Clear Creek flows through the Texas Coastal Plain from its headwaters southeast of Houston, Texas, to Clear Lake, which empties into Galveston Bay. Segments of Clear Creek were on the State of Texas 303(d) list for 1998, 1999, and 2000 as a result of a fish consumption advisory issued by the Texas Department of Health. One of the contaminants for which the fish consumption advisory was issued is the organochlorine pesticide chlordane. Chlordane is a hydrophobic (“waterfearing”) contaminant; that is, it adsorbs to sediment at concentrations much greater than those found in water. The study described here sought to answer three questions:
To answer these questions, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), collected and analyzed sediment cores from Clear Creek (fig. 1). Sediment cores sometimes can be used to reconstruct historical trends in concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants (Eisenreich and others, 1989; Van Metre and others, 1997). Cores were collected from five ponds connected to Clear Creek but out of the main channel (fig. 1). Cesium-137 (137Cs) was analyzed in the cores to determine if the sediments in the cores were undisturbed and if the cores reached sediment predating 1964. The two cores that appeared most undisturbed on the basis of 137Cs profiles (see sidebar, p. 2) were further subsampled and additional samples analyzed for 137Cs, organic carbon, selected organochlorine pesticides (including chlordane), and total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs08803","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Mahler, B., and Van Metre, P., 2003, A chronicle of organochlorine contamination in Clear Creek, Galveston and Harris Counties, Texas, 1960-2002, as recorded in sediment cores: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 088-03, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08803.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_088_03.bmp"},{"id":335521,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-088-03/pdf/FS_088-03.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.68 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":4729,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs-088-03/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Clear Creek Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.11825561523438,\n 29.703560887190708\n ],\n [\n -95.15808105468749,\n 29.728607435707488\n ],\n [\n -95.22125244140625,\n 29.757224408272663\n ],\n [\n -95.27481079101561,\n 29.74887863492848\n ],\n [\n -95.40939331054688,\n 29.723837146389066\n ],\n [\n -95.52886962890625,\n 29.69640358280457\n ],\n [\n -95.5755615234375,\n 29.653449050468925\n ],\n [\n -95.64010620117188,\n 29.569873858372727\n ],\n [\n -95.53985595703124,\n 29.508939763268394\n ],\n [\n -95.47943115234375,\n 29.48622944038446\n ],\n [\n -95.44235229492188,\n 29.462318337210935\n ],\n [\n -95.38604736328125,\n 29.44438130948883\n ],\n [\n -95.31600952148438,\n 29.4431853949024\n ],\n [\n -95.240478515625,\n 29.436009611500513\n ],\n [\n -95.18829345703125,\n 29.44079352345908\n ],\n [\n -95.152587890625,\n 29.450360671054415\n ],\n [\n -95.09765625,\n 29.46949226032194\n ],\n [\n -95.07156372070312,\n 29.48622944038446\n ],\n [\n -95.01388549804688,\n 29.52208551698379\n ],\n [\n -95.01663208007812,\n 29.563901551414418\n ],\n [\n -95.04409790039062,\n 29.6033122490751\n ],\n [\n -95.05645751953124,\n 29.624802504907223\n ],\n [\n -95.08392333984375,\n 29.6594160549124\n ],\n [\n -95.09765625,\n 29.676121784724305\n ],\n [\n -95.11825561523438,\n 29.703560887190708\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4987e4b0b290850ef3f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mahler, Barbara 0000-0002-9150-9552 bjmahler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-9552","contributorId":1249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"Barbara","email":"bjmahler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Metre, Peter","contributorId":71625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53188,"text":"wri034144 - 2003 - Hydrology, nutrient concentrations, and nutrient yields in nearshore areas of four lakes in northern Wisconsin, 1999-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-13T13:15:27","indexId":"wri034144","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4144","title":"Hydrology, nutrient concentrations, and nutrient yields in nearshore areas of four lakes in northern Wisconsin, 1999-2001","docAbstract":"The effects of shoreline development on water quality and nutrient yields in nearshore areas of four lakes in northern Wisconsin were investigated from October 1999 through September 2001. The study measured surface runoff and ground-water flows from paired developed (sites containing lawn, rooftops, sidewalks, and driveways) and undeveloped (mature and immature woods) catchments adjacent to four lakes in northern Wisconsin. Water samples from surface runoff and ground water were collected and analyzed for nutrients. Coupled with water volumes, loads and subsequent yields of selected constituents were computed for developed and undeveloped catchments. The median runoff from lawn surfaces ranged from 0.0019 to 0.059 inch over the catchment area. Median surface runoff estimates from the wooded catchments were an order of magnitude less than those from the lawn catchments. The increased water volumes from the lawn catchments resulted in greater nutrient loads and subsequent annual nutrient yields from the developed sites. Soil temperature and soil moisture were measured at two sites with mixed lawn and wooded areas. At both of these sites, the area covered with a lawn commonly was warmer than the wooded area. No consistent differences in soil moisture were found. A ground-water model was constructed to simulate the local flow systems at two of the paired catchments. Model simulations showed that much of the ground water delivered to the lake originated from distant areas that did not contribute runoff directly to the lake. Surface runoff and ground-water nutrient concentrations from the lawn and wooded catchments did not have apparent patterns. Some of the median concentrations from lawns were significantly different (at the 0.05 significance level) from those at wooded catchments. Water wells and piezometers were sampled for chemical analyses three times during the study period. Variability in the shallow ground-water chemistry over time in the lawn samples was larger than samples from the wooded areas and upgradient wells. Median nutrient yields in surface runoff from lawns always were greater than those from the wooded catchments. Runoff volumes were the most important factor in determining whether lawns or wooded catchments contribute more nutrients to the lake. The ground-water system had appreciable nutrient concentrations, and are likely an important pathway for nutrient transport to the lake. The nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen and total phosphorus yields to the ground-water system from a lawn catchment were approximately 3 to 4 times greater than those from the wooded catchment. There was no difference in the yields of dissolved inorganic phosphorus to the ground-water system from the lawn and wooded catchments. Study results demonstrate that choosing the appropriate landscape position for locating lawns in sloped areas (specifically, slopes that do not terminate at the lake or areas with intervening flat or buffer zones between lawn and lake) can help reduce the adverse