Cedar Valley, located in the eastern part of Iron County in southwestern Utah, is experiencing rapid population growth. Cedar Valley traditionally has supported agriculture, but the growing population needs a larger share of the available water resources. Water withdrawn from the unconsolidated basin fill is the primary source for public supply and is a major source of water for irrigation. Water managers are concerned about increasing demands on the water supply and need hydrologic information to manage this limited water resource and minimize flow of water unsuitable for domestic use toward present and future public-supply sources.
Surface water in the study area is derived primarily from snowmelt at higher altitudes east of the study area or from occasional large thunderstorms during the summer. Coal Creek, a perennial stream with an average annual discharge of 24,200 acre-feet per year, is the largest stream in Cedar Valley. Typically, all of the water in Coal Creek is diverted for irrigation during the summer months. All surface water is consumed within the basin by irrigated crops, evapotranspiration, or recharge to the ground-water system.
Ground water in Cedar Valley generally moves from primary recharge areas along the eastern margin of the basin where Coal Creek enters, to areas of discharge or subsurface outflow. Recharge to the unconsolidated basin-fill aquifer is by seepage of unconsumed irrigation water, streams, direct precipitation on the unconsolidated basin fill, and subsurface inflow from consolidated rock and Parowan Valley and is estimated to be about 42,000 acre-feet per year. Stable-isotope data indicate that recharge is primarily from winter precipitation. The chloride mass-balance method indicates that recharge may be less than 42,000 acre-feet per year, but is considered a rough approximation because of limited chloride concentration data for precipitation and Coal Creek. Continued declining water levels indicate that recharge is not sufficient to meet demand. Water levels in many areas are at or close to historic lows.
In 2000, withdrawal from wells was estimated to be 36,000 acre-feet per year. About 4,000 acre-feet per year are estimated to discharge to evapotranspiration or as subsurface outflow. Prior to large-scale ground-water development, ground-water discharge by evapotranspiration and discharge to springs was much larger.
Ground water along the eastern margin of the valley between Cedar City and Enoch is unsuitable for domestic use because of high dissolved-solids and nitrate concentrations. The predominant ions of Ca and SO4 in this area indicate dissolution of gypsum in the Markagunt Plateau to the east. Data collected during this study were compared to historic data; there is no evidence to indicate deterioration in ground-water quality. The spatial distribution of ground water with high nitrate concentration does not appear to be migrating beyond its previously known extent.
No single source can be identified as the cause for elevated nitrate concentrations in ground water. Low nitrogen-15 values north of Cedar City indicate a natural geologic source. Higher nitrogen-15 values toward the center of the basin and associated hydrologic data indicate probable recharge from waste-water effluent. Excess dissolved nitrogen gas and low nitrate concentrations in shallow ground water indicate that denitrification is occurring in some areas.
A computer ground-water flow model was developed to simulate flow in the unconsolidated basin fill. The method of determining recharge from irrigation was changed during the calibration process to incorporate more areal and temporal variability. In general, the model accurately simulates water levels and water-level fluctuations and can be considered an adequate tool to help determine the valley-wide effects on water levels of additional ground-water withdrawals and changes in water use. The model was used to simulated water-level changes caused by projecting current withdrawal rates, increased withdrawal rates, and a 10-year drought. Water levels declined 20 to 275 feet in the southern and central parts of the valley and less than 20 feet north of Enoch
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/sir20055170","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Central Iron County Water Conservancy District; Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources; Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality; Cedar City, and City of Enoch","usgsCitation":"Brooks, L.E., and Mason, J.L., 2005, Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Cedar Valley, Iron County, Utah (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5170, x, 114 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055170.","productDescription":"x, 114 p.","numberOfPages":"127","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7325,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e865","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, Lynette E. 0000-0002-9074-0939 lebrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-0939","contributorId":2718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Lynette","email":"lebrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, James L.","contributorId":14397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72315,"text":"ds127 - 2005 - Water-quality and biologic data for the Blue River basin, Kansas City metropolitan area, Missouri and Kansas, October 2000 to October 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T17:17:00","indexId":"ds127","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"127","title":"Water-quality and biologic data for the Blue River basin, Kansas City metropolitan area, Missouri and Kansas, October 2000 to October 2004","docAbstract":"This report presents water-quality and biologic data collected in the Blue River Basin, metropolitan Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas, from October 2000 to October 2004. Data were collected in cooperation with the city of Kansas City, Missouri, Water Services Department as part of an ongoing study designed to characterize long-term water-quality trends in the basin and to provide data to support a strategy for combined sewer overflow control. These data include values of physical properties, fecal indicator bacteria densities, suspended sediment, and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, trace elements, organic wastewater compounds, and pharmaceutical compounds in base-flow and stormflow stream samples and bottom sediments. Six surface-water sites in the basin were sampled 13 times during base-flow conditions and during a minimum of 7 storms. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities are described at 10 sites in the basin and 1 site outside the basin. Water-column and bottom-sediment data from impounded reaches of Brush Creek are provided. Continuous specific conductance, pH, water-quality temperature, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen data are provided for two streams-the Blue River and Brush Creek. Sampling, analytical, and quality assurance methods used in data collection during the study also are described in the report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds127","usgsCitation":"Wilkison, D.H., Armstrong, D., Brown, R., Poulton, B.C., Cahill, J.D., and Zaugg, S.D., 2005, Water-quality and biologic data for the Blue River basin, Kansas City metropolitan area, Missouri and Kansas, October 2000 to October 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 127, 166 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds127.","productDescription":"166 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7215,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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E.","contributorId":99233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Rebecca E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poulton, Barry C. 0000-0002-7219-4911 bpoulton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7219-4911","contributorId":2421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulton","given":"Barry","email":"bpoulton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cahill, Jeffrey D.","contributorId":22047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahill","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":72324,"text":"sir20055189 - 2005 - Effects of rain gardens on the quality of water in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota, 2002-04","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T11:29:27","indexId":"sir20055189","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5189","title":"Effects of rain gardens on the quality of water in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota, 2002-04","docAbstract":"Rain gardens are a popular method of managing runoff while attempting to provide aesthetic and environmental benefits. Five rain-garden sites in the Minneapolis – Saint Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota were instrumented to evaluate the effects of this water-management system on surface and subsurface water quality. Most of these sites were in suburban locations and frequently in newer developments. Because of this they were affected by changing hydrology during the course of this study.
\nLess-than-normal precipitation during much of the study may have resulted in samples that may not be representative of normal conditions. However, the resulting data indicate that properly designed rain gardens enhance infiltration and can reduce concentrations of dissolved ions relative to background conditions.
\nThe runoff events in one rain garden and several runoff events in the other rain gardens produced no sampled overflow during this study because the gardens captured all of the inflow, which subsequently infiltrated beneath the land surface, evaporated, or transpired through garden vegetation. Where measured, overflow had reduced concentrations of suspended solids and most nutrient species associated with particulate material, as compared to inflow. Many of these materials settle to the bottom of the rain garden, and some nutrients may be assimilated by the plant community.
\nSite design, including capacity relative to drainage area and soil permeability, is an important consideration in the efficiency of rain-garden operation. Vegetation type likely affects the infiltration capacity, nutrient uptake, and evapotranspiration of a rain garden and probably the resulting water quality. The long-term efficiency of rain gardens is difficult to determine from the results of this study because most are still evolving and maturing in relation to their hydrologic, biologic, and chemical setting. Many resource managers have questioned what long-term maintenance will be needed to keep rain gardens operating effectively. Additional or continued studies could address many of these concerns.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/sir20055189","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Metropolitan Council of the Twin Cities","usgsCitation":"Tornes, L.H., 2005, Effects of rain gardens on the quality of water in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota, 2002-04: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5189, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055189.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319760,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055189.JPG"},{"id":7277,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5189/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -92.75,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -92.75,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 45.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6119bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tornes, Lan H.","contributorId":70484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tornes","given":"Lan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70203798,"text":"70203798 - 2005 - Geology of the proposed Yucca Mountain repository site, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-13T09:40:01","indexId":"70203798","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-20T09:21:37","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geology of the proposed Yucca Mountain repository site, Nevada","docAbstract":"Yucca Mountain, located about 100 miles northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada, has been recommended by the President for a mined geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste. This field trip will examine the geologic and hydrologic setting for Yucca Mountain, as well as specific results of the site characterization program. The field trip will visit the locations for underground in situ testing in the “Exploratory Studies Facility” plus several locales for surface-based tests. Discussions will comprise selected topics of Yucca Mountain geology, unsaturated zone hydrology, saturated zone
hydrology and geochemistry and will include the probabilistic volcanic hazard analysis
and the seismicity and seismic hazard analyses in the Yucca Mountain area. Emphasis of the field trip is the relationship of the geology and hydrology of Yucca Mountain to the performance of a repository that will safely isolate nuclear waste.
