 761 individuals across 34 years of study, using multiple noninvasive techniques and capturing all life stages from 0 to 17 years of age. From wild, stranded, and captive individuals, we describe tooth eruptions, tooth wear, body length, nose scarring, and pelage coloration across ontogeny and fit sex‐based growth functions to the data. Dental eruption schedules provided reliable and identifiable metrics spanning 0.3–9 months. Tooth wear was the most reliable predictor of age of individuals aged 1–15 years, which when combined with total length, explained >93% of observed age. Beyond age estimation, dental attrition also indicated the maximum lifespan of adult teeth is 13‒17 years, corresponding with previous estimates of life expectancy. Von Bertalanffy growth function model simulations of length at age gave consistent estimates of asymptotic lengths (male Loo = 126.0‒126.8 cm, female Loo = 115.3‒115.7 cm), biologically realistic gestation periods (t0 = 115 days, SD = 10.2), and somatic growth (male k = 1.8, SD = 0.1; female k = 2.1, SD = 0.1). Though exploratory, we describe how field radiographic imaging of epiphyseal plate development or fusions may improve aging of immature sea otters. Together, our results highlight the value of integrating information from multiple and diverse datasets to help resolve conservation problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ece3.6493","usgsCitation":"Nicholson, T.E., Mayer, K.A., Staedler, M.M., Gagne, T.O., Murray, M.J., Young, M.A., Tomoleoni, J.A., Tinker, M., and Van Houtan, K.S., 2020, Robust age estimation of southern sea otters from multiple morphometrics: Ecology and Evolution, v. 10, no. 16, p. 8592-8609, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6493.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"8592","endPage":"8609","ipdsId":"IP-119622","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6493","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":376584,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholson, Teri E.","contributorId":213741,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Teri","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6953,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayer, Karl A.","contributorId":203504,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayer","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":36639,"text":"University of Wisconsin Zoological Museum, 250 North Mills Street, Madison, WI 53706 (PMH) Sea Otter Research and Conservation Program, Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Staedler, Michelle M. 0000-0002-1101-6580","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-6580","contributorId":213742,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Staedler","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6953,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gagne, Tyler O","contributorId":229513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gagne","given":"Tyler","email":"","middleInitial":"O","affiliations":[{"id":6953,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murray, Michael J.","contributorId":206852,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37418,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Young, Marissa A","contributorId":229514,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"Marissa","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":6953,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tomoleoni, Joseph A. 0000-0001-6980-251X jtomoleoni@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6980-251X","contributorId":167551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomoleoni","given":"Joseph","email":"jtomoleoni@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tinker, M. Tim 0000-0002-3314-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":221787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tinker","given":"M. Tim","affiliations":[{"id":40428,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz; former USGS PI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Van Houtan, Kyle S.","contributorId":213743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Houtan","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6953,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70211255,"text":"70211255 - 2020 - Robust geographical determinants of infection prevalence and a contrasting latitudinal diversity gradient for haemosporidian parasites in Western Palearctic birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-10T20:06:07.309391","indexId":"70211255","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-11T15:18:35","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Robust geographical determinants of infection prevalence and a contrasting latitudinal diversity gradient for haemosporidian parasites in Western Palearctic birds","docAbstract":"Identifying robust environmental predictors of infection probability is central to forecasting and mitigating the ongoing impacts of climate change on vector‐borne disease threats. We applied phylogenetic hierarchical models to a data set of 2,171 Western Palearctic individual birds from 47 species to determine how climate and landscape variation influence infection probability for three genera of haemosporidian blood parasites (Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, and Plasmodium). Our comparative models found compelling evidence that birds in areas with higher vegetation density (captured by the normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI]) had higher likelihoods of carrying parasite infection. Magnitudes of this relationship were remarkably similar across parasite genera considering that these parasites use different arthropod vectors and are widely presumed to be epidemiologically distinct. However, we also uncovered key differences among genera that highlighted complexities in their climate responses. In particular, prevalences of Haemoproteus and Plasmodium showed strong but contrasting relationships with winter temperatures, supporting mounting evidence that winter warming is a key environmental filter impacting the dynamics of host‐parasite interactions. Parasite phylogenetic community diversities demonstrated a clear but contrasting latitudinal gradient, with Haemoproteus diversity increasing towards the equator and Leucocytozoon diversity increasing towards the poles. Haemoproteus diversity also increased in regions with higher vegetation density, supporting our evidence that summer vegetation density is important for structuring the distributions of these parasites. Ongoing variation in winter temperatures and vegetation characteristics will probably have far‐reaching consequences for the transmission and spread of vector‐borne diseases.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/mec.15545","usgsCitation":"Clark, N.J., Drovetski, S.V., and Voelker, G., 2020, Robust geographical determinants of infection prevalence and a contrasting latitudinal diversity gradient for haemosporidian parasites in Western Palearctic birds: Molecular Ecology, v. 29, no. 16, p. 3131-3143, https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15545.