No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98330B","usgsCitation":"Ratcliffe, N.M., and Walsh, G.J., 1998, Digital bedrock geologic map of the Mount Carmel 7.5 x 15 minute quadrangle, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-330, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98330B.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155046,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":108813,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17795.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":379589,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0330b/application.zip","text":"Disks","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Mount Carmel quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.0000,\n 43.7500\n ],\n [\n -72.8750,\n 43.7500\n ],\n [\n -72.8750,\n 43.8750\n ],\n [\n -73.0000,\n 43.8750\n ],\n [\n -73.0000,\n 43.7500\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4626","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratcliffe, Nicholas M. 0000-0002-7922-5784 nratclif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-5784","contributorId":4167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"Nicholas","email":"nratclif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":510966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":510965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32058,"text":"ofr98330A - 1998 - Digital and preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Mount Carmel quadrangle, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T20:42:12.513277","indexId":"ofr98330A","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-330","chapter":"A","title":"Digital and preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Mount Carmel quadrangle, Vermont","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98330A","usgsCitation":"Ratcliffe, N.M., and Walsh, G.J., 1998, Digital and preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Mount Carmel quadrangle, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-330, 1 Plate: 46.31 x 31.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98330A.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 46.31 x 31.76 inches","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399991,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17795.htm"},{"id":164417,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0330a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Mount Carmel quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.0000,\n 43.7500\n ],\n [\n -72.8750,\n 43.7500\n ],\n [\n -72.8750,\n 43.8750\n ],\n [\n -73.0000,\n 43.8750\n ],\n [\n -73.0000,\n 43.7500\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratcliffe, Nicholas M. 0000-0002-7922-5784 nratclif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-5784","contributorId":4167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"Nicholas","email":"nratclif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":207546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32047,"text":"ofr98103 - 1998 - The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha erruption of Kīlauea, November 1991–February 1994: Field data and flow maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-08T20:03:11.171211","indexId":"ofr98103","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-103","title":"The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha erruption of Kīlauea, November 1991–February 1994: Field data and flow maps","docAbstract":"The Pu'u 'Ō'ō-Kūpaianaha eruption on the east rift zone of Kīlauea, which began in January 1983, is the longest-lived rift zone eruption of the last two centuries. By 1994, a broad field of lava, nearly 1 km3 in volume and 12 km wide at the coast, had buried 87 km2 of the volcano's south flank. The initial six months of fissure eruptions (episodes 1-3) were followed by three years of episodic lava fountaining from the Pu'u 'Ō'ō vent (episodes 4–47). In July 1986, after two days of fissure eruptions up- and downrift from Pu'u 'Ō'ō (episodes 48a and 48b), the eruption shifted to a new vent, Kūpaianaha, 3.5 km downrift. For the next five-and-a-half years (episode 48), Kūpaianaha was the site of nearly continuous low-level effusion. The 49th episode occurred in November 1991, when several fissures opened between Pu'u 'Ō'ō and Kūpaianaha (see Mangan and others, 1995, Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, p. 127-135). This three-week-long outburst was the result of the waning output of the Kūpaianaha vent, which finally died in February 1992 (see Kauahikaua and others, 1996, Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, p. 641-648).
The third epoch of the eruption began ten days later, when vents opened on the uprift slope of the Pu'u 'Ō'ō cone. Several flank vents erupted over the next two years (episodes 50-53). In the first year, from February 1992 through February 1993, the low-level effusion was interrupted by 21 brief pauses. These ended with the beginning of episode 53 in February 1993, and for the next year, lava effusion was continuous. Episode 53 was ongoing at the end of the interval covered by this report.
During the years that Kūpaianaha was active, the Pu'u 'Ō'ō conduit gradually evolved into a crater 300 m in diameter as the conduit walls collapsed. Beginning in 1987, an active lava pond was intermittently visible in the bottom of the crater; from 1990 on, the pond was almost continuously present. The Pu'u 'Ō‘ō pond drained at the beginning of episode 49 in November 1991, and the crater floor collapsed. Lava was visible in the crater by early December, and pond overflows resurfaced the crater floor, raising it to its former level of 35 m below the rim by the end of January 1992.
This report includes flow-field maps and a table giving a) start and stop times of the eruptive episodes and of pauses in the eruption, b) Pu'u 'Ō'ō lava pond and crater-floor elevations, and c) elevations of the episode 50-53 vents and of the floors of the collapse pits that subsequently formed over these vents. A chronology of this interval of the eruption and an interpretation of the data included in this report can be found in Heliker and others (1998, Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 59, p. 381-393).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98103","usgsCitation":"Heliker, C., Mangan, M.T., Mattox, T.N., and Kauahikaua, J.P., 1998, The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha erruption of Kīlauea, November 1991–February 1994: Field data and flow maps (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-103, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98103.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9056,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-103/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":340481,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-103/of98-103_text_table.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":108804,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17757.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"17757"}],"scale":"50000","country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.241143039165962\n ],\n [\n -154.92919921875,\n 19.241143039165962\n ],\n [\n -154.92919921875,\n 19.479539596600667\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.479539596600667\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.241143039165962\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db6568c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heliker, C. Christina","contributorId":43005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heliker","given":"C. Christina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangan, Margaret T. 0000-0002-5273-8053 mmangan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5273-8053","contributorId":3343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"Margaret","email":"mmangan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mattox, Tari N.","contributorId":26314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattox","given":"Tari","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kauahikaua, James P. 0000-0003-3777-503X jimk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":2146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"James","email":"jimk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28985,"text":"wri974199 - 1998 - Hydrogeology and simulation of the effects of reclaimed-water application in west Orange and southeast Lake counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri974199","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4199","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of the effects of reclaimed-water application in west Orange and southeast Lake counties, Florida","docAbstract":"Wastewater reclamation and reuse has become increasingly popular as water agencies search for alternative water-supply and wastewater-disposal options. Several governmental agencies in central Florida currently use the land-based application of reclaimed water (wastewater that has been treated beyond secondary treatment) as a management alternative to surface-water disposal of wastewater. Water Conserv II, a water reuse project developed jointly by Orange County and the City of Orlando, began operation in December 1986. In 1995, the Water Conserv II facility distributed approximately 28 Mgal/d of reclaimed water for discharge to rapid-infiltration basins (RIBs) and for use as agricultural irrigation. The Reedy Creek Improvement District (RCID) began operation of RIBs in September 1990, and in 1995 these RIBs received approximately 6.7 Mgal/d of reclaimed water. Analyses of existing data and data collected during the course of this study were combined with ground-water flow modeling and particle-tracking analyses to develop a process-oriented evaluation of the regional effects of reclaimed water applied by Water Conserv II and the RCID RIBs on the hydrology of west Orange and southeast Lake Counties. The ground-water flow system beneath the study area is a multi-aquifer system that consists of a thick sequence of highly permeable carbonate rocks overlain by unconsolidated sediments. The hydrogeologic units are the unconfined surficial aquifer system, the intermediate confining unit, and the confined Floridan aquifer system, which consists of two major permeable zones, the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers, separated by the less permeable middle semiconfining unit. Flow in the surficial aquifer system is dominated regionally by diffuse downward leakage to the Floridan aquifer system and is affected locally by lateral flow systems produced by streams, lakes, and spatial variations in recharge. Ground water generally flows laterally through the Upper Floridan aquifer aquifer to the north and east. Many of the lakes in the study area are landlocked because the mantled karst environment precludes a well developed network of surface-water drainage. The USGS three-dimensional ground-water flow model MODFLOW was used to simulate ground-water flow in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems. A steady-state calibration to average 1995 conditions was performed by using a parameter estimation program to vary values of surficial aquifer system hydraulic conductivity, intermediate confining unit leakance, and Upper Floridan aquifer transmissivity. The calibrated model generally produced simulated water levels in close agreement with measured water levels and was used to simulate the hydrologic effects of reclaimed-water application under current (1995) and proposed future conditions. In 1995, increases of up to about 40 ft in the water table and less than 5 ft in the Upper Floridan aquifer potentiometric surface had occurred as a result of reclaimed-water application. The largest increases were under RIB sites. An average traveltime of 10 years at Water Conserv II and 7 years at the RCID RIBs was required for reclaimed water to move from the water table to the top of the Upper Floridan aquifer. Approximately 67 percent of the reclaimed water applied at the RCID RIB site recharged the Floridan aquifer system, whereas 33 percent discharged from the surficial aquifer system to surface-water features; 99 percent of the reclaimed water applied at Water Conserv II recharged the Floridan aquifer system, whereas only 1 percent discharged from the surficial aquifer system to surface-water features. The majority of reclaimed water applied at both facilities probably will ultimately discharge from the Floridan aquifer system outside the model boundaries. Proposed future conditions were assumed to consist of an additional 11.7 Mgal/d of reclaimed water distributed by the Water Conserv II and RCID facilities. Increases of up to about 20 ft in the water","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974199","usgsCitation":"O’Reilly, A.M., 1998, Hydrogeology and simulation of the effects of reclaimed-water application in west Orange and southeast Lake counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4199, vi, 91 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974199.","productDescription":"vi, 91 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2269,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974199/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4199.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685537","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Reilly, Andrew M. 0000-0003-3220-1248 aoreilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-1248","contributorId":2184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Reilly","given":"Andrew","email":"aoreilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":67584,"text":"i2627 - 1998 - Bedrock geologic map of the Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T10:56:50","indexId":"i2627","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2627","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Bedrock geologic map of the Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada, has been identified as a potential site for underground storage of high-level radioactive nuclear waste. Detailed bedrock geologic maps form an integral part of the site characterization program by providing the fundamental framework for research into the geologic hazards and hydrologic behavior of the mountain. This bedrock geologic map provides the geologic framework and structural setting for the area in and adjacent to the site of the potential repository.
