During the last century, the environs of Biscayne Bay have been greatly affected by anthropogenic alteration through urbanization of the Miami/Dade County area. The sources, timing, delivery, and quality of freshwater flow into the Bay have been changed by construction of a complex canal system that controls movement of water throughout south Florida. Changes in shoreline and sub-aquatic vegetation and marine organisms have been observed and changes in water delivery are believed to be the cause.
Current restoration goals are attempting to restore natural flow of fresh water into Biscayne and Florida Bays and to restore the natural fauna and flora, but first we need to determine pre-alteration baseline conditions in order to establish targets and performance measures for restoration. This research is part of an ongoing study designed to address the needs of the Biscayne Bay Coastal Wetlands Project (BBCW) of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP).
By establishing the natural patterns of temporal change in salinity, water quality, vegetation, and benthic fauna in Biscayne Bay and the nearby wetlands over the last 100- 500 years the USGS, in collaboration with our partners, will provide the data necessary to set realistic targets to achieve the BBCW Project goals.
Six cores from three sites in Biscayne Bay were collected in April 2002 for multidisciplinary multi-proxy analyses. This report details the results of these analyses and compares the 2002 cores to cores collected in 1997. The following are our significant findings to date:
These findings represent a first step towards the project’s goal to reconstruct the history of Biscayne Bay and they provide us with a working model to be tested at other sites. It is clear from our findings that Biscayne Bay has been a dynamic environment over the last 500 years, with natural changes occurring in salinity and benthic habitats. However, several significant changes have occurred in the 20th century: 1) increased stabilization of marine salinities; 2) declines in seagrass in central Biscayne Bay; 3) dramatic changes in molluscan abundance and diversity in central Biscayne Bay. The question remains - how do we better differentiate natural cycles of change from anthropogenic change within these observed trends?
The preliminary implications from our research are that changes in salinity and benthic habitats have occurred naturally in Biscayne Bay on inter-decadal to centennial scales, perhaps due to climatic changes, changes in sea level, bank migrations, or a combination of factors. However, further work needs to be done to determine which components of change in the 20th century are human-induced and which are natural. By examining the historical records preserved in the sediments of Biscayne Bay, we can provide restoration trust agencies with the information necessary to set realistic targets and performance measures for Biscayne Bay.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03375","usgsCitation":"Ecosystem history of southern and central Biscayne Bay; summary report on sediment core analyses; 2003; OFR; 2003-375; Wingard, G. L.; Cronin, T. M.; Dwyer, G. S.; Ishman, S. E.; Willard, D. A.; Holmes, C. W.; Bernhardt, C. E.; Williams, C. P.; Marot, M. E.; Murray, J. B.; Stamm, R. G.; Murray, J. H.; Budet, C.","productDescription":"111 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4938,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0375/ofr03-375.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.26 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 03-375"},{"id":174304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0375/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Biscayne Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.45837402343749,\n 25.152743274854956\n ],\n [\n -80.06286621093749,\n 25.152743274854956\n ],\n [\n -80.06286621093749,\n 26.21212691288088\n ],\n [\n -80.45837402343749,\n 26.21212691288088\n ],\n [\n -80.45837402343749,\n 25.152743274854956\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Colorado River Water Conservation District, collected and analyzed baseline streamflow and water-quality information for Elkhead Creek and water-quality and trophic-state information for Elkhead Reservoir from July 1995 through September 2001.
In the study area, Elkhead Creek is a meandering, alluvial stream dominated by snowmelt in mountainous headwaters that produces most of the annual discharge volume and discharge peaks during late spring and early summer. During most of water year 1996 (a typical year), daily mean discharge at station 09246400 (downstream from the reservoir) was similar to daily mean discharge at station 09246200 (upstream from the reservoir). Flow-duration curves for stations 09246200 and 09246400 were nearly identical, except for discharges less than about 10 cubic feet per second.
Specific conductance generally had an inverse relation to discharge in Elkhead Creek. During late fall and winter when discharge was small and derived mostly from ground water, specific conductance was high, whereas during spring and early summer, when discharge was large and derived mostly from snowmelt, specific conductance was low. Water temperatures in Elkhead Creek were smallest during winter, about 0.0 degrees Celsius (oC), and largest during summer, about 20–25oC.