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3131","endPage":"3143","ipdsId":"IP-116693","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376602,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Nicholas J.","contributorId":204867,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16755,"text":"University of Queensland, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drovetski, Sergei V. 0000-0002-1832-5597","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1832-5597","contributorId":229520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drovetski","given":"Sergei","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voelker, Gary","contributorId":229521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Voelker","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6747,"text":"Texas A&M University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70211226,"text":"70211226 - 2020 - Brackish tidal marsh management and the ecology of a declining freshwater turtle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-12T17:01:52.38416","indexId":"70211226","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-10T15:26:15","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brackish tidal marsh management and the ecology of a declining freshwater turtle","docAbstract":"Water management practices in tidal marshes of the San Francisco Bay Estuary, California are often aimed at increasing suitable habitat for threatened fish species and sport fishes. However, little is known about how best to manage habitat for other sensitive status species like the semiaquatic freshwater Western Pond Turtle (Actinemys marmorata) that is declining throughout much of its range. Here, we examined the basking activity, abundance, survival, and growth of Western Pond Turtles at two brackish water study sites in Suisun Marsh, California that differed in how they were managed, with one having passive management (i.e., no active water regulation) and another having active management (i.e., water regulated for seasonal hunting). Our results revealed that basking activity was greatest when salinity, water stage, and air temperatures were low, shortwave radiation was high, and wind levels were intermediate. These preferred habitat characteristics often reflected conditions that were naturally maintained at the passively managed, muted tidal site. We also found that turtles were more abundant and had higher survival rates in the passively managed habitat compared to the actively managed habitat (201-323 turtles/km2 and 96% survival versus 11-135 turtles/km2 and 77% survival, respectively). Finally, characteristic growth constants from von Bertalanffy models showed that turtles grew more quickly in passively managed habitat compared to the actively managed habitat. Our results suggest that management strategies for this sensitive status species may be more effective if they protect passively managed muted tidal systems that limit or delay extreme cycles of salinity and water levels and conserve elevated terrestrial buffer zones adjacent to muted and full tidal systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-020-01326-0","usgsCitation":"Agha, M., Yackulic, C., Riley, M.K., Peterson, B., and Todd, B.D., 2020, Brackish tidal marsh management and the ecology of a declining freshwater turtle: Environmental Management, v. 66, p. 644-653, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-020-01326-0.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"644","endPage":"653","ipdsId":"IP-108939","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376527,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay Estuary, Suisun Marsh","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.12059020996094,\n 38.10052299089303\n ],\n [\n -121.93656921386719,\n 38.10052299089303\n ],\n [\n -121.93656921386719,\n 38.25004423627535\n ],\n [\n -122.12059020996094,\n 38.25004423627535\n ],\n [\n -122.12059020996094,\n 38.10052299089303\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Agha, Mickey","contributorId":22235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Agha","given":"Mickey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":12425,"text":"University of Kentucky","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yackulic, Charles B. 0000-0001-9661-0724","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9661-0724","contributorId":218825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackulic","given":"Charles","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riley, Melissa K.","contributorId":207841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riley","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":6952,"text":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, Blair","contributorId":229496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"Blair","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":793350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Todd, Brian D","contributorId":167777,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Todd","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"D","affiliations":[{"id":12711,"text":"UC Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70211178,"text":"70211178 - 2020 - Seismic stratigraphic framework of the continental shelf offshore Delmarva, U.S.A.: Implications for Mid-Atlantic Bight evolution since the Pliocene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-16T17:21:30.337689","indexId":"70211178","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-10T12:16:09","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic stratigraphic framework of the continental shelf offshore Delmarva, U.S.A.: Implications for Mid-Atlantic Bight evolution since the Pliocene","docAbstract":"Understanding how past coastal systems have evolved is critical to predicting future coastal change. Using over 12,000 trackline kilometers of recently collected, co-located multi-channel boomer, sparker and chirp seismic reflection profile data integrated with previously collected borehole and vibracore data, we define the upper (< 115 m below mean lower low water) seismic stratigraphic framework offshore of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Twelve seismic units and 11 regionally extensive unconformities (U1-U11) were mapped over 5900 km2 of North America's Mid-Atlantic continental shelf. We interpret U3, U7, U9, U11 as transgressive ravinement surfaces, while U1,2,4,5,6,8,10 are subaerial unconformities illustrating distinct periods of lower sea-level. Based on areal distribution, stratigraphic relationships and dating results (Carbon 14 and amino acid racemization estimates) from earlier vibracore and borehole studies, we interpret the infilled channels as late Neogene and Quaternary courses of the Susquehanna, Potomac, Rappahannock, York, James rivers and tributaries, and a broad flood plain. These findings indicate that the region's geologic framework is more complex than previously thought and that Pleistocene paleochannels are abundant in the Mid-Atlantic. This study synthesizes and correlates the findings of other Atlantic Margin studies and establishes a large-scale Quaternary framework that enables more detailed stratigraphic analysis in the future. Such work has implications for inner continental shelf systems tract evolution, the relationship between antecedent geology and modern coastal systems, assessments of eustacy, glacial isostatic adjustment, and other processes and forcings that play a role in passive margin evolution.