effect of lawns on the shallow ground water and, ultimately, the lake. Additional information would be needed to extrapolate these results to a large drainage area of a lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034144","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Graczyk, D., Hunt, R.J., Greb, S.R., Buchwald, C.A., and Krohelski, J.T., 2003, Hydrology, nutrient concentrations, and nutrient yields in nearshore areas of four lakes in northern Wisconsin, 1999-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4144, viii, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034144.","productDescription":"viii, 64 p.","numberOfPages":"73","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311309,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wrir-03-4144/pdf/wrir-03-4144.pdf"},{"id":4784,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wrir-03-4144/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Forest County, Oneida County, Vilas County","otherGeospatial":"Anvil Lake, Butternut Lake, Kentuck Lake, Lower Ninemile Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.14581298828125,\n 45.867540841540254\n ],\n [\n -89.14581298828125,\n 46.01436975297069\n ],\n [\n -88.92333984375,\n 46.01436975297069\n ],\n [\n -88.92333984375,\n 45.867540841540254\n ],\n [\n -89.14581298828125,\n 45.867540841540254\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db6670fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graczyk, David J.","contributorId":107265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"David J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greb, Steven R.","contributorId":29010,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greb","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":246862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buchwald, Cheryl A. 0000-0001-8968-5023 cabuchwa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8968-5023","contributorId":1943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchwald","given":"Cheryl","email":"cabuchwa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krohelski, James T.","contributorId":52223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53178,"text":"wri034243 - 2003 - Survival, transport, and sources of fecal bacteria in streams and survival in land-applied poultry litter in the upper Shoal Creek basin, southwestern Missouri, 2001–2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-22T08:38:10","indexId":"wri034243","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4243","displayTitle":"Survival, Transport, and Sources of Fecal Bacteria in Streams and Survival in Land-Applied Poultry Litter in the Upper Shoal Creek Basin, Southwestern Missouri, 2001–2002","title":"Survival, transport, and sources of fecal bacteria in streams and survival in land-applied poultry litter in the upper Shoal Creek basin, southwestern Missouri, 2001–2002","docAbstract":"Densities of fecal coliform bacteria along a 5.7-mi (mile) reach of Shoal Creek extending upstream from State Highway 97 (site 3) to State Highway W (site 2) and in two tributaries along this reach exceeded the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) standard of 200 col/100 mL (colonies per 100 milliliters) for whole-body contact recreation. A combination of techniques was used in this report to provide information on the source, transport, and survival of fecal bacteria along this reach of Shoal Creek. Results of water-quality samples collected during dye-trace and seepage studies indicated that at summer low base-flow conditions, pastured cattle likely were a substantial source of fecal bacteria in Shoal Creek at the MDNR monitoring site (site 3) at State Highway 97. Using repeat element Polymerase Chain Reaction (rep-PCR), cattle were the presumptive source of about 50 percent of the Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates in water samples from site 3. Cattle, horses, and humans were the most common presumptive source of E. coli isolates at sites further upstream. Poultry was identified by rep-PCR as a major source of E. coli in Pogue Creek, a tributary in the upper part of the study area. Results of the rep-PCR were in general agreement with the detection and distribution of trace concentrations of organic compounds commonly associated with human wastewater, such as caffeine, the antimicrobial agent triclosan, and the pharmaceutical compounds acetaminophen and thiabendazole (a common cattle anthelmintic).
Significant inputs of fecal bacteria to Shoal Creek occurred along a 1.6-mi reach of Shoal Creek immediately upstream from site 3. During a 36-hour period in July 2001, average densities of fecal coliform and E. coli bacteria increased from less than or equal to 500 col/100 mL upstream from this stream reach (sample site 2c) to 2,100 and 1,400 col/100 mL, respectively, at the MDNR sampling site. Fecal bacteria densities exhibited diurnal variability at all five sampling sites along the 5.7-mi study reach of Shoal Creek, but the trends at successive downstream sites were out of phase and could not be explained by simple advection and dispersion. At base-flow conditions, the travel time of bacteria in Shoal Creek along the 5.7-mi reach between State Highway W (site 2) and the MDNR sampling site (site 3) was about 26 hours. Substantial dispersion and dilution occurs along the upper 4.1 mi of this reach because of inflows from a number of springs and tributaries and the presence of several long pools and channel meanders. Minimal dispersion and dilution occurs along the 1.6-mi reach immediately upstream from the MDNR sampling site. Measurements of fecal bacteria decay in Shoal Creek during July 2001 indicated that about 8 percent of fecal coliform and E. coli bacteria decay each hour with an average first-order decay constant of 0.084 h-1 (per hour).
Results of field test plots indicated that substantial numbers of fecal bacteria present in poul try litter can survive in fields for as much as 8 weeks after the application of the litter to the land surface. Median densities of fecal coliform and E. coli in slurry-water samples collected from fields increased from less than 60 col/100 mL before the application of turkey and broiler litter, to as large as 420,000 and 290,000 col/100 mL after the application of litter. Bacteria densities in the test plots generally decreased in a exponential manner over time with decay rates ranging from 0.085 to 0.185 d-1 (per day) for fecal coliform to between 0.100 and 0.250 d-1 for E. coli. The apparent survival of significant numbers of fecal bacteria on fields where poultry litter has been applied indicates that runoff from these fields is a potential source of fecal bacteria to vicinity streams for many weeks following litter application.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034243","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Quality, Water Pollution Control program, and U.S. Environmental protection Agency, Region VII","usgsCitation":"Schumacher, J., 2003, Survival, transport, and sources of fecal bacteria in streams and survival in land-applied poultry litter in the upper Shoal Creek basin, southwestern Missouri, 2001–2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4243, v, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034243.","productDescription":"v, 45 p.","numberOfPages":"52","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360275,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4243/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360276,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4243/wrir20034243.