Water analyses are reported for one-hundred-twenty-one samples collected from hot springs and their overflow drainages, the Gibbon River, and one ambient-temperature acid stream in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) during 2001-2002. Twenty-five analyses are reported for samples collected during May 2001, fifty analyses are reported for samples collected during September 2001, eleven analyses are reported for samples collected during October 2001, and thirty-five analyses are reported for samples collected during June and July 2002. Water samples were collected and analyzed for major and trace constituents from nine areas of YNP including Norris Geyser Basin, Nymph Lake and Roadside Springs, Lower Geyser Basin, Washburn Springs, Calcite Springs, Crater Hills, Mammoth Hot Springs, West Thumb Geyser Basin, and Brimstone Basin. These water samples were collected and analyzed as part of research investigations in YNP on arsenic redox distribution in hot springs and overflow drainages, the occurrence and distribution of dissolved mercury, and sulfur redox speciation. Most samples were analyzed for major cations and anions, trace metals, and iron, arsenic, nitrogen, and sulfur redox species. Only mercury concentration, pH, and specific conductance were determined for samples collected in October 2001 as they were collected during a reconnaissance field trip. Analyses were performed at the sampling site, in an onsite mobile laboratory, or later in a U.S. Geological Survey laboratory, depending on stability of the constituent and whether it could be preserved effectively.
Water samples were filtered and preserved onsite. Water temperature, specific conductance, pH, Eh, and dissolved hydrogen sulfide were measured onsite at the time of sampling. Alkalinity and acidity were determined by titration, usually within a few days of sample collection. Concentrations of thiosulfate (S2O3) and polythionate (SnO6) were determined as soon as possible (generally minutes to hours after sample collection) by ion chromatography in an onsite mobile laboratory vehicle. Total dissolved iron and ferrous iron concentrations often were measured onsite in the mobile laboratory.
Concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, potassium, selenium, silica, sodium, strontium, vanadium, and zinc were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Trace concentrations of antimony, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, and selenium were determined by Zeeman-corrected graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry. Concentrations of total arsenic and arsenite were determined by hydride-generation atomic-absorption spectrometry using a flow-injection analysis system. Concentrations of total mercury were determined by cold-vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Concentrations of bromide, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate were determined by ion chromatography. Concentrations of ferrous and total iron were determined by the FerroZine colorimetric method. Concentrations of nitrite were determined by colorimetry or chemiluminescence. Concentrations of ammonia were determined by ion chromatography, with reanalysis by colorimetry when separation of sodium and ammonia peaks was poor. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations were determined by the wet persulfate oxidation method.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041316","usgsCitation":"McCleskey, R.B., Ball, J.W., Nordstrom, D.K., Holloway, J.M., and Taylor, H.E., 2005, Water-chemistry data for selected springs, geysers, and streams in Yellowstone National Park Wyoming, 2001-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1316, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041316.","productDescription":"94 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7100,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1316/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111,44.13333333333333 ], [ -111,45 ], [ -110,45 ], [ -110,44.13333333333333 ], [ -111,44.13333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f0e4b07f02db5ee134","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":285253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holloway, JoAnn M. 0000-0003-3603-7668 jholloway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-7668","contributorId":918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"JoAnn","email":"jholloway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":72284,"text":"sir20055149 - 2005 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 12. Geochemical and reactive-transport modeling based on tracer injection-synoptic sampling studies for the Red River, New Mexico, 2001-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T19:00:48.391857","indexId":"sir20055149","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5149","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 12. Geochemical and reactive-transport modeling based on tracer injection-synoptic sampling studies for the Red River, New Mexico, 2001-2002","docAbstract":"Reactive-transport processes in the Red River, downstream from the town of Red River in north-central New Mexico, were simulated using the OTEQ reactive-transport model. The simulations were calibrated using physical and chemical data from synoptic studies conducted during low-flow conditions in August 2001 and during March/April 2002. Discharge over the 20-km reach from the town of Red River to the USGS streamflow-gaging station near the town of Questa ranged from 395 to 1,180 L/s during the 2001 tracer and from 234 to 421 L/s during the 2002 tracer. The pH of the Red River ranged from 7.4 to 8.5 during the 2001 tracer and from 7.1 to 8.7 during the 2002 tracer, and seep and tributary samples had pH values of 2.8 to 9.0 during the 2001 tracer and 3.8 to 7.2 during the 2002 tracer.
Mass-loading calculations allowed identification of several specific locations where elevated concentrations of potential contaminants entered the Red River . These locations, characterized by features on the north side of the Red River that are known to be sources of low-pH water containing elevated metal and sulfate concentrations, are: the initial 2.4 km of the study reach, including Bitter Creek, the stream section from 6.2 to 7.8 km, encompassing La Bobita well and the Hansen debris fan, Sulphur Gulch, at about 10.5 km, the area near Portal Springs, from 12.2 to 12.6 km, and the largest contributors of mass loading, the 13.7 to 13.9 km stream section near Cabin Springs and the 14.7 to 17.5 km stream section from Shaft Spring to Thunder Bridge, Goathill Gulch, and Capulin Canyon.
Speciation and saturation index calculations indicated that although solubility limits the concentration of aluminum above pH 5.0, at pH values above 7 and aluminum concentrations below 0.3 mg/L inorganic speciation and mineral solubility controls no longer dominate and aluminum-organic complexing may occur.
The August 2001 reactive-transport simulations included dissolved iron(II) oxidation, constrained using measured concentrations of dissolved iron(II) and dissolved iron(total). Both simulations included precipitation of amorphous Al(OH)3 and hydrous ferric oxide as Fe(OH)3, and sorption of copper and zinc to the precipitated hydrous ferric oxide. Simulations revealed that hydrogen, iron, aluminum, copper, and zinc were non-conservative and that mineral precipitation can account for iron and aluminum concentrations. Copper and zinc concentrations can be accounted for by simulating their sorption to hydrous ferric oxide forming in the water column of the Red River , although hydrous manganese oxides also may be important sorption substrates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055149","usgsCitation":"Ball, J.W., Runkel, R.L., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2005, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 12. Geochemical and reactive-transport modeling based on tracer injection-synoptic sampling studies for the Red River, New Mexico, 2001-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5149, vii, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055149.","productDescription":"vii, 68 p.","temporalStart":"2001-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193252,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7153,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5149/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":463441,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86714.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Red River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.55,36.63333333333333 ], [ -105.55,36.733333333333334 ], [ -105.4,36.733333333333334 ], [ -105.4,36.63333333333333 ], [ -105.55,36.63333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685afe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":285353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72231,"text":"sir20055137 - 2005 - Changes in streamflow patterns related to hydrologic restoration of a sedge fen wetland in Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Michigan, 1998-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T13:12:27","indexId":"sir20055137","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5137","title":"Changes in streamflow patterns related to hydrologic restoration of a sedge fen wetland in Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Michigan, 1998-2004","docAbstract":"Vast expanses of sedge fen in Schoolcraft County in Michigan's Upper Peninsula were ditched and diked in the early to mid-1900s to promote agricultural development and create waterfowl habitat. Unintended consequences of these actions were far reaching and included the deposition of large amounts of sand in the Manistique River. In 2002, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which now manages much of the wetland as part of Seney National Wildlife Refuge, attempted to restore streamflow to Walsh Creek and overland flow downgradient of Walsh Ditch, near C-3 Pool. Streamflow data were collected before and after remediation activities. These data indicate that efforts to restore flow to Walsh Creek were partially successful, but it is unclear whether overland flow was restored downgradient from Walsh Ditch. Alternatives for future evaluation of restoration of flow to Walsh Creek include monitoring streamflow at three easily accessible locations. Restoration of overland flow downgradient from Walsh Ditch can be assessed in the future by monitoring flows at three additional sites. Restoration of either site can be assessed by monitoring vegetation shifts, possibly with aerial or satellite imagery.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055137","collaboration":"In cooperation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Neff, B., Weaver, T.L., and Wydra, D., 2005, Changes in streamflow patterns related to hydrologic restoration of a sedge fen wetland in Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Michigan, 1998-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5137, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055137.