The study area comprises the northern and central parts of Yucca Mountain, located on the southern flank of the Timber Mountain-Oasis Valley caldera complex, which was the source for many of the volcanic units in the area. The Timber Mountain-Oasis Valley caldera complex is part of the Miocene southwestern Nevada volcanic field, which is within the Walker Lane belt. This tectonic belt is a northwest-striking megastructure lying between the more active Inyo-Mono and Basin-and-Range subsections of the southwestern Great Basin.
Excluding Quaternary surficial deposits, the map area is underlain by Miocene volcanic rocks, principally ash-flow tuffs with lesser amounts of lava flows. These volcanic units include the Crater Flat Group, the Calico Hills Formation, the Paintbrush Group, and the Timber Mountain Group, as well as minor basaltic dikes. The tuffs and lava flows are predominantly rhyolite with lesser amounts of latite and range in age from 13.4 to 11.6 Ma. The 10-Ma basaltic dikes intruded along a few fault traces in the north-central part of the study area.
Fault types in the area can be classified as block bounding, relay structures, strike slip, and intrablock. The block-bounding faults separate the 1- to 4-km-wide, east-dipping structural blocks and exhibit hundreds of meters of displacement. The relay structures are northwest-striking normal fault zones that kinematically link the block-bounding faults. The strike-slip faults are steep, northwest-striking dextral faults located in the northern part of Yucca Mountain. The intrablock faults are modest faults of limited offset (tens of meters) and trace length (less than 7 km) that accommodated intrablock deformation.
The concept of structural domains provides a useful tool in delineating and describing variations in structural style. Domains are defined across the study area on the basis of the relative amount of internal faulting, style of deformation, and stratal dips. In general, there is a systematic north to south increase in extensional deformation as recorded in the amount of offset along the block-bounding faults as well as an increase in the intrablock faulting.
The rocks in the map area had a protracted history of Tertiary extension. Rocks of the Paintbrush Group cover much of the area and obscure evidence for older tectonism. An earlier history of Tertiary extension can be inferred, however, because the Timber Mountain-Oasis Valley caldera complex lies within and cuts an older north-trending rift (the Kawich-Greenwater rift}. Evidence for deformation during eruption of the Paintbrush Group is locally present as growth structures. Post-Paintbrush Group, pre-Timber Mountain Group extension occurred along the block-bounding faults. The basal contact of the 11.6-Ma Rainier Mesa Tuff of the Timber Mountain Group provides a key time horizon throughout the area. Other workers have shown that west of the study area in northern Crater Flat the basal angular unconformity is as much as 20° between the Rainier Mesa and underlying Paintbrush Group rocks. In the westernmost part of the study area the unconformity is smaller (less than 10°), whereas in the central and eastern parts of the map area the contact is essentially conformable. In the central part of the map the Rainier Mesa Tuff laps over fault splays within the Solitario Canyon fault zone. However, displacement did occur on the block-bounding faults after deposition of the Rainier Mesa Tuff inasmuch as it is locally caught up in the hanging-wall deformation of the block-bounding faults. Therefore, the regional Tertiary to Recent extension was protracted, occurring prior to and after the eruption of the tuffs exposed at Yucca Mountain.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2627","isbn":"0607897392","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Day, W.C., Dickerson, R.P., Potter, C.J., Sweetkind, D., San Juan, C.A., Drake, R., and Fridrich, C.J., 1998, Bedrock geologic map of the Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2627, Report: ii, 21 p.; Map: 44.00 x 34.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2627.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 21 p.; Map: 44.00 x 34.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6141,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2627/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":91703,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2627/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.64 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":108351,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13086.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13086"},{"id":186543,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2627/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":341912,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2627/i2627.pdf","text":"Map","size":"9.76 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Map"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.5,36.766666666666666 ], [ -116.5,36.916666666666664 ], [ -116.38333333333334,36.916666666666664 ], [ -116.38333333333334,36.766666666666666 ], [ -116.5,36.766666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6360e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Day, Warren C. 0000-0002-9278-2120 wday@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-2120","contributorId":1308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Warren","email":"wday@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":276804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickerson, Robert P.","contributorId":6461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Potter, Christopher J. 0000-0002-2300-6670 cpotter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":1026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","email":"cpotter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":276810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S. dsweetkind@usgs.gov","contributorId":735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","email":"dsweetkind@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":271,"text":"Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":276808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"San Juan, Carma A. 0000-0002-9151-1919 csanjuan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9151-1919","contributorId":1146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"San Juan","given":"Carma","email":"csanjuan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":276807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Drake, Ronald M. II rmdrake@usgs.gov","contributorId":168352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Ronald M.","suffix":"II","email":"rmdrake@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":276809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fridrich, Christopher J. 0000-0003-2453-6478 fridrich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2453-6478","contributorId":1251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fridrich","given":"Christopher","email":"fridrich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":276805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70178643,"text":"70178643 - 1998 - Vulnerability of island tropical montane cloud forests to climate change, with special reference to East Maui, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:13:38","indexId":"70178643","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vulnerability of island tropical montane cloud forests to climate change, with special reference to East Maui, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Island tropical montane cloud forests may be among the most sensitive of the world's ecosystems to global climate change. Measurements in and above a montane cloud forest on East Maui, Hawaii, document steep microclimatic gradients. Relatively small climate-driven shifts in patterns of atmospheric circulation are likely to trigger major local changes in rainfall, cloud cover, and humidity. Increased interannual variability in precipitation and hurricane incidence would provide additional stresses on island biota that are highly vulnerable to disturbance-related invasion of non-native species. Because of the exceptional sensitivity of these microclimates and forests to change, they may provide valuable ‘listening posts’ for detecting the onset of human-induced global climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht","doi":"10.1023/A:1005372118420","usgsCitation":"Loope, L.L., and Giambelluca, T.W., 1998, Vulnerability of island tropical montane cloud forests to climate change, with special reference to East Maui, Hawaii: Climatic Change, v. 39, no. 2, p. 503-517, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005372118420.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"503","endPage":"517","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331411,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","county":"Maui","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.46865844726562,\n 20.546651148408912\n ],\n [\n -156.46865844726562,\n 21.002471054356725\n ],\n [\n -155.9234619140625,\n 21.002471054356725\n ],\n [\n -155.9234619140625,\n 20.546651148408912\n ],\n [\n -156.46865844726562,\n 20.546651148408912\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"584144e2e4b04fc80e5073d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loope, Lloyd L.","contributorId":107848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":654688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giambelluca, Thomas W.","contributorId":70069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giambelluca","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70244162,"text":"70244162 - 1998 - The coseismic slip distributions of the 1940 and 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquakes and their implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-05T20:06:24.833154","indexId":"70244162","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-10T14:59:17","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7167,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The coseismic slip distributions of the 1940 and 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquakes and their implications","docAbstract":"Geodetic arrays observed by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey span the Imperial fault in southern California. For the 1940 M 7.1 Imperial Valley earthquake, a 1934–1941 triangulation network has sufficient resolution to allow inversion for the coseismic slip distribution on fault segments 5 to 25 km long extending from the surface to a depth of 9 km. The estimated right-lateral slip is 0.8 to 1.7 m on the northern 30 km of the main trace of the Imperial fault, 4.8±0.2 m on a 10-km-long segment straddling the United States - Mexico border, and 1.3±0.4 m on a southern 25-km-long segment in Mexico. Fixing this strike-slip model and inverting 1940 leveling data only for dip slip yields 0.1 m of east-side-down dip slip. The seismic moment for this model is M0 = (3.2±0.3) ×1019 N m. The 1979 geodetic data set, mostly elevation changes from leveling routes, has insufficient resolution for inversion. However, it is possible to use this geodetic data set and results published by others to infer that the 1940 and 1979 earthquakes may be similar on the rupture zone common to both events. Our preferred 1940 model is similar to the 1979 geodetic results of Crook [1984] on the segments where both networks have good resolution. Elevation changes from 1940 and 1979 leveling data are very similar. Thus the geodetic data corroborate the surface slip evidence of Sharp [1982b] that the 1940 and 1979 slip distributions are examples of “characteristic slip” on the northern Imperial fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB00575","usgsCitation":"King, N.E., and Thatcher, W.R., 1998, The coseismic slip distributions of the 1940 and 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquakes and their implications: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. 8, p. 18069-18086, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB00575.