Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the breeding distribution of Greater Prairie-Chicken in the United States and southern Canada. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species’ breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159589","usgsCitation":"Svedarsky, W.D., Toepfer, J., Westemeier, R., and Robel, R., 2003, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Greater Prairie-Chicken, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159589.","productDescription":"41 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159589.JPG"},{"id":311462,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159589/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States, Canada","state":"Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.818359375,\n 53.61857936489517\n ],\n [\n -114.12597656249999,\n 51.508742458803326\n ],\n [\n -112.763671875,\n 49.35375571830993\n ],\n [\n -104.150390625,\n 49.35375571830993\n ],\n [\n -104.19433593749999,\n 47.78363463526376\n ],\n [\n -104.765625,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -106.25976562499999,\n 39.842286020743394\n ],\n [\n -103.9306640625,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -100.2392578125,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -97.3388671875,\n 29.726222319395504\n ],\n [\n -94.4384765625,\n 30.751277776257812\n ],\n [\n -94.306640625,\n 31.728167146023935\n ],\n [\n -89.6044921875,\n 34.95799531086792\n ],\n [\n -87.1875,\n 36.13787471840729\n ],\n [\n -86.044921875,\n 40.54720023441049\n ],\n [\n -84.4189453125,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -83.5400390625,\n 46.13417004624326\n ],\n [\n -84.375,\n 48.31242790407178\n ],\n [\n -88.8134765625,\n 49.49667452747045\n ],\n [\n -103.7548828125,\n 53.09402405506325\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 54.08517342088679\n ],\n [\n -113.818359375,\n 53.61857936489517\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56432344e4b0aafbcd017ff0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Svedarsky, W. 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Included for each nest, when known, are the identifies of the pair, clutch size, known fertile and infertile eggs, number of eggs that hatched, number of chicks that survived, sources of mortality, fostering (source, destination. or both), number of young fledged from the pair and from the nest, and percentage of days the nest was guarded. This information is useful for detecting and assessing potential changes in reproductive output and nest threats and is fundamental for understanding some of the demographic and genetic factors influencing the wild parrot population.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry","publisherLocation":"Rio Piedras, P.R.","collaboration":"OCLC: 54052247 PDF on file: 6128_Wunderle.pdf","usgsCitation":"Wunderle, J., Snyder, N., Muiznieks, B., Wiley, J.W., and Meyers, J., 2003, Histories of Puerto Rican parrot nests in the Caribbean National Forest/Luquillo Experimental Forest, 1973-2000, 28.","productDescription":"28","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92041,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951d025728901"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6884d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wunderle, J.M. 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This new publication integrates a variety of stressors that can act in concert and may ultimately cause a decline in amphibian populations.
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Toxicity Assessment examines methods, which range from long-established laboratory approaches for evaluating adverse chemical effects to amphibians, to methods that link chemicals in surface waters, sediments, and soils with adverse effects observed among amphibians in the field.
Field and Laboratory Studies illustrates studies in the evaluation of multiple stressor effects that may lead to declining amphibian populations. A range of laboratory and field studies of chemicals, such as herbicides, insecticides, chlorinated organic compounds, metals, and complex mixtures are also included.
Causal Analysis demonstrates the range of tools currently available for evaluating \"cause-effect\" relationships between environmental stressors and declining amphibian populations.
Audience: This new publication is a must-have for scientists and resource management professionals from diverse fields, including ecotoxicology, chemistry, ecology, field biology, conservation biology, and natural resource management.
This edition of the checklist includes 446 species, of which 407 are on the Regular Species List, 8 on the Provisional, and 31 on the Hypothetical. This new publication has been greatly expanded and much revised over the previous checklist (GOS Occasional Publ. No. 10, 1986, 48 pp., 6x9 inches) to a 7x10-inch format with an extensive Literature Cited section added, 22 species added to the Regular List, 2 to the Provisional List, and 9 to the Hypothetical List. Each species account is much more comprehensive over all previous editions of the checklist. Among some of the new features are citations for sources of most information used, high counts of individuals for each species on the Regular List, extreme dates of occurrence within physiographic regions, a list of abbreviations and acronyms, and for each species the highest form of verifiable documentation given with its repository institution with a catalog number. This checklist is helpful for anyone working with birds in the Southeastern United States or birding in that region. Sykes' contribution to this fifth edition of the Annotated Checklist of Georgia Birds includes: suggestion of the large format and spiral binding, use of Richard A. Parks' painting of the Barn Owl on the front cover, use of literature citations throughout, and inclusion of high counts for each species. Sykes helped plan all phases of the publication, wrote about 90% of the Introduction and 84 species accounts (Osprey through Red Phalarope), designed the four maps in the introduction section and format for the Literature Cited, and with Giff Beaton designed the layout of the title page.
