Continuous monitoring data can be extremely useful for assessing water quality conditions particularly for variables that exhibit dynamic diel swings such as dissolved oxygen. As a means of evaluating dissolved oxygen criteria used by the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) for assessing this stream class, we compared continuous dissolved oxygen (DO) data collected at five small- to moderate-sized (watersheds 10-100 mi2), high-gradient streams in the Boston Mountains distributed across a land-use and nutrient condition gradient. The current DO criteria employed by ADEQ for Boston Mountains streams >10 mi2 consists of both an exceedance rate and a magnitude, in which, streams may be considered 'impaired' if greater than 10% of DO measurements during a period of record are < 6 mg/L. The 10% exceedance rate, however, is a commonly used “default” value that requires independent testing for different ecoregion stream classifications. Our findings for the five Boston Mountain streams fit a general pattern established for other aquatic systems (e.g. larger streams, low-gradient streams, and lakes) where increasing land-use intensity generally results in increased nutrient concentrations, which can lead to stream eutrophication and increased DO variability. DO concentrations were < 6 mg/L for fewer than 4% of measurements at the two sites identified “a priori” as least disturbed by nutrient and land-use indices, while concentrations at the three sites identified as moderately and most disturbed were < 6 mg/L for 20 to 33% of measurements. These findings demonstrate that the 10% exceedance rate currently employed by ADEQ was effective at identifying various degrees of DO impairment in Boston Mountain streams. Our analysis also demonstrated that continuous pH and specific conductance data and estimates of stream metabolism were helpful for associating DO variability to anthropogenic or natural origins. Considerations that were useful for examining these relationships and evaluating ADEQ’s DO criteria should be applicable to DO studies in other locations where stream and geologic characteristics are like those of the Boston Mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10661-019-7737-0","usgsCitation":"Justus, B., Driver, L., Green, J., and Wentz, N., 2019, Relations of dissolved-oxygen variability, selected field constituents, and metabolism estimates to land use and nutrients in high-gradient Boston Mountain streams, Arkansas: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 10, no. 191, 632, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7737-0.","productDescription":"632, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-082531","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367635,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Big Creek stream, Illinois Bayou stream, South Fork Little Red stream, Town Branch stream, White River 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\"}}]}","volume":"10","issue":"191","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-09-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Justus, Billy 0000-0002-3458-9656 bjustus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3458-9656","contributorId":202148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Justus","given":"Billy","email":"bjustus@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driver, Lucas 0000-0003-2549-1849","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2549-1849","contributorId":219176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driver","given":"Lucas","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Green, J.J.","contributorId":219175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Green","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39966,"text":"Arkansas Dept Env. 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Quality","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":771496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70205385,"text":"70205385 - 2019 - Physically based estimation of rainfall thresholds triggering shallow landslides in volcanic slopes of southern Italy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-17T08:50:30","indexId":"70205385","displayToPublicDate":"2019-09-14T08:49:23","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3709,"text":"Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physically based estimation of rainfall thresholds triggering shallow landslides in volcanic slopes of southern Italy","docAbstract":"On the 4th and 5th of March 2005, about 100 rainfall-induced landslides occurred along volcanic slopes of Camaldoli Hill in Naples, Italy. These started as soil slips in the upper substratum of incoherent and welded volcaniclastic deposits, then evolved downslope according to debris avalanche and debris flow mechanisms. This specific case of slope instability on complex volcaniclastic deposits remains poorly characterized and understood, although similar shallow landsliding phenomena have largely been studied in other peri-volcanic areas of the Campania region underlain by carbonate bedrock. Considering the landslide hazard in this urbanized area, this study focused on quantitatively advancing the understanding of the predisposing factors and hydrological conditions contributing to the initial landslide triggering. Borehole drilling, trial pits, dynamic penetrometer tests, topographic surveys, and infiltration tests were conducted on a slope sector of Camaldoli Hill to develop a geological framework model. Undisturbed soil samples were collected for laboratory testing to further characterize hydraulic and geotechnical properties of the soil units identified. In situ soil pressure head monitoring probes were also installed. A numerical model of two-dimensional variably saturated subsurface water flow was parameterized for the monitored hillslope using field and laboratory data. Based on the observed soil pressure head dynamics, the model was calibrated by adjusting the evapotranspiration parameters. This physically based hydrologic model was combined with an infinite-slope stability analysis to reconstruct the critical unsaturated/saturated conditions leading to slope failure. This coupled hydromechanical numerical model was then used to determine intensity–duration (I-D) thresholds for landslide initiation over a range of plausible rainfall intensities and topographic slope angles for the region. The proposed approach can be conceived as a practicable method for defining a warning criterion in urbanized areas threatened by rainfall-induced shallow landslides, given the unavailability of a consistent inventory of past landslide events that prevents a rigorous empirical analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w11091915","usgsCitation":"Fusco, F., De Vita, P., Mirus, B.B., Baum, R.L., Allocca, V., Tufano, R., and Calcaterra, D., 2019, Physically based estimation of rainfall thresholds triggering shallow landslides in volcanic slopes of southern Italy: Water, v. 11, no. 9, Article 1915, https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091915.","productDescription":"Article 1915","ipdsId":"IP-102857","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":459825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091915","text":"Publisher Index 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V.","contributorId":149077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allocca","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17631,"text":"Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":770981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tufano, R.","contributorId":219007,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tufano","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39950,"text":"University of Napoli Federico II, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":770982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Calcaterra, D. 0000-0002-3480-3667","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-3667","contributorId":219008,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calcaterra","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39950,"text":"University of Napoli Federico II, 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Spatial landscape analysis can help guide a large and complex ecosystem restoration process, involving billions of dollars and multiple groups of stakeholders.