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.46 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003–4243"}],"contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs00603","usgsCitation":"Ball, J.W., 2003, New cation-exchange method for field speciation of hexavalent chromium: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 006-03, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs00603.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0006/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":4027,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/GWC_chemtherm/pubs/Cr%20Fact%20Sheet%20July%202003.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84666,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0006/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6977a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69752,"text":"i2602 - 2003 - Geologic Map of the Atlanta 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:33","indexId":"i2602","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2602","title":"Geologic Map of the Atlanta 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Georgia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/i2602","isbn":"0607957115","usgsCitation":"Higgins, M.W., Crawford, T.J., Atkins, R.L., and Crawford, R.F., 2003, Geologic Map of the Atlanta 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2602, 3 maps : photocopies ; each 56 x 93 cm., on sheets 78 x 107 cm. + 2 data sheets (84 x 107 cm. and 46 x 69 cm.) + 1 pamphlet (19 leaves ; 28 cm.) , https://doi.org/10.3133/i2602.","productDescription":"3 maps : photocopies ; each 56 x 93 cm., on sheets 78 x 107 cm. + 2 data sheets (84 x 107 cm. and 46 x 69 cm.) + 1 pamphlet (19 leaves ; 28 cm.) ","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110504,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68373.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"68373"},{"id":256736,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2602/report.pdf","size":"2781","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2602/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85,33.5 ], [ -85,34 ], [ -84,34 ], [ -84,33.5 ], [ -85,33.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8598","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Higgins, Michael W.","contributorId":12459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, T. J.","contributorId":73606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atkins, R. L.","contributorId":77540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crawford, R. F.","contributorId":24827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":53192,"text":"wri034172 - 2003 - Application of Tracer-Injection Techniques to Demonstrate Surface-Water and Ground-Water Interactions Between an Alpine Stream and the North Star Mine, Upper Animas River Watershed, Southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:44","indexId":"wri034172","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4172","title":"Application of Tracer-Injection Techniques to Demonstrate Surface-Water and Ground-Water Interactions Between an Alpine Stream and the North Star Mine, Upper Animas River Watershed, Southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"Tracer-injection studies were done in Belcher Gulch in the upper Animas River watershed, southwestern Colorado, to determine whether the alpine stream infiltrates into underground mine workings of the North Star Mine and other nearby mines in the area. The tracer-injection studies were designed to determine if and where along Belcher Gulch the stream infiltrates into the mine. Four separate tracer-injec-tion tests were done using lithium bromide (LiBr), optical brightener dye, and sodium chloride (NaCl) as tracer solu-tions. Two of the tracers (LiBr and dye) were injected con-tinuously for 24 hours, one of the NaCl tracers was injected continuously for 12 hours, and one of the NaCl tracers was injected over a period of 1 hour. Concentration increases of tracer constituents were detected in water discharging from the North Star Mine, substantiating a surface-water and ground-water connection between Belcher Gulch and the North Star Mine. Different timing and magnitude of tracer breakthroughs indicated multiple flow paths with different residence times from the stream to the mine. The Pittsburgh and Sultan Mines were thought to physically connect to the North Star Mine, but tracer breakthroughs were inconclusive in water from these mines. From the tracer-injection tests and synoptic measure-ments of streamflow discharge, a conceptual model was devel-oped for surface-water and ground-water interactions between Belcher Gulch and the North Star Mine. This information, combined with previous surface geophysical surveys indicat-ing the presence of subsurface voids, may assist with decision-making process for preventing infiltration and for the remedia-tion of mine drainage from these mines.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034172","usgsCitation":"Wright, W.G., and Moore, B., 2003, Application of Tracer-Injection Techniques to Demonstrate Surface-Water and Ground-Water Interactions Between an Alpine Stream and the North Star Mine, Upper Animas River Watershed, Southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4172, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034172.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4788,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034172/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67ab70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Winfield G.","contributorId":27044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Winfield","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Bryan bmoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Bryan","email":"bmoore@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53195,"text":"wri034087 - 2003 - Streamwater quality at selected sites in the Fraser River basin, Grand County, Colorado, water years 1991-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:44","indexId":"wri034087","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4087","title":"Streamwater quality at selected sites in the Fraser River basin, Grand County, Colorado, water years 1991-2000","docAbstract":"To determine the effect of population growth on streamwater quality in the Fraser River Basin, the U.S. Geological Survey did a study in cooperation with the Grand County Commissioners and the East Grand County Water Quality Board. During water years 1991 through 2000, the study determined that concentrations of un-ionized ammonia and nitrite plus nitrate in the streamwater of the basin are within Colorado State streamwater?quality standards. The study also found that concentrations of chloride are largest at the headwaters and decrease downstream; however, chloride loading in the stream has the opposite relation. Most nutrient loading to the Fraser River happens January through May. Concentrations of ammonia at Fraser River downstream from Vasquez Creek at Winter Park had a downward trend through the period of the study. Nitrite plus nitrate had upward and downward trends at different sites and over different time spans. Orthophosphorus concentrations had upward trends at two sites. In general, the streamwater quality in the Fraser River Basin is good and is not out of compliance with State standards.