Concentrations of major ions, nutrients, trace elements, organic carbon, and suspended sediment in Elkhead Creek indicated no substantial within-year variability and no substantial differences in variability from one year to the next. A seasonal pattern in the concentration data was evident for most constituents. The seasonal concentration pattern for most of the dissolved constituents followed the seasonal pattern of specific conductance, whereas some nutrients, some trace elements, and suspended sediment followed the seasonal pattern of discharge.
Statistical differences between station 09246200 (upstream from the reservoir) and station 09246400 (downstream from the reservoir) were indicated for specific conductance, dissolved calcium, magnesium, sodium, and sulfate, acid-neutralizing capacity, and dissolved solids. Trend analysis indicated upward temporal trends for pH, dissolved ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus at station 09246200; upward temporal trends for dissolved and total ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were indicated at station 09246400. No downward trends were indicated for any constituents.
Annual loads for dissolved constituents during water years 1996–2001 were consistently larger at station 09246400 than at station 09246200, except for silica and sulfate. Mean monthly loads for dissolved constituents followed the seasonal pattern of discharge, indicating that most of the annual loads were transported during March–June. Annual dissolved nutrient loads at stations 09246400 and 09246200 were not substantially different, except for total phosphorus and total nitrogen loads, which were smaller at the downstream station than at the upstream station, most likely due to biological uptake and settling in the reservoir. Mean annual suspended-sediment load during water years 1996–2001 was about 87-percent smaller at the downstream station than at the upstream station.
Temperature in Elkhead Reservoir varied seasonally, from about 0oC during winter when ice develops on the reservoir to about 20oC during summer. Specific conductance varied from minimums of 138 to 169 microsiemens per centimeter at 25oC (µS/cm) during snowmelt inflow to maximums of 424 to 610 µS/cm during early spring low flow (April). Median pH in the reservoir ranged from 7.2 to 8.0 at all sites near the surface. Median dissolved oxygen ranged from 7.1 to 7.2 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in near-surface samples and from 4.8 to 5.6 mg/L in near-bottom samples.
During reservoir stratification, specific conductance generally was largest in the epilimnion, resulting from warm and relatively concentrated water from Elkhead Creek that was routed through the reservoir in the relatively warm epilimnion. The pH in the epilimnion generally increased from May to September, probably a result of algal productivity. In the hypolimnion, pH decreased slightly with depth in the July and September, probably a result of biomass decay processes and a lack of circulation during stratification.
Concentrations of nutrients in both near-surface and near-bottom samples from Elkhead Reservoir were highest during snowmelt inflow (April–May). Total phosphorus concentrations in near-surface samples generally were largest during runoff, whereas total phosphorus concentrations in near-bottom samples generally were largest during July or September. Concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate in near-surface samples were substantially depleted by biological uptake during July, September, and October, compared to near-bottom samples. Variations in concentration of chlorophyll-a in near-surface samples were large during the growing season with peak seasonal concentrations during runoff or late summer and fall. Trophic state for Elkhead reservoir ranged from oligotrophic to eutrophic.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034220","usgsCitation":"Kuhn, G., Stevens, M.R., and Elliott, J.G., 2003, Hydrology and water quality of Elkhead Creek and Elkhead Reservoir near Craig, Colorado, July 1995–September 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4220, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034220.","productDescription":"63 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5243,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034220","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":394607,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_61979.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Craig","otherGeospatial":"Elkhead Creek and Elkhead Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.5667,\n 40.4778\n ],\n [\n -107.2583,\n 40.4778\n ],\n [\n -107.2583,\n 40.6833\n ],\n [\n -107.5667,\n 40.6833\n ],\n [\n -107.5667,\n 40.4778\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a88db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuhn, Gerhard","contributorId":102080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuhn","given":"Gerhard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":245884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":245885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":52664,"text":"wri024201 - 2003 - Quality-control results for ground-water and surface-water data, Sacramento River Basin, California, National Water-Quality Assessment, 1996-1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:26","indexId":"wri024201","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4201","title":"Quality-control results for ground-water and surface-water data, Sacramento River Basin, California, National Water-Quality Assessment, 1996-1998","docAbstract":"Evaluating the extent that bias and variability affect the interpretation of ground- and surface-water data is necessary to meet the objectives of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Quality-control samples used to evaluate the bias and variability include annual equipment blanks, field blanks, field matrix spikes, surrogates, and replicates. This report contains quality-control results for the constituents critical to the ground- and surface-water components of the Sacramento River Basin study unit of the NAWQA Program. A critical constituent is one that was detected frequently (more than 50 percent of the time in blank samples), was detected at amounts exceeding water-quality standards or goals, or was important for the interpretation of water-quality data. Quality-control samples were collected along with ground- and surface-water samples during the high intensity phase (cycle 1) of the Sacramento River Basin NAWQA beginning early in 1996 and ending