To guide Everglades restoration efforts, we evaluated ecological performance of different hydrologic restoration scenarios using a novel technique, the structural similarity index (SSIM), which quantitatively compares similarity between pairs of gridded maps in terms of mean, variance, and covariance.
Using the SSIM, we evaluated system-wide performance of apple snails, American alligators, Great egrets, and long- and short-hydroperiod vegetation types under multiple restoration scenarios that varied in water management strategies, amounts of water storage, removal of levees and canals (decompartmentalization), and seepage control barriers. We then compared species and habitat responses under each restoration scenario to a target scenario simulating the historical, natural system.
The SSIM approach provides a reliable means of scenario comparison, accounting for both the local magnitude and spatial structure of the underlying data. Our results demonstrated that decompartmentalization benefits the indicator species. In general, scenarios with increased water storage were closer to the target scenario.
This spatial comparison technique is useful for evaluating restoration efforts at multiple spatial scales, ranging from the entire ecosystem down to individual compartments or sub-compartments. The results can be used to inform management and restoration efforts and to guide policy for the greater Everglades area.
The magnitude of annual exceedance probability floods is greatly affected by the coefficient of skewness (skew) of the annual peak flows at a streamgage. Standard flood frequency methods recommend weighting the station skew with a regional skew to better represent regional and stable conditions. This study presents an updated analysis of a regional skew for New England developed using a robust Bayesian weighted and generalized least squares regression model. Nineteen explanatory variables for 153 streamgages were tested in the regression analysis, but none were statistically significant and, as a result, a constant model was selected to define the regional skew for New England. The constant model for the New England region has, in log units, a skew of 0.37, a model error variance of 0.13, and an average variance of prediction at a new site of 0.14. An assessment of the selected regional skew model was conducted using a Monte Carlo analysis. The Monte Carlo simulations reveal that the perceived pattern in the station skews among the 153 streamgages is an artifact of the sample variability and the covariance structure of the errors.
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U.S. Geological Survey
MS 415 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
User‐friendly stream temperature models populated with on‐site data may help in developing strategies to manage temperatures of individual stream reaches that are subject to climate change. We used the field‐tested Stream Segment Temperature model (U.S. Geological Survey) to simulate how altering discharge, groundwater input, channel wetted width, and shade prevents the temperatures of White Mountain, Arizona, stream reaches from exceeding the thermal tolerance of Apache Trout Oncorhynchus apache, both under existing conditions and under a climate change scenario. Simulations suggested increasing shade, either through streamside planting of specific numbers and species of plants or by other means, would be most effective and feasible for cooling the stream reaches we studied. Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa and Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii provided the most shade followed in order by Engelman spruce Picea engelmannii, Bebb's willow Salix bebbiana, Arizona alder Alnus oblongifolia, and finally coyote willow Salix exigua. Vegetation survival depends on the appropriateness of site conditions at present and under climate change, and planting in buffer strips minimizes additional water removal from the watershed through evapotranspiration. Alternative shading options, including thick sedge growth, shade cloth, or felled woody vegetation, may be considered when environmental conditions do not support plantings. Increasing groundwater input can cool streams, but additional sources are scarce in the region. Decreasing the width‐to‐depth ratio would succeed best on reaches with widths greater than 2.0 m. Increasing discharge from upstream may lower water temperature on reaches with an initial discharge greater than 0.5 m3/s. Existing models provide suggestions to cool stream reaches. Further development of accessible software packages that incorporate evaporation, fragmentation, and other projected climate change effects into their routines will provide additional tools to help manage climate change effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1002/nafm.10337","usgsCitation":"Baker, J.P., and Bonar, S.A., 2019, Using a mechanistic model to develop management strategies to cool Apache Trout streams under the threat of climate change: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 39, no. 5, p. 849-867, https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10337.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"849","endPage":"867","ipdsId":"IP-098411","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":379466,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"White Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.225830078125,\n 33.53681606773302\n ],\n [\n -109.05853271484374,\n 33.53681606773302\n ],\n [\n -109.05853271484374,\n 34.440893571391165\n ],\n [\n -110.225830078125,\n 34.440893571391165\n ],\n [\n -110.225830078125,\n 33.53681606773302\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-09-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, Joy Price","contributorId":243199,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"Joy","email":"","middleInitial":"Price","affiliations":[{"id":40855,"text":"UA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":801718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bonar, Scott A. 0000-0003-3532-4067 sbonar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3532-4067","contributorId":3712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonar","given":"Scott","email":"sbonar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":801719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70204961,"text":"sim3439 - 2019 - Potentiometric surface of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, spring 2016","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-04T06:00:30","indexId":"sim3439","displayToPublicDate":"2019-09-12T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3439","displayTitle":"Potentiometric Surface of the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer, Spring 2016","title":"Potentiometric surface of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, spring 2016","docAbstract":"A potentiometric surface map for spring 2016 was created for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial (MRVA) aquifer using selected available groundwater-altitude data from wells and surface-water-altitude data from streamgages. Most of the wells were measured annually or one time after installation, but some wells were measured more than one time or continually; streamgages are typically operated continuously. Personnel from the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission, Arkansas Department of Health, Arkansas Geological Survey, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Illinois State Water Survey, Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, Yazoo Mississippi Delta Joint Water Management District, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Natural Resources Conservation Service, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) routinely collect groundwater data from wells screened in the MRVA aquifer. The USGS and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers routinely collect data on river stage and discharge for the rivers overlying the MRVA aquifer.