Winter cover crops such as barley, rye, and wheat help to improve soil structure by increasing porosity, aggregate stability, and organic matter, while reducing the loss of agricultural nutrients and sediments into waterways. The environmental performance of cover crops is affected by choice of species, planting date, planting method, nutrient inputs, temperature, and precipitation. The Maryland Department of Agriculture (MDA) oversees an agricultural cost-share program that provides farmers with funding to cover costs associated with planting winter cover crops, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) have partnered with the MDA to develop satellite remote sensing techniques for measuring cover crop performance. The MDA has developed the capacity to digitize field boundaries for all fields enrolled in their cover crop programs (>26,000 fields per year) to support a remote sensing performance analysis at a statewide scal,e and has requested assistance with the associated imagery processing from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing platform, scripts were developed to process Landsat 5/7/8 and Harmonized Sentinel-2 imagery to measure winter cover crop performance. We calibrated cover crop performance models using linear regression between satellite vegetation indices and USGS / USDA-ARS field sampling data collected on Maryland farms between 2006 and 2012 (1298 samples). Satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values showed significant correlation with the natural logarithm of cover crop biomass (p ≤0.01, R2 = 0.56) and with observed percent vegetative ground cover (p ≤0.01, R2 = 0.68). The GEE scripts were used to composite seasonal maximum NDVI values for each enrolled cover crop field and calculate performance metrics for the winter and spring seasons of three enrollment years (2014–15, 2015–16, and 2017–18) for four Maryland counties. Results from winter 2017–18 demonstrate that rye and barley fields had higher biomass than wheat fields, and that early planting, along with planting methods that increase seed-soil contact, increased performance. The processing capabilities of GEE will support the MDA in scaling up remote sensing performance analysis statewide, providing information to evaluate the environmental outcomes associated with various agronomic management strategies. The tool can be modified for different seasonal cutoffs, utilize new sensors to capture phenology in winter and spring, and scale to larger regions for use in adaptive management of winter cover crops planted for environmental benefit.