in 1998. \r\n Ground-water field blanks indicated contamination of varying levels of significance when compared with concentrations detected in environmental ground-water samples for ammonia, dissolved organic carbon, aluminum, and copper. Concentrations of aluminum in surface-water field blanks were significant when compared with environmental samples. Field blank samples collected for pesticide and volatile organic compound analyses revealed no contamination in either ground- or surface-water samples that would effect the interpretation of environmental data, with the possible exception of the volatile organic compound trichloromethane (chloroform) in ground water. \r\n Replicate samples for ground water and surface water indicate that variability resulting from sample collection, processing, and analysis was generally low. Some of the larger maximum relative percentage differences calculated for replicate samples occurred between samples having lowest absolute concentration differences and(or) values near the reporting limit. \r\n Surrogate recoveries for pesticides analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), pesticides analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and volatile organic compounds in ground- and surface-water samples were within the acceptable limits of 70 to 130 percent and median recovery values between 82 and 113 percent. The recovery percentages for surrogate compounds analyzed by HPLC had the highest standard deviation, 20 percent for ground-water samples and 16 percent for surface-water samples, and the lowest median values, 82 percent for ground-water samples and 91 percent for surface-water samples. Results were consistent with the recovery results described for the analytical methods. \r\n Field matrix spike recoveries for pesticide compounds analyzed using GC/MS in ground- and surface-water samples were comparable with published recovery data. Recoveries of carbofuran, a critical constituent in ground- and surface-water studies, and desethyl atrazine, a critical constituent in the ground-water study, could not be calculated because of problems with the analytical method. Recoveries of pesticides analyzed using HPLC in ground- and surface-water samples were generally low and comparable with published recovery data. Other methodological problems for HPLC analytes included nondetection of the spike compounds and estimated values of spike concentrations. \r\n Recovery of field matrix spikes for volatile organic compounds generally were within the acceptable range, 70 and 130 percent for both ground- and surface-water samples, and median recoveries from 62 to 127 percent. High or low recoveries could be related to errors in the field, such as double spiking or using spike solution past its expiration date, rather than problems during analysis. The methodological changes in the field spike protocol during the course of the Sacramento River Basin study, which included decreasing the amount of spike solu","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024201","usgsCitation":"Munday, C., and Domagalski, J.L., 2003, Quality-control results for ground-water and surface-water data, Sacramento River Basin, California, National Water-Quality Assessment, 1996-1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4201, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024201.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5162,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024201/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68638f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munday, Cathy","contributorId":57538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munday","given":"Cathy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":245743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53014,"text":"fs09303 - 2003 - Tracking polychlorinated biphenyls in the Millers River basin, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:26","indexId":"fs09303","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"093-03","title":"Tracking polychlorinated biphenyls in the Millers River basin, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs09303","usgsCitation":"Taggart, B.E., Colman, J.A., and Cooke, M.G., 2003, Tracking polychlorinated biphenyls in the Millers River basin, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 093-03, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09303.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_093_03.bmp"},{"id":5122,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs09303/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69983e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taggart, Bruce E. btaggart@usgs.gov","contributorId":144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"Bruce","email":"btaggart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colman, John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooke, Matthew G.","contributorId":57134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooke","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70211114,"text":"70211114 - 2003 - Thermochronology of secondary minerals from the Yucca Mountain unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-14T23:52:05.486822","indexId":"70211114","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-31T18:40:51","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Thermochronology of secondary minerals from the Yucca Mountain unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 10th international high-level radioactive waste management conference (IHLRWM)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"10th International High-level Radioactive Waste Management Conference","conferenceDate":"March 30-April 2, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","publisher":"American Nuclear Society","usgsCitation":"Whelan, J.F., Neymark, L., Moscati, R.J., and Roedder, E., 2003, Thermochronology of secondary minerals from the Yucca Mountain unsaturated zone, in Proceedings of the 10th international high-level radioactive waste management conference (IHLRWM), Las Vegas, NV, March 30-April 2, 2003, p. 357-366.