The potentiometric surface map for 2016 was created using existing data as part of the USGS Water Availability and Use Science Program to support investigations that characterize the MRVA aquifer. Sufficient groundwater-altitude data were available to create a potentiometric-surface map for spring 2016 for about 81 percent of the aquifer area. The potentiometric contours ranged from 10 to 340 feet. The regional direction of groundwater flow in the MRVA aquifer was generally towards the south-southwest, except in areas of groundwater-altitude depressions, where groundwater flows into the depressions, and near rivers, where groundwater flow generally parallels the flow in the rivers. There are large depressions in the potentiometric surface of the MRVA aquifer in the lower half of the Cache region and in most of the Grand Prairie and Delta regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3439","usgsCitation":"McGuire, V.L., Seanor, R.C., Asquith, W.H., Kress, W.H., and Strauch, K.R., 2019, Potentiometric surface of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, spring 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3439, 14 p., 5 sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3439.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: vi, 14 p.; 5 Sheets: 30.0 x 46.0 inches or smaller; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-087587","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367362,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9SV1HMQ","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data associated with potentiometric surface, Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, spring 2016"},{"id":367352,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3439/sim3439_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1—All Mississippi Alluvial Plain (MAP) regions","size":"6.10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3439 Sheet 1"},{"id":367351,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3439/coverthb_sheet1.jpg"},{"id":367356,"rank":6,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3439/sim3439_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4—Delta MAP region","size":"1.54 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3439 Sheet 4"},{"id":367353,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3439/sim3439.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"6.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3439 Pamphlet"},{"id":367354,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3439/sim3439_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2—St. Francis and Cache MAP regions","size":"1.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3439 Sheet 2"},{"id":367355,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3439/sim3439_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3—Boeuf and Grand Prairie MAP regions","size":"2.22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3439 Sheet 3"},{"id":367357,"rank":7,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3439/sim3439_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet 5—Atchafalaya and Deltaic and Chenier Plain MAP regions ","size":"2.76 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3439 Sheet 5"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River Alluvial Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -91.845703125,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -92.7685546875,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -92.5048828125,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -92.548828125,\n 29.878755346037977\n ],\n [\n -92.59277343749999,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n -89.4287109375,\n 28.69058765425071\n ],\n [\n -88.76953125,\n 28.806173508854776\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 30.675715404167743\n ],\n [\n -88.72558593749999,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -88.857421875,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 38.20365531807149\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Nebraska Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5231 South 19th Street
Lincoln, NE 68512
High-frequency water-quality monitoring stations measure and transmit data, often in near real-time, from a wide range of aquatic environments to assess the quality of the Nation’s water resources. Common instrumentation for high-frequency water-quality data collection uses a multi-parameter sonde, which typically has sensors that measure and record water temperature, specific conductance, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Nitrate, turbidity, and fluorescent dissolved organic matter can also be monitored at high frequency.
High-frequency groundwater-quality monitoring stations provide high-resolution time-series data to improve understanding of the timing of water-quality changes in the subsurface, especially for aquifer systems with short groundwater-residence times. High-frequency time-series data are used to monitor surface-water to groundwater interaction, quantify contaminant transport rates, and study water-quality variability in relation to variability of precipitation and groundwater pumping rates. High-frequency monitoring for contaminants or their surrogates have the added benefit of providing an early warning to protect valuable or sensitive aquifer resources. High-frequency time-series data also reveal short-term trends in groundwater quality, which may not be identifiable from monthly or annual sampling programs which facilitate the interpretation of decadal conditions. Systematic application of water-quality sonde operational procedures and a standard record-computation process are part of the required quality assurance for producing and documenting complete and accurate high-frequency groundwater-quality monitoring records. To collect quality high-frequency groundwater times-series data, water-quality sondes and sensors require careful field operation, cleaning, and calibration, as well as specific procedures for data computation, evaluation, review, and publication of final records.