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055137.JPG"},{"id":7055,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5137/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Seney National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.11495971679688,\n 46.34266158311293\n ],\n [\n -86.26155853271484,\n 46.34289859337118\n ],\n [\n -86.26327514648438,\n 46.23067803830134\n ],\n [\n -86.22379302978514,\n 46.230440541999506\n ],\n [\n -86.22379302978514,\n 46.226877974151705\n ],\n [\n -86.13590240478516,\n 46.227115485868595\n ],\n [\n -86.13624572753906,\n 46.15938305533438\n ],\n [\n -86.01093292236328,\n 46.158431830697126\n ],\n [\n -86.01093292236328,\n 46.16390114779357\n ],\n [\n -86.00715637207031,\n 46.16556561464647\n ],\n [\n -86.00578308105469,\n 46.1760268245766\n ],\n [\n -86.0006332397461,\n 46.17650228684226\n ],\n [\n -86.0006332397461,\n 46.18315832690901\n ],\n [\n -85.98793029785156,\n 46.18363372751015\n ],\n [\n -85.98861694335938,\n 46.186486044787195\n ],\n [\n -85.98037719726562,\n 46.18696141661177\n ],\n [\n -85.98072052001953,\n 46.19432915420975\n ],\n [\n -85.97488403320312,\n 46.19456680672094\n ],\n [\n -85.9741973876953,\n 46.21690155405162\n ],\n [\n -85.97145080566406,\n 46.21713910893101\n ],\n [\n -85.97179412841797,\n 46.219752144776876\n ],\n [\n -85.96012115478516,\n 46.21903951096931\n ],\n [\n -85.95977783203125,\n 46.21737666278269\n ],\n [\n -85.93196868896484,\n 46.21642644120982\n ],\n [\n -85.9299087524414,\n 46.21998968732403\n ],\n [\n -85.9292221069336,\n 46.225215363358814\n ],\n [\n -85.92887878417969,\n 46.231153027822046\n ],\n [\n -85.92887878417969,\n 46.23352791376573\n ],\n [\n -85.9292221069336,\n 46.23946467902409\n ],\n [\n -85.93471527099608,\n 46.23946467902409\n ],\n [\n -85.93746185302734,\n 46.23946467902409\n ],\n [\n -85.93952178955078,\n 46.24183920528805\n ],\n [\n -85.92819213867188,\n 46.24658794952197\n ],\n [\n -85.92887878417969,\n 46.250624058927734\n ],\n [\n -85.92819213867188,\n 46.25988224656725\n ],\n [\n -85.92681884765624,\n 46.28290224282112\n ],\n [\n -85.93677520751953,\n 46.29808539982842\n ],\n [\n -85.94295501708983,\n 46.29903420739236\n ],\n [\n -85.94364166259766,\n 46.302829273239304\n ],\n [\n -85.94913482666016,\n 46.302829273239304\n ],\n [\n -85.94879150390625,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -85.95256805419922,\n 46.3177697879667\n ],\n [\n -85.95359802246094,\n 46.32488288538415\n ],\n [\n -86.11564636230469,\n 46.32464579703593\n ],\n [\n -86.11495971679688,\n 46.34266158311293\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6a29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neff, B.P.","contributorId":92759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neff","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, T. L.","contributorId":24339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wydra, D.G.","contributorId":62299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wydra","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72216,"text":"sir20055120 - 2005 - Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Ground-water quality along a flow system in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1997-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T22:31:26.307159","indexId":"sir20055120","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5120","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Ground-water quality along a flow system in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1997-98","docAbstract":"As part of a national analysis of the effects of land use on ground-water quality for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, the U.S. Geological Survey sampled wells along a flow system in surficial glacial aquifers in the northwestern part of the Twin Cities metropolitan area during 1997 and 1998. In addition, a reconnaissance steady-state ground-water model was developed to estimate flowpaths and dates of ground-water recharge using a particle-tracking routine.
\nSediment samples collected during drilling had high horizontal hydraulic conductivities (ranging from about 3.1 to about 190 feet per day, based on sediment-size analysis of well cuttings), small organic carbon concentrations (ranging from less than 0.2 to 160 grams per kilogram), and pH values that were mostly alkaline (ranging from 4.9 to 8.2).
\nWater samples were analyzed for physical properties, major ions, iron, manganese, nutrients, organic carbon, radon, pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chlorofluorocarbons, tritium, and isotopes of nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. Most of the water samples had small dissolved-oxygen concentrations (less than 1 milligram per liter). Calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, sulfate, and chloride were the primary dissolved constituents in water samples. Nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen (nitrate) concentrations were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 mg/L. Nitrogen isotope ratios indicated that the sources of nitrate primarily were soils, animal waste, or denitrification that increased nitrogen isotope ratios in nitrate.
\nSmall concentrations of pesticides were detected in the shallow parts of the aquifer. The herbicide prometon was the most frequently detected pesticide. Herbicides applied to control grasses and weeds in corn (atrazine, simazine, and metolachlor) also were frequently detected in water samples. All pesticide and VOCs detected were below USEPA Maximum Contaminant Levels or Health Advisory Limits. Chlorofluorocarbon compounds and tritium concentrations were used to estimate dates of recharge of ground-water samples. In general, shallower ground-water samples were more recently recharged although most water sampled from the aquifer was recharged after 1955.
\nAlthough land use had substantial effects on ground-water quality, the distribution of contaminants in the aquifer also is affected by complex combinations of factors and processes that include sources of natural and anthropogenic contaminants, three-dimensional advective flow, physical and hydrologic settings, age and evolution of ground water, and transformation of chemical compounds along the flow system. Compounds such as nitrate and dissolved oxygen were greatest in water samples from the upgradient end of the flow system and near the water table. Specific conductance and dissolved solids increased along the flow system and with depth due to increase in residence time in the flow system and dissolution of aquifer materials.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055120","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Andrews, W.J., Stark, J.R., Fong, A.L., and Fallon, J.D., 2005, Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Ground-water quality along a flow system in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1997-98: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5120, viii, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055120.","productDescription":"viii, 44 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319743,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055120.JPG"},{"id":392982,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_73989.htm"},{"id":7045,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5120/pdf/sir2005-5120.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.4,\n 45.133333\n ],\n [\n -93.4,\n 45.016667\n ],\n [\n -93.266667,\n 45.016667\n ],\n [\n -93.266667,\n 45.133333\n ],\n [\n -93.4,\n 45.133333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e71b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, William J. 0000-0003-4780-8835 wandrews@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"William","email":"wandrews@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stark, James R. stark@usgs.gov","contributorId":289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"James","email":"stark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fong, Alison L.","contributorId":78366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fallon, James D. jfallon@usgs.gov","contributorId":3417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"James","email":"jfallon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":72066,"text":"sir20055099 - 2005 - Calibration parameters used to simulate streamflow from application of the Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN Model (HSPF) to mountainous basins containing coal mines in West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:01","indexId":"sir20055099","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5099","title":"Calibration parameters used to simulate streamflow from application of the Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN Model (HSPF) to mountainous basins containing coal mines in West Virginia","docAbstract":"This report presents the Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN Model (HSPF) parameters for eight basins in the coal-mining region of West Virginia. The magnitude and characteristics of model parameters from this study will assist users of HSPF in simulating streamflow at other basins in the coal-mining region of West Virginia. \r\n\r\nThe parameter for nominal capacity of the upper-zone storage, UZSN, increased from south to north. The increase in UZSN with the increase in basin latitude could be due to decreasing slopes, decreasing rockiness of the soils, and increasing soil depths from south to north. \r\n\r\nA special action was given to the parameter for fraction of ground-water inflow that flows to inactive ground water, DEEPFR. The basis for this special action was related to the seasonal movement of the water table and transpiration from trees. \r\n\r\nThe models were most sensitive to DEEPFR and the parameter for interception storage capacity, CEPSC. The models were also fairly sensitive to the parameter for an index representing the infiltration capacity of the soil, INFILT; the parameter for indicating the behavior of the ground-water recession flow, KVARY; the parameter for the basic ground-water recession rate, AGWRC; the parameter for nominal capacity of the upper zone storage, UZSN; the parameter for the interflow inflow, INTFW; the parameter for the interflow recession constant, IRC; and the parameter for lower zone evapotranspiration, LZETP.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055099","usgsCitation":"Atkins, J.T., Wiley, J.B., and Paybins, K.S., 2005, Calibration parameters used to simulate streamflow from application of the Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN Model (HSPF) to mountainous basins containing coal mines in West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5099, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055099.","productDescription":"79 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7600,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5099/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e727c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkins, John T. jtatkins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"John","email":"jtatkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiley, Jeffrey B.","contributorId":59746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paybins, Katherine S. 0000-0002-3967-5043 kpaybins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3967-5043","contributorId":2805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paybins","given":"Katherine","email":"kpaybins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":71921,"text":"sir20055152 - 2005 - An assessment of optical properties of dissolved organic material as quantitative source indicators in the Santa Ana River basin, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:55","indexId":"sir20055152","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5152","title":"An assessment of optical properties of dissolved organic material as quantitative source indicators in the Santa Ana River basin, Southern California","docAbstract":"The ability to rapidly, reliably, and inexpensively characterize sources of dissolved organic material (DOM) in watersheds would allow water management agencies to more quickly identify problems in water sources, and to more efficiently allocate water resources by, for example, permitting real-time identification of high-quality water suitable for ground-water recharge, or poor-quality water in need of mitigation. This study examined the feasibility of using easily measurable intrinsic optical properties' absorbance and fluorescence spectra, as quantitative indicators of DOM sources and, thus, a predictor of water quality. The study focused on the Santa Ana River Basin, in southern California, USA, which comprises an area of dense urban development and an area of intense dairy production. Base flow in the Santa Ana Basin is primarily tertiary treated wastewater discharge. Available hydrologic data indicate that urban and agricultural runoff degrades water quality during storm events by introducing pathogens, nutrients, and other contaminants, including significant amounts of DOM. These conditions provide the basis for evaluating the use of DOM optical properties as a tracer of DOM from different sources.