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"18069","endPage":"18086","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Imperial Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.25,\n 32.625\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 32.625\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 33.24\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 32.625\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Nancy E. nking@usgs.gov","contributorId":586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Nancy","email":"nking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":874671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, Wayne R. 0000-0001-6324-545X thatcher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6324-545X","contributorId":2599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"Wayne","email":"thatcher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":874672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70244161,"text":"70244161 - 1998 - Strain accumulation rates in the San Francisco Bay area, 1972–1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-05T19:57:14.736637","indexId":"70244161","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-10T14:52:02","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7167,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation rates in the San Francisco Bay area, 1972–1989","docAbstract":"Maps of the strain accumulation rate in the San Francisco Bay area have been constructed from trilateration observations extending from about 1972 until the Loma Prieta earthquake in late 1989. The observations were corrected to remove offsets imposed by shallow fault creep and by four M ∼6 earthquakes that occurred in the Bay area during that time interval. The Bay area was divided into 32 contiguous polygons, and the uniform (in both space and time) strain rates that best explain the changes in the corrected (earthquake and shallow fault creep offsets removed) distances within each polygon were calculated. In a coordinate system with the 1 axis directed N58°E and the 2 axis N32°W (perpendicular and parallel to the local tangent to the small circle drawn about the Pacific-Sierra Nevada pole of rotation) the averages of these 32 strain rates (each weighted by the area of the polygon) are ε11=9.2±7.4, ε12=−160.7±4.6, and ε22=8.2±6.2 nanostrain/yr, where extension is reckoned positive and quoted uncertainties are standard deviations. As expected from the Pacific-Sierra Nevada relative plate motion, the overall strain rate is predominantly right-lateral shear across a vertical plane striking N32°W. The net increase in the 12,225 km2 area of the trilateration network is only 212±110 m2/yr, which arises from almost equal extensions in the N32°W and N58°E directions. Within the network the strain rates vary from polygon to polygon. Significant areal dilatation rates are observed in almost ⅓ of the individual polygons and the N32°W extension rates tend to be negative to the west of the Hayward-Rodgers Creek fault trend and positive east of it. The N58E extension rate is positive in 22 out of 32 polygons, a proportion that is significantly larger than would be expected by chance if the N58°E extension rate were zero or negative. The pre-1989 strain accumulation across the eventual site of the Loma Prieta rupture involves fault normal contraction as well as right-lateral shear, consistent with the rupture mechanism.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB01574","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., Simpson, R., and Murray, M., 1998, Strain accumulation rates in the San Francisco Bay area, 1972–1989: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. B8, p. 18039-18051, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01574.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"18039","endPage":"18051","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.23249482472036,\n 38.55296659433287\n ],\n [\n -123.23249482472036,\n 36.79278785200748\n ],\n [\n -121.42179863381725,\n 36.79278785200748\n ],\n [\n -121.42179863381725,\n 38.55296659433287\n ],\n [\n -123.23249482472036,\n 38.55296659433287\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, M.H.","contributorId":50171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24398,"text":"ofr98164 - 1998 - Ground water and streamflow in the Nett Lake Indian Reservation, northern Minnesota, 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:24:18","indexId":"ofr98164","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-164","title":"Ground water and streamflow in the Nett Lake Indian Reservation, northern Minnesota, 1995-97","docAbstract":"The Nett Lake Indian Reservation, about 164 square miles in area, is in northern Minnesota. About 300 people live in Nett Lake Community, about 100 people live in Palmquist Community, and a few people live in other parts of the Reservation. Water resources in the Reservation include: (1) ground water in sand and gravel aquifers and bedrock aquifers; (2) Nett Lake; (3) streams in the Nett Lake River watershed; and (4) wetlands that comprise about one-half of the area of the Reservation.
\nGround-water sources in the Reservation consist of sand and gravel aquifers and bedrock aquifers. Buried sand and gravel aquifers are important sources of water. Reported yields for wells completed in these aquifers are as much as 60 gallons per minute. Reported yields for wells completed in bedrock aquifers are as much as 34 gallons per minute.
\nThe Reservation is located within the Little Fork River Basin. Streams that flow into and out of Nett Lake are in the Nett Lake River watershed, a subbasin of the Little Fork River Basin. Most of the discharge into Nett Lake is from Lost River and Woodduck Creek; a small amount of discharge into Nett Lake is from several other small streams. Discharge from Nett Lake is to the Nett Lake River.
\nGround water in buried sand and gravel aquifers in the vicinity of three community wells and a closed landfill east of Nett Lake Community may have moved from the landfill toward the community wells. Ground water near Nett Lake locally discharged into the lake through underlying peat that ranges in thickness from 3 to 12 feet. Two Palmquist Community wells probably are not hydraulically connected to shallow ground water in the vicinity of a nearby closed landfill. The wells are located more than 2,000 feet away and are completed in a bedrock aquifer overlain by 124-154 feet of clay.
\nThe concentrations of the trace metals iron and manganese exceeded their respective U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level limits in water from three and six wells sampled, respectively. All but 3 of 63 VOCs (volatile organic compounds) analyzed for in water from seven wells sampled had concentrations less than the MDL (method detection limit) of 0.2000 (μg/L except for di-bromo-chloro-propane, which had a concentration less than the MDL of 1.000 (μg/L. The detected VOCs were phenols, benzene, and 1,1- dichloroethane. The sources of these VOCs may have been leachate from nearby closed landfills. Benzene, the only one of the three detected VOCs with an established MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level), had a concentration that was one order of magnitude less than its MCL of 5 (μg/L.
\nThe stage-discharge relations for Nett Lake River and Woodduck Creek were usable for estimation of daily mean discharge for each stream. Six discharge measurements made in the Lost River indicate that discharge in this stream could be substantially greater or smaller than concurrent discharge in Woodduck Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr98164","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Boise Forte Reservation Tribal Council","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., and Payne, G.A., 1998, Ground water and streamflow in the Nett Lake Indian Reservation, northern Minnesota, 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-164, viii, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98164.","productDescription":"viii, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0164/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53492,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Nett Lake Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.375,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -93.375,\n 48.2\n ],\n [\n -92.96,\n 48.2\n ],\n [\n -92.96,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -93.375,\n 48\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dc77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. F.","contributorId":81866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Payne, G. A.","contributorId":62190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21977,"text":"ofr98198 - 1998 - Natural attenuation of chlorinated-hydrocarbon contamination at Fort Wainwright, Alaska: A hydrogeochemical and microbiological investigation workplan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-20T21:07:39.949703","indexId":"ofr98198","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-198","title":"Natural attenuation of chlorinated-hydrocarbon contamination at Fort Wainwright, Alaska: A hydrogeochemical and microbiological investigation workplan","docAbstract":"Natural attenuation processes include biological degradation, by which microorganisms break down contaminants into simpler product compounds; adsorption of contaminants to soil particles, which decreases the mass of contaminants dissolved in ground water; and dispersion, which decreases dissolved contaminant concentrations through dilution. The primary objectives of this study are to (1) assess the degree to which such natural processes are attenuating chlorinated-hydrocarbon contamination in ground water, and (2) evaluate the effects of ground-water/surface-water interactions on natural-attenuation processes in the area of the former East and West Quartermasters Fueling Systems for Fort Wainwright, Alaska. The study will include investigations of the hydrologic, geochemical, and microbiological processes occurring at this site that influence the transport and fate of chlorinated hydrocarbons in ground water. To accomplish these objectives, a data-collection program has been initiated that includes measurements of water-table elevations and the stage of the Chena River; measurements of vertical temperature profiles within the subsurface; characterization of moisture distribution and movement in the unsaturated zone; collection of ground-water samples for determination of both organic and inorganic chemical constituents; and collection of ground-water samples for enumeration of microorganisms and determination of their potential to mineralize contaminants.\r\n\r\nWe will use results from the data-collection program described above to refine our conceptual model of hydrology and contaminant attenuation at this site. Measurements of water-table elevations and river stage will help us to understand the magnitude and direction of ground-water flow and how changes in the stage of the Chena River affect ground-water flow. Because ambient ground water and surface water typically have different temperature characteristics, temperature monitoring will likely provide further insight into ground-water/surface-water interactions in the subsurface. Characterization of the unsaturated zone will improve our understanding of interactions among ground water, the unsaturated zone, and the atmosphere. The interactions likely of importance to this study include the migration of water, dissolved contaminants, nutrients, and gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, and methane) between the saturated and unsaturated zones. We will use the results of ground-water chemical analyses to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of (1) chlorinated-hydrocarbon contaminants and their degradation products, (2) oxidation-reduction indicators, (3) nutrients, and (4) major ground-water ions. These water-quality data will provide insight into ground-water flow directions, interactions between ground water and surface water, attenuation of contaminant concentrations caused by dispersion, and intrinsic microbiological processes. Microbiological analyses will indicate whether microorganisms at the site are capable of degrading the contaminants of interest, and will allow us to estimate their potential to attenuate existing contamination. Physical and chemical data interpreted as part of the analysis of ground water and surface water mixing will improve our understanding of the relationship between water quality and contaminant source mixing.