This report provides guidelines for the use of water-quality sondes and sensors for high-frequency groundwater-quality monitoring and updates the guidance pertaining to standardized records computation procedures for a wide range of groundwater environments. This report builds on previous continuous surface-water-quality monitoring guidance documentation for water temperature, specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, and nitrate. The specific groundwater-quality monitoring guidelines presented in this report address station selection, design, installation, and operations; sonde and sensor inspections and cleaning and calibration methods; troubleshooting procedures; data evaluations, data corrections, and record computations; and record review, approval, and auditing procedures for the groundwater environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm1D7","usgsCitation":"Mathany, T.M., Saraceno, J.F., and Kulongoski, J.T., 2019, Guidelines and standard procedures for high-frequency groundwater-quality monitoring stations—Design, operation, and record computation: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 1–D7, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm1D7.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 54; 3 Appendices; Data Release","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-088740","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367299,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d7/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":367364,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d7/tm1d7_appendix2_field_form.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"60 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"TM 1D7","linkHelpText":" — U.S. Geological Survey High-Frequency Groundwater-Quality Field Form"},{"id":367323,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QLWSBS","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Electrical conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen time-series data generated from the short-term precision experiment and the long-term field precision analysis to characterize water-quality sondes for the Guidelines and Standard Procedures for High-Frequency Groundwater-Quality Monitoring Station Techniques and Methods Report."},{"id":367348,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d7/tm1d7_fig_6-1ab_form_.pdf","text":"Appendix 6","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM 1D7","linkHelpText":" — Example of a High-Frequency Groundwater-Quality Record Approver Checklist"},{"id":367300,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d7/tm1d7_.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM 1D7"},{"id":367347,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d7/tm1d7_fig_5-1ab_form_.pdf","text":"Appendix 5","size":"2.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM 1D7","linkHelpText":" — Example of a High-Frequency Groundwater-Quality Record Analyst Checklist"}],"contact":"Director,
California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
Nuclear research activities at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Idaho National Laboratory (INL) produced liquid and solid chemical and radiochemical wastes that were disposed to the subsurface resulting in detectable concentrations of some waste constituents in the eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) aquifer. These waste constituents may affect the water quality of the aquifer and may pose risks to the eventual users of the aquifer water. To understand these risks to water quality the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the DOE, conducted geochemical mass-balance modeling of the ESRP aquifer to improve the understanding of chemical reactions, sources of recharge, mixing of water, and groundwater flow directions in the shallow (upper 250 feet) aquifer at the INL.
Modeling was conducted using the water chemistry of 127 water samples collected from sites at and near the INL. Water samples were collected between 1952 and 2017 with most of the samples collected during the mid-1990s. Geochemistry and isotopic data used in geochemical modeling consisted of dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, major ions, silica, aluminum, iron, and the stable isotope ratios of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon.
Geochemical modeling results indicated that the primary chemical reactions in the aquifer were precipitation of calcite and dissolution of plagioclase (An60) and basalt volcanic glass. Secondary minerals other than calcite included calcium montmorillonite and goethite. Reverse cation exchange, consisting of sodium exchanging for calcium on clay minerals, occurred near site facilities where large amounts of sodium were released to the ESRP aquifer in wastewater discharge. Reverse cation exchange acted to retard the movement of wastewater-derived sodium in the aquifer.
Regional groundwater inflow was the primary source of recharge to the aquifer underlying the Northeast and Southeast INL Areas. Birch Creek (BC), the Big Lost River (BLR), and groundwater from BC valley provided recharge to the North INL Area, and the BLR and groundwater from BC and Little Lost River (LLR) valleys provided recharge to the Central INL Area. The BLR, groundwater from the BLR and LLR valleys and the Lost River Range, and precipitation provided recharge to the Northwest and Southwest INL Areas. The primary source of recharge west and southwest of the INL was groundwater inflow from BLR valley. Upwelling geothermal water was a small source of recharge at two wells. Aquifer recharge from surface water in the northern, central, and western parts of the INL indicated that the aquifer in these areas was a dynamic, open system, whereas the aquifer in the eastern part of the INL, which receives little recharge from surface water, was a relatively static and closed system.
Sources of recharge identified from isotope ratios and geochemical modeling (major ion concentrations) were nearly identical for the North, Northeast, Southeast, and Central INL Areas, which indicated that both methods probably accurately identified the sources of recharge in these areas. Conversely, isotope ratios indicated that the BLR and groundwater from the LLR valley provided most recharge to the western parts of the Northwest and Southwest INL Areas, whereas geochemical modeling results indicated a smaller area of recharge from the BLR and groundwater from the LLR valley, a larger area of recharge from the Lost River Range, and recharge of groundwater from the BLR valley that extended to the west INL boundary. The results from geochemical modeling probably were more accurate because major ion concentrations, but not isotope ratios, were available to characterize groundwater from the BLR valley and the Lost River Range.