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034087","usgsCitation":"Bails, J.B., 2003, Streamwater quality at selected sites in the Fraser River basin, Grand County, Colorado, water years 1991-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4087, iii, 10 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034087.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4790,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034087/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bails, Jeffrey B. jbbails@usgs.gov","contributorId":813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bails","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jbbails@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53823,"text":"fs12603 - 2003 - Selected applications of hydrologic science and research in Maryland, Delaware, and Washington, D.C., 2001-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:58","indexId":"fs12603","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"126-03","title":"Selected applications of hydrologic science and research in Maryland, Delaware, and Washington, D.C., 2001-2003","docAbstract":"One of the roles of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is to provide reliable water data and unbiased water science needed to describe and understand the Nation?s water resources. This fact sheet describes selected techniques that were used by the USGS to collect, transmit, evaluate, or interpret data, in support of investigations that describe the quantity and quality of water resources in Maryland (MD), Delaware (DE), and the District of Columbia (D.C.). These hydrologic investigations generally were performed in cooperation with universities, research centers, and other Federal, State, and local Government agencies.\r\n\r\nThe applications of hydrologic science and research that were selected for this fact sheet were used or tested in the MD-DE-DC District from 2001 through 2003, and include established methods, new approaches, and preliminary research. The USGS usually relies on standard methods or protocols when conducting water-resources research. Occasionally, traditional methods must be modified to address difficult environmental questions or challenging sampling conditions. Technologies developed for other purposes can sometimes be successfully applied to the collection or dissemination of water-resources data. The USGS is continually exploring new ways to collect, transmit, evaluate, and interpret data. The following applications of hydrologic science and research illustrate a few of the recent advances made by scientists working for and with the USGS.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs12603","usgsCitation":"Olsen, L., 2003, Selected applications of hydrologic science and research in Maryland, Delaware, and Washington, D.C., 2001-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 126-03, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12603.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9065,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs126-03/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0126/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87793,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa7e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, Lisa D. ldolsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Lisa D.","email":"ldolsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53848,"text":"wri034232 - 2003 - Recalibration of a ground-water flow model of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in southeastern Arkansas, 1918-1998, with simulations of hydraulic heads caused by projected ground-water withdrawals through 2049","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-12T20:05:44.996912","indexId":"wri034232","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4232","title":"Recalibration of a ground-water flow model of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in southeastern Arkansas, 1918-1998, with simulations of hydraulic heads caused by projected ground-water withdrawals through 2049","docAbstract":"To evaluate the effects of projected ground water withdrawals, three scenarios were used to simulate a range of possible withdrawals. Five additional stress periods of 10 years each were added to the model to facilitate predictive scenario generation. The predictive scenarios control pumpage by either continuing 1997 pumpage into the future (scenario 1) or by increasing water-use trends into the future (scenario 2 and 3). The ASWCC Critical Ground Water area designation includes a requirement that a 50-percent saturated formation thickness be maintained. For this reason, the level of 50-percent saturated formation thickness is used as a reference surface in the scenario output presented. Animations of simulated heads changing through time are included on the compact disc in the \"Animations\" folder. In the animations, the level of 50 percent saturated formation thickness is indicated by a mesh surface and the dry cells appear as voids in the model surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034232","usgsCitation":"Stanton, G.P., and Clark, B.R., 2003, Recalibration of a ground-water flow model of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in southeastern Arkansas, 1918-1998, with simulations of hydraulic heads caused by projected ground-water withdrawals through 2049: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4232, v, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034232.","productDescription":"v, 48 p.","costCenters":[{"id":38131,"text":"WMA - Office of Planning and Programming","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424385,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_67714.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":175242,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5278,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034232/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.225,\n 34.2833\n ],\n [\n -92.225,\n 32.8731\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 32.8731\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 34.2833\n ],\n [\n -92.225,\n 34.2833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648601","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanton, Gregory P. 0000-0001-8622-0933 gstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8622-0933","contributorId":1583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Gregory","email":"gstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":248490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Brian R. 0000-0001-6611-3807 brclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6611-3807","contributorId":1502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Brian","email":"brclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":38131,"text":"WMA - Office of Planning and Programming","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":52669,"text":"wri034192 - 2003 - Isotope geochemistry and chronology of offshore ground water beneath Indian River Bay, Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-11T06:50:43","indexId":"wri034192","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4192","displayTitle":"Isotope Geochemistry and Chronology of Offshore Ground Water Beneath Indian River Bay, Delaware","title":"Isotope geochemistry and chronology of offshore ground water beneath Indian River Bay, Delaware","docAbstract":"Results of geophysical surveys in Indian River Bay, Delaware, indicate a complex pattern of