\r\n\r\nSample spectra representing four principal DOM sources were identified among all samples collected in 1999 on the basis of basin hydrology, and the distribution of spectral variability within all the sample data. A linear mixing model provided quantitative estimates of relative endmember contribution to sample spectra for monthly, storm, and diurnal samples. The spectral properties of the four sources (endmembers), Pristine Water, Wastewater, Urban Water, and Dairy Water, accounted for 94 percent of the variability in optical properties observed in the study, suggesting that all important DOM sources were represented. The scale and distribution of the residual spectra, that not explained by the endmembers, suggested that the endmember spectra selected did not adequately represent Urban Water base flow. However, model assignments of sources generally agreed well with those expected, based on sampling location and hydrology. The results suggest that with a fuller characterization of the endmember spectra, analysis of optical properties will provide rapid quantitative estimates of the relative contribution of DOM sources in the Santa Ana Basin.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055152","usgsCitation":"Bergamaschi, B., Kalve, E., Guenther, L., Mendez, G.O., and Belitz, K., 2005, An assessment of optical properties of dissolved organic material as quantitative source indicators in the Santa Ana River basin, Southern California (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5152, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055152.","productDescription":"46 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7439,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5152/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684dab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":73241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kalve, Erica","contributorId":40479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalve","given":"Erica","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guenther, Larry","contributorId":101946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guenther","given":"Larry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mendez, Gregory O. 0000-0002-9955-3726 gomendez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9955-3726","contributorId":1489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendez","given":"Gregory","email":"gomendez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":284895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":284894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":71836,"text":"sir20055111 - 2005 - Nutrients, organic compounds, and mercury in the Meduxnekeag River watershed, Maine, 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:03","indexId":"sir20055111","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5111","title":"Nutrients, organic compounds, and mercury in the Meduxnekeag River watershed, Maine, 2003","docAbstract":"In 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians, sampled streambed sediments and surface water of the Meduxnekeag River watershed in northeastern Maine under various hydrologic conditions for nutrients, hydrophobic organic compounds, and mercury. Nutrients were sampled to address concerns related to summer algal blooms, and organic compounds and mercury were sampled to address concerns about regional depositional patterns and overall watershed quality. In most surface-water samples, phosphorus was not detected or was detected at concentrations below the minimum reporting limit. Nitrate and organic nitrogen were detected in every surface-water sample for which they were analyzed; the highest concentration of total nitrogen was 0.75 milligrams per liter during low flow. Instantaneous nitrogen loads and yields were calculated at four stations for two sampling events. These data indicate that the part of the watershed that includes Houlton, its wastewater-treatment plant, and four small urban brooks may have contributed high concentrations of nitrate to Meduxnekeag River during the high flows on April 23-24 and high concentrations of both organic and nitrate nitrogen on June 2-3. Mercury was detected in all three bed-sediment samples for which it was analyzed; concentrations were similar to those reported from regional studies. Notable organic compounds detected in bed sediments included p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT (pesticides of the DDT family) and several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and phthalates were not detected in any sample, whereas p-cresol was the only phenolic compound detected. Phosphorus was detected at concentrations below 700 milligrams per kilogram in each bed-sediment sample for which it was analyzed. Data were insufficient to establish whether the lack of large algal blooms in 2003 was related to low concentrations of phosphorus.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055111","usgsCitation":"Schalk, C.W., and Tornes, L., 2005, Nutrients, organic compounds, and mercury in the Meduxnekeag River watershed, Maine, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5111, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055111.","productDescription":"39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192881,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6649,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5111/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6966e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schalk, Charles W. cwschalk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"Charles","email":"cwschalk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":284824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tornes, Lan","contributorId":70867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tornes","given":"Lan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71130,"text":"sir20055156 - 2005 - Environmental setting, water budget, and stream assessment for the Broad Run watershed, Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-10T10:37:28","indexId":"sir20055156","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5156","title":"Environmental setting, water budget, and stream assessment for the Broad Run watershed, Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The Broad Run watershed lies almost entirely in West Bradford Township, Chester County, Pa., and drains 7.08 square miles to the West Branch Brandywine Creek. Because of the potential effect of encroaching development and other stresses on the Broad Run watershed, West Bradford Township, the Chester County Water Resources Authority, and the Chester County Health Department entered into a cooperative study with the U.S. Geological Survey to complete an annual water budget and stream assessment of overall conditions. The annual water budget quantified the basic parameters of the hydrologic cycle for the climatic conditions present from April 1, 2003, to March 31, 2004. These water-budget data identified immediate needs and (or) deficits that were present within the hydrologic cycle during that period, if present; however, an annual water budget encompassing a single year does not identify long-term trends. The stream assessment was conducted in two parts and assessed the overall condition of the watershed, an overall assessment of the fluvial-geomorphic conditions within the watershed and an overall assessment of the stream-quality conditions. The data collected will document present (2004) conditions and identify potential vulnerabilities to future disturbances. \r\n\r\nFor the annual period from April 1, 2003, to March 31, 2004, determination of an annual water budget indicated that of the 67.8 inches of precipitation that fell on the Broad Run watershed, 38.8 inches drained by way of streamflow to the West Branch Brandywine Creek. Of this 38.8 inches of streamflow, local-minimum hydrograph separation techniques determined that 7.30 inches originated from direct runoff and 31.5 inches originated from base flow. The remaining precipitation went into ground-water storage (1.71 inches) and was lost to evapotranspiration (27.3 inches). Ground-water recharge for this period-35.2 inches-was based on these values and an estimated ground-water evapotranspiration rate of 2 inches. \r\n\r\nAssessment of fluvial-geomorphic conditions included large-scale mapping of stream classes within the Broad Run watershed and in-depth study of three representative stream reaches also within the Broad Run watershed. Based on the total distance of all stream reaches classified within the Broad Run watershed, 61 percent were classified as C-class, 14 percent as E-class, 13 percent as B-class, 5 percent as F-class, 4 percent as undifferentiated B- and F-class, 2 percent as G-class, and less than 1 percent as A-class. The map of stream classes indicates that the Broad Run watershed currently has no large-scale areas of stream impairment and that, generally, the stream is not entrenched and the main branch of the Broad Run has an available, functioning flood plain. Smaller tributary streams, however, showed signs of localized entrenchment due to site-specific influences such as natural stream-channel evolution, localized channelization, localized contraction due to road and driveway crossings, and (or) increased localized runoff. For example, one small reach along a tributary channel was observed to become entrenched due to runoff originating from a new housing development. Entrenched stream reaches are merely located by large-scale mapping and require individual assessment to determine potential causes of entrenchment and (or) future restorative actions. Three in-depth geomorphic study sites showed that the Broad Run can currently be considered graded or in a state of dynamic equilibrium. The sites did, however, identify certain vulnerabilities to future changes within the watershed. These vulnerabilities included disruption of the present sediment supply, including both increases and (or) reductions in the current sediment loads within the Broad Run; increases in both magnitude and duration of storm-water runoff; encroachment of development onto present flood-plain areas, and (or) alterations to riparian zones. \r\n\r\nAssessment of stream-quality conditions includ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055156","usgsCitation":"Cinotto, P.J., Reif, A.G., and Olson, L.E., 2005, Environmental setting, water budget, and stream assessment for the Broad Run watershed, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5156, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055156.","productDescription":"67 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6864,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5156/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.25,39 ], [ -76.25,40 ], [ -76.08333333333333,40 ], [ -76.08333333333333,39 ], [ -76.25,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af1e4b07f02db69184b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cinotto, Peter J. pcinotto@usgs.gov","contributorId":451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cinotto","given":"Peter","email":"pcinotto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reif, Andrew G. 0000-0002-5054-5207 agreif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-5207","contributorId":2632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reif","given":"Andrew","email":"agreif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, Leif E. leolson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Leif","email":"leolson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":71125,"text":"sir20055044 - 2005 - Historical and simulated changes in channel characteristics of the Kalamazoo River, Plainwell to Otsego, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-11T15:20:03.394427","indexId":"sir20055044","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5044","title":"Historical and simulated changes in channel characteristics of the Kalamazoo River, Plainwell to Otsego, Michigan","docAbstract":"In a study to understand the historical effects of the construction and decommissioning of dams on the Kalamazoo River, Plainwell to Otsego, Michigan, and to simulate channel changes that may result if the dams were removed, early to mid-1800s General Land Office surveys and aerial photographs from 1938, 1981, and 1999 were compared in order to identify historical changes in the river’s planform. This analysis of the 80-mile reach from Morrow Dam to the river mouth at Saugatuck provided insight into how susceptible the river has been to channel migration. The comparison showed that changes in channel width and location were caused mainly by construction of dams and subsequent water-level adjustments in the impounded reaches upstream from the dams. Braiding also occurred downstream from one of the dams. Minor changes in channel form that were not caused by the dams, such as the development and cutoff of meander bends, were observed.