","language":"English","publisher":"Georgia Ornithological Society.","usgsCitation":"Beaton, G., Sykes, P., and Parrish, J., 2003, Annotated checklist of Georgia birds (5th): Occasional Publication No. 14, 156 p.","productDescription":"156 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320134,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.gos.org/publications"}],"edition":"5th","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62ba4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beaton, G.","contributorId":30331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaton","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sykes, P.W. 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Jr.","contributorId":97609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211236,"text":"5211236 - 2003 - Ecosystem-level consequences of migratory faunal depletion caused by dams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5211236","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"35","title":"Ecosystem-level consequences of migratory faunal depletion caused by dams","docAbstract":"Humans have been damming rivers for millennia, and our more ambitious efforts over the past century have arguably altered river ecosystems more extensively than any other anthropogenic activity. Effects of damming on river biota include decimation of migratory fauna (e.g., diadromous and potamodromous fishes and crustaceans), lost fisheries, and imperilment of obligate riverine taxa. Although effects of dams on biota have been widely documented, ecosystem-level consequences of faunal depletion caused by dams are only beginning to be appreciated. We discuss consequences to river ecosystems of altering distributions and abundances of migratory fauna, which often provide trophic subsidies and may strongly influence the structure of local habitats and communities. It is well documented that anadromous fishes can provide a major input of nutrients and energy to freshwater systems when spawning adults return from the sea. Other less-studied taxa that migrate between distinct portions of riverine systems (e.g., acipencerids, catostomids, and prochilodontids) may similarly provide trophic transfers within undammed river systems, in addition to modifying local communities and habitats through feeding and spawning activities. Experimental faunal exclusions have demonstrated strong potential effects of some amphidromous shrimps and potamodromous fishes on benthic organic matter and algal and invertebrate communities. Depletion of these animals above dams is likely to significantly affect ecosystem processes such as primary production and detrital processing. The decline of freshwater mussels isolated by dams from their migratory fish hosts has likely lowered stream productivity, nutrient retention and benthic stability. Greater focus on effects of dams on ecosystem processes, as mediated by faunal change, would improve our ability to assess the costs and benefits of future river management strategies.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biodiversity, Status and Conservation of the World?s Shads","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","collaboration":"Shad 2001: A Conference on the Status and Conservation of Shads Worldwide. Baltimore, Maryland USA. 20-23 May, 2001. PDF on file: 6084_Freeman.pdf","usgsCitation":"Freeman, M.C., Pringle, C.M., Greathouse, E., and Freeman, B.J., 2003, Ecosystem-level consequences of migratory faunal depletion caused by dams, chap. of Biodiversity, Status and Conservation of the World?s Shads, p. 255-266.","startPage":"255","endPage":"266","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625984","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Limburg, K.E.","contributorId":103219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Limburg","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507839,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waldman, J.R.","contributorId":85919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldman","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507838,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Freeman, Mary C. 0000-0001-7615-6923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":99659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pringle, C. 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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contaminated Soils: From Soil-chemical Interactions to Ecosystem Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Pellston workshop on assessing contaminated soils: From soil-contaminant interactions to ecosystem management","conferenceDate":"23-27 September 199","conferenceLocation":"Pellston, MI","language":"English","publisher":"SETAC Press","publisherLocation":"Pensacola, FL","isbn":"978-1-880611-31-9 ","usgsCitation":"Wentsel, R., Beyer, W., Edwards, C., Kapustka, L., and Kuperman, R., 2003, Effects of contaminants on soil ecosystem structure and function, in Contaminated Soils: From Soil-chemical Interactions to Ecosystem Management, Pellston, MI, 23-27 September 199, p. 117-159.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"159","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350425,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.setac.org/store/ViewProduct.aspx?id=1032306"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db61611d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lanno, Roman P.","contributorId":112470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanno","given":"Roman","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507840,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Wentsel, R.S.","contributorId":29931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentsel","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beyer, W. 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OCLC: 52509489 ","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 2003, Foreword, chap. of Massachusetts Breeding Bird Atlas, p. viii-ix.","productDescription":"xiv, 441","startPage":"viii","endPage":"ix","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5ddfb2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Petersen, Wayne R.","contributorId":112617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507874,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meservey, W. 