salinity variation in subestuarine ground water. Fresh ground-water plumes up to about 20 meters thick extending hundreds of meters offshore are interspersed with saline ground water, with varying degrees of mixing along the salinity boundaries. It is possible that these features represent pathways for nutrient transport and interaction with estuarine surface water, but the geophysical data do not indicate rates of movement or nutrient sources and reactions. In the current study, samples of subestuarine ground water from temporary wells with short screens placed 3 to 22 meters below the sediment-water interface were analyzed chemically and isotopically to determine the origins, ages, transport pathways, and nutrient contents of the fresh and saline components. Apparent ground-water ages determined from chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), tritium (3H), and helium isotopes (3He and 4He) commonly were discordant, but nevertheless indicate that both fresh and saline ground waters ranged from a few years to at least 50 years in age. Tritium-helium (3H-3He) ages, tentatively judged to be most reliable, indicate that stratified offshore freshwater plumes originating in distant recharge areas on land were bounded by relatively young saline water that was recharged locally from the overlying estuary. Undenitrified and partially denitrified nitrate of agricultural or mixed origin was transported laterally beneath the estuary in oxic and suboxic fresh ground water. Ammonium produced by anaerobic degradation of organic matter in estuarine sediments was transported downward in suboxic saline ground water around the freshwater plumes. Many of the chemical and isotopic characteristics of the subestuarine ground waters are consistent with conservative mixing of the fresh (terrestrial) and saline (estuarine) endmember water types. These data indicate that freshwater plumes detected by geophysical surveys beneath Indian River Bay represent lateral continuations of the active surficial nitrate-contaminated freshwater flow systems originating on land, but they do not indicate directly the magnitude of fresh ground-water discharge or nutrient exchange with the estuary. There is evidence that some of the terrestrial ground-water nitrate is reduced before discharging directly beneath the estuary. Local estuarine sediment-derived ammonium in saline pore water may be a substantial benthic source of nitrogen in offshore areas of the estuary.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034192","usgsCitation":"Böhlke, J., and Krantz, D.E., 2003, Isotope geochemistry and chronology of offshore ground water beneath Indian River Bay, Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4192, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034192.","productDescription":"37 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5167,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034192/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware ","otherGeospatial":"Indian River Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.25,38.55 ], [ -75.25,38.666667 ], [ -75.05,38.666667 ], [ -75.05,38.55 ], [ -75.25,38.55 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9fe4b07f02db6616be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Böhlke, John Karl 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":22843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"John Karl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krantz, David E.","contributorId":9238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krantz","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53275,"text":"ofr200367 - 2003 - Spatial digital database for the geologic map of Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-09T23:22:51.263209","indexId":"ofr200367","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-67","title":"Spatial digital database for the geologic map of Oregon","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nThis report describes and makes available a geologic digital spatial database (orgeo) representing the geologic map of Oregon (Walker and MacLeod, 1991). The original paper publication was printed as a single map sheet at a scale of 1:500,000, accompanied by a second sheet containing map unit descriptions and ancillary data. A digital version of the Walker and MacLeod (1991) map was included in Raines and others (1996).\r\n\r\nThe dataset provided by this open-file report supersedes the earlier published digital version (Raines and others, 1996). This digital spatial database is one of many being created by the U.S. Geological Survey as an ongoing effort to provide geologic information for use in spatial analysis in a geographic information system (GIS). This database can be queried in many ways to produce a variety of geologic maps. This database is not meant to be used or displayed at any scale larger than 1:500,000 (for example, 1:100,000).\r\n\r\nThis report describes the methods used to convert the geologic map data into a digital format, describes the ArcInfo GIS file structures and relationships, and explains how to download the digital files from the U.S. Geological Survey public access World Wide Web site on the Internet. Scanned images of the printed map (Walker and MacLeod, 1991), their correlation of map units, and their explanation of map symbols are also available for download.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr200367","usgsCitation":"Walker, G.W., MacLeod, N.S., Miller, R.J., Raines, G.L., and Connors, K.A., 2003, Spatial digital database for the geologic map of Oregon (Version 2.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-67, Report: 21 p.; Digital Database (map originally published in 1991), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr200367.","productDescription":"Report: 21 p.; Digital Database (map originally published in 1991)","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":391,"text":"Minerals Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499706,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62171.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4979,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-067/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178050,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","projection":"Lambert conformal conic","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125.38333333333334,41.9 ], [ -125.38333333333334,46.35 ], [ -116.41666666666667,46.35 ], [ -116.41666666666667,41.9 ], [ -125.38333333333334,41.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 2.