Managed and wild pollinators are critical components of agricultural and natural systems. Despite the well-known value of insect pollinators to U.S. agriculture, Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758; honey bees) and wild bees currently face numerous stressors that have resulted in declining health. These declines have engendered support for pollinator conservation efforts across all levels of government, private businesses, and nongovernmental organizations. In 2014, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the U.S. Geological Survey initiated an interagency agreement to evaluate honey bee forage across multiple States in the northern Great Plains and upper Midwest. The long-term goal of this study was to provide an empirical evaluation of floral resources used by honey bees, and the relative contribution of multiple land covers and USDA conservation programs to bee health and productivity. Our multi-State analysis of land-use change from 2006 to 2016 revealed loss of grassland and increases in corn and soybean area in North and South Dakota, representing a significant loss of bee-friendly land covers in areas that support the highest density of summer bee yards in the entire United States. Our landscape models demonstrate the importance of the Conservation Reserve Program in providing safe locations for beekeepers to keep honey bees during the summer and highlights how land use in the northern Great Plains has a lasting effect on the health of honey bee colonies during almond pollination the subsequent spring. Our multiseason, multi-State genetic analysis of honey bee-collected pollen revealed Melilotus spp., Asteraceae, Trifolium spp., Fabaceae, Sonchus arvensis, Symphyotrichum cordifolium, and Solidago spp. were the top taxa detected; Melilotus spp. represented 42 percent of all detected taxa. Symphyotrichum cordifolium, Solidago spp., and Grindelia spp. were the top native forbs detected in honey bee-collected pollen. We also conducted plant and bee surveys on private lands enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program and Environmental Quality Incentives Program. In general, we found significant variability in floral resources and pollinator utilization across USDA programs and practices. On average, greater than 75 percent of honey bee flower observations on private lands enrolled in a USDA conservation program were on non-native forbs, whereas 33 percent of wild bee flower observations were on non-native forbs. Melilotus officinalis and Medicago sativa were the most visited by honey bees, wherease Medicago sativa and Helianthus maximiliani were the most visited by wild bees. Our analysis of nectar dearth periods in June and September for honey bees revealed that although Melilotus officinalis and Medicago sativa were highly visited, less common native forb species such as Ratibida columnifera, Agastache foeniculum, and Gaillardia aristata were preferred species. However, these preferred species were relatively rare on the landscape and are, therefore, unlikely to make up a sizable part of the honey bee diet. In addition to our empirical results, we also showcase how the U.S. Geological Survey Pollinator Library, a decision-support tool for natural resource managers, can be used to design cost-effective seeding mixes for pollinators. Collectively, the results of this research will assist USDA with maximizing the ecological impact and cost-effectiveness of their conservation programs on pollinators in the northern Great Plains.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201037","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture","usgsCitation":"Otto, C.R.V., Smart, A., Cornman, R.S., Simanonok, M., and Iwanowicz, D.D., 2020, Forage and habitat for pollinators in the northern Great Plains—Implications for U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation programs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1037, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201037.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 64 p.; Data Releases","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-114029","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
Predictions of post‐wildfire flooding and debris flows are needed, typically with short lead times. Measurements of soil‐hydraulic properties necessary for model parameterization are, however, seldom available. This study quantified soil‐hydraulic properties, soil‐water retention, and selected soil physical properties within the perimeter of the 2017 Thomas Fire in California. The Thomas Fire burn scar produced catastrophic debris flows in January 2018, highlighting the need for improved prediction capability. Soil‐hydraulic properties were also indirectly estimated using relations tied to soil‐water retention. These measurements and estimates are examined in the context of parameterizing post‐wildfire hydrologic models. Tension infiltrometer measurements showed significant decreases (p < .05) in field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) and sorptivity (S) in burned areas relative to unburned areas. Wildfire effects on soil water‐retention were dominated by significant decreases in saturated soil‐water content (θS). The van Genuchten parameters α, N, and residual water content did not show significant wildfire effects. The impacts of the wildfire on hydraulic and physical soil properties were greatest in the top 1 cm, emphasizing that measurements of post‐fire soil properties should focus on the near‐surface. Reductions in Kfs, θs, and soil‐water retention in burned soils were attributed to fire‐induced decreases in soil structure evidenced by increases in dry bulk density. Sorptivity reductions in burned soils were attributed to increases in soil‐water repellency. Rapid post‐fire assessments of flash flood and debris flow hazards using physically‐based hydrologic models are facilitated by similarities between Kfs, S, and the Green–Ampt wetting front potential (ψf) with measurements at other southern CA burned sites. We suggest that ratios of burned to unburned Kfs (0.37), S (0.36), and ψf (0.66) could be used to scale unburned values for model parameterization. Alternatively, typical burned values (Kfs = 20 mm hr−1; S = 6 mm hr−0.5; ψf = 1.6 mm) could be used for model parameterization.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis offers a promising tool for rapid and early detection of aquatic plant invasive species, but currently suffers from substantial unknowns that limit its widespread use in monitoring programs. We conducted the first study to test the factors related to eDNA-based detectability of 2 invasive aquatic plants, Egeria densa and Myriophyllum spicatum, over extended periods of time. Specifically, we examined how plant growth stage and abundance relate to detection in semi-natural and natural conditions. We conducted a mesocosm experiment over a 10-wk period to assess changes in eDNA detection as a function of plant growth and changing biomass. We also sampled lakes with varying species abundances and resampled a subset of lakes to test temporal variability in detection.