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"366","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376399,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.91352904330221\n ],\n [\n -116.43602371215822,\n 36.91352904330221\n ],\n [\n -116.43602371215822,\n 36.95757376878687\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.95757376878687\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.91352904330221\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whelan, Joseph F.","contributorId":29792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whelan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neymark, Leonid A. 0000-0003-4190-0278 lneymark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-0278","contributorId":140338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"Leonid A.","email":"lneymark@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roedder, Edwin","contributorId":25571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"Edwin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moscati, Richard J. 0000-0002-0818-4401 rmoscati@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0818-4401","contributorId":2462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moscati","given":"Richard","email":"rmoscati@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70217566,"text":"70217566 - 2003 - A guide to sampling freshwater mussel populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-21T23:38:47.256553","indexId":"70217566","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-31T17:33:41","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"A guide to sampling freshwater mussel populations","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","usgsCitation":"Strayer, D., and Smith, D.R., 2003, A guide to sampling freshwater mussel populations, 110 p.","productDescription":"110 p.","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382469,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strayer, David L.","contributorId":238531,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strayer","given":"David L.","affiliations":[{"id":47722,"text":"Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, David R. 0000-0001-6074-9257 drsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":168442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"drsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221815,"text":"70221815 - 2003 - Natural remediation potential of arsenic-contaminated ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-08T12:00:49.775085","indexId":"70221815","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-31T16:20:42","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Natural remediation potential of arsenic-contaminated ground water","docAbstract":"Migration of leachate from a municipal landfill in Saco, Maine has resulted in arsenic concentrations in ground water as high as 647 μg/L. Laboratory experimental data indicate the primary source of arsenic to be reductive dissolution of arsenic-enriched iron oxyhydroxides in the aquifer by organic carbon in landfill leachate. A core from an uncontaminated part of the aquifer yielded no dissolved iron or arsenic when leached with oxic ground water. Eluent ground water spiked with organic carbon in order to create reducing conditions mobilized both ferrous iron and arsenite from this core. The landfill was capped in early 1998 to eliminate the source of leachate. Cores from the contaminated portion of the aquifer were collected and leached with uncontaminated ground water in the laboratory to simulate natural remediation conditions. Data from these experiments show that significant concentrations of labile organic carbon have accumulated on aquifer solids, causing significant biological oxygen demand. In laboratory leaching experiments of the most contaminated core, the organic carbon caused complete consumption of the influent dissolved oxygen (6 mg/L) for 220 pore volumes. Arsenic leaching from contaminated cores rapidly decreased in concentration initially in response to flushing with uncontaminated ground water. Subsequent leaching produced more gradual decreases in dissolved arsenic concentrations, controlled by a combination of reductive dissolution of arsenic-enriched iron oxyhydroxides and adsorption/desorption. In leachate from the most contaminatedcore, arsenic concentrations exceeded the new United States Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standard of 10 μg/L for more than 200 pore volumes. A geochemical model simulated the concentration of selected constituents as uncontaminated ground water eluted through contaminated aquifer solids. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen, arsenic, and iron, in leachate from one core were used to calibrate the model. This model was validated by successfully simulating constituent concentrations in leachate from cores collected from other contaminated areas of this aquifer.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arsenic in Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","usgsCitation":"Stollenwerk, K.G., and Colman, J.A., 2003, Natural remediation potential of arsenic-contaminated ground water, chap. of Arsenic in Ground Water, p. 351-379.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"379","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387014,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Maine","city":"Saco","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.4676818847656,\n 43.45840174102617\n ],\n [\n -70.37223815917966,\n 43.45840174102617\n ],\n [\n -70.37223815917966,\n 43.569944310356256\n ],\n [\n -70.4676818847656,\n 43.569944310356256\n ],\n [\n -70.4676818847656,\n 43.45840174102617\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":818839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colman, John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206342,"text":"70206342 - 2003 - Electrical imaging of tracer migration at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-06T22:51:57.438362","indexId":"70206342","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-31T16:11:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Electrical imaging of tracer migration at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod","docAbstract":"Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is examined as a method to provide spatially continuous information about aquifer properties through imaging of tracer flow and transport in an unconfined aquifer. Field data were collected at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, during the summer of 2002. High resolution images in both space and time of the movement of an electrically conductive sodium-chloride tracer in three dimensions (3-D) help delineate aquifer heterogeneity. Sixty 3-D data sets were collected between four corner-point wells for 20 days following the 9-hour injection. Concentrations were measured at a 15-point multilevel sampler centrally located within the ERT array, at the production well, and at two wells external to the central array.