Sources of recharge identified with a groundwater flow model (using particle tracking) and geochemical modeling were similar for the Northeast and Southeast INL Areas. However, differences between the models were that the geochemical model represented (1) recharge of groundwater from the Lost River Range in the western part of the INL, whereas the flow model did not, (2) recharge of groundwater from the BC and BLR valleys extending farther south and east, respectively, than the flow model, and (3) more recharge from the BLR in the Southwest INL Area than the flow model.
Mixing of aquifer water beneath the INL included (1) mixing of regional groundwater and water from the BC valley in the Northeast and Southeast INL Areas and (2) mixing of surface water (primarily from the BLR) and groundwater across much of the North, Central, Northwest, and Southwest INL Areas. Localized recharge from precipitation mixed with groundwater in the Northwest and Southwest INL Areas, and localized upwelling geothermal water mixed with groundwater in the Central and Northeast INL Areas. Flow directions of regional groundwater were south in the eastern part of the INL and south-southwest at downgradient locations. Groundwater from the BC and LLR valleys initially flowed southeast before changing to south-southwest flow directions that paralleled regional groundwater, and groundwater from the BLR valley initially flowed south before changing to a southsouthwest direction.
Wastewater-contaminated groundwater flowed south from the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC) infiltration ponds in a narrow plume, with the percentage of wastewater in groundwater decreasing due to dilution, dispersion, and (or) degradation from about 60‒80 percent wastewater 0.7‒0.8 mile (mi) south of the INTEC infiltration ponds to about 1.4 percent wastewater about 15.5 mi south of the INTEC infiltration ponds. Wastewater contaminated groundwater flowed southeast and then southwest from the Naval Reactors Facility industrial waste ditch, with the percentage of wastewater in groundwater decreasing from about 100 percent wastewater adjacent to the waste ditch to about 2 percent wastewater about 0.6 mi south of the waste ditch.
Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Road
Boise, Idaho 83702
The Paradox Valley in southwestern Colorado is a collapsed anticline formed by movement of the salt-rich Paradox Formation at the core of the anticline. The salinity of the Dolores River, a tributary of the Colorado River, increases substantially as it crosses the valley because of discharge of brine-rich groundwater derived from the underlying salts. Although the brine is naturally occurring, it increases the salinity of the Colorado River, which is a major concern to downstream agricultural, municipal, and industrial water users. The U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation conducted a study to improve the characterization of processes controlling spatial and temporal variations in brine discharge to the Dolores River. For the study, three geophysical surveys were conducted in March, May, and September 2017, and water levels were monitored in selected ponds and groundwater wells from November 2016 to May 2018. The study also utilized streamflow and specific conductance data from two U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations on the Dolores River to estimate salt load to the river.
River-based continuous resistivity profiling and frequency domain electromagnetic induction surveys made during low-flow conditions indicated a zone of brine-rich groundwater close to the riverbed along an approximately 4-kilometer reach of the river. Under high-flow conditions, the brine was depressed as much as 2 meters below the riverbed, and brine discharge to the river was reduced to a minimum. Direct current electrical resistivity surveys show that the freshwater lens overlying the brine is much thicker (up to 10 meters) on the west bank than on the east bank (less than 5 meters). A large low-conductivity anomaly at river distance 6,800 meters was observed in all surveys and may represent a freshwater discharge zone or a losing reach of the river.
Filling and draining of the wildlife ponds on the west side of the river had a negligible effect on salt loads in the river during the study period. Groundwater monitoring showed there was active exchange of water between the river and the adjacent alluvial aquifer. When river stage was low, groundwater flowed towards the river, and brine discharge to the river increased. When the river stage was high, the gradient was reversed, and fresh surface water recharged the alluvial aquifer minimizing brine discharge. Most of the salt load to the river occurred during the winter and appeared to be enhanced by diurnal stage fluctuations.