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98198","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., Lilly, M.R., Braddock, J.F., and Hinzman, L.D., 1998, Natural attenuation of chlorinated-hydrocarbon contamination at Fort Wainwright, Alaska: A hydrogeochemical and microbiological investigation workplan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-198, vii, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98198.","productDescription":"vii, 49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0198/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393124,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19103.htm"},{"id":51452,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0198/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Fort Wainwright","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.128662109375,\n 64.76241717518936\n ],\n [\n -147.535400390625,\n 64.76241717518936\n ],\n [\n -147.535400390625,\n 64.88509968914633\n ],\n [\n -148.128662109375,\n 64.88509968914633\n ],\n [\n -148.128662109375,\n 64.76241717518936\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, Kathleen A. mccarthy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Kathleen","email":"mccarthy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":186524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lilly, Michael R.","contributorId":65494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilly","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Braddock, Joan F.","contributorId":97934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braddock","given":"Joan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hinzman, Larry D.","contributorId":97133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinzman","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22845,"text":"ofr9868 - 1998 - Ground-water hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow at Operable Unit 3 and surrounding region, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:57","indexId":"ofr9868","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-68","title":"Ground-water hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow at Operable Unit 3 and surrounding region, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","docAbstract":"The Naval Air Station, Jacksonville (herein referred to as the Station), occupies 3,800 acres adjacent to the St. Johns River in Duval County, Florida. Operable Unit 3 (OU3) occupies 134 acres on the eastern side of the Station and has been used for industrial and commercial purposes since World War II. Ground water contaminated by chlorinated organic compounds has been detected in the surficial aquifer at OU3. The U.S. Navy and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a cooperative hydrologic study to evaluate the potential for ground water discharge to the neighboring St. Johns River. A ground-water flow model, previously developed for the area, was recalibrated for use in this study. \rAt the Station, the surficial aquifer is exposed at land surface and forms the uppermost permeable unit. The aquifer ranges in thickness from 30 to 100 feet and consists of unconsolidated silty sands interbedded with local beds of clay. The low-permeability clays of the Hawthorn Group form the base of the aquifer. \rThe USGS previously conducted a ground-water investigation at the Station that included the development and calibration of a 1-layer regional ground-water flow model. For this investigation, the regional model was recalibrated using additional data collected after the original calibration. The recalibrated model was then used to establish the boundaries for a smaller subregional model roughly centered on OU3. \rWithin the subregional model, the surficial aquifer is composed of distinct upper and intermediate layers. The upper layer extends from land surface to a depth of approximately 15 feet below sea level; the intermediate layer extends from the upper layer down to the top of the Hawthorn Group. In the northern and central parts of OU3, the upper and intermediate layers are separated by a low-permeability clay layer. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities in the upper layer, determined from aquifer tests, range from 0.19 to 3.8 feet per day. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the intermediate layer, determined from one aquifer test, is 20 feet per day. \rAn extensive stormwater drainage system is present at OU3 and the surrounding area. Some of the stormwater drains have been documented to be draining ground water from the upper layer of the surficial aquifer, whereas other drains are only suspected to be draining ground water. \rThe subregional model contained 78 rows and 148 columns of square model cells that were 100 feet on each side. Vertically, the surficial aquifer was divided into two layers; layer 1 represented the upper layer and layer 2 represented the intermediate layer. Steady-state ground-water flow conditions were assumed. The model was calibrated to head data collected on October 29 and 30, 1996. After calibration, the model matched all 67 measured heads to within the calibration criterion of 1 foot; and 48 of 67 simulated heads (72 percent) were within 0.5 foot. \rModel simulated recharge rates ranged from 0.4 inch per year in areas that were largely paved to 13.0 inches per year in irrigated areas. Simulated hydraulic conductivities in the upper layer at OU3 ranged from 0.5 foot per day in the north to 1.0 foot per day in the south. Simulated vertical leakance between the upper and intermediate layers ranged from 1.0x10-6 per day in an area with low-permeability clays to 4.3x10-2 per day in an area that had been dredged. Simulated transmissivities in the intermediate layer ranged from 25 feet squared per day in an area of low-permeability channel-fill deposits to a high of 1,200 feet squared per day in areas covering most of OU3. Simulated riverbed conductances ranged from 4 to 60 feet squared per day and simulated bottom conductances of leaking stormwater drains ranged from 5 to 20 feet squared per day. \rThe direction and velocity of ground-water flow was determined using particle-tracking techniques. Ground-water flow in the upper layer was generally eastward toward the St. Johns River. However, leaking stormwat","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9868","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., 1998, Ground-water hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow at Operable Unit 3 and surrounding region, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-68, vi, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9868.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1308,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr98-068/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668c2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J.H.","contributorId":68770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020802,"text":"70020802 - 1998 - Contrasting behavioral and feeding strategies recorded by tidal-flat bivalve trace fossils from the Upper Carboniferous of eastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-11T16:33:53.517248","indexId":"70020802","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3000,"text":"Palaios","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contrasting behavioral and feeding strategies recorded by tidal-flat bivalve trace fossils from the Upper Carboniferous of eastern Kansas","docAbstract":"Upper Carboniferous tidal-flat deposits near Waverly, eastern Kansas (Stull Shale Member, Kanwaka Shale Formation), host abundant and very well-preserved trace fossils attributed to the activity of burrowing bivalves. Thin shell lenses with an abundant bivalve fauna area associated with the ichnofossil-bearing beds and afford an unusual opportunity to relate trace fossils to their makers. Two distinctive life and feeding strategies can be reconstructed on the basis of trace fossil analysis and functional morphology. Lockeria siliquaria hyporeliefs commonly are connected with vertical to inclined, truncated endichnial shafts in the absence of horizontal locomotion traces. These structures record vertical and oblique displacement through the sediment, and suggest relatively stable domiciles rather than temporary resting traces as typically considered. Crowded bedding surfaces displaying cross-cutting relationships between specimens of L. siliquaria and differential preservation at the top (concave versus convex epireliefs) record a complex history of successive events of colonization, erosion, deposition, and recolonization (time-averaged assemblages). Irregujlar contours of some large hypichnia indicate the cast of the foot, while other outlines closely match the anterior area of Wilkingia, its suggested tracemaker. Relatively stable, vertical to inclined life positions and dominanit vertical mobility suggest a filter-feeding strategy. Moreover, the elongate shell and pallial sinus of Wilkingia providfe a strong independent line of evidence for an opisthosiphonate, moderately deep-tier inhabitant. Wilingia may represent a pioneer attempt at siphon-feeding in the late Paleozoic, preceding the outcome of the Mesozoic infaunal radiation. A second strategy is represented by Lockeia ornata and association locomotionm and locomotion/feding structures. Lockeia ornata is commonly connected with chevron locomotion traces that record the bifurcated foot of a protobranch bivalve. Lockeia ornata exhibits distinctive, fine, parallel lines that mimic the ornamentation of Phestia, a nuculanid protobranch bivalve. Rosary and radial structures give evidence of a patterned search for food. Lockeia ornata and associated Protovirgularia record dominant horizontal locomoton and suggest the activity of deposit-feeding bivalves. Morphologic variability of Protovirgularia was controlled by substrate fluidity, which was dependent on sediment heterogeneity and tidal-cycle dynamics. This study demonstrates that detailed analysis of bivalve traces provides valuable information on bivalve ethology and paleoecology, evolutionary innovations, environmental dynamics, and substrate fluidity.","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2307/3515322","usgsCitation":"Mangano, M., Buatois, L.A., West, R., and Maples, C.G., 1998, Contrasting behavioral and feeding strategies recorded by tidal-flat bivalve trace fossils from the Upper Carboniferous of eastern Kansas: Palaios, v. 13, no. 4, p. 335-351, https://doi.org/10.2307/3515322.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"351","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229915,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"eastern Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.6413862458381,\n 40.016343063499875\n ],\n [\n -97.6413862458381,\n 36.95795102522135\n ],\n [\n -94.62208436793321,\n 36.95795102522135\n ],\n [\n -94.62208436793321,\n 40.016343063499875\n ],\n [\n -97.6413862458381,\n 40.016343063499875\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa77e4b0c8380cd4daf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangano, M. Gabirela","contributorId":208037,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mangano","given":"M. Gabirela","affiliations":[{"id":13248,"text":"University of Saskatchewan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buatois, Luis A. 0000-0001-9523-750X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-750X","contributorId":195823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buatois","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"West, R.R.","contributorId":37491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maples, Christopher G.","contributorId":87396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maples","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23483,"text":"ofr98115 - 1998 - Digital geologic map of the Spokane 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington and Idaho: A digital database for the 1990 N.L. Joseph map","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-18T16:49:21.235367","indexId":"ofr98115","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-115","title":"Digital geologic map of the Spokane 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington and Idaho: A digital database for the 1990 N.L. Joseph map","docAbstract":"Geologic data from the geologic map of the Spokane 1:100,000-scale quadrangle compiled by Joseph (1990) were entered into a geographic information system (GIS) as part of a larger effort to create regional digital geology for the Pacific Northwest. The map area is located in eastern Washington and extends across the state border into western Idaho (Fig. 1). This open-file report describes the methods used to convert the geologic map data into a digital format, documents the file structures, and explains how to download the digital files from the U.S. Geological Survey public access World Wide Web site on the Internet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98115","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources","usgsCitation":"Johnson, B.R., and Derkey, P., 1998, Digital geologic map of the Spokane 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington and Idaho: A digital database for the 1990 N.L. Joseph map: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-115, Report: ii, 13 p.; Readme; Spokane quad; Text and AML files; Map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98115.