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Consequently, lead concentrations in many living organisms may be approaching thresholds of toxicity for the adverse effects of lead. Such thresholds are difficult to define, as they vary with the chemical and physical form of lead, exposure regime, other elements present and also vary both within and between species. The technological capability to accurately quantify low lead concentrations has increased over the last decade, and physiological and behavioral effects have been measured in wildlife with tissue lead concentrations below those previously considered safe for humans.s.236 Consequently. lead criteria for the protection of wildlife and human health are frequently under review, and 'thresholds' of lead toxicity are being reconsidered. Proposed lead criteria for the protection of natural resources have been reviewed by Eisler. Uptake of lead by plants is limited by its generally low availability in soils and sediments, and toxicity may be limited by storage mechanisms and its apparently limited translocation within most plants. Lead does not generally accumulate within the foliar parts of plants, which limits its transfer to higher trophic levels. Although lead may concentrate in plant and animal tissues, no evidence of biomagnification exists. Acid deposition onto surface waters and soils with low buffering capacity may influence the availability of lead for uptake by plants and animals, and this may merit investigation at susceptible sites. The biological significance of chronic low-level lead exposure to wildlife is sometimes difficult to quantify. Animals living in urban environments or near point sources of lead emission are inevitably subject to greater exposure to lead and enhanced risk of lead poisoning. Increasingly strict controls on lead emissions in many countries have reduced exposure to lead from some sources. and the .reduction of lead in gasoline has resulted in lower tissue lead concentrations in humans and wildlife from many, particularly urban, locations. However, it has been suggested that increasing use of organic lead compounds as catalysts for the production of plastics and as wood preservatives and biocides could adversely affect wildlife. The most significant source of direct wildlife mortality from lead is spent gunshot and fishing sinkers. Elevated mortality from shot ingestion in avian species resulted in the introduction of nontoxic (steel) shot zones along certain flyways in the United States in the mid-1970s and a total ban on the use of lead for waterfowl and coot hunting nationwide by 1992. Several other countries are now following suit and have either banned or are in the process of restricting the use of lead shot for waterfowl hunting. In the United States it has been estimated that since the 1986 hunting season. when the use of nontoxic shot became widespread. over 6 million ducks have not been lost to lead poisoning. Raptors, especially eagles, have also apparently benefited. although lead poisoning from ingestion of bullet fragments remains a problem for the critically threatened California condor. Quantifying reductions in lead mortality rates would be difficult since eagle populations throughout North America are rapidly recovering from other anthropogenic perturbations, especially organochlorine pesticides.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of ecotoxicology, second edition","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","doi":"10.1201/9781420032505.ch15","isbn":"1-56670-546-0","usgsCitation":"Pattee, O.H., and Pain, D.J., 2003, Lead in the environment, chap. 15 of Handbook of ecotoxicology, second edition, p. 373-408, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420032505.ch15.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"373","endPage":"408","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"2nd","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a86ee","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":507748,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":507747,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G. 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Experiences gained from bird surveys provide important information for development of surveys for other taxa, and statistical developments in estimation of population sizes from counts provide new approaches to overcoming the limitations evident in many bird surveys. 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In the vicinity of Chernobyl, at least 30 people died, more than 115,000 others were evacuated, and consumption of milk and other foods was banned because of radiocontamination. At least 14,000 human cancer deaths are expected in Russia, Belarus, and the Ukraine as a direct result of Chernobyl. The most sensitive local ecosystems, as judged by survival, were the soil fauna, pine forest communities, and certain populations of rodents. Elsewhere, fallout from Chernobyl significantly contaminated freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems and flesh and milk of domestic livestock; in many cases, radionuclide concentrations in biological samples exceeded current radiation protection guidelines. Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Scandinavia were among the most seriously afflicted by Chernobyl fallout, probably because their main food during winter (lichens) is an efficient absorber of airborne particles containing radiocesium. Some reindeer calves contaminated with 137Cs from Chernobyl showed 137Cs-dependent decreases in survival and increases in frequency of chromosomal aberrations. Although radiation levels in the biosphere are declining with time, latent effects of initial exposure--including an increased frequency of thyroid and other cancers--are now measurable. The full effect of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident on natural resources will probably not be known for at least several decades because of gaps in data on long-term genetic and reproductive effects and on radiocesium cycling and toxicokinetics. 