A more detailed study in a 5-mile reach passing through the Plainwell and Otsego City Dams included compiling existing valley cross section and longitudinal profile data into a database, assessing bank stability, and using a hydrologic model to simulate the channel as if the dams were removed. Fifty-four valley cross sections compiled from United States Geological Survey and consultant data sets were used as a base for a bank-stability assessment and to design a hypothetical stable channel without the two dams. The channel design involved adjusting the slope, hydraulic geometry, and floodplain width to ensure that water could be transferred through the reach without increasing flooding or erosion problems.
The bank-stability assessment focused on conditions that are critical to failure. This was accomplished through the use of a two step process. The first involved evaluating the sediment removed from the bank toe when the stage is high. The second involved calculating the factor of safety for the bank based on the water table being elevated higher than the stage, mimicing a bank storage effect. Using these paired proccesses, two scenarios of critical conditions were evaluated: dams present and dams removed.
Results of the bank assessments showed that, under both critical-condition scenarios, the streambanks were more susceptible to toe erosion than to block failure. As toe erosion progresses, the banks will eventually collapse as supporting material underneath is removed. Toe erosion for the damsremoved scenario resulted in higher amounts of erosion than for the dams-present scenario, leading to an overall decrease in bank stability. Effects of vegetation on the bank stability were variable; stability for some banks increase if vegetation was present but remain the same for other banks.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055044","collaboration":"In collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V, and the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Rachol, C.M., Fitzpatrick, F.A., and Rossi, T., 2005, Historical and simulated changes in channel characteristics of the Kalamazoo River, Plainwell to Otsego, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5044, v, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055044.","productDescription":"v, 59 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6824,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5044/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":333692,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Kalamazoo River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.80305099487305,\n 42.41750054254848\n ],\n [\n -85.80305099487305,\n 42.516397696429856\n ],\n [\n -85.62623977661133,\n 42.516397696429856\n ],\n [\n -85.62623977661133,\n 42.41750054254848\n ],\n [\n -85.80305099487305,\n 42.41750054254848\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62eb0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rachol, Cynthia M. 0000-0001-9984-3435 crachol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9984-3435","contributorId":3488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rachol","given":"Cynthia","email":"crachol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":283690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rossi, Tiffiny","contributorId":96366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rossi","given":"Tiffiny","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184399,"text":"70184399 - 2005 - Charting color from the eye of the beholder","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T12:46:34","indexId":"70184399","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":743,"text":"American Scientist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Charting color from the eye of the beholder","docAbstract":"Everyone knows the particular shade of yellow that adorns all school buses across the United States. But how do we define exactly what shade this is, and reproduce the same color from coast to coast? Much of the standardization of colors stems from the century-old work of Alfred Munsell, who created one of the first colorimetry systems defined by how people see color: lightness, hue, and chroma (how much the apparent hue differs from neutral grey). Munsell's color charts have been customized for different fields, and are still in use in areas as diverse as beer brewing and soil science.
","language":"English","publisher":"Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society","doi":"10.1511/2005.5.436","usgsCitation":"Landa, E., and Fairchild, M., 2005, Charting color from the eye of the beholder: American Scientist, v. 93, no. 5, p. 436-436, https://doi.org/10.1511/2005.5.436.","productDescription":"1 p. ","startPage":"436","endPage":"436","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337080,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c1263ee4b014cc3a3d34b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landa, Edward","contributorId":100368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fairchild, Mark","contributorId":187685,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fairchild","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184388,"text":"70184388 - 2005 - A 24 h investigation of the hydrogeochemistry of baseflow and stormwater in an urban area impacted by mining: Butte, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T12:10:47","indexId":"70184388","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A 24 h investigation of the hydrogeochemistry of baseflow and stormwater in an urban area impacted by mining: Butte, Montana","docAbstract":"Changes in water quality during a storm event were continuously monitored over a 24 h period at a single location along an urban stormwater drain in Butte, Montana. The Butte Metro Storm Drain (MSD) collects groundwater baseflow and stormwater draining Butte Hill, a densely populated site that has been severely impacted by 130 years of mining, milling, and smelting of copper-rich, polymetallic mineral deposits. On the afternoon of 26 June 2002, a heavy thunderstorm caused streamflow in the MSD to increase 100-fold, from 0·2 ft3 s−1 to more than 20 ft3 s−1. Hourly discharge and water quality data were collected before, during, and following the storm. The most significant finding was that the calculated loads (grams per hour) of both dissolved and particulate copper passing down the MSD increased more than 100-fold in the first hour following the storm, and remained elevated over baseline conditions for the remainder of the study period. Other metals, such as zinc, cadmium, and manganese, showed a decrease in load from pre-storm to post-storm conditions. In addition to the large flush of copper, loads of soluble phosphorus increased during the storm, whereas dissolved oxygen dropped to low levels (<2 mg l−1). These results show that infrequent storm events in Butte have the potential to generate large volumes of runoff that exceed Montana water quality standards for acute exposure of aquatic life to copper, as well as depressed levels of dissolved oxygen. This study has important implications to ongoing reclamation activities in the upper Clark Fork Superfund site, particularly with respect to management of storm flow, and may be applicable to other watersheds impacted by mining activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.5783","usgsCitation":"Gammons, C.H., Shope, C.L., and Duaime, T.E., 2005, A 24 h investigation of the hydrogeochemistry of baseflow and stormwater in an urban area impacted by mining: Butte, Montana: Hydrological Processes, v. 19, no. 14, p. 2737-2753, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5783.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"2737","endPage":"2753","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337063,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","city":"Butte","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.58239746093749,\n 45.941123274918986\n ],\n [\n -112.44438171386719,\n 45.941123274918986\n ],\n [\n -112.44438171386719,\n 46.040829158935196\n ],\n [\n -112.58239746093749,\n 46.040829158935196\n ],\n [\n -112.58239746093749,\n 45.941123274918986\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c1263ee4b014cc3a3d34ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gammons, Chris","contributorId":140801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gammons","given":"Chris","affiliations":[{"id":13574,"text":"Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shope, Christopher L. cshope@usgs.gov","contributorId":5016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shope","given":"Christopher","email":"cshope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duaime, Terence E.","contributorId":187673,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duaime","given":"Terence","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":71117,"text":"sir20055140 - 2005 - Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater constituents in selected streams in northern Arkansas, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T17:49:59","indexId":"sir20055140","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5140","title":"Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater constituents in selected streams in northern Arkansas, 2004","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the University of Arkansas and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, collected data in 2004 to determine the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater constituents, including many constituents of emerging environmental concern, in selected streams in northern Arkansas. Samples were collected in March and April 2004 from 17 sites located upstream and downstream from wastewater- treatment plant effluent discharges on 7 streams in northwestern Arkansas and at 1 stream site in a relatively undeveloped basin in north-central Arkansas. Additional samples were collected at three of the sites in August 2004. The targeted organic wastewater constituents and sample sites were selected because wastewater-treatment plant effluent discharge provides a potential point source of these constituents and analytical techniques have improved to accurately measure small amounts of these constituents in environmental samples. \r\n\r\nAt least 1 of the 108 pharmaceutical or other organic wastewater constituents was detected at all sites in 2004, except at Spavinaw Creek near Maysville, Arkansas. The number of detections generally was greater at sites downstream from municipal wastewater-treatment plant effluent discharges (mean = 14) compared to sites not influenced by wastewatertreatment plants (mean = 3). Overall, 42 of the 108 constituents targeted in the collected water-quality samples were detected. The most frequently detected constituents included caffeine, phenol, para-cresol, and acetyl hexamethyl tetrahydro naphthalene.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055140","usgsCitation":"Galloway, J.M., Haggard, B.E., Meyers, M.T., and Green, W.R., 2005, Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater constituents in selected streams in northern Arkansas, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5140, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055140.","productDescription":"31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6820,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5140/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.7021484375,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -89.9560546875,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -89.9560546875,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -94.7021484375,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -94.7021484375,\n 34.08906131584994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db69238b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, Joel M. 0000-0002-9836-9724 jgallowa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-9724","contributorId":1562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Joel","email":"jgallowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haggard, Brian E.","contributorId":20299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haggard","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyers, Michael T.","contributorId":98404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":71108,"text":"sir20055109 - 2005 - Bathymetry and vegetation in isolated marsh and cypress wetlands in the northern Tampa Bay Area, 2000-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:00","indexId":"sir20055109","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5109","title":"Bathymetry and vegetation in isolated marsh and cypress wetlands in the northern Tampa Bay Area, 2000-2004","docAbstract":"Wetland bathymetry and vegetation mapping are two commonly used lines of evidence for assessing the hydrologic and ecologic status of expansive coastal and riverine wetlands. For small isolated freshwater wetlands, however, bathymetric data coupled with vegetation assessments are generally scarce, despite the prevalence of isolated wetlands in many regions of the United States and the recognized importance of topography as a control on inundation patterns and vegetation distribution.