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 13 p.; Readme; Spokane quad; Text and AML files; Map","numberOfPages":"15","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":108805,"rank":8,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17760.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"17760"},{"id":52787,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/pdf/98-115.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1793,"rank":6,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284295,"rank":4,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/readme.txt"},{"id":284296,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/covers.tar.Z"},{"id":284297,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/amls.tar.Z"},{"id":284298,"rank":1,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/spok100k.hp.Z"},{"id":284299,"rank":5,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98115.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.0,47.5 ], [ -118.0,48.0 ], [ -117.0,48.0 ], [ -117.0,47.5 ], [ -118.0,47.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65ac02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Bruce R.","contributorId":100009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Derkey, Pamela D.","contributorId":69590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derkey","given":"Pamela D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021155,"text":"70021155 - 1998 - West margin of North America - A synthesis of recent seismic transects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T16:14:56.421328","indexId":"70021155","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"West margin of North America - A synthesis of recent seismic transects","docAbstract":"A comparison of the deep structure along nine recent transects of the west margin of North America shows many important similarities and differences. Common tectonic elements identified in the deep structure along these transects include actively subducting oceanic crust, accreted oceanic/arc (or oceanic-like) lithosphere of Mesozoic through Cenozoic ages. Cenozoic accretionary prisms, Mesozoic accretionary prisms, backstops to the Mesozoic prisms, and undivided lower crust. Not all of these elements are present along all transects. In this study, nine transects, including four crossing subduction zones and five crossing transform faults, are plotted at the same scale and vertical exaggeration (V.E. 1:1), using the above scheme for identifying tectonic elements. The four subduction-zone transects contain actively subducting oceanic crust. Cenozoic accretionary prisms, and bodies of basaltic rocks accreted in the Cenozoic, including remnants of a large, oceanic plateau in the Oregon and Vancouver Island transects. Rocks of age and composition (Eocene basalt) similar to the oceanic plateau are currently subducting in southern Alaska, where they are doubled up on top of Pacific oceanic crust and have apparently created a giant asperity, or impediment to subduction. Most of the subduction-zone transects also contain Mesozoic accretionary prisms, and two of them, Vancouver Island and Alaska, also contain thick, technically underplated bodies of late Mesozoic/early Cenozoic oceanic lithosphere, interpreted as fragments of the extinct Kula plate. In the upper crust, most of the five transform-fault transects (all in California) reflect: (1) tectonic wedging of a Mesozoic accretionary prism into a backstop, which includes Mesozoic/early Cenozoic forearc rocks and Mesozoic ophiolitic/arc basement rocks: and (2) shuffling of the subduction margin of California by strike-slip faulting. In the lower crust, they may reflect migration of the Mendocino triple junction northward (seen in rocks east of the San Andreas fault) and cessation of Farallon-plate subduction (seen in rocks west of the San Andreas fault). In northern California, lower-crustal rocks east of the San Andreas fault have oceanic-crustal velocity and thickness and contain patches of high reflectivity. They may represent basaltic rocks magmatically underplated in the wake of the migration of the Mendocino triple junction, or they may represent stalled, subducted fragments of the Farallon/Gorda plate. The latter alternative does not fit the accepted 'slabless window' model for the migration of the triple junction. This lower-crustal layer and the Moho are offset at the San Andreas and Maacama faults. In central California, a similar lower-crustal layer is observed west of the San Andreas fault. West of the continental slope, it is Pacitic oceanic crust, but beneath the continent it may represent either Pacific oceanic crust, stalled, subducted fragments (microplates) of the Farallon plate, or basaltic rocks magmatically underplated during subduction of the Pacific/Farallon ridge or during breakup of the subducted Farallon plate. The transect in southern California is only partly representative of regional structure, as the structure here is 3-dimensional. In the upper crust, a Mesozoic prism has been thrust beneath crystalline basement rocks of the San Gabriel Mountains and Mojave Desert. In the mid-crust, a bright reflective zone is interpreted as a possible 'master' decollement that can be traced from the fold-and-thrust belt of the Los Angeles basin northward to at least the San Andreas fault. A Moho depression beneath the San Gabriel Mountains is consistent with downwelling of lithospheric mantle beneath the Transverse Ranges that appears to be driving the compression across the Transverse Ranges and Los Angeles basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00300-4","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Fuis, G., 1998, West margin of North America - A synthesis of recent seismic transects: Tectonophysics, v. 288, no. 1-4, p. 265-292, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00300-4.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"292","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":494137,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(97)00300-4","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, California, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Vancouver","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.17522712506494,\n 61.217190919521414\n ],\n [\n -158.65902964673563,\n 57.42344181651714\n ],\n [\n -123.37516452259177,\n 33.98872555083284\n ],\n [\n -118.2240533325811,\n 32.37973934808869\n ],\n [\n -114.33949244373234,\n 32.7455310942392\n ],\n [\n -114.56862512640006,\n 34.50928442250415\n ],\n [\n -120.07860326467929,\n 39.565080375115414\n ],\n [\n -119.11025591417561,\n 43.510705773508406\n ],\n [\n -120.66353202659494,\n 48.842974051027944\n ],\n [\n -132.851826669775,\n 60.65287298145492\n ],\n [\n -150.17522712506494,\n 61.217190919521414\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"288","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcff6e4b08c986b32ebd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuis, G. S.","contributorId":83131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"G. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223773,"text":"5223773 - 1998 - Higher temporal variability of forest breeding bird communities in fragmented landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-04T20:52:45.770654","indexId":"5223773","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-23T12:18:40","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3164,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Higher temporal variability of forest breeding bird communities in fragmented landscapes","docAbstract":"Understanding the relationship between animal community dynamics and landscape structure has become a priority for biodiversity conservation. In particular, predicting the effects of habitat destruction that confine species to networks of small patches is an important prerequisite to conservation plan development. Theoretical models that predict the occurrence of species in fragmented landscapes, and relationships between stability and diversity do exist. However, reliable empirical investigations of the dynamics of biodiversity have been prevented by differences in species detection probabilities among landscapes. Using long-term data sampled at a large spatial scale in conjunction with a capture-recapture approach, we developed estimates of parameters of community changes over a 22-year period for forest breeding birds in selected areas of the eastern United States. We show that forest fragmentation was associated not only with a reduced number of forest bird species, but also with increased temporal variability in the number of species. This higher temporal variability was associated with higher local extinction and turnover rates. These results have major conservation implications. Moreover, the approach used provides a practical tool for the study of the dynamics of biodiversity.","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.95.13.7497","usgsCitation":"Boulinier, T., Nichols, J.D., Hines, J.E., Sauer, J.R., Flather, C.H., and Pollock, K.H., 1998, Higher temporal variability of forest breeding bird communities in fragmented landscapes: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 95, no. 13, p. 7497-7501, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.13.7497.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"7497","endPage":"7501","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479709,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":200344,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-06-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68878e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boulinier, T.","contributorId":37845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boulinier","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":200533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0001-5478-7230 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":146530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sauer, John R. 0000-0002-4557-3019 jrsauer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":146917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flather, Curtis H.","contributorId":177590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flather","given":"Curtis","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pollock, Kenneth H.","contributorId":8590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":23620,"text":"ofr97655 - 1998 - Transport of sediment-bound organochlorine pesticides to the San Joaquin River, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr97655","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-655","title":"Transport of sediment-bound organochlorine pesticides to the San Joaquin River, California","docAbstract":"Most of the application of the organophosphate insecticide diazinon in the San Joaquin River Basin occurs in winter to control wood boring insects in dormant almond orchards. A federal-state collaborative study found that diazinon accounted for most of the observed toxicity of San Joaquin River water to water fleas in February 1993. Previous studies focused mainly on west-side inputs to the San Joaquin River. In this 1994 study, the three major east-side tributaries to the San Joaquin River, the Merced, Tuolumne, and Stanislaus Rivers, and a downstream site on the San Joaquin River were sampled throughout the hydrographs of a late January and an early February storm. In both storms, the Tuolumne River had the highest concentrations of diazinon and transported the largest load of the three tributaries. The Stanislaus River was a small source in both storms. On the basis of previous storm sampling and estimated traveltimes, ephemeral west-side creeks probably were the main diazinon source early in the storms, whereas the Tuolumne and Merced Rivers and east-side drainages directly to the San Joaquin River were the main sources later. Although 74 percent of diazinon transport in the San Joaquin River during 1991-1993 occurred in January and February, transport during each of the two 1994 storms was only 0.05 percent of the amount applied during preceding dry periods. Nevertheless, some of the diazinon concentrations in the San Joaquin River during the January storm exceeded 0.35 micrograms per liter, a concentration shown to be acutely toxic to water fleas. Diazinon concentrations were highly variable during the storms and frequent sampling was required to adequately describe the concentration curves and to estimate loads.