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Hypothesizing theoretical concerns of potential factors that could affect an endangered species could predispose the scientific and political communities to jeopardizing threats. The user of recovery plans as a data source must be aware of the bias within the data set. These data should be used with the caveat that the source of information in recovery plans is not always based on scientific research and rigorous data collection. Over 58% of the information identifying species threats is based on estimates or personal communication. while only 42% is based on peer reviewed literature, academic research. or government reports. Many recovery plans were written when a species was initially listed in the 1970s or 1980s. Politics, human disturbance, and habitat demand issues evolve over a 20- to 30-year period. leaving much of the threats facing endangered species outdated and inadequate. 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Mortality (<11% with all treatments) and growth appeared to be unaffected by perchlorate. Inhibition of development started with 2.2 ppm perchlorate and little or no development occurred at 22.9 ppm and above. This inhibition was particularly apparent at the latter stages of development including hindlimb formation and metamorphosis. The estimated EC50 for total inhibition of metamorphosis at 70 days of treatment was 3.63 ppm. There was no evidence of inhibition of development with the 50 + I, C + I, or controls, indicating that the presence of small concentrations of iodide could counter the effects of perchlorate. When tadpoles that had been inhibited by perchlorate were subsequently treated with iodide, development through prometamorphosis progressed but mortality was very high.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Multiple stressor effects in relation to declining amphibian populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASTM International","publisherLocation":"West Conshohocken, PA ","collaboration":" PDF on file: 6058_Sparling.pdf","usgsCitation":"Sparling, D.W., Harvey, G., and Nzengung, V., 2003, Interaction between perchlorate and iodine in the metamorphosis of Hyla versicolor, chap. of Multiple stressor effects in relation to declining amphibian populations, p. 143-158.","productDescription":"viii, 282","startPage":"143","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0dd0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Linder, Gregory L.","contributorId":35843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507833,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krest, Sherry K.","contributorId":113670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krest","given":"Sherry","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507834,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sparling, Donald W.","contributorId":7220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507832,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":507831,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Sparling, D. 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Slow growth of these tree species, herbivory, competing vegetation, and limited seed dispersal, often result in restored sites that are slow to develop vertical vegetation structure and have limited tree diversity. Where soils and hydrology permit, agroforestry can provide transitional management that mitigates these historical limitations on converting cropland to forests. Planting short-rotation woody crops and intercropping using wide alleyways are two agroforestry practices that are well suited for transitional management. Weed control associated with agroforestry systems benefits planted trees by reducing competition. The resultant decrease in herbaceous cover suppresses small mammal populations and associated herbivory of trees and seeds. As a result, rapid vertical growth is possible that can 'train' under-planted, slower-growing, species and provide favorable environmental conditions for naturally invading trees. Finally, annual cropping of alleyways or rotational pulpwood harvest of woody crops provides income more rapidly than reliance on future revenue from traditional silviculture. Because of increased forest diversity, enhanced growth and development, and improved economic returns, we believe that using agroforestry as a transitional management strategy during afforestation provides greater benefits to landowners and to the environment than does traditional bottomland hardwood afforestation. ","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Land-use management for the future: proceedings of the 6th North American Agroforestry Conference, June 12-16, 1999, the Arlington Resort Hotel and Spa, Hot Springs, Arkansas","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Association for Temperate Agroforestry","publisherLocation":"Columbia, Missouri","collaboration":"OCLC: 53364328 PDF on file: 6095 Twedt.pdf ","usgsCitation":"Twedt, D., and Portwood, J., 2003, Synergy of agroforestry and bottomland hardwood afforestation, chap. of Land-use management for the future: proceedings of the 6th North American Agroforestry Conference, June 12-16, 1999, the Arlington Resort Hotel and Spa, Hot Springs, Arkansas, p. 85-89.","productDescription":"iii, 231","startPage":"85","endPage":"89","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687cf8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Clason, Terry R.","contributorId":113244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clason","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507841,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Portwood, J.","contributorId":63503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Portwood","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211229,"text":"5211229 - 2003 - Synergistic effects of a combined exposure to herbicides and an insecticide in Hyla