We used multilevel occupancy modeling to determine factors associated with detection and generalized linear mixed effects modeling to assess important predictors of eDNA concentration. In mesocosm experiments, we found that detection was less reliable while plants were actively growing but improved as a function of increasing senescence. Plant abundance in tanks was a poor predictor of detection in water samples. These findings were supported by field sampling, which resulted in higher detections for E. densa during senescence periods and only weak or ambiguous relationships between eDNA and total plant abundance in lakes for both species. Within lakes, proximity to shallow photic zones and discrete plant patches were associated with increased detections and concentrations of eDNA. However, detection at the lake scale (based on 4 sampling stations) was typically successful only at the highest levels of plant abundance. Detection and concentrations of eDNA were consistently lower for M. spicatum than for E. densa in the mesocosm experiment and field sampling, suggesting that overall detectability of aquatic invasive plants varies by species.
Our results support sampling during senescence periods to improve detection, but generally low levels of detection and weak relationships with plant abundance indicate that substantial hurdles remains to implement eDNA analysis for early detection of, and rapid response to, aquatic invasive plants.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/710106","usgsCitation":"Kuehne, L.M., Ostberg, C.O., Chase, D.M., Duda, J.J., and Olden, J., 2020, Use of environmental DNA to detect the invasive aquatic plants Myriophyllum spicatum and Egeria densa in lakes: Freshwater Science, v. 39, no. 3, p. 521-533, https://doi.org/10.1086/710106.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"533","ipdsId":"IP-112200","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456072,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/710106","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P90BVKTO","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Detection of invasive aquatic plants Myriophyllum spicatum and Egeria densa in lakes using eDNA, field and mesocosm data"},{"id":378079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuehne, Lauren M","contributorId":222591,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kuehne","given":"Lauren","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":40565,"text":"School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":797768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ostberg, Carl O. 0000-0003-1479-8458","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1479-8458","contributorId":220731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostberg","given":"Carl","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":797769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chase, Dorothy M. 0000-0002-7759-2687","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7759-2687","contributorId":203926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":797770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duda, Jeffrey J. 0000-0001-7431-8634 jduda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-8634","contributorId":148954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jduda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":797771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Olden, Julian D.","contributorId":202893,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olden","given":"Julian D.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":797772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70228240,"text":"70228240 - 2020 - Extreme drought and adaptive resource selection by a desert mammal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-08T17:16:16.342629","indexId":"70228240","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-08T11:11:01","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extreme drought and adaptive resource selection by a desert mammal","docAbstract":"When animals select areas to occupy, decisions involve trade-offs between the fitness benefits of obtaining critical resources and minimizing costs of biotic and abiotic factors that constrain their use. These processes can be more dynamic and complex for species inhabiting desert environments, where highly variable spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation can create high intra- and inter-annual variability in forage conditions and water availability, and thermal constraints can differ significantly among seasons and diel periods. We examined resource selection in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) in Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona, USA, at multiple spatial and temporal scales to gain insight into how a desert mammal responds to variations in climatic conditions. We used resource selection functions to test topographic, forage, and environmental features among seasons and diel periods, and between non-drought and drought conditions at the population and home-range scale. When precipitation was average, sheep selected for topographic features that were beneficial for predator avoidance (i.e., escape terrain—steep, rugged areas with high visibility) and locations near perennial water. When drought occurred, they ranged further from preferred escape terrain and perennial water, perhaps seeking forage conditions suitable to meet their nutritional requirements. On early (April–June) and late (July–September) summer days, sheep selected for more northerly aspects and locations with lower solar radiation, and in some periods, selection for these cooler areas coincided with periods when forage covariates, proximity to perennial water, and several topographic features were uninformative in resource selection models. These choices may be necessary trade-offs, foregoing good escape terrain and foraging areas, and access to water, for improved thermoregulation. This study highlights the importance of identifying resource selection at variable spatial and temporal scales when investigating the interrelationship between species and their environment. It provides insight into the dynamics of resource selection in desert mammals, and how they respond to constraints imposed on them by their environment. This work can serve to inform strategies for managing and conserving species living in arid environments when faced with climate change.
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Spectral observations show that H2O ice forms on the interior of the seasonal cap, while thermal observations show these regions to be consistent with CO2 ice. Prior to the sublimation of the seasonal CO2, the observed H2O ice deposits are diminished—and because H2O ice sublimation rates are extremely slow while in direct thermal contact with CO2 ice, an alternate removal process must be operating. We propose a model where the process of removing these H2O deposits starts with insolation‐induced basal sublimation of the underlying CO2 ice. This sublimed gas would “seep” upward and into the interface between the two ices, increasing pressure until the gas pressure fractures the cold‐trapped H2O ice. Small fragments would be suspended while larger fragments would be pushed aside, exposing the underlying CO2 ice.