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97655","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kratzer, C.R., 1998, Transport of sediment-bound organochlorine pesticides to the San Joaquin River, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-655, vii, 30 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97655.","productDescription":"vii, 30 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0655/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52897,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0655/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eedbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kratzer, Charles R.","contributorId":30619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23598,"text":"ofr9878 - 1998 - Rainfall and water-level data for a wetland area near Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, October 1996 through September 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr9878","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-78","title":"Rainfall and water-level data for a wetland area near Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, October 1996 through September 1997","docAbstract":"Rainfall amounts and water levels at a degraded wetland area near Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, were collected to assist the Tennessee Department of Transportation with a program designed to restore the wetland to a more natural condition. The site is located along a channelized reach of Big Creek Drainage Canal, east of State Route 240, and near the southeastern boundary of the Naval Support Activity Memphis, Millington. Rainfall amounts were recorded at 5-minute intervals using a tipping-bucket rain gage from October 1, 1996 through September 30, 1997. Total rainfall for this period was 70.16 inches. In general, water levels at the wetland were above or near the ground surface during the 6-month period from the first of January through June 1997. For the remainder of the year, water levels generally subsided to several feet below land surface. However, some locations within the wetland were wet or highly saturated year round.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9878","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., 1998, Rainfall and water-level data for a wetland area near Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, October 1996 through September 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-78, iii, 26 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9878.","productDescription":"iii, 26 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1647,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr98-078","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0078/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52884,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0078/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649864","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, R.R.","contributorId":59063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3483,"text":"cir1137 - 1998 - Hydrology of Central Florida Lakes - A Primer","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":24469,"text":"ofr96412 - 1996 - Hydrology of central Florida lakes, a primer","indexId":"ofr96412","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology of central Florida lakes, a primer"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":3483,"text":"cir1137 - 1998 - Hydrology of Central Florida Lakes - A Primer","indexId":"cir1137","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology of Central Florida Lakes - A Primer"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:38","indexId":"cir1137","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1137","title":"Hydrology of Central Florida Lakes - A Primer","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nLakes are among the most valued natural resources of central Florida. The landscape of central Florida is riddled with lakeswhen viewed from the air, it almost seems there is more water than land. Florida has more naturally formed lakes than other southeastern States, where many lakes are created by building dams across streams. The abundance of lakes on the Florida peninsula is a result of the geology and geologic history of the State. An estimated 7,800 lakes in Florida are greater than 1 acre in surface area. Of these, 35 percent are located in just four counties (fig. 1): Lake, Orange, Osceola, and Polk (Hughes, 1974b). Lakes add to the aesthetic and commercial value of the area and are used by many residents and visitors for fishing, boating, swimming, and other types of outdoor recreation. Lakes also are used for other purposes such as irrigation, flood control, water supply, and navigation. Residents and visitors commonly ask questions such as Whyare there so many lakes here?, Why is my lake drying up (or flooding)?, or Is my lake spring-fed? These questions indicate that the basic hydrology of lakes and the interaction of lakes with ground water and surface water are not well understood by the general population.\r\n\r\nBecause of the importance of lakes to residents of central Florida and the many questions and misconceptions about lakes, this primer was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the St. Johns River Water Management District and the South Florida Water Management District. The USGS has been collecting hydrologic data in central Florida since the 1920s, obtaining valuable information that has been used to better understand the hydrology of the water resources of central Florida, including lakes. In addition to data collection, as of 1994, the USGS had published 66 reports and maps on central Florida lakes (Garcia and Hoy, 1995).\r\n\r\nThe main purpose of this primer is to describe the hydrology of lakes in central Florida, the interactions between lakes and ground- and surface-waters, and to describe how these interactions affect lake water levels. Included are descriptions of the basic geology and geomorphology of central Florida, origins of central Florida lakes, factors that affect lake water levels, lake water quality, and common methods of improving water quality. The geographic area discussed in this primer is approximate (fig. 1) and includes west and east-central Florida, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean coastlines, northward into Marion, Putnam, and Flagler Counties, and southward to Lake Okeechobee. The information presented here was obtained from the many publications available on lakes in central Florida, as well as from publications on Florida geology, hydrology, and primers on ground water, surface water, and water quality. Many publications are available that provide more detailed information on lake water quality, and this primer is not intended as an extensive treatise on that subject. The reader is referred to the reference section of this primer for sources of more detailed information on lake water quality. Lakes discussed in this report are identified in figure 2. Technical terms used in the report are shown in bold italics and are defined in the glossary.\r\n\r\nThe classification of some water bodies as lakes is highly subjective. What one individual considers a lake another might consider a pond. Generally, any water- filled depression or group of depressions in the land surface could be considered a lake. Lakes differ from swamps or wetlands in the type and amount of vegetation, water depth, and some water-quality characteristics. Lakes typically have emergent vegetation along the shoreline with a large expanse of open water in the center. Swamps or wetlands, on the other hand, are characterized by a water surface interrupted by the emergence of many varieties of plant life, from saw grasses to cypress trees.\r\n\r\nLakes may be na","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/cir1137","isbn":"0607885610","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the St. Johns River Water Management District and South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Schiffer, D.M., 1998, Hydrology of Central Florida Lakes - A Primer: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1137, vi, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1137.","productDescription":"vi, 38 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":84,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fl.water.usgs.gov/Abstracts/c1137_schiffer.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":139443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6049b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schiffer, Donna M. schiffer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffer","given":"Donna","email":"schiffer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":147010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35345,"text":"b2150B - 1998 - Bedrock geology of the Paducah 1° x 2° CUSMAP quadrangle, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-16T19:28:31.095012","indexId":"b2150B","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2150","chapter":"B","title":"Bedrock geology of the Paducah 1° x 2° CUSMAP quadrangle, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Missouri","docAbstract":"The Paducah 1° x 2° quadrangle (hereafter referred to as the Paducah quadrangle) encompasses the eastern flank of the Ozark dome, the southern end of the Illinois Basin, and the northern end of the Mississippi Embayment. Resting on Proterozoic basement, sedimentary rocks of Cambrian through Permian age in the Illinois Basin and Ozark dome are overlapped by weakly lithified Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene, and Pliocene strata in the embayment. This is one of the most intensely faulted areas of the North American Midcontinent. A Proterozoic crustal terrane boundary (coincident with part of the Ste. Genevieve fault zone) and a failed intracratonic rift (Reelfoot rift and Rough Creek graben) have been reactivated repeatedly under various stress fields from Proterozoic through late Tertiary times.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Paducah CUSMAP quadrangle: Resource and topical investigations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2150B","usgsCitation":"Nelson, W.J., 1998, Bedrock geology of the Paducah 1° x 2° CUSMAP quadrangle, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2150, Report: iv, 36 p.; 1 Plate: 43.00 × 31.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b2150B.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 36 p.; 1 Plate: 43.00 × 31.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109058,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19757.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"19757"},{"id":3405,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2150b/b2150b.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":63200,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2150b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Paducah 1° x 2° CUSMAP quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 37\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634075","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, W. John","contributorId":25217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6519,"text":"pp1418 - 1998 - Hydrogeologic framework of the Michigan Basin regional aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T14:39:25","indexId":"pp1418","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1418","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of the Michigan Basin regional aquifer system","docAbstract":"Mississippian and younger geologic units form a regional system of aquifers and confining units in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The area of the regional aquifer system is about 22,000 square miles. The aquifer system consists of three bedrock aquifers, which are separated by confining units. Bedrock aquifers and confining units are overlain by surficial glaciofluvial aquifers, which are complexly intercalated with confining beds composed of glacial till and fine-grained lacustrine deposits.