\r\n\r\nIn the northern Tampa Bay area of west-central Florida, bathymetry was mapped and vegetation was assessed in five marsh and five cypress wetlands. These 10 isolated wetlands were grouped into three categories based on the effects of ground-water withdrawals from regional municipal well fields: natural (no effect), impaired (drier than natural), and augmented (wetlands with artificially augmented water levels). Delineation of the wetland perimeter was a critical component for estimating wetland-surface area and stored water volume. The wetland perimeter was delineated by the presence of Serenoa repens (the 'palmetto fringe') at 9 of the 10 sites. At the 10th site, where the palmetto fringe was absent, hydric-soils indicators were used to delineate the perimeter. Bathymetric data were collected using one or more techniques, depending on the physical characteristics of each wetland. Wetland stage was measured hourly using continuous stage recorders. Wetland vegetation was assessed semiannually for 2 1/2 years in fixed plots located at three distinct elevations. Vegetation assessments were used to determine the community composition and the relative abundance of obligate, facultative wet, and facultative species at each elevation.\r\n\r\nBathymetry maps were generated, and stage-area and stage-volume relations were developed for all 10 wetlands. Bathymetric data sets containing a high density of data points collected at frequent and regular spatial intervals provided the most useful stage-area and stage-volume relations. Bathymetric maps of several wetlands also were generated using a low density of data points collected along transect lines or contour lines. In a comparative analysis of the three mapping approaches, stage-area and stage-volume relations based on transect data alone underestimated (by 50-100 percent over certain ranges of stage) the wetland area and volume compared to results using a high density of data points. Adding data points collected along one elevation contour below the wetland perimeter to the transect data set greatly improved the agreement of the resulting stage-area and stage-volume relations to the high-density mapping approach. \r\n\r\nStage-area relations and routinely monitored stage data were used to compare and contrast the average flooded area in a natural marsh and an impaired marsh over a 2-year period. Vegetation assessments used together with flooded-area information provided the potential for extrapolating vegetation results from points or transects to wetlands as a whole. A comparison of the frequency of flooding of different areas of the wetland and the species composition in vegetation plots at different elevations indicated the dependence of vegetation on inundation frequency. Because of the broad tolerances of many wetlands plants to a range of inundation conditions, however, vegetation assessments alone provided less definitive evidence of the hydrologic differences between the two sites, and hydrologic changes occurring during the 2 years, than the flooded-area frequencies.\r\n\r\nCombining flooded-area frequencies with vegetation assessments could provide a more versatile and insightful approach for determining the ecological status of wetlands than using vegetation and stage data alone. Flooded-area frequencies may further provide a useful approach for assessing the ecological status of wetlands where historical vegetation surveys and stage data are lacking. Comparing the contemporary flooded-area frequencies a","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055109","usgsCitation":"Haag, K.H., Lee, T.M., and Herndon, D.C., 2005, Bathymetry and vegetation in isolated marsh and cypress wetlands in the northern Tampa Bay Area, 2000-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5109, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055109.","productDescription":"55 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2005_5109.jpg"},{"id":6812,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5109/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e695","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haag, Kim H. khhaag@usgs.gov","contributorId":381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haag","given":"Kim","email":"khhaag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Terrie M. tmlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Terrie","email":"tmlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herndon, Donald C.","contributorId":91582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herndon","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":71118,"text":"sir20055113 - 2005 - Water budgets for selected watersheds in the Delaware River basin, eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-09T10:22:52","indexId":"sir20055113","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5113","title":"Water budgets for selected watersheds in the Delaware River basin, eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey","docAbstract":"This pilot study, done by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Delaware River Basin Commission, developed annual water budgets using available data for five watersheds in the Delaware River Basin with different degrees of urbanization and different geological settings. A basin water budget and a water-use budget were developed for each watershed. The basin water budget describes inputs to the watershed (precipitation and imported water), outputs of water from the watershed (streamflow, exported water, leakage, consumed water, and evapotranspiration), and changes in ground-water and surface-water storage. The water-use budget describes water withdrawals in the watershed (ground-water and surface-water withdrawals), discharges of water in the watershed (discharge to surface water and ground water), and movement of water of water into and out of the watershed (imports, exports, and consumed water). The water-budget equations developed for this study can be applied to any watershed in the Delaware River Basin. Data used to develop the water budgets were obtained from available long-term meteorological and hydrological data-collection stations and from water-use data collected by regulatory agencies. In the Coastal Plain watersheds, net ground-water loss from unconfined to confined aquifers was determined by using ground-water-flow-model simulations. Error in the water-budget terms is caused by missing data, poor or incomplete measurements, overestimated or underestimated quantities, measurement or reporting errors, and the use of point measurements, such as precipitation and water levels, to estimate an areal quantity, particularly if the watershed is hydrologically or geologically complex or the data-collection station is outside the watershed. The complexity of the water budgets increases with increasing watershed urbanization and interbasin transfer of water. In the Wissahickon Creek watershed, for example, some ground water is discharged to streams in the watershed, some is exported as wastewater, and some is exported for public supply. In addition, ground water withdrawn outside the watershed is imported for public supply or imported as wastewater for treatment and discharge in the watershed. A GIS analysis was necessary to quantify many of the water-budget components. \r\n\r\nThe 89.9-square mile East Branch Brandywine Creek watershed in Pennsylvania is a rural watershed with reservoir storage that is underlain by fractured rock. Water budgets were developed for 1977-2001. Average annual precipitation, streamflow, and evapotranspiration were 46.89, 21.58, and 25.88 inches, respectively. Some water was imported (average of 0.68 inches) into the watershed for public-water supply and as wastewater for treatment and discharge; these imports resulted in a net gain of water to the watershed. More water was discharged to East Branch Brandywine Creek than was withdrawn from it; the net discharge resulted in an increase in streamflow. Most ground water was withdrawn (average of 0.25 inches) for public-water supply. Surface water was withdrawn (average of 0.58 inches) for public-water and industrial supply. Discharge of water by sewage-treatment plants and industries (average of 1.22 inches) and regulation by Marsh Creek Reservoir caused base flow to appear an average of 7.2 percent higher than it would have been without these additional sources. On average, 67 percent of the difference was caused by sewage-treatment-plant and industrial discharges, and 33 percent was caused by regulation of the Marsh Creek Reservoir. Water imports, withdrawals, and discharges have been increasing as the watershed becomes increasingly urbanized. \r\n\r\nThe 64-square mile Wissahickon Creek watershed in Pennsylvania is an urban watershed underlain by fractured rock. Water budgets were developed for 1987-98. Average annual precipitation, streamflow, and evapotranspiration were 47.23, 22.24, and 23.12 inches, respectively. The watershed is highly u","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055113","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., and Buxton, D.E., 2005, Water budgets for selected watersheds in the Delaware River basin, eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5113, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055113.","productDescription":"45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6821,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77,38.833333333333336 ], [ -77,42.833333333333336 ], [ -74,42.833333333333336 ], [ -74,38.833333333333336 ], [ -77,38.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478ee4b07f02db489ec1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buxton, Debra E. dbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Debra","email":"dbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71121,"text":"sir20055181 - 2005 - Hydrologic conditions and lake-level fluctuations at Long Lost Lake, 1939-2004, White Earth Indian Reservation, Clearwater County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T08:17:30","indexId":"sir20055181","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5181","title":"Hydrologic conditions and lake-level fluctuations at Long Lost Lake, 1939-2004, White Earth Indian Reservation, Clearwater County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Long Lost Lake, a closed-basin lake in Clearwater County, Minnesota, has had a substantial rise in lake level since 1990. The increased level and surface area of the lake has led to the inundation of nearby homes and roads. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the White Earth Band of Chippewa Indians, conducted a study to document the historical lake-level fluctuations, to investigate reasons for hydrologic change, and to develop a general understanding of the hydrology of lakes that have had rapid changes in lake level.
\nLake levels were recorded continuously from August 2003 through December 2004. The purpose was to establish a temporal, detailed record of lake levels and to connect this record to precipitation and ground-water-level data. A long-term record is critical to understanding the relation between surface water and ground water. This is especially true for closed-basin lakes. Between August 2003 and December 2004, the lake level generally declined. The highest lake altitude was 492.58 meters above NAVD 88 on August 5, 2003, and the low of 492.11 meters above NAVD 88 occurred on August 29, 2004.
\nResults of water-level measurements in 5 observation wells and 14 wetlands and ponds show that the water-table level is substantially higher on the north side of the lake than the lake level, providing the head pressure necessary for ground-water discharge into Long Lost Lake. In contrast, on the south and east sides of the lake, water-table levels are similar to the lake level. This indicates a general north-northwest to south-southeast ground-water flow direction. Results of a synoptic survey of lake temperature and other measurements supported the direction of water inflow and outflow.