A conceptual model of brine discharge to the river is presented at three scales. Groundwater at the regional scale drives dissolution of salt in the Paradox Formation and flow of brine into the base of the alluvial aquifer. Surface water–groundwater interactions at the scale of the alluvial aquifer control brine discharge to the river seasonally and interannually. At the finest scale, diurnal fluctuations in river stage drive exchange of freshwater with saltier pore water in the hyporheic zone, which appears to increase brine discharge to the river during winter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20195058","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Mast, M.A., and Terry, N., 2019, Controls on spatial and temporal variations of brine discharge to the Dolores River in the Paradox Valley, Colorado, 2016–18: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5058, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195058.\n","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-103865","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437347,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F77080NB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Raw Data from Continuous Resistivity Profiles and Electromagnetic Surveys Collected in and adjacent to the Dolores River in the Paradox Valley, Colorado (2017)"},{"id":367271,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5058/sir20195058.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.62 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2019-5058"},{"id":367270,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5058/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Montrose County","otherGeospatial":"Paradox Valley","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-108.3772,38.6678],[-108.1472,38.6675],[-107.965,38.6664],[-107.9279,38.6661],[-107.9084,38.6664],[-107.8589,38.6663],[-107.8206,38.6664],[-107.7782,38.6661],[-107.7658,38.6663],[-107.741,38.6662],[-107.5011,38.6657],[-107.4992,38.6304],[-107.4989,38.6172],[-107.4992,38.5737],[-107.499,38.5356],[-107.4989,38.4717],[-107.4991,38.4531],[-107.4991,38.4504],[-107.4989,38.4445],[-107.4995,38.4404],[-107.4991,38.4246],[-107.4994,38.4096],[-107.4993,38.4033],[-107.4997,38.3656],[-107.4995,38.3248],[-107.4995,38.3008],[-107.5213,38.301],[-107.6333,38.3005],[-107.6358,38.3095],[-107.633,38.3172],[-107.6314,38.3223],[-107.6292,38.3286],[-107.6339,38.3286],[-107.6867,38.3288],[-107.7049,38.329],[-107.7236,38.3287],[-107.7964,38.329],[-107.8146,38.3292],[-107.8522,38.3291],[-107.8715,38.3293],[-107.9079,38.3292],[-107.9449,38.3295],[-107.9631,38.3296],[-108.0007,38.3304],[-108.0206,38.3305],[-108.1127,38.3312],[-108.1274,38.331],[-108.1276,38.3183],[-108.1165,38.3185],[-108.1163,38.3121],[-108.0987,38.312],[-108.0985,38.283],[-108.0815,38.2828],[-108.0807,38.2547],[-108.0085,38.2537],[-108.0084,38.2482],[-107.9814,38.2477],[-107.981,38.2328],[-107.9628,38.2326],[-107.9627,38.2263],[-107.9468,38.2265],[-107.9466,38.2184],[-107.9367,38.2185],[-107.9367,38.1732],[-107.946,38.1731],[-107.946,38.1517],[-107.9654,38.1519],[-108.0549,38.1522],[-108.2235,38.152],[-108.2411,38.1522],[-108.2587,38.1523],[-108.3336,38.1523],[-108.3506,38.1519],[-108.4641,38.1524],[-108.4841,38.1525],[-108.5397,38.1527],[-108.6304,38.153],[-108.6492,38.1531],[-109.041,38.1531],[-109.0409,38.1603],[-109.0607,38.2768],[-109.0608,38.3304],[-109.0608,38.3521],[-109.0607,38.378],[-109.0607,38.4052],[-109.0606,38.4197],[-109.0604,38.4555],[-109.0604,38.4637],[-109.0602,38.4981],[-109.0602,38.4991],[-108.6635,38.4992],[-108.3791,38.4999],[-108.3771,38.6116],[-108.3772,38.6678]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Montrose\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Colorado Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-415
Denver, CO 80225
We evaluated the prevalence of influenza A virus (IAV) in different species of bivalves inhabiting natural water bodies in waterfowl habitat along the Delmarva Peninsula and Chesapeake Bay in eastern Maryland. Bivalve tissue from clam and mussel specimens (Macoma balthica, Macoma phenax, Mulinia sp., Rangia cuneata, Mya arenaria, Guekensia demissa, and an undetermined mussel species) from five collection sites was analyzed for the presence of type A influenza virus by qPCR targeting the matrix gene. Of the 300 tissue samples analyzed, 13 samples (4.3%) tested positive for presence of influenza virus A matrix gene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of detection of IAV in the tissue of any bivalve mollusk from a natural water body.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms7090334","usgsCitation":"Densmore, C., Iwanowicz, D., McLaughlin, S.M., Ottinger, C., Spires, J.E., and Iwanowicz, L., 2019, Influenza A virus detected in native bivalves in waterfowl habitat of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA: Microorganisms, v. 7, 334, 7p., https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090334.","productDescription":"334, 7p.","ipdsId":"IP-111178","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":459879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090334","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":367415,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay, Delmarva Penninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.9921875,\n 37.709899354855125\n ],\n [\n -75.487060546875,\n 37.709899354855125\n ],\n [\n -75.487060546875,\n 39.58875727696545\n ],\n [\n -76.9921875,\n 39.58875727696545\n ],\n [\n -76.9921875,\n 37.709899354855125\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-09-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Densmore, Christine L. 0000-0001-6440-0781","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6440-0781","contributorId":204739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Christine L.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":770785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iwanowicz, Deborah D. 0000-0002-9613-8594","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9613-8594","contributorId":213902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwanowicz","given":"Deborah D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":770786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLaughlin, Shawn M.","contributorId":218966,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Shawn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":38436,"text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":770787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ottinger, Christopher 0000-0003-2551-1985","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-1985","contributorId":205874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":770788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Spires, Jason E.","contributorId":218967,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spires","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":38436,"text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":770789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Iwanowicz, Luke R. 0000-0002-1197-6178","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1197-6178","contributorId":205661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwanowicz","given":"Luke R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":770790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70205203,"text":"fs20193049 - 2019 - Effects of water temperature, turbidity, and rainbow trout on humpback chub population dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T17:39:50.776864","indexId":"fs20193049","displayToPublicDate":"2019-09-06T11:43:50","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2019-3049","displayTitle":"Effects of Water Temperature, Turbidity, and Rainbow Trout on Humpback Chub Population Dynamics","title":"Effects of water temperature, turbidity, and rainbow trout on humpback chub population dynamics","docAbstract":"Humpback chub (Gila cypha Miller 1946), found only in the Colorado River Basin, was one of the first species to be given full protection under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Habitat alterations, such as changes in flow and water temperature caused by dams, and the introduction of nonnative fish have contributed to population declines in humpback chub and other native fish. These habitat alterations provide ideal conditions for the nonnative sport fish, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792). Managers have long sought to balance recovery of humpback chub with a viable rainbow trout fishery. However, finding this balance requires understanding how environmental conditions and rainbow trout have affected humpback chub populations. Recent findings indicate that the Colorado River can be managed for rainbow trout while maintaining a healthy humpback chub population in Grand Canyon National Park.