The tomograms indicate movement of the saline tracer consistent with measured concentration data. The resistivity tomograms serve as an appropriate surrogate for concentration maps that are otherwise impossible to obtain. Under reasonable assumptions, estimates of groundwater.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP)","conferenceDate":"April 6-10, 2003","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio TX","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society","usgsCitation":"Kamini Singha, Binley, A., Lane, J., and Gorelick, S.M., 2003, Electrical imaging of tracer migration at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, in Proceedings: Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP), San Antonio TX, April 6-10, 2003, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368768,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368767,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/SAGEEP03_Singha/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Massachusetts Military Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.58544158935547,\n 41.66803916450639\n ],\n [\n -70.50029754638672,\n 41.66803916450639\n ],\n [\n -70.50029754638672,\n 41.774896327485244\n ],\n [\n -70.58544158935547,\n 41.774896327485244\n ],\n [\n -70.58544158935547,\n 41.66803916450639\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kamini Singha","contributorId":200810,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kamini Singha","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Binley, Andrew 0000-0002-0938-9070","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0938-9070","contributorId":192556,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Binley","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":210076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":8784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70206341,"text":"70206341 - 2003 - Object-based inversion of crosswell radar tomography data to monitor vegetable-oil injection experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-06T22:50:07.977306","indexId":"70206341","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-31T16:05:47","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Object-based inversion of crosswell radar tomography data to monitor vegetable-oil injection experiment","docAbstract":"Crosswell radar tomography methods can be used to dynamically image ground-water flow and mass transport associated with tracer tests, hydraulic tests, and natural physical processes. Dynamic imaging can be used to identify preferential flow paths and to help characterize complex aquifer heterogeneity. Unfortunately, because the raypath coverage of the interwell region is limited by the borehole geometry, the tomographic inverse problem is typically underdetermined, and tomograms may contain artifacts such as spurious blurring or streaking that confuse interpretation.
We implement object-based inversion (using a constrained, non-linear, least-squares algorithm) as an alternative to pixel-based inversion approaches that utilize regularization (such as damping or smoothing criteria). Our approach requires pre- and post-injection travel-time data. Parameterization of the image plane comprises a small number of objects rather than a large number of pixels, resulting in an overdetermined problem that reduces the need for prior information. The nature and geometry of the objects are based on hydrologic insight into aquifer characteristics, the nature of the experiment, and the planned use of the geophysical results.
The object-based inversion approach is demonstrated using synthetic and crosswell radar field data acquired during vegetable-oil injection experiments at a site in Fridley, Minnesota. The region where oil has displaced ground water is discretized as a stack of rectangles of variable horizontal extents. The inversion provides the geometry of the affected region and an estimate of the radar slowness change for each rectangle. Applying petrophysical models to these results and porosity from neutron logs, we estimate that the vegetable-oil emulsion saturation in various layers ranges from 60 to 90%. Further work is needed to assess the accuracy of the emulsion saturation estimates.