\nAerial photography and a geographic information system were used to construct a historical lake record from 1939 to 2001. Lake-level increases match similar increases in precipitation, indicating a strong link between the two. Results show that lake-level increases in Long Lost Lake appear to primarily be due to natural rather than anthropogenic effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055181","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the White Earth Band of Chippewa Indians","usgsCitation":"Christensen, V.G., and Bergman, A.L., 2005, Hydrologic conditions and lake-level fluctuations at Long Lost Lake, 1939-2004, White Earth Indian Reservation, Clearwater County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5181, v, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055181.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319745,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055181.JPG"},{"id":6822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5181/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Long Lost Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.41128158569335,\n 47.21572047609892\n ],\n [\n -95.40836334228516,\n 47.21676985912015\n ],\n [\n -95.40647506713867,\n 47.219451521380755\n ],\n [\n -95.40184020996094,\n 47.2186353776589\n ],\n [\n -95.39857864379883,\n 47.216886455951716\n ],\n [\n -95.39634704589844,\n 47.21233898953997\n ],\n [\n -95.39480209350586,\n 47.20697480997098\n ],\n [\n -95.3858757019043,\n 47.202776377962714\n ],\n [\n -95.38055419921875,\n 47.199627335893815\n ],\n [\n -95.37677764892577,\n 47.1981110637904\n ],\n [\n -95.36630630493164,\n 47.195894895848376\n ],\n [\n -95.36767959594727,\n 47.19204554206408\n ],\n [\n -95.37179946899414,\n 47.19076236208704\n ],\n [\n -95.37300109863281,\n 47.183995990963375\n ],\n [\n -95.37351608276367,\n 47.17874562604236\n ],\n [\n -95.37952423095703,\n 47.1703439621658\n ],\n [\n -95.38209915161133,\n 47.16567579675341\n ],\n [\n -95.39119720458984,\n 47.16474211443864\n ],\n [\n -95.39840698242188,\n 47.158556054598705\n ],\n [\n -95.40939331054688,\n 47.15178557877874\n ],\n [\n -95.4136848449707,\n 47.14513099485615\n ],\n [\n -95.4227828979492,\n 47.142445575952316\n ],\n [\n -95.42673110961913,\n 47.14489748555398\n ],\n [\n -95.42673110961913,\n 47.15260275094301\n ],\n [\n -95.42535781860352,\n 47.15692188079374\n ],\n [\n -95.42587280273438,\n 47.165092247229836\n ],\n [\n -95.42913436889648,\n 47.16836004199517\n ],\n [\n -95.43617248535156,\n 47.17162763572931\n ],\n [\n -95.44029235839844,\n 47.17874562604236\n ],\n [\n -95.44286727905272,\n 47.183062630703596\n ],\n [\n -95.44544219970703,\n 47.188895863101216\n ],\n [\n -95.44818878173828,\n 47.197294591633096\n ],\n [\n -95.44836044311523,\n 47.20056040488173\n ],\n [\n -95.44870376586914,\n 47.20440914100589\n ],\n [\n -95.44921875,\n 47.21012341591655\n ],\n [\n -95.44973373413086,\n 47.21467107231053\n ],\n [\n -95.4466438293457,\n 47.2186353776589\n ],\n [\n -95.43943405151367,\n 47.221783291362975\n ],\n [\n -95.43033599853514,\n 47.22201646272081\n ],\n [\n -95.42638778686523,\n 47.22096718353454\n ],\n [\n -95.42192459106445,\n 47.22038424167995\n ],\n [\n -95.41814804077148,\n 47.21816900417739\n ],\n [\n -95.41128158569335,\n 47.21572047609892\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611544","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, Victoria G. 0000-0003-4166-7461 vglenn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4166-7461","contributorId":2354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Victoria","email":"vglenn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergman, Andrea L.","contributorId":10683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergman","given":"Andrea","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71122,"text":"sir20055186 - 2005 - Hydrology, geomorphology, and flood profiles of Lemon Creek, Juneau, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-20T15:29:26","indexId":"sir20055186","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5186","title":"Hydrology, geomorphology, and flood profiles of Lemon Creek, Juneau, Alaska","docAbstract":"Lemon Creek near Juneau, Alaska has a history of extensive gravel mining, which straightened and deepened the stream channel in the lower reaches of the study area. Gravel mining and channel excavation began in the 1940s and continued through the mid-1980s. Time sequential aerial photos and field investigations indicate that the channel morphology is reverting to pre-disturbance conditions through aggradation of sediment and re-establishment of braided channels, which may result in decreased channel conveyance and increased flooding potential. Time sequential surveys of selected channel cross sections were conducted in an attempt to determine rates of channel aggradation/degradation throughout three reaches of the study area. In order to assess flooding potential in the lower reaches of the study area the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System model was used to estimate the water-surface elevations for the 2-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year floods. A regionally based regression equation was used to estimate the magnitude of floods for the selected recurrence intervals. Forty-two cross sections were surveyed to define the hydraulic characteristics along a 1.7-mile reach of the stream. High-water marks from a peak flow of 1,820 cubic feet per second, or about a 5-year flood, were surveyed and used to calibrate the model throughout the study area. The stream channel at a bridge in the lower reach could not be simulated without violating assumptions of the model. A model without the lower bridge indicates flood potential is limited to a small area.
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/sir20055186","usgsCitation":"Host, R.H., and Neal, E., 2005, Hydrology, geomorphology, and flood profiles of Lemon Creek, Juneau, Alaska (Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5186, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055186.","productDescription":"28 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6823,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5186/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","edition":"Online Only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698481","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Host, Randy H.","contributorId":53778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Host","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neal, Edward G.","contributorId":68775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Edward G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71114,"text":"ofr20041317 - 2005 - Water-quality data from two agricultural drainage basins in northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: I. Lagrangian and synoptic data, 1999-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-03T20:21:42","indexId":"ofr20041317","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1317","title":"Water-quality data from two agricultural drainage basins in northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: I. Lagrangian and synoptic data, 1999-2002","docAbstract":"Methods of data collection and results of analyses are presented for Lagrangian and synoptic water-quality data collected from two agricultural drainages, the Iroquois River in northwestern Indiana and Sugar Creek in northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois. During six separate sampling trips, in April, June and September 1999, May 2000, September 2001 and April 2002, 152 discrete water samples were collected to characterize the water chemistry over the course of 2 to 4 days on each of these drainages. Data were collected for nutrients, major inorganic constituents, dissolved organic carbon, trace elements, dissolved gases, total bacterial cell counts, chlorophyll-a concentrations, and suspended sediment concentrations. In addition, field measurements of streamflow, pH, specific conductance, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentration were made during all trips except April 1999.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041317","usgsCitation":"Antweiler, R.C., Smith, R.L., Voytek, M.A., Bohlke, J., and Richards, K.D., 2005, Water-quality data from two agricultural drainage basins in northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: I. Lagrangian and synoptic data, 1999-2002 (Revised October 2005): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1317, 227 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041317.","productDescription":"227 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342007,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1317/OFR%2020041317.pdf"},{"id":6817,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1317/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Illinois ","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.53333333333333,40.53333333333333 ], [ -87.53333333333333,40.88333333333333 ], [ -87.25,40.88333333333333 ], [ -87.25,40.53333333333333 ], [ -87.53333333333333,40.53333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised October 2005","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faa12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voytek, Mary A.","contributorId":91943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bohlke, John Karl 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":66293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John Karl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Richards, Kevin D. krichard@usgs.gov","contributorId":280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Kevin","email":"krichard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":283666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":71113,"text":"ofr20051277 - 2005 - Hydrologic effects of the 2004 hurricane season in northwest Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:00","indexId":"ofr20051277","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1277","title":"Hydrologic effects of the 2004 hurricane season in northwest Florida","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051277","usgsCitation":"Verdi, R.J., 2005, Hydrologic effects of the 2004 hurricane season in northwest Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1277, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051277.","productDescription":"24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6816,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1277/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606e07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verdi, Richard Jay","contributorId":51859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdi","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Jay","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71086,"text":"sir20055114 - 2005 - Development of property-transfer models for estimating the hydraulic properties of deep sediments at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-03T20:02:35","indexId":"sir20055114","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5114","title":"Development of property-transfer models for estimating the hydraulic properties of deep sediments at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"Because characterizing the unsaturated hydraulic properties of sediments over large areas or depths is costly and time consuming, development of models that predict these properties from more easily measured bulk-physical properties is desirable. At the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, the unsaturated zone is composed of thick basalt flow sequences interbedded with thinner sedimentary layers. Determining the unsaturated hydraulic properties of sedimentary layers is one step in understanding water flow and solute transport processes through this complex unsaturated system. Multiple linear regression was used to construct simple property-transfer models for estimating the water-retention curve and saturated hydraulic conductivity of deep sediments at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. The regression models were developed from 109 core sample subsets with laboratory measurements of hydraulic and bulk-physical properties. The core samples were collected at depths of 9 to 175 meters at two facilities within the southwestern portion of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory-the Radioactive Waste Management Complex, and the Vadose Zone Research Park southwest of the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center. Four regression models were developed using bulk-physical property measurements (bulk density, particle density, and particle size) as the potential explanatory variables. Three representations of the particle-size distribution were compared: (1) textural-class percentages (gravel, sand, silt, and clay), (2) geometric statistics (mean and standard deviation), and (3) graphical statistics (median and uniformity coefficient). The four response variables, estimated from linear combinations of the bulk-physical properties, included saturated hydraulic conductivity and three parameters that define the water-retention curve.