Geophysical and geologic logs were used to characterize the hydrogeologic framework of this regional aquifer system and to delineate and map boundaries of aquifers and confining units. Geophysical logs and water-quality data were used to delineate the base of freshwater within the aquifer system and to determine geologic controls on the distribution of freshwater in the aquifer-system units.
Pleistocene glaciofluvial deposits are the largest reservoir of fresh ground water in the mapped region, and the thickness of this aquifer unit exceeds 900 feet in some areas. The Saginaw aquifer, the composite of sandstones of Pennsylvanian age, typically ranges in thickness from 100 to 350 feet in areas where this unit is used for water supply. In the western part of the aquifer system, the Saginaw aquifer is separated from glacial deposits by 100 to 150 feet of Jurassic \"red beds.\" \"Red beds\" are a confining unit, and the Saginaw aquifer contains saline water where it is overlain by these deposits. The Saginaw confining unit, which is principally shale, separates the Saginaw aquifer from the underlying Parma-Bayport aquifer. Thickness of the Saginaw confining unit is about 50 feet in the eastern and the southern parts of the aquifer system, about 100 feet in the north, and 100 to 250 feet in the west. The Parma-Bayport aquifer, which consists mostly of permeable sandstones and carbonates, is 100 to 150 feet thick in most areas. The ParmaBayport aquifer contains freshwater only in subcrop areas where it is in direct hydraulic connection with glacial deposits. Dissolved-solids concentration of ground water increases down regional dip in the ParmaBayport aquifer, and saline water or brine is present in this aquifer where it is overlain by the Saginaw confining unit.
The Michigan confining unit, which is about 300 to 400 feet thick in most of the area mapped, is primarily interbedded shale, carbonate, and evaporite. This confining unit overlies the Marshall aquifer, which consists of one or more stratigraphically continuous sandstones of Mississippian age. Composite thickness of blanket sandstones that form the Marshall aquifer is typically 75 to 200 feet. Freshwater is present in the Marshall aquifer only in areas where it is a subcrop beneath glacial deposits. Dissolved-solids concentration of ground water in the Marshall aquifer increases down regional dip, and saline water or brine is present in this unit where it underlies beds of the Michigan confining unit. The Mississippian Coldwater Shale forms the base of the regional aquifer system.
Relief on the base of freshwater is about 600 feet. Altitudes of the base of freshwater are low (200 to 400 feet) along a 30- to 45-mile-wide north-south-trending corridor near the center of the aquifer system. The trend of this corridor corresponds to an area where thickness of the Saginaw aquifer ranges from 100 to 370 feet. In isolated areas in the northern and the western parts of the aquifer system, the altitude of the base of freshwater is below 400 feet; however, the altitude is above 400 feet in most of the mapped area. In the southern and the northern parts of the aquifer system, where the Saginaw aquifer is thin or absent, altitudes of the base of freshwater range from 700 to 800 feet and from 500 to 700 feet, respectively.
Geologic controls on the distribution of freshwater in the regional aquifer system are (1) direct hydraulic connection between sandstone aquifers and freshwater-bearing, permeable glacial deposits; (2) impedance of upward discharge of saline water from sandstones by lodgment tills with very low permeability; (3) impedance of recharge of freshwater to bedrock (or discharge of saline water from bedrock) by very low permeability Jurassic \"red beds\"; and (4) the presence of units characterized by very low vertical-hydraulic-conductivity, which are within and between sandstone units.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/pp1418","usgsCitation":"Westjohn, D.B., and Weaver, T.L., 1998, Hydrogeologic framework of the Michigan Basin regional aquifer system: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1418, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1418.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1418/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33995,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1418/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Michigan Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89,\n 46.3333\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -81,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -81,\n 46.3333\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 46.3333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627a00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Westjohn, David B.","contributorId":84401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westjohn","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, T. L.","contributorId":24339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020458,"text":"70020458 - 1998 - Faulting parameters of the January 16, 1994 Wyomissing Hills, Pennsylvania earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-28T15:32:44.767032","indexId":"70020458","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Faulting parameters of the January 16, 1994 Wyomissing Hills, Pennsylvania earthquakes","docAbstract":"Two events dominated the January 1994, Wyomissing, PA earthquake sequence, an Mw 4.0 foreshock, followed by an Mw 4.6 mainshock. We modeled regional waveforms to estimate the event depth and the moment tensors for the two largest events in the sequence, and examine teleseismic waveforms recorded on the ARCESS short-period seismic array to estimate the depth and source time function of the mainshock. Our data constrain the depth of the events to be shallower than 5 km, and prefer a depth of 3–5 km. For an assumed depth of 3 km, the mainshock moment tensor is 75% double couple, with (the major double couple) planes striking at 135°N, 347°N, dips of 49°, 46°, and rakes of 68°, 114°. The estimated moment is 8.9 × 1022 dyne-cm. The P axis strikes 241°N and plunges 2°, the Tension axis strikes 336°N and plunges 73°. The foreshock inversion results are virtually identical to the mainshock results; for a source depth of three km, we find a major double couple with a strike, dip, and rake of 121°N, 60°, and 66°, respectively. The seismic moment for the foreshock is 1.2 × 1022 dyne-cm, which is approximately 13% of the mainshock moment release. These events did not excite high-frequency Lg waves as effectively as typical eastern North American events, and the mainshock had a stress drop in the range of 25–50 bars.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.69.3.261","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Ammon, C., Herrmann, R., Langston, C., and Benz, H., 1998, Faulting parameters of the January 16, 1994 Wyomissing Hills, Pennsylvania earthquakes: Seismological Research Letters, v. 69, no. 3, p. 261-269, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.69.3.261.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"269","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Wyomissing Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.03346163015975,\n 40.57060094938112\n ],\n [\n -76.03346163015975,\n 40.153114619966175\n ],\n [\n -75.25597275862621,\n 40.153114619966175\n ],\n [\n -75.25597275862621,\n 40.57060094938112\n ],\n [\n -76.03346163015975,\n 40.57060094938112\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f22e4b0c8380cd537b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ammon, C.J.","contributorId":28389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ammon","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herrmann, Robert B.","contributorId":80255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herrmann","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langston, C.A.","contributorId":84882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langston","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Benz, H.","contributorId":61953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70228804,"text":"70228804 - 1998 - Paleoclimate simulations for North America over the past 21,000 years: Features of the simulated climate and comparisons with paleoenvironmental data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T14:44:01.256068","indexId":"70228804","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T08:30:46","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoclimate simulations for North America over the past 21,000 years: Features of the simulated climate and comparisons with paleoenvironmental data","docAbstract":"Maps of upper-level and surface winds and of surface temperature and precipitation illustrate the results of a sequence of global paleoclimatic simulations spanning the past 21,000 yr for North America. We review (a) the large-scale features of circulation, temperature, and precipitation that appear in the simulations from the NCAR Community Climate Model Version 1 (CCM 1), (b) the implications of the simulated climate for the past continental-scale distributions of three plant taxa (Picea spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Artemisia tridentata), which are broadly representative of the vegetation across the continent, and (c) the potential explanations in terms of atmospheric circulation or surface energy- and water-balance processes for mismatches between the simulations and observations. Most of the broad-scale features of previous paleoclimatic simulations with the NCAR CCM 0 for North America are present in the current simulations. Many of the elements of a conceptual model (based on previous climate simulations) that describes the controls of paleoclimatic variations across North America during the past 21,000 yr are found in simulations reviewed here. These include (1) displacement of the jet stream by the Laurentide Ice Sheet to the south of its present position in both winter and summer, (2) generation of a ‘glacial anticyclone’ over the ice sheet at the LGM, and the consequent induction of large-scale sinking motions induced over eastern North America, (3) changes in the strength of surface atmospheric circulation features through time, including weakening of the Aleutian low in winter, and strengthening of the eastern Pacific and Bermuda high-pressure systems in summer as the ice sheet decreased in size, (4) development of a ‘heat low’ at the surface and a strengthened ridge in the upper-atmosphere over the continent at the time of the maximum summer insolation anomaly, (5) increases in summer temperature earlier in regions remote from the ice sheet (these increases appear earlier in the present (CCM 1) simulations than in the previous (CCM 0) ones, however), and (6) continuation of negative winter temperature anomalies into the middle Holocene. In general, simulated surface conditions that are discordant with paleoenvironmental observations can be attributed to the simulation of particular atmospheric circulation patterns (e.g. those that suppress precipitation or advect warm air into a region), with these mismatches amplified in Beringia and the southeastern United States by surface energy- and water-balance processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00012-2","usgsCitation":"Bartlein, P., Anderson, K.H., Anderson, P.M., Edwards, M.E., Mock, C.J., Thompson, R.S., Webb, R.S., Webb, T., and Whitlock, C., 1998, Paleoclimate simulations for North America over the past 21,000 years: Features of the simulated climate and comparisons with paleoenvironmental data: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 17, no. 6-7, p. 549-585, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00012-2.