Using synthetic- and field-data examples, the object-based inversion approach is shown to be an effective strategy for inverting crosswell radar tomography data acquired to monitor the emplacement of vegetable-oil emulsions. A principal advantage of object-based inversion is that it yields images that hydrologists and engineers can easily interpret and use for model calibration.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP)","conferenceDate":"April 6-10, 2003","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio TX","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society","usgsCitation":"Lane, J., Day-Lewis, F.D., Roelof J. Versteeg, and Casey, C., 2003, Object-based inversion of crosswell radar tomography data to monitor vegetable-oil injection experiment, in Proceedings: Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP), San Antonio TX, April 6-10, 2003, 27 p.","productDescription":"27 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368766,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368765,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/SAGEEP03_Lane/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":210076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roelof J. Versteeg","contributorId":199895,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roelof J. Versteeg","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casey, C.C.","contributorId":10206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70221814,"text":"70221814 - 2003 - Arsenic in ground water used for drinking water in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-08T12:02:15.079567","indexId":"70221814","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-31T16:05:18","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Arsenic in ground water used for drinking water in the United States","docAbstract":"The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recently established a new maximum contaminant level of 10 micrograms per liter for arsenic in drinking water in the United States. Ground water is the primary source of drinking water for half the population of the United States. Several national assessments have found that high arsenic concentrations (above 10 micrograms per liter) are widespread in drinking-water aquifers in the western United States, the Great Lakes region, and New England. Moderate to high concentrations were identified in ground water in parts of the central and southern United States. This chapter summarizes national trends in the use of ground water as drinking water, and national estimates of arsenic occurrence in potable ground water. The chapter also briefly describes several studies on arsenic in specific settings and water-use scenarios; these studies illustrate by example the potential power of a regional approach to understanding and managing arsenic in drinking water.
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Research supported by the U. S. Global Change Research Programme (USGCRP) and research and assessment results by international organizations such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the World Climate Research Program (WCRP), and the International Geosphere and Biosphere Programme (IGBP) have demonstrated that human activities exert powerful environmental influences on global, regional, and local scales. Recent findings by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 1997) indicate that human activities are increasing the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide (NOx), methane (CH4), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCS), partially halogenated fluorocarbons, and ozone (O3), which alter radiative balances, and tend to warm the Earth’s surface.
These changes in greenhouse gases and aerosols constitute key factors in global and regional changes in temperature, precipitation, and other climate variables, resulting in local and regional changes in soil moisture, an increase in global mean sea level, and prospects for more severe extreme high temperature events, floods, and droughts in some places. In the United States and elsewhere in the industrialized world, energy use contributes to global warming more than any other human activity. This is because most of our energy comes from carbon-based fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas). Fossil fuels provide energy for a variety of purposes, including transporting goods and people, manufacturing products, heating and cooling buildings, lighting spaces, and cooking foods. Each year U.S. energy use releases more than 5.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Present global CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere are 130% of pre-industrial levels (Figure 1). The global surface temperature last century is warmer than any other century in the past millennium. The global average temperature has increased by about 1o F over the last century and is projected to rise another 2-6.5o F by year 2100 (Figure 2). The last two decades have been the warmest last century. Average global sea level has risen about 4 to 10 inches in the last hundred years, and is projected to rise another 6-38 inches by year 2100. Mid- and low- latitude mountain glaciers have retreated world-wide last century.
As greenhouse gases continue to accumulate in the atmosphere, it is expected that an increase in rainfall amount and consequent increase in river flooding will occur. Recent floods in the Gulf Coast areas (1993, 1997) are examples of such events, and perhaps indicate the high sensitivity of flood occurrence to changing climate. Because of its unique location adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf Coast region of the United States is particularly vulnerable to various environmental alterations resulting from climate change.
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Based on the experience of the U.S. National Assessment, we propose a program of research and analysis to advance capability for assessment of climate impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaptation options. We identify specific priorities for scientific research on the responses of ecological and socioeconomic systems to climate and other stresses; for improvement in the climatic inputs to impact assessments; and for further development of assessment methods to improve their practical utility to decision-makers. Finally, we propose a new institutional model for assessment, based principally on regional efforts that integrate observations, research, data, applications, and assessment on climate and linked environmental-change issues. The proposed program will require effective collaboration between scientists, resource managers, and other stakeholders, all of whose expertise is needed to define and prioritize key regional issues, characterize relevant uncertainties, and assess potential responses. While both scientifically and organizationally challenging, such an integrated program holds the best promise of advancing our capacity to manage resources and the economy adaptively under a changing climate.
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