\r\n\r\nFor each core sample,values of each water-retention parameter were estimated from the appropriate regression equation and used to calculate an estimated water-retention curve. The degree to which the estimated curve approximated the measured curve was quantified using a goodness-of-fit indicator, the root-mean-square error. Comparison of the root-mean-square-error distributions for each alternative particle-size model showed that the estimated water-retention curves were insensitive to the way the particle-size distribution was represented. Bulk density, the median particle diameter, and the uniformity coefficient were chosen as input parameters for the final models. The property-transfer models developed in this study allow easy determination of hydraulic properties without need for their direct measurement. Additionally, the models provide the basis for development of theoretical models that rely on physical relationships between the pore-size distribution and the bulk-physical properties of the media. With this adaptation, the property-transfer models should have greater application throughout the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and other geographic locations. ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055114","usgsCitation":"Winfield, K.A., 2005, Development of property-transfer models for estimating the hydraulic properties of deep sediments at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5114, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055114.","productDescription":"59 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6774,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5114/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"5000000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.16629028320312,\n 43.402054267905655\n ],\n [\n -111.87515258789062,\n 43.402054267905655\n ],\n [\n -111.87515258789062,\n 43.68872888432795\n ],\n [\n -112.16629028320312,\n 43.68872888432795\n ],\n [\n -112.16629028320312,\n 43.402054267905655\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65de5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winfield, Kari A.","contributorId":63874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winfield","given":"Kari","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71070,"text":"fs20053094 - 2005 - The value of hydrologic data and interagency coordination in protecting drinking-water supplies in Minnesota rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:45","indexId":"fs20053094","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3094","title":"The value of hydrologic data and interagency coordination in protecting drinking-water supplies in Minnesota rivers","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20053094","usgsCitation":"Stark, J., Arntson, A., and Brostrom, D., 2005, The value of hydrologic data and interagency coordination in protecting drinking-water supplies in Minnesota rivers: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3094, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053094.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2005_3094.bmp"},{"id":6763,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs2005-3094/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"5000000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f056","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arntson, A.D.","contributorId":100026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arntson","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brostrom, D.L.","contributorId":25035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brostrom","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":71064,"text":"sir20055031 - 2005 - Water use and availability in the Woonasquatucket and Moshassuck River basins, north-central Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T11:17:12","indexId":"sir20055031","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5031","title":"Water use and availability in the Woonasquatucket and Moshassuck River basins, north-central Rhode Island","docAbstract":"The Woonasquatucket River Basin includes 51.0 square miles, and the Moshassuck River Basin includes 23.8 square miles in north-central Rhode Island. The study area comprises these two basins. The two basins border each other with the Moshassuck River Basin to the northeast of the Woonasquatucket River Basin. Seven towns are in the Woonasquatucket River Basin, and six towns are in the Moshassuck River Basin. To determine the water use and availability in the study area, water supply and discharge data were collected for these river basins for the 1995–99 period, and compared to estimated long-term water available.
The study area is unique in the State of Rhode Island, because no withdrawals from major public suppliers were made during the study period. Withdrawals were, therefore, limited to self-supplied domestic use, two minor suppliers, and one self-supplied industrial user. Because no metered data were available, the summer water withdrawals were assumed to be the same as the estimates for the rest of the year. Seven major water suppliers distribute an average of 17.564 million gallons per day for use in the study area from sources outside of the study area. The withdrawals from minor water suppliers were 0.017 million gallons per day in the study area, all in the town of Smithfield in the Woonasquatucket River Basin. The remaining withdrawals in the study area were estimated to be 0.731 million gallons per day by self-supplied domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural users.
Return flows in the study area included self-disposed water and disposal from permitted dischargers, including the Smithfield Sewage Treatment Plant. Return flows accounted for 4.116 million gallons per day in the study area. Most public-disposed water (15.195 million gallons per day) is collected by the Narragansett Bay Commission and is disposed outside of the basin in Narragansett Bay.
The PART program, a computerized hydrograph-separation application, was used at one index stream-gaging station to determine water availability based on the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles of the total base flow, the base flow minus the 7-day, 10-year flow criteria, and the base flow minus the Aquatic Base Flow criteria. The index station selected was the Branch River at Forestdale, which is close to the study area and has a similar percentage of sand and gravel area.
Water availability was estimated on the basis of baseflow contributions from sand and gravel deposits and till deposits at the index station. Flows were computed for June, July, August, and September 1957–2000, and a percentage of the total flow was determined to come from either sand and gravel deposits, or till, by using a regression equation. The base-flow contributions were converted to a flow per unit area at the station for the till and for the sand and gravel deposits and then applied to the deposits in the study area basins. These values were used to estimate the gross yield of base flow, as well as to subtract the two low flows (7-day, 10-year flow, and Aquatic Base Flow criteria). The results from the Branch River stream-gaging station were lowest in August at the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentile for total flow with either flow criteria subtracted. The estimated August gross yield at the 50th percentile from the Woonasquatucket River Basin was 12.94 million gallons per day, and 5.91 million gallons per day from the Moshassuck River Basin.
A ratio was calculated that is equal to total withdrawals divided by water availability. Water-availability flow scenarios at the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles for the basins, which are based on total water available from base-flow contributions from till and sand and gravel deposits in the basins, were assessed. The ratios were the highest in July for the 50th percentile estimated gross yield minus Aquatic Base Flow (ABF) flow criteria, where withdrawals are close to the available water. Ratios are not presented if the available water is less than the flow criteria. The ratio of withdrawals to the July gross yield at the 50th percentile minus Aquatic Base Flow was 0.796 for the Woonasquatucket and 0.275 for the Moshassuck River Basin.
A long-term hydrologic budget was calculated for the period of 1956–2000 for the Woonasquatucket River Basin and the period of 1964–2000 for the Moshassuck River Basin. The water withdrawals and return flows used in the budget were from 1995 through 1999. For the hydrologic budget, inflow was assumed to equal outflow and was about 120 million gallons per day in the Woonasquatucket River Basin and 56 million gallons per day in the Moshassuck River Basin. The estimated inflows from precipitation and water return flow were 97.3 and 2.7 percent, respectively, in the Woonasquatucket River Basin, and 98.3 and 1.7 percent, respectively, in the Moshassuck River Basin. The estimated outflows from evapotranspiration, streamflow, and water withdrawals were 43.4, 56.1, and 0.5 percent, respectively, in the Woonasquatucket River Basin, and 49.8, 50, and 0.2 percent, respectively, in the Moshassuck River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055031","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Rhode Island Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Nimiroski, M.T., and Wild, E.C., 2005, Water use and availability in the Woonasquatucket and Moshassuck River basins, north-central Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5031, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055031.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055031.JPG"},{"id":6758,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5031/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"5000000","country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Woonasquatucket and Moshassuck River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.38916015625,\n 41.883365022797314\n ],\n [\n -71.41456604003906,\n 41.901765978963454\n ],\n [\n -71.43928527832031,\n 41.91811793408036\n ],\n [\n -71.47018432617188,\n 41.933954896061614\n ],\n [\n -71.48597717285156,\n 41.933954896061614\n ],\n [\n -71.4990234375,\n 41.92322706102551\n ],\n [\n -71.50382995605467,\n 41.928846628183166\n ],\n [\n -71.52786254882812,\n 41.939573518226936\n ],\n [\n -71.53541564941405,\n 41.949787926673416\n ],\n [\n -71.54571533203125,\n 41.96051129429777\n ],\n [\n -71.56425476074219,\n 41.97684819454686\n ],\n [\n -71.5924072265625,\n 41.97225386481823\n ],\n [\n -71.59927368164062,\n 41.951830611989145\n ],\n [\n -71.61026000976562,\n 41.93548729665268\n ],\n [\n -71.63291931152344,\n 41.918628865183045\n ],\n [\n -71.63841247558594,\n 41.899721690058364\n ],\n [\n -71.62399291992188,\n 41.875696393231\n ],\n [\n -71.59034729003906,\n 41.86189054099241\n ],\n [\n -71.56768798828125,\n 41.852173524388824\n ],\n [\n -71.56082153320312,\n 41.840920397579936\n ],\n [\n -71.54228210449219,\n 41.83631627521814\n ],\n [\n -71.5264892578125,\n 41.84603570059352\n ],\n [\n -71.51069641113281,\n 41.83426989228831\n ],\n [\n -71.49627685546874,\n 41.82403699620285\n ],\n [\n -71.4887237548828,\n 41.81584950164211\n ],\n [\n -71.45713806152342,\n 41.80919639152055\n ],\n [\n -71.44203186035156,\n 41.806125492238664\n ],\n [\n -71.43035888671875,\n 41.80766096027984\n ],\n [\n -71.42280578613281,\n 41.81687299570986\n ],\n [\n -71.41181945800781,\n 41.82608370627639\n ],\n [\n -71.40151977539062,\n 41.83580468561977\n ],\n [\n -71.39533996582031,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -71.39396667480469,\n 41.86240192202145\n ],\n [\n -71.38916015625,\n 41.883365022797314\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a0fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimiroski, Mark T.","contributorId":65898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimiroski","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":283583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}