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"549","endPage":"585","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396240,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 6.315298538330033\n ],\n [\n -75.9375,\n 11.867350911459308\n ],\n [\n -66.796875,\n 19.973348786110602\n ],\n [\n -78.3984375,\n 31.653381399664\n ],\n [\n -50.2734375,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -40.078125,\n 62.431074232920906\n ],\n [\n -22.148437499999996,\n 69.41124235697256\n ],\n [\n -16.5234375,\n 75.75894014501688\n ],\n [\n -18.6328125,\n 78.63000556774836\n ],\n [\n -9.4921875,\n 81.56996820323275\n ],\n [\n -26.3671875,\n 83.82994542398042\n ],\n [\n -39.0234375,\n 83.9050579559856\n ],\n [\n -58.35937499999999,\n 82.72096436126803\n ],\n [\n -77.34374999999999,\n 83.4803661137381\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 81.62135170283739\n ],\n [\n -116.3671875,\n 78.49055166160312\n ],\n [\n -125.5078125,\n 76.434603583513\n ],\n [\n -130.078125,\n 71.07405646336098\n ],\n [\n -138.1640625,\n 70.49557354093136\n ],\n [\n -155.390625,\n 72.28906720017675\n ],\n [\n -163.916015625,\n 69.90011762668541\n ],\n [\n -166.640625,\n 68.97416358340674\n ],\n [\n -166.904296875,\n 68.43151284537514\n ],\n [\n -164.00390625,\n 67.1016555307692\n ],\n [\n -168.57421875,\n 65.80277639340238\n ],\n [\n -166.81640625,\n 64.47279382008166\n ],\n [\n -166.46484375,\n 61.73152565113397\n ],\n [\n -167.958984375,\n 60.23981116999893\n ],\n [\n -167.607421875,\n 53.12040528310657\n ],\n [\n -155.478515625,\n 56.022948079627454\n ],\n [\n -152.05078125,\n 57.37393841871411\n ],\n [\n -146.337890625,\n 60.1524422143808\n ],\n [\n -140.44921875,\n 59.22093407615045\n ],\n [\n -135.615234375,\n 56.022948079627454\n ],\n [\n -132.802734375,\n 51.944264879028765\n ],\n [\n -125.68359374999999,\n 47.87214396888731\n ],\n [\n -125.33203125,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -125.5078125,\n 38.61687046392973\n ],\n [\n -118.47656249999999,\n 31.952162238024975\n ],\n [\n -113.291015625,\n 24.206889622398023\n ],\n [\n -103.798828125,\n 17.895114303749143\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 14.859850400601037\n ],\n [\n -94.658203125,\n 15.623036831528264\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 12.382928338487396\n ],\n [\n -84.19921875,\n 7.710991655433217\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 6.315298538330033\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.75195312499997,\n 18.47960905583197\n ],\n [\n -153.984375,\n 18.47960905583197\n ],\n [\n -153.984375,\n 23.079731762449878\n ],\n [\n -160.75195312499997,\n 23.079731762449878\n ],\n [\n -160.75195312499997,\n 18.47960905583197\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartlein, P. J.","contributorId":54566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, K. H.","contributorId":81527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, P. M.","contributorId":71722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, M. E.","contributorId":29977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mock, C. J.","contributorId":279846,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mock","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thompson, Robert S. 0000-0001-9287-2954 rthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-2954","contributorId":891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Robert","email":"rthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Webb, R. S.","contributorId":279847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Webb, T. III","contributorId":38297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"T.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Whitlock, C.","contributorId":105836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlock","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":6031,"text":"pp1588 - 1998 - The brachiopod Antiquatonia coloradoensis (Girty) from the upper Morrowan and Atokan (lower Middle Pennsylvanian) of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T12:20:53","indexId":"pp1588","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1588","title":"The brachiopod Antiquatonia coloradoensis (Girty) from the upper Morrowan and Atokan (lower Middle Pennsylvanian) of the United States","docAbstract":"The productid brachiopod Antiquatonia coloradoensis occurs commonly in lower Middle Pennsylvanian rocks representing open-bay, shelf-lagoon, and shelf-margin marine facies and extending from the Eastern Great Basin, through the Southern Rocky Mountains, southern and central Midcontinent, to the southern and eastern Appalachian Basin. This study demonstrates that Antiquatonia coloradoenesis is biostratigraphically diagnostic with a temporal range of late Morrowan through Atokan. Its ancestor was A. morrowensis (Mather) and its descendant was A. hermosana (Girty).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/pp1588","usgsCitation":"Henry, T.W., 1998, The brachiopod Antiquatonia coloradoensis (Girty) from the upper Morrowan and Atokan (lower Middle Pennsylvanian) of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1588, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1588.","productDescription":"32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1588.jpg"},{"id":787,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1588/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":333341,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1588/p1588.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669637","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henry, Thomas W.","contributorId":54196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021101,"text":"70021101 - 1998 - More than one way to stretch: A tectonic model for extension along the plume track of the Yellowstone hotspot and adjacent Basin and Range Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-05T21:53:36.858048","indexId":"70021101","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"More than one way to stretch: A tectonic model for extension along the plume track of the Yellowstone hotspot and adjacent Basin and Range Province","docAbstract":"The eastern Snake River Plain of southern Idaho poses a paradoxical problem because it is nearly aseismic and unfaulted although it appears to be actively extending in a SW-NE direction continuously with the adjacent block-faulted Basin and Range Province. The plain represents the 100-km-wide track of the Yellowstone hotspot during the last ∼16–17 m.y., and its crust has been heavily intruded by mafic magma, some of which has erupted to the surface as extensive basalt flows. Outside the plain's distinct topographic boundaries is a transition zone 30–100 km wide that has variable expression of normal faulting and magmatic activity as compared with the surrounding Basin and Range Province. Many models for the evolution of the Snake River Plain have as an integral component the suggestion that the crust of the plain became strong enough through basaltic intrusion to resist extensional deformation. However, both the boundaries of the plain and its transition zone lack any evidence of zones of strike slip or other accommodation that would allow the plain to remain intact while the Basin and Range Province extended around it; instead, the plain is coupled to its surroundings and extending with them. We estimate strain rates for the northern Basin and Range Province from various lines of evidence and show that these strains would far exceed the elastic limit of any rocks coupled to the Basin and Range; thus, if the plain is extending along with its surroundings, as the geologic evidence indicates, it must be doing so by a nearly aseismic process. Evidence of the process is provided by volcanic rift zones, indicators of subsurface dikes, which trend across the plain perpendicular to its axis. We suggest that variable magmatic strain accommodation, by emplacement and inflation of dikes perpendicular to the least principal stress in the elastic crust, allows the crust of the plain to extend nearly aseismically. Dike injection releases accumulated elastic strain but generates only the small earthquakes associated with dike propagation. The rate of dike emplacement required to accommodate the estimated longitudinal strain rate of the plain is roughly a composite width of 10 m every 1000 years for the geologically youngest and most active part of the plain. The locus of most rapid intrusion and strain has migrated toward Yellowstone and is now in the northeastern 100–150 km of the plain. Reduced magmatic input in the transition zone of the plain causes the transitional expression of seismicity and faulting there.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98TC00463","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., Thompson, G.A., and Smith, R., 1998, More than one way to stretch: A tectonic model for extension along the plume track of the Yellowstone hotspot and adjacent Basin and Range Province: Tectonics, v. 17, no. 2, p. 221-234, https://doi.org/10.1029/98TC00463.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"234","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495379,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98tc00463","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230013,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.82733557102696,\n 46.42333982221035\n ],\n [\n -123.82733557102696,\n 31.555661908928727\n ],\n [\n -106.91437710811869,\n 31.555661908928727\n ],\n [\n -106.91437710811869,\n 46.42333982221035\n ],\n [\n -123.82733557102696,\n 46.42333982221035\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e2de4b0c8380cd7084d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, Tom 0000-0002-0582-4338","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-4338","contributorId":75009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Tom","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, George A.","contributorId":94288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, R.P.","contributorId":105283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}