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e486ae4b07f02db50a333","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, George W.","contributorId":101308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacLeod, Norman S.","contributorId":13643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLeod","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Robert J. rjmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":2516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Robert","email":"rjmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Raines, Gary L.","contributorId":48162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Connors, Katherine A.","contributorId":53785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connors","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53599,"text":"wri024256 - 2003 - Simulations of floodflows on the White River in the vicinity of U.S. Highway 79 near Clarendon, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:24","indexId":"wri024256","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4256","title":"Simulations of floodflows on the White River in the vicinity of U.S. Highway 79 near Clarendon, Arkansas","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional finite-element surface-water model was used to study the effects of the proposed modification to the U.S. Highway 79 corridor on flooding on the White River near Clarendon, Arkansas. The effects of floodflows were simulated for the following scenarios: existing, natural, and four proposed bridging alternatives. All of the scenarios were modeled with floods having the 5- and 100-year recurrence intervals (115,100 and 216,000 cubic feet per second). The simulated existing conditions included a 3,200-foot White River bridge located on the east side of the study area near Clarendon, Arkansas; a 3,700-foot First Old River bridge located 0.5 mile west of the White River bridge opening; and a 1,430-foot Roc Roe Bayou bridge located 1.6 mile west of the First Old River bridge. The simulated hypothetical natural conditions involved removing the U.S. Highway 79 and the Union Pacific Railroad embankments along the entire length of the flood plain. The primary purpose of model simulations for natural conditions was to calculate backwater data for the existing and proposed conditions. The four simulated hypothetical proposed alternatives involved a 1.8-mile White River bridge located on the east side of the study area near Clarendon, Arkansas, either a 1,400-foot relief bridge (Alternative 1) or a 1,545 relief bridge (Alternatives 2-4) located 0.25 mile west of the White River bridge opening, and three different Roc Roe Bayou bridge openings ranging from 1,540-3,475 feet in length located 0.9 mile west of the relief bridge (Alternatives 1-4). \r\n\r\nSimulation of the 5-year floodflow for the existing bridge openings indicates that about 57 percent (65,600 cubic feet per second) of flow was conveyed by the White River bridge, about 26 percent (29,900 cubic feet per second) by the First Old River bridge, and about 17 percent (19,600 cubic feet per second) by the Roc Roe Bayou bridge. Maximum depth-averaged point velocities for the White River, First Old River, and Roc Roe Bayou bridges were 3.6, 1.6, and 3.3 feet per second, respectively. For the 100-year floodflow, the simulation indicates that about 56 percent (123,100 cubic feet per second) of flow was conveyed by the White River bridge, about 26 percent (56,200 cubic feet per second) by the First Old River bridge, and about 19 percent (41,000 cubic feet per second) by the Roc Roe Bayou bridge. The maximum depth-averaged point velocities for the White River, First Old River, and Roc Roe Bayou bridges were 4.2, 2.2, and 4.1 feet per second, respectively. \r\n\r\nSimulation of the 5-year floodflow for the proposed U.S. Highway 79 alignment alternatives indicates that 76-78 percent (87,100-89,900 cubic feet per second) of the flow was conveyed by the proposed White River bridge, 6-7 percent (7,000-7,500 cubic feet per second) by the proposed relief bridge, and 13-16 percent (14,600-18,600 cubic feet per second) by the proposed Roc Roe Bayou bridge. For the 100-year floodflow, simulations predicted that 70-72 percent (151,200-155,600 cubic feet per second) of the flow was conveyed by the proposed White River bridge, 9-10 percent (19,800-20,700 cubic feet per second) by the proposed relief bridge, and 14-20 percent (30,700-43,000 cubic feet per second) by the proposed Roc Roe Bayou bridge.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024256","usgsCitation":"Funkhouser, J.E., and Barks, C.S., 2003, Simulations of floodflows on the White River in the vicinity of U.S. Highway 79 near Clarendon, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4256, vi, 36 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024256.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4851,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024256/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602770","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Funkhouser, Jaysson E. jefunkho@usgs.gov","contributorId":772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funkhouser","given":"Jaysson","email":"jefunkho@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":247881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barks, C. Shane csbarks@usgs.gov","contributorId":2088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barks","given":"C.","email":"csbarks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Shane","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":247882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53851,"text":"ofr03483 - 2003 - Paleomagnetism of basaltic lava flows in coreholes ICPP-213, ICPP-214, ICPP-215, and USGS 128 near the Vadose Zone Research Park, Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-27T20:37:49.070348","indexId":"ofr03483","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-483","title":"Paleomagnetism of basaltic lava flows in coreholes ICPP-213, ICPP-214, ICPP-215, and USGS 128 near the Vadose Zone Research Park, Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"A paleomagnetic study was conducted on basalt from 41 lava flows represented in about 2,300 ft of core from coreholes ICPP-213, ICPP-214, ICPP-215, and USGS 128. These wells are in the area of the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC) Vadose Zone Research Park within the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). Paleomagnetic measurements were made on 508 samples from the four coreholes, which are compared to each other, and to surface outcrop paleomagnetic data. In general, subhorizontal lines of correlation exist between sediment layers and between basalt layers in the area of the new percolation ponds. Some of the basalt flows and flow sequences are strongly correlative at different depth intervals and represent important stratigraphic unifying elements. Some units pinch out, or thicken or thin even over short separation distances of about 1,500 ft. A more distant correlation of more than 1 mile to corehole USGS 128 is possible for several of the basalt flows, but at greater depth. This is probably due to the broad subsidence of the eastern Snake River Plain centered along its topographic axis located to the south of INEEL. This study shows this most clearly in the oldest portions of the cored sections that have differentially subsided the greatest amount.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03483","usgsCitation":"Champion, D.E., and Herman, T.C., 2003, Paleomagnetism of basaltic lava flows in coreholes ICPP-213, ICPP-214, ICPP-215, and USGS 128 near the Vadose Zone Research Park, Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-483, iii, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03483.