versicolor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5211229","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"1443","title":"Synergistic effects of a combined exposure to herbicides and an insecticide in Hyla versicolor","docAbstract":"Combinations of the herbicides atrazine and metolachlor and the insecticide chlorpyrifos were tested under both laboratory and field conditions to determine their individual and combined effects on amphibian populations. In the lab Hyla versicolor tadpoles experienced 100% mortality when exposed to a high combination of the pesticides (2.0 mg/L atrazine, 2.54 mg/L metolachlor, 1.0 mg/L chlorpyrifos) whereas low concentrations of the pesticides (0.2 mg/L atrazine, 0.25 mg/L metolachlor, 0.1 mg/L chlorpyrifos) or high concentrations of either herbicides or insecticide alone caused lethargy, reduced growth and delayed metamorphosis but no significant mortality. In the field high herbicide, low insecticide and low herbicide, low insecticide mixtures significantly reduced amphibian populations compared to controls but in the low herbicide, low insecticide wetlands amphibian populations were able to recover through recruitment by the end of the season.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Multiple stressor effects in relation to declining amphibian populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASTM International","publisherLocation":"West Conshohocken, PA ","usgsCitation":"Mazanti, L., Sparling, D.W., Rice, C., Bialek, K., Stevenson, C., and Teels, B., 2003, Synergistic effects of a combined exposure to herbicides and an insecticide in Hyla versicolor, chap. of Multiple stressor effects in relation to declining amphibian populations, p. 111-129.","productDescription":"viii, 282","startPage":"111","endPage":"129","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687eff","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Linder, Gregory L.","contributorId":35843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507829,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krest, Sherry K.","contributorId":113670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krest","given":"Sherry","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507830,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sparling, Donald W.","contributorId":7220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507828,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":507827,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Mazanti, L.","contributorId":88066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazanti","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparling, D. 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Determining the causes of declining amphibian populations worldwide has proven difficult because of the variety of anthropogenic and natural suspect agents. A Wingspread workshop, convened by The Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), brought together individuals with expertise in the areas of amphibian biology, ecotoxicology, natural resource management, and environmental policy. This workshop had three objectives: 1) create a network for future discussions on multiple stressor causes of declines; 2) characterize and prioritize technical issues critical to the analysis of the decline problem; and 3) identify and develop resource management approaches to promote sustainable and healthy amphibian populations. The workshop proceedings will be summarized in a book entitled, 'Multiple Stressors and Declining Amphibian Populations: Evaluating Cause and Effect.' This paper summarizes the results of the workshop.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Multiple stressor effects in relation to declining amphibian populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASTM International","publisherLocation":"West Conshohocken, PA ","usgsCitation":"Krest, S., Linder, G., and Sparling, D.W., 2003, The role of multiple stressor causes in declining amphibian populations: a wingspread workshop summary, chap. of Multiple stressor effects in relation to declining amphibian populations, p. 207-218.","productDescription":"viii, 282","startPage":"207","endPage":"218","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640ddd","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Linder, Gregory L.","contributorId":35843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507825,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krest, Sherry K.","contributorId":113670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krest","given":"Sherry","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507826,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sparling, Donald W.","contributorId":7220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507824,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":507823,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Krest, S.K.","contributorId":45428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krest","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linder, G.","contributorId":43070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sparling, D. 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Subsequent research has validated this concern.3,4 These population declines have been defined either as decreases in numbers of individuals in an area or, preferably because of greater reliability, a decrease in the number of sites occupied by breeding amphibians. Widespread population declines have occurred in North America,5-7 Europe,3,8,9 Australia,10 and Central and South America.11,12 Population declines in eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa have been suggested but are not as well documented. Worldwide, more than 500 populations of frogs and salamanders have been listed as declining or of concern.4,13 In the United States, a third of known amphibian species are thought to be in trouble.14 While the most severely affected populations are in the mountains of the western United States, serious declines have also been observed among some species in the Midwest and Southeast.2
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