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20193049","collaboration":"","usgsCitation":"Yackulic, C.B., and Hull, J.B., 2019, Effects of water temperature, turbidity, and rainbow trout on humpback chub population dynamics: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2019–3049, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193049.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","ipdsId":"IP-110282","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367287,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2019/3049/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":367256,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2019/3049/fs20193049.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Lower Colorado river","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.02621459960938,\n 35.922420347285055\n ],\n [\n -111.57440185546875,\n 35.922420347285055\n ],\n [\n -111.57440185546875,\n 36.366010258936925\n ],\n [\n -112.02621459960938,\n 36.366010258936925\n ],\n [\n -112.02621459960938,\n 35.922420347285055\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Southwest Biological Science Center
Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Drive
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
United States
The key to Wilson’s Phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor) management is providing wetland complexes containing suitable wetland characteristics (that is, open water, emergent vegetation, and open shoreline) and upland habitat (native grassland or tame hayland) throughout the breeding season. Wilson’s Phalaropes have been reported to use habitats with 15–32 centimeters (cm) average vegetation height, 8–18 cm visual obstruction reading, 45–53 percent grass cover, 19–22 percent forb cover, and less than 3 cm litter depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1842J","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, J.A., Igl, L.D., Johnson, D.H., Goldade, C.M., Zimmerman, A.L., and Euliss, B.R., 2019, The effects of management practices on grassland birds—Wilson’s Phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor), chap. J of Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Shaffer, J.A., and DeLong, J.P., eds., The effects of management practices on grassland birds: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1842, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1842J.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-093857","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367114,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/j/pp1842j.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.07 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1842–J"},{"id":367113,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/j/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
Keys to American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) management include protecting wetlands and adjacent uplands and maintaining idle upland habitat. American Bitterns have been reported to use habitats with 30–203 centimeters (cm) average vegetation height, 44–99 cm visual obstruction reading, and less than 91 cm water depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1842K","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, J.A., Igl, L.D., Johnson, D.H., Sondreal, M.L., Goldade, C.M., Zimmerman, A.L., Wooten, T.L., and Euliss, B.R., 2019, The effects of management practices on grassland birds—American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus), chap. K of Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Shaffer, J.A., and DeLong, J.P., eds., The effects of management practices on grassland birds: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1842, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1842K.","productDescription":"iv, 8 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-093910","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367120,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/k/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":367121,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/k/pp1842k.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1842–K"}],"contact":"Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
Neonicotinoid insecticides are highly water soluble with relatively long half-lives, which allows them to move into and persist in aquatic ecosystems. However, little is known of the impacts of neonicotinoids on non-target vertebrates, especially at sublethal concentrations. We evaluated the effects of the neonicotinoid clothianidin on the behavior of southern leopard frog tadpoles (Rana sphenocephala) after a 96-h exposure at 6 concentrations, including 0 (control), 0.375, 0.75, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 µg/L. We quantified total displacement, mean velocity, maximum velocity, and time spent moving of tadpoles for 1 h post-exposure. Total displacement and mean velocity of tadpoles decreased with clothianidin exposure. Maximum velocity decreased linearly with concentration, but there was no relationship between time spent moving and clothianidin concentration. Our results suggest exposure to clothianidin at sublethal concentrations can affect movement behavior of non-target organisms such as tadpoles.
The National Park Service (NPS) and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) are concerned about cumulative effects of groundwater development on groundwater-dependent resources managed by, and other groundwater resources of interest to, these agencies in Snake Valley and adjacent areas, Utah and Nevada. Of particular concern to the NPS and BLM are withdrawals from all existing approved, perfected, certified, permitted, and vested groundwater rights in Snake Valley totaling about 55,272 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr), and from several senior water-right applications filed by the Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) totaling 50,680 acre-ft/yr.
An existing groundwater-flow model of the eastern Great Basin was used to investigate where potential drawdown and capture of natural discharge is likely to result from potential groundwater withdrawals from existing groundwater rights in Snake Valley, and from groundwater withdrawals proposed in several applications filed by the SNWA. To evaluate the potential effects of the existing and proposed SNWA groundwater withdrawals, 11 withdrawal scenarios were simulated. All scenarios were run as steady state to estimate the ultimate long-term effects of the simulated withdrawals. This assessment provides a general understanding of the relative susceptibility of the groundwater resources of interest to the NPS and BLM, and the groundwater system in general, to existing and future groundwater development in the study area.