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":399782,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_67782.htm"},{"id":4685,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/of03483","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Vadose Zone Research Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113,\n 43.5561\n ],\n [\n -112.9633,\n 43.5561\n ],\n [\n -112.9633,\n 43.4783\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 43.4783\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 43.5561\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689bf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, Theodore C.","contributorId":70646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53458,"text":"wri034235 - 2003 - Aquifer characteristics, water availability, and water quality of the Quaternary aquifer, Osage County, northeastern Oklahoma, 2001-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:54","indexId":"wri034235","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4235","title":"Aquifer characteristics, water availability, and water quality of the Quaternary aquifer, Osage County, northeastern Oklahoma, 2001-2002","docAbstract":"Additional sources of water are needed on the Osage Reservation for future growth and development. The Quaternary aquifer along the Arkansas River in the Osage Reservation may represent a substantial water resource, but limited amounts of hydrogeologic data were available for the aquifer. The study area is about 116 square miles of the Quaternary aquifer in the Arkansas River valley and the nearby upland areas along the Osage Reservation. The study area included the Arkansas River reach downstream from Kaw Lake near Ponca City, Oklahoma to upstream from Keystone Lake near Cleveland, Oklahoma.\r\n\r\nElectrical conductivity logs were produced for 103 test holes. Water levels were determined for 49 test holes, and 105 water samples were collected for water-quality field analyses at 46 test holes. Water-quality data included field measurements of specific conductance, pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and nitrate (nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen). Sediment cores were extracted from 20 of the 103 test holes.\r\n\r\nThe Quaternary aquifer consists of alluvial and terrace deposits of sand, silt, clay, and gravel. The measured thickness of the alluvium ranged from 13.7 to 49.8 feet. The measured thickness of the terrace sediments ranged from 7 to 93.8 feet. The saturated thickness of all sediments ranged from 0 to 38.2 feet with a median of 24.8 feet. The weighted-mean grain size for cores from the alluvium ranged from 3.69 to 0.64 f, (0.08- 0.64 millimeter), and ranged from 4.02 to 2.01 f (0.06-0.25 millimeter) for the cores from terrace deposits. The mean of the weighted-mean grain sizes for cores from the alluvium was 1.67 f (0.31 millimeter), and the terrace deposits was 2.73 f (0.15 millimeter). The hydraulic conductivity calculated from grain size of the alluvium ranged from 2.9 to 6,000 feet per day and of the terrace deposits ranged from 2.9 to 430 feet per day. The calculated transmissivity of the alluvium ranged from 2,000 to 26,000 feet squared per day with a median of 5,100 feet squared per day. Water in storage in the alluvium was estimated to be approximately 200,000 acre-feet. The amount of water annually recharging the aquifer was estimated to be approximately 4,800 acre-feet.\r\n\r\nSpecific conductance for all water samples ranged from 161 to 6,650 microsiemens per centimeter. Median specific conductance for the alluvium was 683 microsiemens per centimeter and for the terrace deposits was 263 microsiemens per centimeter. Dissolved-solids concentrations, estimated from specific conductance, for water samples from the aquifer ranged from 88 to 3,658 milligrams per liter. Estimated median dissolved- solids concentration for the alluvium was 376 milligrams per liter and for the terrace deposits was 145 milligrams per liter. More than half of the samples from the Quaternary aquifer were estimated to contain less than 500 milligrams per liter dissolved solids. Field-screened nitrate concentrations for the sampling in December 2001-August 2002 ranged from 0 to 15 milligrams per liter. The field-screened nitrate concentrations for the second sampling in September 2002 were less than corresponding laboratory reported values.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034235","usgsCitation":"Mashburn, S.L., Cope, C.C., and Abbott, M.M., 2003, Aquifer characteristics, water availability, and water quality of the Quaternary aquifer, Osage County, northeastern Oklahoma, 2001-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4235, v, 41 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034235.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5268,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034235/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6216","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mashburn, Shana L. 0000-0001-5163-778X shanam@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5163-778X","contributorId":2140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mashburn","given":"Shana","email":"shanam@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cope, Caleb C.","contributorId":81590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cope","given":"Caleb","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abbott, Marvin M.","contributorId":89106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53157,"text":"fs11303 - 2003 - The Flood of June 2003 in Southwest Central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:24","indexId":"fs11303","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"113-03","title":"The Flood of June 2003 in Southwest Central Florida","docAbstract":"A series of severe thunderstorms brought heavy rainfall and flooding to southwest-central Florida during June 21-24, 2003. The storms and resultant precipitation were caused by a late-season stationary cool front (Canadian high pressure ridge) that combined with tropical moisture from the Gulf of Mexico to produce above-normal rainfall over already saturated ground (National Weather Service, written commun., 2003). Rainfall totals at U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow-gaging stations ranged from 9 to 17 inches and record flooding occurred in parts of Charlotte, De Soto, Hardee, Manatee, and Sarasota Counties, Florida (fig. 1). The floods caused $11.3 million in damage to public and private property, including damage or destruction of 119 homes (Binette and Saewitz, 2003).\r\n\r\nWestern De Soto, western Hardee, Manatee, and Sarasota Counties are drained by the Horse Creek, Manatee River, and Myakka River systems. Water in these watersheds flows southwestward to Charlotte Harbor and the Gulf of Mexico (fig. 1).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs11303","usgsCitation":"Kane, R.L., 2003, The Flood of June 2003 in Southwest Central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113-03, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11303.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0113/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87120,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0113/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c9a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kane, Richard L. rkane@usgs.gov","contributorId":2034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Richard","email":"rkane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53177,"text":"wri034306 - 2003 - Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, 2003: Quality-assurance data and comparison to water-quality standards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T20:54:44.948032","indexId":"wri034306","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4306","title":"Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, 2003: Quality-assurance data and comparison to water-quality standards","docAbstract":"When water is released through the spillways of dams, air is entrained in the water, increasing the concentration of total dissolved gas. Excess dissolved-gas concentrations can have adverse effects on freshwater aquatic life. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, collected total- dissolved-gas and water-temperature data at seven sites on the lower Columbia River in 2003. Significant findings from the data include:
\nNo abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs08603","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D.A., 2003, Diurnal variation in trace-metal concentrations in streams: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 086-03, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08603.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_086_03.bmp"},{"id":4751,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs08603/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d8b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53126,"text":"wri034254 - 2003 - Estimated ground-water discharge by evapotranspiration from Death Valley, California, 1997-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:44","indexId":"wri034254","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4254","title":"Estimated ground-water discharge by evapotranspiration from Death Valley, California, 1997-2001","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service and Inyo County, Calif., collected field data from 1997 through 2001 to accurately estimate the amount of annual ground-water discharge by evapotranspiration (ET) from the floor of Death Valley, California. \r\n\r\nMultispectral satellite-imagery and National Wetlands Inventory data are used to delineate evaporative ground-water discharge areas on the Death Valley floor. These areas are divided into five general units where ground-water discharge from ET is considered to be significant. Based upon similarities in soil type, soil moisture, vegetation type, and vegetation density; the ET units are salt-encrusted playa (21,287 acres), bare-soil playa (75,922 acres), low-density vegetation (6,625 acres), moderate-density vegetation (5,019 acres), and high-density vegetation (1,522 acres). Annual ET was computed for ET units with micrometeorological data which were continuously measured at six instrumented sites. Total ET was determined at sites that were chosen for their soil- and vegetated-surface conditions, which include salt-encrusted playa (extensive salt encrustation) 0.17 feet per year, bare-soil playa (silt and salt encrustation) 0.21 feet per year, pickleweed (pickleweed plants, low-density vegetation) 0.60 feet per year, Eagle Borax (arrowweed plants and salt grass, moderate-density vegetation) 1.99 feet per year, Mesquite Flat (mesquite trees, high-density vegetation) 2.86 feet per year, and Mesquite Flat mixed grasses (mixed meadow grasses, high-density vegetation) 3.90 feet per year. \r\n\r\nPrecipitation, flooding, and ground-water discharge satisfy ET demand in Death Valley. Ground-water discharge is estimated by deducting local precipitation and flooding from cumulative ET estimates. \r\n\r\nDischarge rates from ET units were not estimated directly because the range of vegetation units far exceeded the five specific vegetation units that were measured. The rate of annual ground-water discharge by ET for each ET unit was determined by fitting the annual ground-water ET for each site with the variability in vegetation density in each ET unit. The ET rate representing the midpoint of each ET unit was used as the representative value. The rate of annual ground-water ET for the playa sites did not require scaling in this manner. Annual ground-water discharge by ET was determined for all five ET units: salt-encrusted playa (0.13 foot), bare-soil playa (0.15 foot), low-density vegetation (1.0 foot), moderate-density vegetation (2.0 feet), and high-density vegetation (3.0 feet), and an area of vegetation or bare soil not contributing to ground-water discharge unclassified (0.0 foot). \r\n\r\nThe total ground-water discharge from ET for the Death Valley floor is about 35,000 acre-feet and was computed by summing the products of the area of each ET unit multiplied by a corresponding ET rate for each unit.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034254","usgsCitation":"DeMeo, G.A., Laczniak, R.J., Boyd, R., Smith, J.L., and Nylund, W.E., 2003, Estimated ground-water discharge by evapotranspiration from Death Valley, California, 1997-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4254, v, 27 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034254.","productDescription":"v, 27 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4705,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wrir034254/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcd85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeMeo, Guy A. gademeo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMeo","given":"Guy","email":"gademeo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laczniak, Randell J.","contributorId":90687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laczniak","given":"Randell","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyd, Robert A.","contributorId":16491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, J. LaRue jlsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","email":"jlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"LaRue","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nylund, Walter E.","contributorId":12913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nylund","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53009,"text":"fs08003 - 2003 - Morgan Creek Watershed selected for a national water-quality study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:26","indexId":"fs08003","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"080-03","title":"Morgan Creek Watershed selected for a national water-quality study","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs08003","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003, Morgan Creek Watershed selected for a national water-quality study: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 080-03, 1 sheet ([2] p.) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08003.","productDescription":"1 sheet ([2] p.) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5117,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs08003/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":120653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_080_03.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b03e4b07f02db698e3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53011,"text":"fs08203 - 2003 - Granger Drain subbasin selected for a national water-quality study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:26","indexId":"fs08203","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"082-03","title":"Granger Drain subbasin selected for a national water-quality study","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs08203","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003, Granger Drain subbasin selected for a national water-quality study: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 082-03, 1 sheet ([2] p.) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08203.","productDescription":"1 sheet ([2] p.) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_082_03.jpg"},{"id":5119,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs08203/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673895","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}