At the NPS and BLM groundwater resource sites of interest, simulated drawdown resulting from withdrawals based on existing approved, perfected, certified, permitted, and vested groundwater rights within Snake Valley ranged between 0 and 159 feet (ft) without accounting for irrigation return flow, and between 0 and 123 ft with accounting for irrigation return flow. With the addition of proposed SNWA withdrawals of 35,000 acre-ft/yr (equal to the Unallocated Groundwater portion allotted to Nevada in a draft interstate agreement), simulated drawdowns at the NPS and BLM sites of interest increased to range between 0 and 2,074 ft without irrigation return flow, and between 0 and 2,002 ft with irrigation return flow. With the addition of the proposed SNWA withdrawals of an amount equal to the full application amounts (50,680 acre-ft/yr), simulated drawdowns at the NPS and BLM sites of interest increased to range between 1 and 3,119 ft without irrigation return flow, and between 1 and 3,044 ft with irrigation return flow.
At the NPS and BLM groundwater resource sites of interest, simulated capture of natural discharge resulting from withdrawals based on existing groundwater rights in Snake Valley, both with and without irrigation return flow, ranged between 0 and 100 percent; simulated capture of 100 percent occurred at four sites. With the addition of proposed SNWA withdrawals of an amount equal to the Unallocated Groundwater portion allotted to Nevada in the draft interstate agreement, simulated capture of 100 percent occurred at nine additional sites without irrigation return flow, and at eight additional sites with irrigation return flow. With the addition of the proposed SNWA withdrawals of an amount equal to the full application amounts, simulated capture of 100 percent occurred at 11 additional sites without irrigation return flow, and at 9 additional sites with irrigation return flow.
The large simulated drawdowns produced in the scenarios that include large portions or all of the proposed SNWA withdrawals indicate that the groundwater system may not be able to support the amount of withdrawals from the proposed points of diversion (PODs) in the current SNWA water-right applications. Therefore, four additional scenarios were simulated where the withdrawal rates at the SNWA PODs were constrained by not allowing drawdowns to be deeper than the assumed depth of the PODs (about 2,000 ft). In the constrained scenarios, total withdrawals at the SNWA PODs were reduced to about 48 percent of the Unallocated Groundwater portion allotted to Nevada (35,000 acre-ft/yr reduced to 16,817 acre-ft/yr or 16,914 acre-ft/yr, without or with irrigation return flow, respectively), and about 44 percent of the full application amounts (50,680 acre-ft/yr reduced to 22,048 acre-ft/yr or 22,165 acre-ft/yr, without or with irrigation return flow, respectively). This indicates that the SNWA may need to add more PODs, or PODs in different locations, in order to withdraw large portions or all of the groundwater that has been applied for.
At the NPS and BLM groundwater resource sites of interest, simulated drawdown resulting from the addition of the constrained SNWA withdrawals applied to the Unallocated Groundwater amount ranged between 0 and 290 ft without irrigation return flow, and between 0 and 252 ft with irrigation return flow. With the addition of the constrained SNWA withdrawals applied to the full application amounts, simulated drawdowns at the NPS and BLM sites of interest ranged between 0 and 358 ft without irrigation return flow, and between 0 and 313 ft with irrigation return flow.
At the NPS and BLM groundwater resource sites of interest, with the addition of the constrained SNWA withdrawals applied to the Unallocated Groundwater amount, simulated capture of 100 percent of the natural discharge occurred at five additional sites without irrigation return flow, and at two additional sites with irrigation return flow (in addition to the four captured from existing water rights both with and without irrigation return flow). With the addition of the constrained SNWA withdrawals applied to the full application amounts, simulated capture of 100 percent occurred at six additional sites both with and without irrigation return flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191083","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service and the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Masbruch, M.D., 2019, Numerical model simulations of potential changes in water levels and capture of natural discharge from groundwater withdrawals in Snake Valley and adjacent areas, Utah and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1083, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191083.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 49 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-103457","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367115,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1083/coverthb_.jpg"},{"id":367116,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1083/ofr20191083.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1083"},{"id":367119,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LQDQGM","text":"Data Release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-2005 files for numerical model simulations of potential changes in water levels and capture of natural discharge from groundwater withdrawals in Snake Valley and adjacent areas, Utah and Nevada"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.48828125000001,\n 35.53222622770337\n ],\n [\n -110.302734375,\n 39.36827914916014\n ],\n [\n -110.12695312499999,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -111.005859375,\n 42.68243539838623\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 41.244772343082076\n ],\n [\n -117.59765625,\n 37.64903402157866\n ],\n [\n -115.48828125000001,\n 35.53222622770337\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
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U.S. Geological Survey
2329 West Orton Circle
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801-908-5000